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Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages, including the epidermis and dermis, with a fatty layer called the hypodermis beneath. The epidermis is primarily protective and involved in sensory reception, while the dermis contains connective tissue and regulates temperature. Skin appendages include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, each serving specific functions in maintaining skin health and homeostasis.

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4 views

Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages, including the epidermis and dermis, with a fatty layer called the hypodermis beneath. The epidermis is primarily protective and involved in sensory reception, while the dermis contains connective tissue and regulates temperature. Skin appendages include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, each serving specific functions in maintaining skin health and homeostasis.

Uploaded by

2010ee24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integument is skin

Skin and its appendages make up the integumentary system


A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it
Two distinct regions
◦ Epidermis
◦ Dermis
Epidermis (Superficial part of skin) Dermis(deep part of skin)

Originate from ectoderm. Originate from mesoderm.


The epidermis is stratified epithelium It is composed of dense connective
whose cells become flattened as they tissue containing many blood, nerve
mature and rise to the surface. and lymphatic vessels.
Epidermis is thick on palms and soles.
Protection
◦ Cushions and insulates and is waterproof
◦ Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
◦ Screens UV
Synthesizes vitamin D with UV
Regulates body heat
Prevents unnecessary water loss
Sensory reception (nerve endings)
Control water output
Repair after trauma
Ph-regulation
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Four types of cells
◦ Keratinocytes – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)
◦ Melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melanin
◦ Merkel cells – associated with sensory nerve endings
◦ Langerhans cells – macrophage-like dendritic cells
Layers (from deep to superficial)
◦ Stratum basale or germinativum – single row of cells attached to dermis; youngest
cells.
◦ Stratum spinosum – this layer consist of bundles of protein and this layer resist
tension.
◦ Stratum granulosum – layers of flattened keratinocytes producing keratin (hair and
nails made of it also).
◦ Stratum lucidum (present only on palms and soles)
◦ Stratum corneum – it is a thick dead cell layer of epidermis that is easily shed.

(see figure on next slide)


Four basic types of tissue

◦ Epithelium – epidermis just discussed


◦ Connective tissue - dermis
◦ Muscle tissue
◦ Nervous tissue
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
Fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular
Rich supply of nerves and vessels
Critical role in temperature regulation (the vessels)
Two layers (see next slides)
◦ Papillary – areolar connective tissue; includes dermal
papillae
◦ Reticular – “reticulum” (network) of collagen and reticular
fibers
*Dermis layers *Dermal papillae

*
“Hypodermis” (Gk) = below the skin
“Subcutaneous” (Latin) = below the skin
Also called “superficial fascia”
“fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective tissue
Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin (areolar
tissue and adipose cells)
Yellow color of skin is due to carotene.
Reddish color of skin is due to rich blood flowing
through dermis.
Shades of brown is due to Melanin.
Derived from epidermis but extend into dermis
Include
◦ Hair and hair follicles
◦ Sebaceous (oil) glands
◦ Sweat glands
◦ Nails
Nails are modified keratin plates laying on dorsal
surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes.
Nail Plate: visible part of nail.
Nail Root: The proximal edge of the plate is called
the root of the nail.
Nail Folds: The distal edge of the plate the nail is
surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin known
as nail folds.
Nail Bed: The surface of the skin covered by the nail
is called nail bed.
Hair grows out of the follicles.
The follicles lies obliquely to the skin surface and their
expanded extremities called Hair Bulbs which
penetrate to deeper part of dermis.
Each hair bulb is concave at its ends and this concavity
is occupied by vascular tissues called Hair Papilla.
Arrector pili muscle:
It is band of smooth muscle which connects the under surface of
the follicle to the superficial part of dermis.
The muscle is innervated by superficial nerve fibers and its
contraction cause the hair to move into a more vertical position
It also compresses the sebaceous gland and cause it to extrude
some of its secretions.
Hairs are distributed in various numbers over the whole surface of
the body except lips, palms and other internal structures.
*“arrector pili” is smooth muscle
* Hair bulb:
epithelial cells
surrounding
papilla

Hair papilla
is connective
tissue
Functions of hair

◦ Warmth – less in man than other mammals


◦ Sense light touch of the skin
◦ Protection - scalp

Parts

◦ Root imbedded in skin


◦ Shaft projecting above skin surface
Make up of hair – hard keratin
Entire body except palms and soles
Produce sebum by holocrine secretion
Oils and lubricates
These glands pour their secretion sebum onto the
shafts of the hairs as they pass up through the neck of
the follicles.
Sebum is an oily material that helps preserve the
flexibility of the emerging hair.
It also oils the surface of epidermis around the mouth
of the follicles.
These are long, spiral and tubular glands distributed
over the surface of the body except red margins of
lips, nail bed and other internal structures.
These glands extend through the full thickness of
dermis and their extremities may lie on superficial
fascia.
The sweat glands are therefore most deeply
penetrating structure of skin appendages.
Superficial fascia:

It is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose(fat tissue)


tissues that unites dermis of the skin to underlying
deep fascia.
In scalp, back, palm of hand and soles of feet it holds
numerous bundles of collagen(muscle protein
provide strengthening) fibers that holds the skin
firmly to the deeper structure.
It is a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles to other
deeper structure.
In limbs it forms definite sheath around the muscles and other structure holding
them in place.
In the regions of joints the deep fascia may be considerably thickened to form bands
called retinacula.
Their function is to hold underlying tendons in position and to serve as a pulley
around which tendon may move.
Infections
Skin cancer
Burns
◦ Types
First degree – epidermis: redness (e.g. sunburn)
Second degree – epidermis and upper dermis: blister
formation.
Third degree - full thickness
First-degree
(epidermis only; redness)

Second-degree
(epidermis and dermis,
with blistering)

Third-degree
(full thickness, destroying
epidermis, dermis, often part
of hypodermis)
Skin Cancer

Sqaumous cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma Melanoma


Regional Anatomy by Snells
General Anatomy by Laiq Hussain

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