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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 888

Deepak Gupta · Rajat Subhra Goswami ·

Subhasish Banerjee · M. Tanveer ·
Ram Bilas Pachori Editors

Pattern
Recognition and
Data Analysis
with Applications
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 888

Series Editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of Napoli
Federico II, Naples, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán,
Mexico
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, Munich, Germany
Jiming Chen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Shanben Chen, Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore, Singapore
Rüdiger Dillmann, Humanoids and Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology,
Karlsruhe, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
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München, Munich, Germany
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USA
Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Torsten Kroeger, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Yong Li, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Barcelona, Spain
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Italy
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Singapore, Singapore
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Deepak Gupta · Rajat Subhra Goswami ·
Subhasish Banerjee · M. Tanveer ·
Ram Bilas Pachori
Editors

Pattern Recognition and Data

Analysis with Applications
Editors
Deepak Gupta Rajat Subhra Goswami
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
and Engineering and Engineering
National Institute of Technology Arunachal National Institute of Technology Arunachal
Pradesh Pradesh
Jote, Arunachal Pradesh, India Jote, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Subhasish Banerjee M. Tanveer

Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematics
and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore
National Institute of Technology Arunachal Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Pradesh
Jote, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Ram Bilas Pachori

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Indore
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-19-1519-2 ISBN 978-981-19-1520-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1520-8

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Preface

The book coverage is concerned with the latest advancements in the areas of machine
learning, computer vision and pattern recognition, computational learning theory, big
data analytics, network intelligence, signal processing and their applications in real
world. The topics covered in machine learning involve feature extraction, variants of
support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), artificial neural
network (ANN) and other areas in machine learning. The mathematical analysis of
computer vision and pattern recognition involves the use of Geometric techniques,
scene understanding and modelling from video, 3D object recognition, localiza-
tion and tracking, medical image analysis and so on. Computational learning theory
involves different kinds of learning like incremental, online, reinforcement, manifold,
multi-task, semi-supervised, etc. Further, it covers the real-time challenges involved
while processing big data analytics and stream processing with the integration of
smart data computing services and interconnectivity. Additionally, it covers the recent
developments to network intelligence for analysing the network information and
thereby adapting the algorithms dynamically to improve the efficiency. Lastly, it
includes the progress in signal processing to process the normal and abnormal cate-
gories of real-world signals, for instance signals generated from IoT devices, smart
systems, speech, videos, etc., and involves biomedical signal processing: electrocar-
diogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG),
electromyogram (EMG), etc.

Jote, India Deepak Gupta

Jote, India Rajat Subhra Goswami
Jote, India Subhasish Banerjee
Indore, India M. Tanveer
Indore, India Ram Bilas Pachori

v
Contents

Revolutions in Infant Fingerprint Recognition—A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Shilpa Chaman
A Review of High Utility Itemset Mining for Transactional Database . . . 15
Eduardus Hardika Sandy Atmaja and Kavita Sonawane
A Cross-Sectional Study on Distributed Mutual Exclusion
Algorithms for Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ashish Singh Parihar and Swarnendu Kumar Chakraborty
Estimation of Electromagnetic Pollution Index of Macrocell . . . . . . . . . . . 39
N. Padmavathy, M. C. Chinniah, and K. Ravi Varma
Prediction of Train Delay System in Indian Railways Using
Machine Learning Techniques: Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Ajay Singh, D. Rajesh Kumar, and Rahul Kumar Sharma
Valence of Emotion Recognition Using EEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Avinash L. Tandle
A Deep Learning-Based Approach for an Automated Brain Tumor
Segmentation in MR Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Puranam Revanth Kumar, Amogh Katti, Sachi Nandan Mohanty,
and Surender Nath Senapati
MZI-Based Electro-optic Reversible XNOR/XOR Derived
from Modified Fredkin Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Shashank Awasthi, Sanjeev Kumar Metya, and Alak Majumder
Secured Remote Access of Cloud-Based Learning Management
System (LMS) Using VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Paramita Chatterjee, Rajesh Bose, Subhasish Banerjee, and Sandip Roy
Surface EMG Signal Classification for Hand Gesture Recognition . . . . . . 127
Priyanshu Raj, Binish Fatimah, and B. Sushma

vii
viii Contents

Improved Energy Efficiency in Street Lighting: A Coverage-Based

Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Tanmoy Dey and Parag Kumar Guha Thakurta
Cognitive IoT for Future City: Architecture, Security
and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Saikat Samanta, Achyuth Sarkar, and Aditi Sharma
A Heuristic Model for Friend Selection in Social Internet of Things . . . . 167
Ashish Kumar, Sunil Kumar Singh, and Pawan Kumar Chaurasia
A Fuzzy String Matching-Based Reduplication with Morphological
Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Apurbalal Senapati, Arunendu Mondal, and Soumen Maji
Accelerating LOF Outlier Detection Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Abhaya, Mohini Gupta, and Bidyut Kr. Patra
Evaluating Quality of Machine Translation System
for Digaru-English with Automatic Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Rushanti Kri and Koj Sambyo
PREP: Prerequisite Relationship Extraction Using Position-Biased
Burst Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Aditya Limaye, Sujyoth S. Karkera, Hardik Khatri,
and Vijay T. Raisinghani
Enhancing the Security and Performance of Cloud-Based Distance
Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Anirudh Bishnoi, Anupma Sangwan, Anju, and Rishi Pal Singh
Hate-Speech Detection in News Articles: In the Context of West
Bengal Assembly Election 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Prasanta Mandal, Apurbalal Senapati, and Amitava Nag
A Structural Equation Modeling Approach for Adoption of Big
Data Analytics by SMEs in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Subhodeep Mukherjee, Venkataiah Chittipaka, and Manish Mohan Baral
Optimized Distributed Job Shop Scheduling Using Balanced Job
Allocation and Modified Ant Colony Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
S. Vivek, Kishan Rakesh, and Biju R. Mohan
Detection of Copy–Move Image Forgery Applying Robust
Matching with K-D Tree Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Partha Chakraborty, Sabakun Nahar Tafhim, Mahmuda Khatun,
Md. Abu Sayed, Sabab Zulfiker, Priyanka Paul, Md. Farhad Hossain,
and Tanupriya Choudhury
Contents ix

Recognize Meaningful Words and Idioms from the Images Based

on OCR Tesseract Engine and NLTK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Partha Chakraborty, Md. Rakib Mia, Humayun Kabir Sumon,
Aditi Sarker, Al Imtiaz, Md. Mahbubur Rahman,
Mohammad Abu Yousuf, and Tanupriya Choudhury
Identification of Four Major Dialects of Assamese Language Using
GMM with UBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Hem Chandra Das and Utpal Bhattacharjee
Digitization Through SNS: Issues, Challenges,
and Recommendations—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Urmila Pilania, Rohit Tanwar, Mamta Arora, and Manoj Kumar
FPGA Implementation of Optimized Code Converters
with Reversible Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Kommalapati Rajesh, Mayuri Kundu, Argha Sarkar, M. Sreenath,
and Prasenjit Deb
A Security Provocation in Cloud-Based Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Aritra Dutta, Rajesh Bose, Swarnendu Kumar Chakraborty,
and Sandip Roy
Ocean Current Rigid Localization for Seabed WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Sumit Kumar, Neera Batra, and Shrawan Kumar
Detection of Motor Activity in Visual Cognitive Task Using
Autoregressive Modelling and Deep Recurrent Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Shankar S. Gupta and Ramchandra R. Manthalkar
An Approach for Secure Data Sharing in Cloud and Fog-Based
IoT Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Deeksha Arya and Mayank Dave
Privacy Protection of Edge Computing Using Homomorphic
Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Ganesh Kumar Mahato and Swarnendu Kumar Chakraborty
Cybercrime Detection Using Live Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Balvinder Singh Gambhir, Jatin Habibkar, Anjesh Sohrot,
and Rashmi Dhumal
Analysis of Power Quality for TOSA-PID Controller-Based
Hybrid Power Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Subhadip Goswami, Tapas Kumar Benia, and Abhik Banerjee
Investigation of Sensing Ability of Double-Slot Hybrid Plasmonic
Waveguide for Liquid Analyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Lokendra Singh, Prakash Pareek, Bahija Siddiqui,
and Eswara Prasad Konakalla
x Contents

Prediction of the Final Rank of the Players in PUBG

with the Optimal Number of Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Diptakshi Sen, Rupam Kumar Roy, Ritajit Majumdar,
Kingshuk Chatterjee, and Debayan Ganguly
Cryptanalysis of a Security Scheme for Smart Traffic Lighting
System Based on Fog Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Uddalak Chatterjee, Maddirala Venkat, and Sangram Ray
Gaining Actionable Insights in COVID-19 Dataset Using Word
Embeddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Rajat Aayush Jha and V. S. Ananthanarayana
Phrase-Based English–Nyishi Machine Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Nabam Kakum and Koj Sambyo
Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Using Genetic Algorithm
and Particle Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Vrinda Sharma and Niharika Varshney
A Secure Health Management Framework with Anti-fraud
Healthcare Insurance Using Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Sourav Mahapatra, Noorjahan, Ditipriya Sinha, and Ayan Kumar Das
An Energy-Aware Fog-Enabled Optimized VM Consolidation
Scheme for Real-Time Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
K. Hemant K. Reddy, Rajat S. Goswami, and Shubham
Spatio-temporal Analysis of Flood Hazard Zonation in Assam . . . . . . . . . 521
Sanjiban Roy, Sanjiv Kumar Ojah, Nilay Nishant,
Pankaj Pratap Singh, and Dibyajyoti Chutia
A Pilot Study on Human Pose Estimation for Sports Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 533
Pranshu Sharma, Bishesh Bikram Shah, and Chandra Prakash
Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid System for Litan, Manipur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Wairokpam Dhanraj, Ingudam Chitrasen Meitei,
and Moirangthem Twinkle Devi
An Intrusion Detection Approach Based on Decision Tree-Principal
Component Analysis Over CICIDS2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Gulab Sah and Subhasish Banerjee
Detection of Epilepsy Using Graph Signal Processing of EEG
Signals with Three Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Hemant Kumar Meena, Ramnivas Sharma, Abhinav Tailor,
Harshil Verma, and Rajveer Saini
Hybrid Approach for Fake Profile Identification on Social Media . . . . . . 579
Shruti Shinde and Sunil B. Mane
Contents xi

Electroencephalogram-Based Emotion Recognition Using Random

Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Nalini Pusarla, Anurag Singh, and Shrivishal Tripathi
Controlled Active Rectifier Circuit-Based Extreme Fast Charging
System for Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Amit Kumar and D. Saxena
Ambient Fine Particulate Matter and COVID-19 in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Amit Singhal, Arman Qamar, Shekhar Kunal, M. P . Girish,
Muthiah Vaduganathan, Sameer Arora, Rakesh Yadav, Vishal Batra,
Pushpendra Singh, Binish Fatimah, Anubha Gupta, and Mohit D. Gupta
Artificial Neural Network Based Synthesis of 12-Lead ECG Signal
from Three Predictor Leads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Ato Kapfo, Sumit Datta, Samarendra Dandapat, and Prabin Kumar Bora
Understanding Quantum Computing Through Drunken Walks . . . . . . . . 635
Sujit Biswas and Rajat S. Goswami
Survey on Recent Malware Detection Techniques for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Sangeeta Kakati, Debasish Chouhan, Amitava Nag, and Subir Panja
Enhancing Accuracy of Symptom-Based Disease Prediction Using
Ensemble Techniques and Feature Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Abhijeet Chavan, Atharva Dixit, Gaurav Mandke, and Vaibhav Khatavkar
Pruning for Compression of Visual Pattern Recognition Networks:
A Survey from Deep Neural Networks Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Seema A. Bhalgaonkar, Mousami V. Munot, and Alwin D. Anuse
Performance Comparison of Classification Models
for Identification of Breast Lesions in Ultrasound Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
A. Prabhakara Rao, G. Prasanna Kumar, and Rakesh Ranjan
Analysis of Randomization-Based Approaches for Autism
Spectrum Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Umesh Gupta, Deepak Gupta, and Umang Agarwal
A Twin Kernel Ridge Regression Classifier for Binary Classification . . . . 715
Barenya Bikash Hazarika, Deepak Gupta, and Parashjyoti Borah
Performance Evaluation of CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
for High-Frequency Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Abhijit Panigrahy, Abinash Patnaik, and Rajesh Kumar Patjoshi
Kernelized Random Vector Functional-Link Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Parashjyoti Borah, Deepak Gupta, and Sandeep Soumya Sekhar Mishra
xii Contents

Data Analytics Research in Nonprofit Organisations:

A Bibliometric Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Idrees Alsolbi, Mengjia Wu, Yi Zhang, Siamak Tafavogh,
Ashish Sinha, and Mukesh Prasad
Analyzing Donors Behaviors in Nonprofit Organizations: A Design
Science Research Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Idrees Alsolbi, Renu Agarwarl, Bhuva Narayan, Gnana Bharathy,
Mahendra Samarawickrama, Siamak Tafavogh, and Mukesh Prasad
Intelligent Health Care System Using Modified Feature Selection
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Rajalakshmi Shenbaga Moorthy and P. Pabitha
Design of High Step-up Interleaved Boost Converter-fed Fuel
Cell-Based Electric Vehicle System with Neural Network Controller . . . . 789
M. Murali, Shaik Rafi Kiran, CH Hussaian Basha, S. Khaja Khizar,
and P. M. Preethi Raj
Design of Adaptive VSS-P&O-Based PSO Controller for PV-Based
Electric Vehicle Application with Step-up Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
CH Hussaian Basha, T. Mariprasath, M. Murali, C. N. Arpita,
and Shaik Rafi Kiran
Spatiotemporal Data Compression on IoT Devices in Smart
Irrigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Neha K. Nawandar and Vishal R. Satpute

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

About the Editors

Dr. Deepak Gupta is Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science &
Engineering of National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh. He received
the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science & Engineering from the Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi, India. His research interests include support vector machines,
ELM, RVFL, KRR and other machine learning techniques. He has published over
60 referred journal and conference papers of international repute. His publications
have around 862 citations with an h-index of 15 and i10-index of 29 (Google Scholar,
21/08/2022). He is currently the member of an editorial review Board member of
Applied Intelligence. He is the recipient of the 2017 SERB-Early Career Research
Award in Engineering Sciences which is the prestigious award of INDIA at early
career level. He is a senior member of IEEE and currently an active member of
many scientific societies like IEEE SMC, IEEE CIS, CSI and many more. He has
served as a reviewer of many scientific journals and various national and international
conferences. He is the General Chair of upcoming 3rd International Conference on
Machine Intelligence and Signal Processing (MISP-2021) and associated with other
conferences like IEEE SSCI, IEEE SMC, IJCNN, BDA 2021 etc. He has supervised
3 PhD students and currently 3 PhD students are enrolled under him. He is currently
the Principal Investigator (PI) or Co-PI of 02 major research projects funded by the
Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India.

Dr. Rajat Subhra Goswami received his B.Tech. in Information Technology in

2005 from West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal. He received his
M.E. in Multimedia Development from Jadavpur University, West Bengal, in 2009
and then joined in Bengal Institute of Technology Shantiniketan, Bolpur, West
Bengal, as Assistant Professor in CSE department. He became Assistant Professor
of CSE department at National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Govern-
ment of India, in 2011. He received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering
from National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh in 2015. Currently, he is
working as Associate Professor in the department of Computer Science and Engi-
neering in National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Government of
India. He has more than 10 years of experience as a teacher. Cryptography, big

xiii
xiv About the Editors

data and machine learning are his research areas. In separate national/international
journals/conferences, he has written over 50 research papers. Two Ph.D. scholars
were awarded under his supervision, and four scholars are now working in separate
fields. He is a life member of Indian Science Congress Association and Cryptology
Research Society of India.

Dr. Subhasish Banerjee received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engi-
neering from National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, in 2016 and
M.Tech. degree in Computer Application from Indian Institute of Technology (ISM),
Dhanbad, India, in 2012. Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor in the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering in National Institute of Tech-
nology, Arunachal Pradesh. His research activities are mainly focused on cryptog-
raphy, networking and information security. He is the author or co-author of more
than 20 papers in international refereed journals and more than 20 paper contributions
in referred international conference.

M. Tanveer is Associate Professor and Ramanujan Fellow at the Discipline of Math-

ematics of the Indian Institute of Technology Indore. Prior to that, he worked as
a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab of the
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. During 2012 to 2015, he was an
Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of the
LNM Institute of Information Technology (LNMIIT), Jaipur. He received the Ph.D.
degree in Computer Science from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,
India. Prior to that, he received the M.Phil degree in Mathematics from Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India. His research interests include support vector
machines, optimization, machine learning, deep learning, applications to Alzheimer’s
disease and dementias. He has published over 100 referred journal papers of inter-
national repute. His publications have over 2500 citations with h index 28 (Google
Scholar, July 2022). Recently, he has been listed in the world’s top 2% scientists
in the study carried out by Stanford University, USA. He has served on review
boards for more than 100 scientific journals and served for scientific committees
of various national and international conferences. He is the recipient of the 2017
SERB-Early Career Research Award in Engineering Sciences and the only recipient
of 2016 DST-Ramanujan Fellowship in Mathematical Sciences which are the pres-
tigious awards of INDIA at early career level. He is currently the Associate Editor -
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (Feb. 2022 - ), Asso-
ciate Editor - Pattern Recognition, Elsevier (Nov 2021 - ), Action Editor - Neural
Networks, Elsevier (Jan 2022 - ), Board of Editors - Engineering Applications of
Artificial Intelligence, Elsevier (Jan 2022 - ), Associate Editor - Neurocomputing,
Elsevier (Jan 2022 - ), Associate Editor - Cognitive Computation, Springer (Jan.
2022 - ), Editorial Board - Applied Soft Computing, Elsevier (Jan 2022 - ), Inter-
national Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Springer (July 2021 - ),
Associate Editor - Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Aug 2020 - ),
Editorial Review Board - Applied Intelligence, Springer. He is/was Guest Editor
in Special Issues of several journals including ACM Transactions of Multimedia
About the Editors xv

(TOMM), Applied Soft Computing, Elsevier, IEEE Journal of Biomedical Health

and Informatics, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intel-
ligence, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer and Annals of Operations
Research, Springer. He has also co-edited one book in Springer on machine intel-
ligence and signal analysis. He has organized many international/national confer-
ences/symposium/workshop as General Chair/Organizing Chair/Coordinator, and
delivered talks as Keynote/Plenary/invited speaker in many international confer-
ences and Symposiums. He has organized several special sessions in top-ranked
conferences including WCCI, IJCNN, IEEE SMC, IEEE SSCI, ICONIP. Amongst
other distinguished, international conference chairing roles, he is the General Chair
for 29th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP2022)
(the world’s largest and top technical event in Computational Intelligence). Tanveer
is currently the Principal Investigator (PI) or Co-PI of 11 major research projects
funded by Government of India including Department of Science and Technology
(DST), Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) and Council of Scientific &
Industrial Research (CSIR), MHRD-SPARC, ICMR.

Prof. Ram Bilas Pachori received the B.E. degree with honours in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal,
India, in 2001, the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur, India, in 2003 and 2008, respec-
tively. He worked as Postdoctoral Fellow at Charles Delaunay Institute, University
of Technology of Troyes, Troyes, France, during 2007–2008. He served as Assis-
tant Professor at Communication Research Center, International Institute of Infor-
mation Technology, Hyderabad, India, during 2008–2009. He served as Assistant
Professor at Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Indore, Indore, India, during
2009–2013. He worked as Associate Professor at Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, IIT Indore, Indore, India, during 2013–2017 where presently he has been
working as Professor since 2017. He is also Associated Faculty with Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Electronics
at IIT Indore. He was Visiting Professor at School of Medicine, Faculty of Health
and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia, during 2018–
2019. He worked as Visiting Scholar at Intelligent Systems Research Center, Ulster
University, Northern Ireland, UK, during December 2014. He is Associate Editor of
Electronics Letters, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control journal and Editor
of IETE Technical Review Journal. He is Senior Member of IEEE and Fellow of
IETE and IET. He has supervised 12 Ph.D., 20 M.Tech. and 37 B.Tech. students for
their theses and projects. He has more than 210 publications which include journal
papers (126), conference papers (66), books (04) and book chapters (16). His publi-
cations have around 7500 citations with h index of 46 (Google Scholar, January
2021). He has been listed in the top h index scientists in the area of computer science
and electronics by Guide2Research website. He has been listed in the world’s top
2% scientists in the study carried out at Stanford University, USA. He has served
on review boards for more than 100 scientific journals and served for scientific
committees of various national and international conferences. He has delivered more
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Britain who shall use any dog, gun, net, or other engine, for the
taking or destruction of game, shall take out an annual certificate,
from the Clerk of the Peace for the county in which he resides, and
shall pay for such certificate the sum of three pounds three shillings,
with one shilling to the clerk for his trouble in making it out. See
Game, and Game Laws.

QUALIFICATIONS—appertain, in a particular degree, to the

subject of racing upon the turf, and is used in a certain signification.
Plates of 50l. are given at numerous places of sport, to be run for on
certain conditions; some by colts and fillies of three years old; some
four years old; others five and six; and, lastly, for horses of all ages
and qualifications. The precise meaning of which is, that a horse
equal in age to one or more of his competitors, may be very superior
in qualifications; in which case it becomes necessary and equitable
to bring their abilities more upon an equality, by so encreasing the
weight which one is to carry above the standard of the other, that
there may be left very little probability of deciding upon the certainty
of superiority in speed, when the impartial and judicious adjustment
of weight is so properly fixed, as to leave an equal hope and
expectation of winning the prize for which they are to start. To
render such mode the less liable to objection, it is mostly the custom
to say in the advertisements, a winner of one plate in the present
year to carry 3lb. the winner of two, 5lb. and of three, or more, 7lb.
extra.

QUARTER (False.)—The defect so called in the hoof of a horse, is

the renovated part of what has been by some accident previously
destroyed; and this effort of nature being inadequate, in its
regeneration, to the original formation, the quarter of the heel, in its
growth, acquires a kind of spongy puffiness or elasticity,
accompanied by a cleft or crack, which prevents a perfect and
undivided union with that part of the hoof uninjured, constituting a
tender weakness, as well as a permanent blemish, not to be
obliterated during the life of the horse. Notwithstanding which, much
depends upon the management during the time the original injury
remains in its infant state. A wanton destruction of parts, by the too
hasty and injudicious interposition of caustics and cutting knives,
frequently does more mischief in twelve hours, than Nature, with all
her powerful endeavours, can repair in as many months. When by
these, or other means, a false quarter cannot be avoided, it should
be occasionally attended to during the progress of its growth: the
uneven prominencies should, when becoming luxuriant and irregular,
be kept down by gentle erasions with the rasp, and the surface, the
cleft, and surrounding part, be plentifully moistened with friar's
balsam, tincture of myrrh, or some such applicable substitute, as may
give it a gradational hardening, and effectually reduce the irritability
of the parts affected. To relieve the ill-effect of this inconvenience to
a certain degree, a bar-shoe may be so carefully constructed, as to
shield the tender and weaker part of the hoof from pressure; and this
can only be done by forming the shoe of such thickness, as to admit
of its taking its bearing equally from the sound parts of the hoof,
about an inch or two on each side the seat of injury, with strength
sufficient to prevent a chance of its indentation upon the tender part
intended to be protected.

QUARTERS.—The fore and hind parts of a horse are frequently so

called; for instance, such a horse is beautifully formed in his fore
quarters, but he is exceedingly ill made behind; and some are well
proportioned in the gascoins, the hip, the rump, and hocks, but are
ill formed and low before. The fore quarters include the head, neck,
breast, withers, and fore legs, to the girths; the hind quarters
comprehend the hips, thighs, hams, hocks, and hind legs.

QUEST.—Hounds (beagles or harriers) are said to quest, when

they first give tongue after coming upon trail. Spaniels are said to
quest also, when they give tongue in covert, upon coming up to the
foot and scent of partridge, pheasant, hare, or cock.

OUICKSILVER—is an article of almost incredible medical utility; a

full and explanatory description of which will be found under the
head Mercury.
 QUITTOR.—The serious injury so denominated, is, in its origin, a
painful and inflammatory formation of matter (arising from various
causes) at the precise junction of the hair with the upper part of the
hoof: this, from the peculiar construction of the parts, particularly if
injudiciously conduced, soon degenerates into a virulent, ill-
conditioned ulcer, dangerous in its progress, and uncertain in its
termination. Treads, blows, and bruises, externally, and a lodgment
of gravel, or other extraneous substance, having insinuated itself
internally, from the bottom of the foot, and working upwards, are
principally the means by which such misfortune is too frequently and
unluckily produced. The practice too prevalent with farriers (newly
termed veterinarians) is to proceed with all possible fire and fury to
a speedy and unrelenting destruction of parts: the introduction of a
large portion of corrosive sublimate is adopted to "bring away the
core;" or blue vitriol, reduced to powder, and mixed with the oil also,
is used for the same: these frequently proving the remedy to be
worse than the disease, the knife is called in aid, and, by daily use,
(after the patience of the owner is nearly exhausted, and his purse
equally operated upon with the horse,) the subject becomes
calculated for little more or less than the collar maker, to whom such
patients are in general ultimately consigned: unless they fall into the
hands of judicious practitioners; who, knowing the properties of
medicine, and the useful interposition of art, can patiently
condescend to complete with the syringe, what the less qualified can
never perform with the knife.

QUITTOR-BONE—is a protrusive enlargement upon some part of

the coronet of a horse, originating in a ligamentary distortion, fibrous
rupture, or internal injury; which continuing to encrease in size to
the utmost distention of the integument, it then gradually acquires a
certain degree of callosity, and lastly, ossification, from whence is
derived its present denomination. Custom has established the
alternatives of blistering or firing, and they not unfrequently succeed
each other. A little reflection will, however, determine whether it is
not sometimes better
 "To bear those ills we have,
"Than fly to others that we know not of."
 R.

RABBIT—is the well-known animal, bearing some similitude to the

hare in its formation, but no proportional excellence as a luxury for
the table. Rabbits are of two kinds, the wild, and domestic; the latter
of which are bred in hutches exceedingly tame, and in a sporting
view lay claim to no consideration. The wild rabbits are much inferior
in size, and many shades lighter in the colour of their fur, than the
hare, to whom they have a natural and an invincible aversion; which,
in fact, seems to be mutual, as they are but rarely found in the
purlieus of each other. The rabbit, in its wild and uncultivated state,
(not part of, or appertaining to a warren,) is thought of but very little
intrinsic value, and is killed or taken as a matter of public right, by
individuals of every class who happen to find them; not being
included in the late acts of parliament for the preservation of the game;
although they are mentioned as conies in some of the former
records, which, though unrepealed, are seldom resorted to for legal
information. Rabbits in a warren are supposed the most prolific and
profitable animal of any that contributes to human subsistence:
these warrens are common in many parts of the kingdom, but more
particularly in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Cambridgeshire, by the three last of which counties the Metropolis is
supplied for its almost infinite consumption. The scent of a rabbit is
exceedingly faint in comparison with the hare, fox, or fallow deer;
they, however, by jumping up suddenly, frequently lead hounds a
little astray, but cannot stand long before them.
RABBITS propagate so rapidly, and increase so largely, in some
parks and farms of a woodland country, that they become, by their
numbers, exceedingly injurious, and an occasional reduction is found
unavoidably necessary, as a matter of self defence; in which case
rabbit shooting is found a most pleasant diversion. This is enjoyed
with the assistance of a brace of spaniels, which being turned into
the bushes and hedge-rows, are hardly ever without a rabbit on
foot: but it must be a very quick and good shot to prove successful,
as their short turns, and sudden twists, render them a very difficult
mark to hit. Warreners, in some parts of the kingdom, are called
warren farmers, whose premises are of very great extent, and the
rent from three to four and five hundred pounds a year: the rabbits
in these are so completely private property, that various Acts are still
in force for their preservation, and the summary punishment of
offenders (before a justice of peace) for any transgression against
the statutes in such case made and provided.

RACE HORSE—Is the kind of horse bred solely for the turf, and
whose blood must be properly authenticated to have descended in a
state of purity from one generation to another, without the least
contamination by any accidental or intentional cross whatever.
Horses of this description are not entirely selected, as others in
general are, by the make, shape, strength, and bone, but in a great
degree by the estimation of the blood from which they have
descended; and from which circumstance alone is derived their claim
to the appellation of blood horses, which they properly continue to
retain, and are alone entitled to. We are furnished with the most
indubitable assurances, that the Arabs are (if possible) more
tenacious, precise, and correct, in the pedigree, or genealogical
descent, of their superior and unmixed breed, than the sporting
breeders of this country; and that the pedigrees of each peculiar and
distinguished blood has been for centuries transmitted from
generation to generation, with the same authenticated accuracy, as
is now the regular practice with every racing stud in the kingdom.
The emulative impulse of the English sportsman to attain perfection,
most probably suggested the idea of introducing the celebrated
blood of Arabia, that judicious experimental crosses might be made
with the best of our own.
The earliest instances upon record, were during, and subsequent
to, the reign of King Charles the Second, who sent abroad his master
of the horse to procure a selection of foreign horses and mares for the
establishment of a breeding stud; and the mares then brought over
(as well as many of their produce) have since been called royal
mares. The principal Arabians, Barbs, and Turks, by which the original
breed of Britain is supposed in some respects to have been
improved, are as follows. The White Turk was the property of Mr.
Place, stud-master to Oliver Cromwell when Protector; he was the
sire of Wormwood and Commoner. Dodsworth, though foaled in
England, was a natural Barb, his dam having been imported when in
foal during the reign of Charles the Second, and was called a royal
mare. The Lister Turk was brought into England by the Duke of
Berwick from the Siege of Buda, in the reign of James the Second,
and was the sire of Snake, Brisk, Coneyskins, and Piping Peg. The
Byerly Turk was Captain Byerly's charger in Ireland in King William's
Wars; he was sire of Sprite, Black-Hearty, Archer, Basto,
Grasshopper, the Byerly Gelding, and Jigg. Greyhound was got in
Barbary, after which both sire and dam were purchased, and
brought to England, by Mr. Marshall. He was the sire of Old Othello,
Whitefoot, Osmyn, Rake, Samson, Goliah, Favourite, and
Desdemona.
The D'Arcy White Turk was the sire of Old Hautboy, Grey Royal,
and Cannon. The D'Arcy Yellow Turk was the sire of Spanker,
Brimmer, and the great great grand-dam of Cartouch. The Marshall,
or Sellaby Turk, was the property of Mr. Marshall's brother, stud-
master to King William, Queen Anne, and King George the First; he
was the sire of some famous runners, but most of them were mares.
Curwen's Bay Barb, the Thoulouse Barb, Darley's Arabian, the Belgrade
Turk, the Godolphin Arabian, and others, may be referred to under
the head Barbs in the First Volume. After having crossed the blood in
all possible directions, (as fancy prompted in one place, or prudent
deliberation justified in another,) numerous experiments were made
(and for large sums) in bringing the different crosses to the post in
opposition to each other; when, after every possible refinement, and
every judicious exertion, to ascertain the superiority of the Arabian
blood, it was at length most clearly proved, that the more they bred
in and in with the foreign horses and mares, the more they acquired
speed for half a mile or a mile; but became gradually slower, and
longer upon the ground, the farther they had to run. This discovery
having been made (and proved by various means to be correct) at
the very moment of the great Duke of Cumberland's having brought
the sport to nearly its present zenith of attraction and celebrity about
the year 1760, the rage for Arabian extraction has been gradually
upon the decline with the sporting aggregate from that period to the
present time; unless with those who have bred more with a view to
variation and novelty than speed for the turf.
Races were formerly decided in much shorter distances than at
present, and few colts or fillies were then ever brought to the post
till four years old. Plates for three years old are now common at all
places of sport from one extremity of the kingdom to the other; and
matches with two years old colts and fillies, and even with yearlings,
are seen constantly run at Newmarket; and is the very reason why so
many of the most valuable are completely ruined, and all their
faculties of superior speed destroyed, by the very time they attain
the age at which their predecessors started for the first time. Few
matches, sweepstakes, or plates, are now decided in a less distance
than four miles, where the horses are five and six years old, as this is
considered an unerring criterion of distinguishing between, or
annexing bottom to speed: many tolerable horses have taken the lead,
and kept it for a mile, or even two, that have been nearly distanced
in running the four; and a chain of well-observed and corroborating
circumstances it was of this kind, that brought the farther
propagation of Arabian blood in this country into disrepute. Whether
such change may not have been occasioned by private prejudice
transformed to public report, may be admitted a doubt; because it is
universally known, some, indeed very many, of the fleetest horses
this country ever produced, have been the immediate descendants
from some of the Arabians before recited.
Flying Childers is said (as stories never lose by transmission) to
have ran a mile in a minute: most probably, and most truly, he ran
"one third of a mile, at the rate of a mile in a minute:" it is admitted,
he ran, with nine stone two pounds upon his back, four miles in six
minutes and forty-eight seconds; and this horse was undoubtedly
got by, and the immediate descendant of, Darley's Arabian. Firetail
and Pumpkin ran a mile in a minute and a half; and each of their
pedigrees run in a double and treble degree into the best Arabian
blood in only two generations. Bay Malton ran four miles over York
(in the year 1763) in seven minutes, forty-three seconds and a half;
and his blood was in and in from the Godolphin Arabian, and two
Barbs in parallel directions. Eclipse ran the four miles over York,
carrying twelve stone, in eight minutes, without going at his rate;
and his pedigree goes directly on the side of the dam to Regulus, who
was got by the Godolphin Arabian; and through his sire Marsk to
Squirt, who was got by Bartlet's Childers; from which chain of
authenticated facts, it should incontrovertibly appear to every mind
of impartiality, that the breed of blood horses in England has been
very much improved by the judicious crosses so successfully
introduced. The pedigrees of all thorough bred horses have been so
long and so justly recorded, that Mr. Weatherby has given in his Stud
Book, the accurate origin of above four thousand horses, mares,
colts, and fillies, the produce of the last sixty years only, (exclusive
of numbers of an earlier date,) and in which may be traced the
precise pedigree of every particular horse, up to the origin of any
race or blood upon record.

RACING,—in its most common and comprehensive signification,

might be supposed to imply racing in general between either men or
horses; it is, however, in fashionable acceptation, applied principally
to the latter, which is a most noble, exhilarating and fascinating
enjoyment, to all classes of people, in all parts of the kingdom,
during the summer season, when every other field sport is buried in
a temporary oblivion, and every species of game, hounds, and hunters,
are legally at rest. Racing, in itself, is a harmless privileged pleasure,
so immediately congenial to the disposition of the people of this
country, that each revolving year seems to produce its increasing
attraction. From the great alacrity with which it is followed, the
rapture with which it is enjoyed, and the genial season at which it
takes place, it should seem to have been instituted under the
peculiar dispensation of Providence; where the annual meeting of
old and long-parted friends, in every distinct district in succession,
"makes the heart glad;" and where mirth seems to have taken
possession of every face, from the prince to the peasant, who one
and all dispel sorrow, and set care at defiance. In full confirmation of
this unexaggerated representation, a subscription is locally raised in
various cities, towns, and districts, amongst the nobility, gentry, and
independent inhabitants, to constitute and encourage so rational and
happy a scene, in which the poor industrious rustic may innocently
partake, and cheerfully enjoy one day of rest from his labour.
The money thus collected (by a person who is previously
appointed Clerk of the Course) is then delivered into the hands of
noblemen or gentlemen resident in the neighbourhood, who generally
feel themselves honoured by the solicitation of the subscribers to
undertake the office of stewards, and who exert every degree of
personal influence to encourage and promote a kind of jubilee, in
which the happiness of every heart, and the pleasing reflection of
every mind, is absolutely absorbed for a circumference of many
miles. The racing fund having reached its utmost point of
accumulation, is divided into purses (called plates) of fifty pounds
each, and announced for horses of different ages and qualifications,
in the provincial newspaper of the particular district in which the
plates are given; as well as in "The Racing Calendar," where all such
advertisements appear. Various particulars respecting the minutiæ of
racing will be found under the different heads of Horse Racing, Jockey
Club, King's Plate, Newmarket, Training, and Turf; it being
impracticable to bring so great a variety of distinct combined, and
complicated matter, into any one single point of view.

RACK.—The railed convenience constructed above the manger in a

stable for the reception of the hay is so called. It should be so
formed, as to have alternate openings at the bottom, for the dust
and seeds to pass through: and although it is become a practice
exceedingly prevalent, to have the rack on one side, instead of the
center of the stall, there is no good or rational plea can be advanced
in justification of such innovation: on the contrary, it compulsively
accustoms the horse to stand with his hind-quarters mostly on one
side of the stall, by which his bedding is constantly and inevitably
deranged almost as soon as it is set fair.

RAILS LAND,—are birds of passage, of a simply beautiful

variegated plumage, in size about midway between a whole snipe
and a partridge, partaking, in an equal degree of formation, between
both, in respect to the shape of the body, head, and beak, which are
in a direct line of mediocrity between the two. They are found singly
in different parts of England (but very thinly scattered) in the
months of July, August, and September, in the standing corn and
clover, but principally in the latter, where, when found, they are
prejudicial to pointers, by their incessantly running, while the dog
continues drawing (in a kind of walking pursuit) till patience being
quite exhausted, the dog is induced to play the spaniel, and make a
springing effort before they can be forced to take wing; when once
upon which, it must be a very indifferent shot who does not bring
them down. Though a very scarce bird in the centrical parts of the
kingdom, (being much more plentiful in counties upon the coast,)
they are exceedingly numerous in Ireland, and particularly near the
capital; there they are called corn-creaks, found in every standing
grass-field during the months of May and June, where corn-creak
shooting is in almost equal practice with partridge or snipe shooting in
this country.

RAKING—is the old and ridiculous (or rather unnatural) custom of

oiling the hand, and introducing it at the sphincter of the anus, to
extract the indurated dung, when the horse labours under severe
inflammatory cholic, arising from previous constipation. The only
reason adduced to justify the practice is, its being one means of
obtaining immediate relief; and if that relief could be readily
obtained to a certainty, the adoption could not with propriety be so
totally condemned. The fact is, that this custom, like many others in
the old code of veterinary law, is only a powerful shield for the
protection of indolence; for one glyster would do more in liquifying
and bringing away the hardened fæces, than back-raking (as it is
called) would effect in an hour: but one makes the show of business,
which is what the lower class of smiths and farriers prefer in general,
to the most useful and expeditious execution.

RANGER.—This is an office of trust, appertaining to the laws of a

forest, where there are generally two, as principal and deputy
ranger; to the latter of whom the executive department more
materially extends: it is his peculiar province to take occasional
cognizance of all matters within the limits (or what are termed
purlieus) of the forest, and to make presentation of all offences and
offenders at the proper courts when held. This is also an office of
honor, greatly superior to keepers, bailiffs, and other subordinates.

RATTLING in the Head.—When a horse is heard to rattle in the

head, it denotes obstructions, and affords ample proof that a cold
has been recently caught, or the glandular secretions impeded. Such
rattlings being loud and frequent, (or rather incessant,) with large
indurated tumefactions underneath the jaw, accompanied by a slimy,
viscid, fœtid, discoloured discharge from the nostrils, danger should
be instantly guarded against, as Farcy or Glanders will most probably
ensue.

RAT-TAIL.—A horse having a long dock, and little or no hair upon

it, is said to be rat-tailed. There are not wanting a certain description
of sporting speculators, who go a little farther in their definition,
adding, most sapiently, that "a rat-tail horse is always a good one."

RAT-TAILS—is a disgusting kind of defect, or disease, which is

seldom known to affect any horses, but those of a coarse and
gummy constitution: to this internal grossness, and omission in not
properly cleansing within, as well as the effect of filth and nastiness
without, may be attributed the origin and progress of this very
unsightly and vexatious disorder. Rat-tails are parallel lines, running
longitudinally from just below the hock, on the outside, to the
pastern joint, bearing no dissimilar appearance to the tail of the
animal just mentioned, from whence the name is derived. From the
acrimonious ichor by which they are fed, the parts become
excoriated, and bear a different complexion, according to their
recent and more advanced state. Various and variegated are the
remedies prescribed for their obliteration, of which numbers are
without judgment, and probably as many without thought. The
expeditious cure depends in no small degree upon the virulence it
has acquired by the length of its duration. Frequent fomentations of
warm gelatinous gruel, with a soft sponge, to soften the regidity of
the scabby surface, seems the most rational mode that can possibly
be adopted: this ceremony may be followed when the parts are
completely dry, with a plentiful impregnation of strong mercurial
ointment, repeated as often as the mild or inveterate state of the
case may render necessary: gently detergent repellants, or slightly
corroding stimulants, may be required, if the disorder is of long
standing; at any rate, internal correctors should go hand in hand
with external applications.

REARING—is the most dangerous vice of all a restive horse retains

in the catalogue of his untoward qualifications: it is generally termed
rearing an end, and when carried to the extreme, is hazardous
beyond description; as it is hardly possible for the best horseman
existing to keep his seat, when a horse repeatedly assumes that
unnatural position. Recent instances have occurred directly opposite
in their consequences; one in which the rider was killed; in the other,
the horse. In such an alarming and critical predicament, the most
probable means of safety is, to gradually loosen the reins, and, by
bearing the weight of the body close to the neck of the horse,
endeavour to accelerate his preponderation.

RECHASING—is a sporting term, but little known, and never used,

except in the official language of a forest and its environs. Rechasing
is the discovery and driving home of outlying deer, and other beasts,
to the district from whence they had strayed.
 RECHEAT—is a recall of the hounds with the horn.

REGULUS,—the name of a horse whose performances upon the

turf, and celebrity as a stallion, were never exceeded in this
kingdom. He was bred by Lord Chedworth, and foaled in 1739. He
was got by the Godolphin Arabian; his dam by the Bald Galloway,
grand-dam by Snake, out of Old Wilkes, a daughter of Old Hautboy.
Regulus won seven royal plates in one year, and never was beat. He
afterwards covered in the north, and was the sire of Adolphus,
Trajan, the dam of Eclipse, the grand-dam of Highflyer, and many
other capital horses and mares; through whose veins his blood has
been transmitted in direct and oblique lines to every stud of
eminence in the kingdom. Since which there have been three of the
same name in succession. The first bred by Mr. Basset, foaled in
1750, got by Regulus, dam by Whitefoot, grand-dam by Hip. The
second bred by Mr. Salt, foaled in 1764, got by Regulus, dam by
Regulus, (bred in and in,) grand-dam by Partner. The last was foaled
in 1788, got by Young Morwick, dam by Turk, grand-dam by Young
Cade.

REINS—are the parts of a bridle which are affixed to the eyes of

the bit, or bits, on each side a horse's mouth, pass up the horse's
neck, and are united at the reverse end, where the junction of both
are held in the hand of the rider. A snaffle-bridle, and a hard-and-
sharp, have each of them two reins; a Pelham and a Weymouth
have each four.

REINS.—The reins of a horse are the parts where the kidnies are
seated; and the word is generally used in a synonymous sense with
loins. When a disorder arises, or a defect is observed, in these parts,
it may be supposed to have originated in some short and sudden
turn in a narrow stall; carrying too heavy a weight, or drawing too
large a load. Whenever such injury is sustained, a difficulty of
staling, partial dribblings, or the urine very high-coloured, and tinged
with blood, will soon point out the seat of the complaint.
 REINS Pillar.—Those affixed to the centrical pillars of a riding
school are so called; as are those likewise, by which the horse is kept
confined ready for his rider, when saddled, bridled, and turned round
in his stall.

RELAY.—A relay of horses is a supply of fresh ones fixed at some

particular spot, to exchange either upon a journey, or during the
chase. A relay of hounds more particularly applies to hunting
excursions, where a part of the pack is alternately detached to a
certain place of destination, that, by a relay of both horses and
hounds, the sport may be continued daily, without intermission,
during the week.

REPOSITORIES—are placed in the metropolis, where horses are

received for public or private sale, and where they are regularly
bought and sold by auction, on certain days in every week. This is an
accommodation of so much convenience and utility to those who
have occasion either to buy or to sell suddenly, that the succession of
horses is incessant, and the proprietors never feel a want of public
patronage. The three long-established repositories are Tattersal's,
near Hyde Park Corner; Aldridge's, in St. Martin's Lane; and Langhorn's,
(called the City Repository,) in Barbican. The days of sale at the first
are Mondays and Thursdays; at the second, on Wednesdays; and at the
latter, on Fridays. Tattersal's is the principal receptacle for horses in
high estimation, as running horses, stallions, brood mares, hunters,
and the superior kind of hacknies. Carriages and harness may be
deposited here for sale by auction, or private contract; as may also
hounds, pointers, spaniels, greyhounds, or any sporting stock whatever.

Aldridge's was the original as a repository, and the first institution

of the kind in the kingdom. It was opened upon speculation by a Mr.
Beaver, in which he acquired fame and fortune. This is principally
appropriated to the sale of hunters, light carriage horses, famous
trotters, sporting-like hacknies, and others of every description; from
which universality of accommodation (notwithstanding the great
extent of the premises) there is but very seldom a single stall to
spare. The sales at Langhorn's principally consist of stage-coach,
waggon and cart horses, hacks, and occasionally government horses
of the dismounted cavalry.
These repositories are conducted upon principles of the most
unsullied integrity by the present proprietors; and under fixed
regulations, which admit of no opening for cavil or discontent.
Horses sent in for sale are immediately booked, with the instructions
of the owner; whether he is to be sold to the best bidder, or a
specific sum mentioned, at less than which he is not to be disposed
of. The expences are as follow; a certain price per day and night, as
long as he is continued there. If brought out, and put up at the
hammer, and not sold, half a crown. If sold, the commission for
selling is five per cent. in addition to the auction duty of ten-pence in
every pound; but if sold by private contract, either before or after the
public auction, no duty to government is payable whatever.

Other rules attach invariably to each establishment. Horses may

be sold with or without a warranty, at the option of the owner. If sold
bona fide to the best bidder, and no declaration made, or questions
asked, respecting soundness, he is then said to be sold with all his
faults; which the purchaser must abide by, and has no plea for
return, however he may repent the purchase he has made. On the
contrary, when the horse is sold at the hammer, and warranted
sound, under the authority of, and by commission from, the owner,
although the purchase-money is deposited when the horse is taken
away, yet the purchaser has that and the following clear day to
ascertain the perfect, sound and healthy state of the horse so
purchased, when during which time so allotted him, if he returns the
horse or mare, with proper and indisputable proof of palpable
lameness or defect, the purchase-money is of course returned, and
such horse or mare again becomes the property of the former
owner: and for the regular support of this equitable and necessary
part of the establishment, no person selling such horse at either of
the repositories, can demand the money in payment till two clear
days from the day of sale. Instances sometimes arise, where the
owner of a horse sold with a warranty, has refused to accede to the
return of the purchase-money, upon a plea of justification, that such
horse or mare was positively sound when sold. In cases of this kind,
the proprietor of the repository retains the money in hand; an action
is commenced against him by the purchaser of the horse returned,
(for the money so paid, and which he cannot get back,) upon being
indemnified by the original owner; he becomes the nominal defendant,
and the case goes before a jury, to be decided by the glorious
uncertainty of the law; as in all horse causes, the witnesses are so
critically conscientious, that there are generally as many oaths on
one side as the other.

RESTIVE.—A horse is said to be restive, not merely because he is

obstinate and untractable, but because there is a tendency to vice;
or he is constitutionally inclined to add mischief to ill-temper. Horses
of this disposition are sometimes incorrigible, and are never broken
of so dangerous and (frequently) destructive a quality. When young
horses first begin to display appearances of restiveness, in not
passing particular objects or places, turning round, running back, or
rearing an end, lenient means, and gentle patient methods, are
certainly the best and most proper expedients, by which alone many
are brought to immediate subjection. On the contrary, a too hasty,
violent and imprudent proceeding, has often made that a lasting and
invincible, which would only have proved a trifling and temporary
inconvenience. Should all gentle and persuasive means fail of the
desired effect, and no signs of obedience be produced, more
powerful measures should be had recourse to, till the point of victory
can be obtained; but they should on no consideration whatever, be
tinctured with cruelty or inhumanity, for they are almost invariably
productive of an inveterate spirit of opposition to restraint, which can
never be subdued.

RETAIN—is a term applicable only to the act of propagation

between a horse and mare: when the mare is stinted, and will receive
the horse no more, she is then said to retain, (the masculine
semen,) and considered safe in respect to conception, and the future
production of a foal.

RHEUMATISM.—That horses are afflicted with pains similar to

those of the human species, is long since established beyond all
power of controversy and contradiction. Dr. Darwin fixes its seat in
the tendinous coats of the muscles, and attributes the pain to
inspissated mucus left upon their surface; acting in the motion of the
limbs as some extraneous substance, exciting extreme irritability and
symptomatic inflammation. Horses are not only constantly liable to,
but frequently attacked with, this disorder, which is more or less
violent in different subjects, according to the state they happen to
be in at the time of attack; and in some degree the cause by which
it was occasioned. Professional judgment, deliberate examination,
and nice discrimination, are all truly necessary to distinguish and
decide upon this disorder. It is no uncommon thing for hasty and
rash practitioners to look at such cases superficially, to embrocate,
blister, and even fire, horses for a lameness, when the cause of such
defect has originated in the local pain described. Some horses are so
much and so severely affected, as to be almost or quite unable to
move, unless forced from their position; others, after standing in
their stalls for two or three days, will suddenly fall, as if totally
exhausted, and lay in extreme pain, with their legs extended to the
utmost, take their food as they lay, and never attempt to rise, till
compelled so to do by force and powerful assistance; in which state
some horses remain for a month or six weeks before they are
perfectly relieved, when they become repossessed of all their
faculties, and are never known to experience a relapse. Repeated
bleedings, strong spirituous stimulative embrocations, great and
constant frictions, (after hot aromatic fomentations,) upon the parts
affected, covering the extremities with flannel rollers, and giving
cordial invigorants internally twice a day, are the only rational and
scientific means of obtaining certain and expeditious alleviation and
cure.
 RIBS.—The ribs of a horse are too well known to require
description; it being only applicable to observe, that the
conformation of the carcase in a material degree constitutes one
feature of the complexion requisite to the standard of beauty. A
horse should have a round barrel (or body) to be handsome; if he is
flat in the ribs, he is then said to be flat carcased, is generally tucked
up, high in the hip-bones, hollow in the flank, and commonly a bad
feeder, particularly after a little hard work, which prevents his being
held very high in estimation.

RIDGES.—The transverse wrinkles (or bars) across the roof of a

horse's mouth are so called. In all matters of emergency, accidents,
or sudden indisposition, when a farrier cannot be expeditiously
obtained, or a fleam procured, an incision across the fourth or fifth
ridge with even a common penknife, will always prove a very
convenient extemporaneous substitute for a more plentiful
evacuation.

RIDING-SCHOOL—is a convenient receptacle, with every

accommodation for riding in the winter season, and where the young
of both sexes are taught to ride by proper masters. Of these there
are many in the Metropolis of much celebrity; among the most
eminent are Captain Carter's, near Grosvernor Square; Mr. Cowling's,
Moorfields; Mr. Jones's, Royal Circus; Mr. Astley's Amphitheatre,
Westminster Bridge; Mr. Hall's, Piccadilly; and Mr. Davis's, in
Edgware Road; at most of which horses are completely broke and
bitted for purposes of every denomination.

RIG.—A horse is so called upon whom the operation of castration

has been ill performed; by leaving one of the testes, or so much of
the epididymis, behind, as enables him to become exceedingly teazing
and troublesome to mares, either in the field or stable. There have
been instances of colts having been cut by ignorant and illiterate
operators, who, by letting one of the testes recede during the
process, it has remained, and the horse then retains the power of
propagating; many such having been known to get foals.

RING-BONE—is an ossified enlargement upon the pastern,

originating in a ligamentary twist, and consequent protrusion, at the
junction of the pastern with the coronary-bone; it forms a callous
substance soon after the injury, and ossifies in a very short time.
Some horses do moderate work without much seeming
inconvenience; others become lame, and frequently continue so, in
opposition to every endeavour at alleviation or cure. A ring-bone
seldom submits to either the strongest repellents, solvents, or
blistering. The best method to avoid disappointment in waiting the
effect of either, is to fire the part in the form of a star, so soon as
the protrusion (or prominence) is at first perceived.

ROAN.—A horse is called a roan in colour, when his coat seems to

be formed of the mixed combination of sorrel and white hairs in
nearly an equal proportion. Horses of this description are, in general,
of no great attraction, although they may prove equal in execution
with others of every colour: the prevalence of opinion, however, is,
that they are weaker in constitution, less likely to work, and more
subject to disease.

ROCKINGHAM.—This horse, now in so much estimation as a

stallion, proved himself, by his performances, to be one of the best
bred and best bottomed of any this kingdom ever produced. He was
bred in the north, by Mr. Pratt, foaled in 1781; and got by Highflyer,
out of Purity, who was got by Matchem, out of Mr. Pratt's old Squirt
mare. In 1784, when three years old, he won a sweepstakes at
Nottingham of 50 guineas each, 3 subscribers. In 1785, when Mr.
Wentworth's, he won a match for 500 guineas over the Beacon
Course at Newmarket. The same meeting he won the Jockey Club
Plate, beating five others: he also beat his Royal Highness the Prince
of Wales's Hardwicke, 9 stone each, over the Beacon, 300 guineas.
He was then purchased by the Prince, and beat Clay-hall Marsk, a
match, Beacon Course, for 500 guineas, giving him 5 lb. in weight.
In 1786, he won a 50l. Plate at Newmarket, beating Delpini, Clay-
hall, and George. He won the subscription of 50 guineas each, (6
subscribers,) at Ascot Heath, and a 50l. Plate. At the sale of his
Royal Highness's stud he was bought by Mr. Bullock. He then won
the King's Hundred at Litchfield; 70 guineas at Newmarket, and 60
guineas also; beating four others; as well as 70 guineas, beating the
well known Drone, and several others. In 1787, he won 525 guineas,
(the great subscription of 50 guineas each, half forfeit,) beating Fox,
Delpini, Marplot, Drone, Oberon, and Pilot; receiving forfeit from Mr.
O'Kelly's Dungannon, and six others. He also won a 50l. the King's
two Plates; the renewed 140 guineas, 70 guineas, 60 guineas, and
70 guineas, all at Newmarket; the King's Plate at Guildford, the
King's Plate at Winchester, the King's Plate at Nottingham, the King's
Plate and the Town Plate at York.
In 1788, he was purchased of Mr. Bullock by Lord Barrymore for
2500 guineas; after which he won the King's Plate at Newmarket;
the Jockey Club Plate; and a match against Sir G. Armytage's
Stargazer, giving her 8 lb. Beacon Course, for 300 guineas, and beat
her half a mile; rode by Lord Barrymore, which was the last time he
started. He was then announced as a stallion, to cover at
Bennington, near Stevenage, Herts. at 10 guineas a mare, and 1
guinea the groom. So anxious were the sporting world to try his
produce, that, in 1792, Mr. Panton's Coddy Moddy, by Rockingham,
out of Seagul's dam, and Mr. Fox's Filly, by Rockingham, out of
Emily, each won 100 guineas at Newmarket, being then only two
years old. In 1793 was brought to the post, Patriot, (Mr. Panton's,)
who won 100 guineas, 100 guineas, and 105 guineas, at
Newmarket. Portland, (Mr. Hammond's,) who won 100 guineas, and
100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 100 guineas at Doncaster; and
Young Rockingham, (Mr. Denton's,) who won 50l. at Peterborough,
50l. at Reading, and 50l. at Egham. In 1794, Lord Grosvenor's Bay
Colt, who won 1400 guineas at Newmarket. Bennington, (Mr.
Wilson's,) who won 50 guineas, 100 guineas, 300 guineas, 600
guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Brother Red Cap, (Mr.
Bullock's,) 50l. at Chelmsford, and 100 guineas at Newmarket. Miss
Pumpkin, 50 guineas at Newmarket. Mother Red Cap, 50l. at
Winchester, 22 guineas at Cirencester, and 50l. at Worcester. Owen
Tudor, the silver cup, and 20 guineas, at Bath, 50l. at Bridgnorth,
and 50 guineas at Epsom. This year Patriot won seven Plates and
sweepstakes, at Stamford, Grantham, Nottingham, Lincoln, and
Doncaster.
In 1795 was produced of his get, Arabella, (Mr. Cosen's,) who won
50 guineas at Newmarket, and 50l. at Shrewsbury. Lord Grosvenor's
Bay Colt of last year won 700 guineas at Newmarket, and 50l. at
Huntingdon. Bennington won the second class of the Oatlands at
Newmarket, 50 guineas each, 19 subscribers. Brother Red Cap, 40
guineas at Bath, and 50l. at Epsom. Euphrasia, 100 guineas at Bath,
and 50l. at Newcastle. Patriot, two fifties at Newmarket, and 180
guineas at Nantwich. Portland, 50 guineas at Newmarket. Susannah,
50l. at Derby, and 50l. at Penrith. In 1796, Arabella won 100 guineas
at Newmarket, and 50l. at Newcastle. Patriot, 100 guineas, and 100
guineas, at Chester, 50l. at Nottingham, and 50l. at Warwick.
Susannah, the Queen's Plate of 100 guineas at Chelmsford, and two
fifties at Reading. In 1797, Bennington won a 50l. and the first class
of the July and October Oatlands, at Newmarket, beating Viret,
Wrangler, Parrot, Hornpipe, Plumette, Rattle, William, Sober Robin,
Cymbeline, Letitia, and Rosolio. Patriot won 50l. at Nottingham, 50l.
at Warwick, and 50l. at Boroughbridge. In 1798, Bennington won 50
guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket, 50l. at Brighton, and 50l. at
Lewes. Patriot won 50l. at York. In 1799, Bellina (Lord Grosvenor's)
won the Oaks Stakes of 50 guineas each at Epsom, 24 subscribers,
and 50l. at Stockbridge. Logie O'Buchan (Mr. Lonsdale's) won 50l.
and 80l. at Manchester, two fifties at Morpeth, and 50l. at Carlisle. In
1800, Mr. Bettison's Brown Colt won 50l. at Derby, and 50l. at
Northampton. Kill Devil, (Mr. Hemming's,) only three years old, won
ten prizes; 75 guineas at Bridgnorth, 50l. at Nantwich, 100 guineas,
and two fifties, at Haverfordwest, two fifties at Hereford, 30 guineas
and 50l. at Shrewsbury, and 50l. at Newmarket. Logie O'Buchan won
the King's Plate at Edinburgh, two fifties at Montrose, and 50l. at Air.
Statesman (now Sacripant) (Mr. White's) won 50l. at Newmarket,
50l. at Epsom, and 50l. at Worcester. In addition to which, there are
many other good runners, who have won a considerable number of
prizes.

ROUSE,—a term in stag hunting: when an out-lying deer is found

by the hounds in covert, he is said to be roused. When a deer is
carted, and carried to any particular spot for sport, and there
liberated, he is then said to be turned out. For instance, we draw the
coverts, and rouse a deer. We try for and unkennel a fox; or we take
trail, and start a hare.

ROWEL.—The small circular star, with sharp points, moving upon a

pivot at the heel of the spur, is so called, and which the horse, in
breaking, is taught to obey.

ROWEL in a Horse,—is a well-known operation, resorted to upon

every possible occasion by common farriers, as "a salve for every
sore;" where they have neither judgment to guide or discretion to
direct them. It is performed by making an incision through the skin,
large enough to admit the point of a finger, which is then insinuated
all round the orifice between the skin and the flesh, as far as the
extent of the finger can conveniently reach. A thin round piece of
leather being previously provided, about the size of a crown-piece,
having a large hole in the middle, is covered over with a thin pledget
of fine tow, nicely bound round the marginal part; but the hole in
the centre is left open: it is then dipped into a melted composition of
digestive ointment, and a moderate proportion of turpentine, and is
insinuated into the wound. The operation being thus completed, the
inflammation soon commences, and swelling ensues; this is followed
at first by a discharge of yellowish serum or lymph, which in three or
four days is converted into a thick substantial white matter, when the
rowel is said to work.
Rowelling has ever been a favourite adoption with farriers of the
old school, although very few have ever been known able to give a
scientific and satisfactory explanation of its effects. It is said by them
"to draw off the humours;" and others are so truly and obstinately
illiterate, as to affirm, that "rowels draw off the corrupt and bad
blood, leaving the good behind." In confirmation of which opinion,
they introduce them in almost every case that can possibly occur,
and with almost every horse, without exception. It was allowed by
Bracken, "they might be proper in all aches and pains, cold
phlegmatic swellings, and sometimes lameness and infirmities of the
legs; that they might also give relief where there is a fulness and
redundancy of humours, and in defluxions from the eyes."
Immediately upon which he admits, what is most truly and
scientifically the fact, "that the horse might as well, nay better, lose
as much blood every day, as he does matter by the rowell." This is so
strictly consonant to truth, that it cannot be controverted: the
discharge is equally blood, with what at the time flows in the veins;
but it is diverted of its colour by the inflammation artificially excited,
and its extravasation.

RULES in Buying—will be found very largely explained under the

head, Horse.

RUNNING HORSES.—See Horse Racing, Newmarket, Jockey Club,

King's Plate, and Racing.

RUNNING THRUSH.—The defect so called, is a varicous state of

the centrical cleft of the frog, from whence oozes a fœtid corrosive
ichor, which continues to putrify and destroy the whole, in proportion
to the length of time it is neglected. In many instances, where the
frog seems hard and sound upon the surface, the confined acrid
cause is corroding underneath, and frequently breaks out on either
side; when which is the case, the hard and horny part must be
superficially removed, so that the proper applications may come into
immediate contact with the parts below: for so long as the diseased
and disunited parts remain at top, so long is there harbour for the
insinuation and retention of gravel, dirt, sand, or any other
extraneous substance; and while this is permitted to continue, a
regeneration of the parts destroyed cannot be expected. The leading
steps to cure, are to keep the diseased frog remarkably clean, by
washings with warm water and a sponge, after each time of the
horse's being used, or taken to exercise. When dry, equal
proportions of tincture of myrrh and friar's balsam (previously
incorporated) should be poured upon the part, so as to admit of its
reaching equally every remote interstice where the corroding cause
may have penetrated; this will obtund the acrimonious property of
the morbid ichor, and promote a speedy restoration of whatever may
have been destroyed. Solutions of Roman vitriol, and other
escharotics, are favourite applications with the lower orders; who
either do not know, or will not give themselves time to consider, that
their invariable effect is to contract the parts to such a degree of
internal rigidity, and external horny hardness, that the frog is
absolutely annihilated, the bars of the foot destroyed, the heel
narrowed; the bottom of the hoof, when held up, has much the
resemblance of a vacuum, of burnt appearance, as if the contents
had been intentionally scooped out by gradational degrees of
cauterization.

RUT.—The deer of both descriptions (red and fallow) are said to go

to rut, at the particular season of venery and copulation.

RUTTING TIME—commences the latter end of August, and

continues to the first and second week in October; during which
both the stag and buck assume a degree of courageous boldness in
approaching man, that they never display at any other time of the
year. At this season their necks swell; they range from one place to
another incessantly, in seeming search of some object to attack; the
voice of the stag is loud and alarming, to those who have not been
accustomed to hear it. When opposed, they are so exceedingly
strong and ferocious, that no common force can stand against them:
they attack an individual in rutting time with a certainty of success.
Some few years since, the locksmith who inspected the gate locks of
Windsor Great Park weekly, was pursued by a stag, and when within
a few yards of him, most luckily escaped by climbing a small tree,
where he was kept in jeopardy near twenty-four hours, till the next
day the stag made a retreat upon the accidental approach of the
keepers. A short time after which, a girl, about fourteen years of
age, passing through Hackwood Park, near Basingstoke, in
Hampshire, (and having on a red cloak,) was attacked by one, the
oldest inhabitant of the district, who literally not only perforated her
body with his antlers in almost every part, but extended his fury so
much to her apparel, that the melancholy spot was covered with
rags; and the corpse so maimed and disfigured, that it retained but
little of the appearance of a human frame.
 S.

SADDLE—is the well-known mechanical construction formed for

the mutual accommodation and safety of both the horse and the
rider. Although historical records prove them to have been in use
with the ancients, there is no demonstrative reason to believe they
were established in England till the reign of Henry the Seventh, when
they were adopted under a compulsory law, that the nobility should
not ride without them. Saddles are of different sorts, according to
the distinct services for which they are designed; and, in fact, are so
universally known, not only in the aggregate, but in all their
component parts, that any elucidation upon so common a subject;
must be evidently superfluous and unnecessary.

SADDLE-BACKED.—A horse is so termed, when the rump-bone rises

so high behind, in conformity with the withers before, that a hollow
(or rather a complete curve) is formed in the middle, as a natural
receptacle for the Saddle. Horses of this description are mostly, in
action, easy and pleasant to the rider; but they are invariably weaker
in the loins than those of an opposite description.

SADDLE-GALLED.—This is an injury frequently sustained by horses

either in the field with hounds, or in journies upon the road; and can
only happen by the inattention, neglect, or penury, of the owner, in
not affording occasional precaution and inspection to the state of the
pad, as well as to the first and safe fitting of the saddle. It cannot but
be known to the most superficial observer, that the padding of every
saddle becomes progressively harder, in proportion to the
perspirative matter it absorbs; and, in direct proportion with the
hardness it acquires, the greater is the chance of its being injurious
to the parts with which it comes into constant contact, and with a
burning heat, produced by a long and repeated friction. Injuries of
this kind, although originating in the same cause, vary a little in their
effects: with one but slightly affected, a warble may be produced;
this happens on the side, and if attended to upon its first
appearance, is easily obliterated by applications of vinegar, or other
mild repellents; but unattended to, and a frequent repetition of the
cause being permitted to take place, they soon become sitfasts, and
can only be got rid of by instrumental extirpation. Where any part of
the saddle-tree (in the centrical cleft between the saddle-pads) is
inconsiderately suffered to come into contact with the wither, or
vertebræ of the back, and so continues in friction and pressure,
during a chase or journey, certain mischief inevitably ensues: in the
first a swelling, formation of matter, and fistula, may be the
consequence; in the latter, an excoriation, followed by a tedious
wound, or ulcer, may take place. Circumstances which so constantly
occur (and that so often, from an unthinking stupidity in those who
ultimately suffer by trouble and vexation in the event) are only
brought to recollection, for the interested inculcation of those, who,
inexperienced at present, will be taught, by time and prudence, that
prevention is at all seasons preferable to cure, as it will be the means
of shielding the body from trouble, and the mind from repentance.

SALLENDERS—are at the bend of the hock (or hough) behind,

exactly what the mallenders are at the back of the knee; for which
the modes of treatment and means of cure are precisely the same.
See Mallenders.

SALTRAM,—the name of a horse who acquired considerable

celebrity by his performances upon the turf, since which he has
stood as a stallion in a proportional degree of estimation. He was
foaled in 1780; got by Eclipse, dam (Virago) by Snap grand-dam by
Regulus, out of a sister to Black and all Black. He was sire of his
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's St. David, the Duke of York's
Laurustina, and the Duke of Bedford's Sprightly, Lord Grosvenor's
Brown Filly (out of Sting,) who won five prizes in 1790, at two years
old, amounting to 1100 guineas; Caroline, and Tiffany; Queen of
Sheba, (who won 900 guineas, at Newmarket, in 1792;) Rose,
Spankaway, Sweeper, and the Prince of Wales's Whiskey, who won
in the same year 1000 guineas, 2000 guineas, the 1400 guineas,
100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 50l. at Bedford;
Royalist, General, Henrietta, Clytus, Coal Merchant, Tear-Coat,
Peeping Tom, Septem, Coiner, Whip, and Oscar; exclusive of many
Colts and Fillies, who were winners at Newmarket, and elsewhere,
but never were named.

SANDCRACK—is a crack or cleft in the hoof of a horse, which

originates in a preternatural brittleness, brought on by standing too
constantly upon hot dry litter, without stopping to the bottom, or a
proper and occasional oiling of the hoof, to keep it in a healthy state.
It generally runs in a straight line downwards; and when it extends
from the junction of hair and hoof to the bottom, with the bloody
lymph oozing from the membranous mass at the top, it then
becomes a serious concern, affording no expectation of speedy
consolation. There is, in fact, but one direct mode of cure, which is
to reduce the projecting and ragged edges to a level, with the finest
side of the rasp. Then with the fine edge of a small firing-iron, of
moderate heat, run two lines parallel to each other on each side the
crack longitudinally; this done, draw two in the same manner
transversely above, and the same below the centrical part of the
cleft, by which it will be enclosed in a small square of double lines,
calculated to restore the union which has been destroyed. A little
compound tincture of myrrh, or friar's balsam, should be poured into
the crack so soon as it is observed, particularly if blood should be
perceived to transude from the opening. In slight cases, horses may
be continued in moderate use; but where they bear the complexion
previously described, turning out to grass in a pasture moist, but not
wet, and that for a length of time, is the only foundation upon which
the expectation of permanent cure can be entertained.

SCAB.—The disorder in horses so called, is the species of mange

become inveterately dry and scabby by its long duration.
 SCENT—is the leading principle from which the great and
inexpressible enjoyment of all field sports is derived. It is the sublime
and inexplicable mystery upon which so many have contemplated,
without being enabled to define. That every information may be
collected upon a subject so rich, and so desirable of attainment to
the sporting world, a rotational but concise review shall be introduced
from those who have given their thoughts in print to the public.
We are told by one, that "Scent is an effluvium continually arising
from the corpuscles that issue out of all bodies; and being
impregnated with the peculiar state and quality of the blood and
juices of that particular animal from which they flow, occasions the
vast variety of smells or scents cognizable by the olfactory nerves, or
organs of smelling." This writer proceeds in confirmation thus:
"Hence the reason why one person differs from another in scent,
and why a dog will trace the footsteps of his master for a hundred
miles together, following him into any house, church, or other
building, though surrounded by ten thousand: and when the faithful
animal has thus diligently sought out and recognized his master, he
is seldom willing even to trust the evidence of his own eyes, until,
with erected crest, he has taken a few cordial sniffs, to convince
himself he is right. Hence also we perceive how a pack of hounds
are enabled to pursue hare, fox, stag, or any other animal they are
trained to hunt, across the scent, and amidst the society of others of
the same species, without being diverted from the pursuit of that
self same animal they had first on foot; and hence too we discover
how it is possible for birds and beasts of prey to be directed to their
food at such vast distances; for these corpuscles issuing from putrid
bodies, and floating in the air, are carried by the wind to different
quarters; where striking the olfactory nerves of whatever animals
they meet in their way, immediately conduct them to the spot: and it
is by this means the small-pox, measles, putrid fevers, and all
epidemic complaints, are communicated, and the plague and
pestilence conveyed from one place to another.
 "It matters not how much the effluvia may be gone off, so as
enough remains to irritate the olfactory organ: for whether it be bird
or beast, they try the scent in all directions, till at length they
discover that which is stronger and stronger, in proportion as they
proceed; and this Nature has taught them to know is the direct and
obvious road to their prey, and prevents them from following a
contrary course, which is naturally weaker and weaker, and what in
hunting is called heel. This observation is confirmed by the
encreasing eagerness we perceive in all animals, the nearer they
approach the object of pursuit; as we see hounds and spaniels in
hunting and shooting, are the most earnest, in proportion as the scent
is recent, and they draw nearer to the game. The same thing amongst
quadrupeds, whether wild or domestic, directs the male to the
female that is in season for love; and hence we see the dog, the
boar, the bull, and the stallion, when turned loose, apply their
nostrils to the ambient air, and proceed accordingly. By the same
medium the vermin which infest our dwellings know how to direct
their operations; whether to undermine walls, eat through solid
boards, cross rivers, or climb spouts; which shows how much
stronger the faculty of smelling is possessed by the brute than the
human species; wisely ordained by Nature, to enable them to seek
their food, and propagate their species; but for which they would
often perish, or have long since become extinct."
Somervile, seemingly anxious to explore this hidden source of
instinct, conceives the scent (divested of the dignity of blank verse)
to arise from the peculiar property of the blood; which, when the
game is on foot, is so encreased in its circulation, that the "ferous
particles" are propelled through the skin in perspiration, and
"Leaves a long-steaming trail behind; which, by
The cooler air condens'd, remains, unless
By some rude storm dispers'd, or rarefy'd
By the meridian sun's intenser heat:
To every shrub the warm effluvia cling,
Hang on the grass, impregnate earth and skies.
With nostrils opening wide, o'er hill, o'er dale,
The vig'rous hounds pursue, with ev'ry breath,
Inhale the grateful steam, quick pleasures sting
 Their tingling nerves, while their thanks repay,
And in triumphant melody confess
The titillating joy. Thus on the air
Depends the hunter's hopes."

Mr. Beckford, equally energetic in his endeavours to discover and

ascertain the origin and property of scent, very modestly confesses
his state of uncertainty, in a few lines preparatory to his remarks
made in a letter to his friend, where he observes, "As you ask me
my opinion of scent, I think I had better give it you before we begin
upon the subject of hunting. I must, at the same time, take the
liberty of telling you, that you have puzzled me exceedingly; for
scent is, I believe, what we sportsmen know least about. Somervile,
the only one I know of who has thrown any light upon the subject of
hunting, says, I think, but little about scent; I send you his words: I
shall afterwards add a few of my own." Adverting then to the
conclusion of the above quotation, he most judiciously proceeds:
"I cannot agree with Mr. Somervile, in thinking that scent depends
on the air only; it depends also on the soil. Without doubt, the best
scent is that which is occasioned by the effluvia, as he calls it, or
particles of scent, which are constantly perspiring from game as it
runs, and are strongest and most favourable to the hound, when
kept by the gravity of the air to the height of his breast: for then it
neither is above his reach, nor is it necessary he should stoop for it.
At such times scent is said to lie breast high. Experience tells us,
that difference of soil occasions difference of scent; and on the
richness and moderate moistness of the soil does it also depend, I
think, as well as on the air. At the time leaves begin to fall, and
before they are rotted, we know that the scent lies ill in covert. This
alone would be a sufficient proof, that scent does not depend on the
air only. A difference of scent is also occasioned by a difference of
motion; the faster the game goes, the less scent it leaves. When
game has been ridden after, and hurried on by imprudent
sportsmen, the scent is less favourable to hounds; one reason of
which may be, that the particles of scent are then more dissipated.
But if the game should have been run by a dog not belonging to the
pack, seldom will any scent remain.
"I believe it is very difficult to ascertain what scent exactly is: I
have known it alter very often in the same day. I believe, however,
that it depends chiefly on two things; the condition the ground is in,
and the temperature of the air; both of which, I apprehend, should
be moist, without being wet: when both are in this condition, the
scent is then perfect; and vice versa, when the ground is hard, and
the air dry, there seldom will be any scent. It scarce ever lies with a
north or an east wind; a southerly wind, without rain, and a westerly
wind, that is not rough, are the most favourable. Storms in the air
are great enemies to scent, and seldom fail to take it entirely away.
A fine sun-shiny day is not often a good hunting day; but what the
French call jour des dames, warm without sun, is generally a perfect
one: there are not many such in a whole season. In some fogs, I
have known the scent lie high; in others, not at all; depending, I
believe, on the quarter the wind is then in. I have known it lie very
high in a mist, when not too wet; but if the wet should hang on the
boughs and bushes, it will fall upon the scent, and deaden it. When
the dogs roll, the scent, I have frequently observed, seldom lies; for
what reason, I know not; but, with permission, if they smell strong
when first they come out of the kennel, the proverb is in their
favour; and that smell is a prognostic of good luck.
"When cobwebs hang on the bushes, there is seldom much scent.
During a white frost, the scent lies high; as it also does when the
frost is quite gone: at the time of its going off, scent never lies: it is
a critical minute for hounds, in which their game is frequently lost.
In a great dew, the scent is the same. In heathy countries, where
the game brushes as it goes along, scent seldom fails. Where the
ground carries, the scent is bad, for a very evident reason, which
hare-hunters, who pursue their game over greasy fallows, and
through dirty roads, have great reason to complain of. A wet night
frequently produces good chases, as then the game neither like to
run the covert, nor the roads. It has been often remarked, that scent
lies best in the richest soils; and countries which are favourable to
horses, are seldom so to hounds. I have also observed, that in some
particular places, let the temperature of the air be as it may, scent
never lies."
Amidst the various opinions upon the origin and property of scent,
the most opposite join issue upon the simple question of doubt;
whether the particles of effluvia which constitute what is termed
scent, and by which hounds are excited to follow the game, are
proper identical parts of the animal's body emitted in exhalations of
respiration from the lungs, or by the transpiration of perspirative
matter through the skin. This, perhaps, is of too abstruse a depth for
the utmost extent of human wisdom to explore with success. The
opinion of Somervile seems founded upon the very basis of
experimental observation, bettered by the sound judgment, and
practical remarks, upon the promoting, or retarding, effects of both
the atmosphere and soil; to which one circumstance alone seems to
convey additional rays of elucidation. It must be recollected by every
sportsman, who has occasionally taken the field with harriers, that,
although they have picked the trail for a mile, into the very stubble,
fallow, or covert, where the hare is sitting in her form; although they
are trying round her in every direction, and even within a very few
yards; there is then no more palpable perceptible scent, than when
they trailed at half a mile from her form; and when she lays close, it
is evident the dog, or dogs, derive no additional advantage from
being nearer to her, (in respect to finding,) unless by stealing away,
or jumping up, she gets into motion, when the scent is then afloat,
and continued as already described.
Whether this enquiry will ever be traced to the source of certainty,
is almost immaterial; it is a large field for the speculation of
philosophy, and well worthy investigation. From a contemplative
review of the operations of nature, it is evidently demonstrated, that
there is a secret instinctive principle infused into the whole race of
animals, whereby they are impulsively propelled to the propagation
of their species, the preservation of their offspring, or an implicit
pursuit of their propensities; so that no one shall become too
numerous and destructive for the existence of another upon whom