Scribd
Upload
4 views

12. Entropy and Second Law, Calculation of Entropy Change in Various Processes

The document discusses the concept of entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, stating that the total entropy of a closed system increases over time in spontaneous processes. It provides formulas for calculating entropy change in various processes, including heating at constant volume and pressure, and during isothermal processes. The document also details the derivation of the general case for entropy change in a reversible process of a perfect gas, expressing it in terms of temperature, pressure, and volume.

Uploaded by

Md.Rashedul Alam Rafi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

12. Entropy and Second Law, Calculation of Entropy Change in Various Processes

The document discusses the concept of entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, stating that the total entropy of a closed system increases over time in spontaneous processes. It provides formulas for calculating entropy change in various processes, including heating at constant volume and pressure, and during isothermal processes. The document also details the derivation of the general case for entropy change in a reversible process of a perfect gas, expressing it in terms of temperature, pressure, and volume.

Uploaded by

Md.Rashedul Alam Rafi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Department of Aeronautical Engineering (AE), MIST

Course Code: PHY 119, Course Title: Thermal Physics (1 credit)


Level- 1, Term- II, Fall 2024. Credit Hour: 3, Contact Hour: 3

Lecture # 12: Entropy and Second Law, Calculation of Entropy Change in Various Processes

Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics


Let the entropies of a body in an initial state 1 and a final state 2, as measured from some arbitrarily chosen
zero entropy, be S1 and S2. Then the change in entropy is given by,
2
dQ
S2−S 1=∫
1 T
When the two states 1 and 2 are infinitesimally close to each other, then we can write,
dQ
dS=
T
dQ=T dS
These above equations embody the mathematical expression of the second law of thermodynamics.
"In any spontaneous thermodynamic process, the total entropy of a closed system will always increase
over time, and it will remain constant in an idealized reversible process. Entropy tends to increase,
leading to a more disordered and less organized state of the system."

Calculation of Entropy change in Reversible Process


Calculate the changes in the entropy of a gas,
(i) when it is heated at constant volume,
(ii) when it is heated at constant pressure,
(iii) during an isothermal process and
(iv) when it is heated in any general manner.
In this note, only the derivation of the general case will be calculated in detail. Other cases are your
homework problems. (Ref. Section 21.7 of Chapter 21, Book: Physics for Engineers, Part-I by Dr. Gias
Uddin)

Change in Entropy in Reversible Process of a Perfect Gas: General Case


Entropy can be measured by making it a reversible process. To make the process reversible, it is done slowly
in a series of small steps, with the gas in an equilibrium state at the end of each step.
For each small step, the energy transferred as heat to or from the gas is dQ , the work done by the gas is dW ,
and the change in internal energy is dU . Now, according to the 1st law of thermodynamics we can write,
dQ=dU + dW … … … …(i)
As it is reversible process, we can write,
dW =PdV
dU =n C v dT
Putting these two values in Eqn. (i) we get,
dQ=n C v dT + PdV … … … … … ...(ii)
From ideal gas law we know,
PV =nRT
nRT
¿ , P= Inserting this value in Eqn. (ii) we get,
V
nRT
dQ=n C v dT + dV
V
dQ dT nRT
⇒ =n C v + dV
T T TV
Let’s consider the initial temperature, pressure and volume of the gas are T 1, P1 and V 1 respectively and let
this gas be heated in general manner to a final temperature T 2, final pressure P2 and final volume V 2.
Integrating the above equation between these limits,
Q2 T2 V2
dQ dT dV
⇒∫ =∫ n C v +∫ nR
Q
T T
1 1
T V V 1

∆ S=S 2−S1=n Cv ln
T2
T1
V2 T2
+ nR ln ∆ S=S 2−S1=n C v ln + R ln
V1 T1
V2
V1( )
The above equation expresses the change in entropy in terms of the temperature and volume of the gas. With
the help of the general gas equation either T 2 /T 1 or V 2 /V 1 can be eliminated.
P1 V 1=nR T 1
P2 V 2=nR T 2
Thus,
P2 V 2 T 2
⋅ =
P1 V 1 T1
Substituting this value of T 2 /T 1 in the change in entropy equation, we get, (use the relation C P −CV =R)
P2 V 2 V2
S2−S 1=n CV ln ⋅ +nR ln
P1 V 1 V1
P2 V2
S2−S 1=n CV ln + n ( C V + R ) ln
P1 V1

ΔS =S 2−S1=n C V ln
( P2
P1
+ C P ln
V2
V1 )
The above equation expresses the change in entropy in terms of the pressure and volume of the gas.
Similarly, from the ideal gas equations, we can solve for V 2 /V 1, substitute in entropy change equation and
show,

ΔS =S 2−S1=n C P ln
( T2
T1
−R ln
P2
P1 )
This equation expresses the change in entropy in terms of the temperature and the pressure of the gas.

You might also like