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 IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, Editor in Chief

M. Akay M. E. El-Hawary M. Padgett

J. B. Anderson R. J. Herrick W. D. Reeve
R. J. Baker D. Kirk S . Tewksbury
J. E. Brewer R. Leonardi G. Zobrist
M. S . Newman

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Press

Catherine Faduska, Senior Acquisitions Editor
John Griffin, Acquisitions Editor
Anthony VenGraitis, Project Editor

IEEE Power Engineering Society, Sponsor

PE-S Liaison to IEEE Press, Chanan Singh

COMMUNICATION AND
CONTROL IN ELECTRIC
POWER SYSTEMS
Applications of Parallel
and Distributed Processing

MOHAMMAD SHAHIDEHPOUR
YAOYU WANG

IEEE Power EngineeringSociety, Sponsor

IEEE Press Power EngineeringSeries

Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Series Editor

IEEE PRESS

A JOHN WlLEY &?SONS,INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright 8 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:

ISBN 0-471-45325-0

Printed in the United States of America.

1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

Preface ............................. XIX

CHAPTER

1 Introduction .......................... 1
1.1 The Role of Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Complexity of Power Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Communications System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Fiber Optical Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Fiber Optical Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3 WAN Based on Fiber Optical Networks . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4 XML Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.5 IP-Based Real Time Data Transmission . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Interdependence of Infrastructures ............ 13
1.5 Catastrophic Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Necessity for Distributed Processing . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6.1 Power System Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6.2 Distributed Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.3 State Monitoring Based on GPS . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7 Vertically Integrated Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7.1 Central Control Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7.2 Area Control Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.7.3 SCADAEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
v
VI CONTENTS

1.7.4 Distributed Web-Based SCADA Systems . . . . . . . 22

1.7.5 Distributed Energy Management Syskms . . . . . . . 22
1.8 Restructured Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.8.1 GENCOs, TRANSCOs. and DISTCOs . . . . . . . . 24
1.8.2 IS0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.8.3 OASIS ....................... 28
1.8.4 RTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.9 Advantages of Distributed Processing . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.9.1 Enhanced Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.9.2 Enhanced Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.9.3 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.9.4 Higher Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.10 Foundations for Distributed Processing . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.10.1 Agent Theory Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.10.2 Distributed Management and Control . . . . . . . . . 39
1.10.3 Adaptive Self-Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.10.4 Object-Oriented Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.10.5 CIM ........................ 41
1.10.6 Common Accounting Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.1 1 Organization of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2 Parallel and Distributed Processing of Power Systems . . . 47

2.1 Introduction ........................ 47
2.2 Parallel and Distributed Processing Systems . . . . . . . 49
2.2.1 Parallel Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.2 Distributed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.3 Comparison of Parallel and Distributed Processing . . . 50
2.2.4 Representation of Parallel and Distributed Systems . . . 54
2.3 ...........
Parallel and Distributed Algorithms 55
2.3.1 Classifications ................... 55
2.3.2 Representation ................... 56
2.4 Design of Parallel and Distributed Algorithms . . . . . . 57
2.4.1 Task Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.4.2 Data Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4.3 Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.5 Parallel and Distributed Computation Performance . . . . 65
2.5.1 Speedup and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
CONTENTS VII

2.5.2 Impacting Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2.6 Iterative Parallel and Distributed Algorithms . . . . . . . 70
2.6.1 Asynchronous Distributed Computation . . . . . . . 72
2.7 Convergence Of Asynchronous Algorithms . . . . . . . . 73
2.8 Distributed Processing of Vertically Integrated Power
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.8.1 Distributed Processing of Transmission Systems ... 75
2.8.2 Distributed Processing of Distribution Systems . . . . 76
2.9 Distributed Processing of Restructured Power Systems . . 79
2.9.1 Distributed Processing System of an IS0 . . . . . . . 79
2.9.2 Distributed Processing System of an RTO . . . . . . . 80
2.9.3 Distributed Processing of GENCOs, TRANSCOs, and
DISTCOs ....................... 81
2.10 Distributed Energy Trading Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.1 1 Computer Networks for Distributed Processing of Power
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.11.1 LAN ....................... . 83
2.1 1.2 ISO’s Private WAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.1 1.3 NERC ISN .................... . 84
2.1 1.4 The Public Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.12 Message-Passing Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.12.1 Development History and Features . . . . . . . . . 87
2.12.2 Data Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.12.3 Attributes of MPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

2.13 Other Forms and Techniques for Distributed Processing 96

2.13.1 Cliendserver Architecture . . ............ 96
2.13.2 Network Programming . . . . ............ 97
2.13.3 Distributed Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.13.4 Java Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

3 Information System for Control Centers . . . . . . . . . . 101

3.1 Introduction ....................... 101
3.2 ICCS in Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3 ICCS Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.1 ICCSLAN ..................... 103
3.3.2 Availability and Redundancy of ICCS . . . . . . . . . 104
Vlll CONTENTS

3.4 Information System for ICCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

3.5 CCAPI for ICCS ..................... 107
3.6 Interfaces for ICCS Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.7 ICCS Communication Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.7.1 Private WAN of the IS0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.7.2 NERC’s Interregional Security Network . . . . . . . . 114
3.7.3 Public Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.8 ICCS Time Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.9 Utility Communications Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.9.1 Communication Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.9.2 Fundamental Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.9.3 Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 123
3.10 ICCS Communications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.10.1 Other Communication Services . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.1 1 ICCS Data Exchange and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.1 1.1 Real-Time Data Processing ............. 128
3.1 1.2 Transaction Scheduling and Processing ....... 128
3.1 1.3 Generation Unit Scheduling and Dispatch ...... 129
3.12 Electronic Tagging ........... . ........ 129
3.12.1 Tag Agent Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.12.2 Tag Authority Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.12.3 Tag Approval Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.13 Information Storage and Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.14 ICCS Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.14.1 Unauthorized Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.14.2 Inadvertent Destruction of Data . . . . . . . . . . . 134

4 Common Information Model and Middleware for

Integration .......................... 135
4.1 Introduction . . . . .................... 135
4.1.1 CCAPI/CIM .................... 135
4.1.2 What Is IEC? .................... 136
4.1.3 What Is CIM? .................... 137
4.2 CIM Packages ...................... 139
4.3 CIM Classes ....................... 142
CONTENTS IX

4.3.1 Class Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

4.3.2 Class Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.4 CIM Specifications .................... 146
4.5 CIM Applications .................... 147
4.5.1 Example System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.6 Illustration of CIM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.6.1 Load Flow Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.6.2 Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.7 Applications Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.7.1 Previous Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.7.2 Middleware .................... 165
4.8 Middleware Techniques ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.8.1 Central Database ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.8.2 Messaging .......... ........... 169
4.8.3 Event Channels ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.9 CIM for Integration .................... 172
4.9.1 . . . . 172
Integration Based on Wrappers and Messaging
4.10 Summary ......................... 173

5 Parallel and Distributed Load Flow Computation . . . . . 177

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.1.1 Parallel and Distributed Load Flows . . . . . . . . . 178
5.2 Mathematical Model of Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.3 Component Solution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.4 Parallel Load Flow Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.4.1 System Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.4.2 Parallel Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.5 Distributed Load Flow Computation . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.5.1 System Partitioning ........ . . . . . . . . 183
5.5.2 Distributed Load Flow Algorithm . . . . . . . . . 184
5.5.3 SynchronousAlgorithm of Load Flow . . . . . . . . . 187
5.5.4 Asynchronous Algorithm of Load Flow . . . . . . . . 188
5.5.5 Boundary Power Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.6 Convergence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
X CONTENTS

5.6.1 Convergence of Partially Asynchronous Distributed

Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.6.2 Convergence of Totally Asynchronous Distributed
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.7 Case Studies ....................... 202
5.7.1 System Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.7.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.8 Conclusions ....................... 206

6 Parallel and Distributed Load Flow of Distribution

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.1 Introduction ........................ 209
6.2 Mathematical Models of Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.2.1Model for One Feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.2.2Load flow Model for One Feeder with Multiple Laterals 2 14
6.3 Parallel Load Flow Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.4 Distributed Computation of Load Flow . . . . . . . . . 217
6.4.1 System Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.4.2 Synchronous Distributed Algorithm . . . . . . . . . 217
6.4.3 Asynchronous Distributed Computation . . . . . . . . 218
6.5 Convergence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
6.6 Distribution Networks with Coupling Loops . . . . . . . 219
6.7 Load Flow Model with Distributed Generation . . . . . . 220
6.8 Joint Load Flow Computation of Transmission and
Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.8.1 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.8.2 Joint Computation Based on Distributed Processing . . 225
6.8.3 Joint Computation Based on Separate Computations . . 225
6.9 Case Studies ........................ 228
6.9.1 The Test System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.9.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

7 Parallel and Distributed State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . 235

7.1 Introduction ........................ 235
7.2 Overview of State Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . 239
CONTENTS XI

7.2.1 Applications of Parallel and Distributed Processing . . 244

7.3 Components of State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.4 Mathematical Model for State Estimation . . . . . . . . . 248
7.5 Parallel State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.5.1 Data Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.6 Distributed State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.6.1 Distributed Topology Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.6.2 Distributed Observability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.6.3 Computation of Distributed State Estimation . . . . . 258
7.7 Distributed Bad Data Detection and Identification . . . . 260
7.8 Convergence Analysis of Parallel and Distributed State
Estimation ........................ 260
7.9 Case Studies ........................ 262
7.9.1 Test System .................... 262
7.9.2 Synchronous Distributed StateEstimation . . . . . . 263
7.9.3 Partially Asynchronous Distributed State Estimation . . 263
7.9.4 Totally Synchronous Distributed State Estimation . . . 263

8 DistributedPower System Security Analysis . . . . . . . . 265

8.1 Introduction ........................ 265
8.1.1 Procedures for Power System Security Analysis . . . 266
8.1.2 Distributed Power System Security . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.1.3 Role of the External Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.2 External Equivalence for Static Security . . . . . . . . . 270
8.3 Parallel and Distributed External Equivalent System . . . 272
8.3.1 Parallel External Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
8.3.2 Online Distributed External Equivalent . . . . . . . . 275
8.3.3 External Equivalent of Interconnected External Systems 276
8.4 Extension of Contingency Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.4.1 Distribution Factors ................ 278
8.4.2 Extension of Subarea ................ 283
8.4.3 Case Study .................... 286
8.4.4 Contingency Ranking Using TDF .......... 292
8.5 Distributed Contingency Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.5.1 Distributed Computation of PI Based on Distributed
LoadFlow ..................... 295
XI1 CONTENTS

8.5.2 Distributed Computation of PI Based on Distributed

External Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
8.5.3 Comparison of the Two Methods for PI Computation . . 297
8.6 Distributed Static Security Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.6.1 Security Analysis Based on Distributed Load Flow . . . 298
8.6.2 Security Analysis Based on Distributed External
Equivalent ..................... 299
8.6.3 Enhanced Online Distributed Static Security Analysis
andcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.7 Distributed Dynamic Security Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.7.1 External Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.7.2 Contingency Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
8.7.3 Contingency Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
8.8 Distributed Computation of Security-Constrained OPF . . 303
8.8.1 SCOPF Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.9 Summary ......................... 305

. . . 307
9 Hierarchical and Distributed Control of VoltageNAR
9.1 Introduction ........................ 307
9.2 Hierarchies for VoltageNAR Control . . . . . . . . . . 308
9.2.1 Two-Level Model ................. 308
9.2.2 Three-Level Model ................. 309
9.2.3 Hierarchical Control Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
9.3 System Partitioning .................... 312
9.3.1 Partitioning Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . 313
9.3.2 Electrical Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
9.3.3 Algorithm for System Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . 314
9.3.4 Determination of the Number of Control Areas . . . . 315
9.3.5 Choice of Pilot Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
9.3.6 Corrections Based on Expert Knowledge . . . . . . 317
9.3.7 Algorithm Design ................ . 317
9.3.8 Case Studies .................... 318
9.4 DecentralizedClosed-LoopPrimary Control . . . . . . . 325
9.5 Distributed Secondary VoltageNAR Control . . . . . . 326
9.5.1 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
9.5.2 Distributed Control Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9.5.3 Closed-Loop Secondary VoltageNAR Control . . . . 329
CONTENTS Xlll

9.5.4 Case Studies .................... 330

9.6 Distributed Secondary VoltageNAR Control Based on
Reactive Power Bids ................... 332
9.6.1 Introduction .................... 332
9.6.2 Optimization Based on Reactive Power Bidding . . . . 332
9.6.3 Optimization Using Sensitivities .......... 333
9.6.4 Optimization and Control Considering Area Interactions 334
9.7 Centralized Tertiary VoltageNAR Optimization . . . . . 334
9.7.1 Optimization Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.7.2 Linear Optimization Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.7.3 Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
9.7.4 Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition Method . . . . . . . . 339
9.7.5 Case Study ..................... 343
9.7.6 Parallel Implementation of Dantzig-Wolfe
Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
9.8 Distributed Tertiary VoltageNAR Optimization . . . . 346
9.8.1 Negligible Interactions among Neighboring Control
Areas ...................... 346
9.8.2 Interactions among Neighboring Control Areas . . . . 347

10 Transmission Congestion Management Based on

Multi-Agent Theory ..................... 349
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
10.2 Agent-Based Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
10.3 Power System Modeling Based on Multi-Agents .... 354
10.4 Multi-Agent Based Congestion Management ...... 357
10.4.1 Congestion Management .............. 357
10.4.2 Application of Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
10.4.3 Agent Models of Market Participants . . . . . . . . . 361
10.5 Multi-Agent Scheme for Congestion Mitigation . . . . . 363
10.6 Application o f PDF to Congestion Management . . . . . 366
10.7 Objectives of Market Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
10.7.1 Objective of a GENCO .... . . . . . . . . . . . 369
10.7.2 Objective of a DISTCO Agent . . . . . . . . . . . 371
10.7.3 Objective of a TRANSCO Agent . . . . . . . . . . . 372
10.7.4 Objective of the IS0 Agent .. . . . . . . . . . . . 373
XIV CONTENTS

10.8 Decision-Making Process of Agents . . . . . . . . . . . 374

10.8.1 TRANSCO Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
10.8.2 GENCO and DISTCO Agents . . . . . . . . . . . 376
10.9 First-Stage Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
10.9.1 Rescheduling of GENCOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
10.9.2 Adjustment Process of Red Agents . . . . . . . . . . 380
10.10 Second Stage Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
10.1 1 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
10.11.1Congestion Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
10.11.2The First-Stage Adjustment of Red Agents . . . . . . 386
10.11.3 The Second-Stage Adjustment of Green Agents . . . . 389
10.12 Conclusions ........................ 389

11 Integration. Control. and Operation of Distributed

Generation .......................... 391
11.1 Introduction ........................ 391
11.2 DG Technologies ..................... 395
11.2.1 Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
11.2.2 Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
1 1.2.3 Fuel Cell ...................... 396
11.2.4 Combustion Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
11.2.5 Microturbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
1 1.2.6 Internal Combustion Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
11.2.7 Comparison of DG Technologies ......... . 400
11.3 Benefits of DG Technologies ............... 401
11.3.1 Consumers ............. ........ 401
11.3.2 Electric Utilities and ESPs . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 402
11.3.3 Transmission System Operation . .
......... 403
11.3.4 Impact on Power Market . . . . . .
......... 403
1 1.3.5 Environmental Benefits . . . . . .
......... 404
11.4 Barriers to DG Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
11.4.1 Technical Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
11.4.2 Barriers on Business Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
11.4.3 Regulatory Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
1 1.5 DG Integration to Power Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
11.5.1 Integration ..................... 410
11.5.2 Management of DG Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
CONTENTS xv
1 1.5.3 Concerns for Utilizing DG in Distribution Systems . . 412
11.6 Operation of Distribution System with DG . . . . . . . 413
11.6.1 Transition to a More Active System . . . . . . . . . 414
1 1.6.2 Enhanced SCADADMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
11.6.3 RoleofUDCsandESPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
11.6.4 Distributed Monitoring and Control . . . . . . . . . 418
1 1.7 Load Flow Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
11.8 State Estimation ..................... 422
1 1.9 Frequency Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
11.9.1 System Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
1 1.9.2 Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
11.10 Distributed Voltage Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
11.11 DG in Power Market Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
11.1 1.1 Retail Wheeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
1 1.1 1.2 Ancillary Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
1 1.1 1.3Role of Aggregators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
1 1.12 Congestion Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

12 Special Topics in Power System Information System . . . 439

12.1 E-Commerce of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
12.2 Advantages of E-Commerce for Electricity . . . . . . . . 442
12.3 Power Trading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
12.3.1 Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
12.3.2 Configuration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
12.3.3 Intelligent Power Trading System . . . . . . . . . . 446
12.4 Transaction Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
12.5 Power Auction Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
12.5.1 Day-ahead Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
12.5.2 Hour-ahead Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
12.5.3 Next Hour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
12.5.4 Real-time Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
12.6 Relationship between Power Markets . . . . . . . . . . 454
12.6.1 Bidding Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
12.7 Geographic Information System (GIS) . . . . . . . . . . 456
12.7.1 GIS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
XVI CONTENTS

12.7.2 AM/FM/GIS ................... 458

12.7.3 Integrated SCADNGIS .............. 459
12.7.4 GIS for Online Security Assessment . . . . . . . . . 461
12.7.5 GIS for Planning and Online Equipment Monitoring . . 462
12.7.6 GIS for Distributed Processing ........... 463
12.7.7 GIS for Congestion Management .......... 464
12.8 Global Positioning System (GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
12.8.1 Differential GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
12.8.2 Assisted GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
12.8.3 GPS for Phasor Measurement Synchronization . . . . 468
12.8.4 GPS for Phasor Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
12.8.5 GPS for Transmission Fault Analysis . . . . . . . . . 470
12.8.6 GPS for Transmission Capability Calculation . . . . . 471
12.8.7 GPS for Synchronizing Multiagent System . . . . . . 472
12.8.8 GPS Synchronization for Distributed Computation and
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

APPENDIX

A Example System Data ..................... 477

A .1 Partitioning of the IEEE 1 18-Bus System . . . . . . . . 477
A.2 Parameters of the IEEE 1 18-Bus System . . . . . . . . 478
A.3 Bus Load and Injection Data of the IEEE 1 18-Bus System 480

B Measurement Data for Distributed State Estimation . . . . 483

B.l Measurements of Subarea 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
B.2 Measurements of Subarea 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
B.3 Measurements of Subarea 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
B.4 Measurements on Tie Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

C IEEE-30 Bus System Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

C .1 Bus Load and Injection Data of the IEEE 30-Bus System 493
C.2 Reactive Power Limits of the IEEE 30-Bus System . . . 494
C.3 Line Parameters of the IEEE 30-Bus System . . . . . . 495
CONTENTS XVll

D Acronyms ........................... 497

Bibliography ............................ 503

Index ................................ 531

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BERTHA.
Yes. It was only for a moment. I was very silly. I was afraid that... I
wanted to see you near me.
ROBERT.
That... that you made me promise not to think of?
BERTHA.
Yes.
ROBERT.
[Keenly.] Or something else?
BERTHA.
[Helplessly.] Robert, I feared something. I am not sure what.
ROBERT.
And now?
BERTHA.
Now you are here. I can see you. Now it has passed.
ROBERT.
[With resignation.] Passed. Yes. Love’s labour lost.
BERTHA.
[Looks up at him.] Listen, Robert. I want to explain to you about
that. I could not deceive Dick. Never. In nothing. I told him
everything—from the first. Then it went on and on; and still you
never spoke or asked me. I wanted you to.
ROBERT.
Is that the truth, Bertha?
BERTHA.
Yes, because it annoyed me that you could think I was like... like the
other women I suppose you knew that way. I think that Dick is right
too. Why should there be secrets?
ROBERT.
[Softly.] Still, secrets can be very sweet. Can they not?
BERTHA.
[Smiles.] Yes, I know they can. But, you see, I could not keep things
secret from Dick. Besides, what is the good? They always come out
in the end. Is it not better for people to know?
ROBERT.
[Softly and a little shyly.] How could you, Bertha, tell him
everything? Did you? Every single thing that passed between us?
BERTHA.
Yes. Everything he asked me.
ROBERT.
Did he ask you—much?
BERTHA.
You know the kind he is. He asks about everything. The ins and
outs.
ROBERT.
About our kissing, too?
BERTHA.
Of course. I told him all.
ROBERT.
[Shakes his head slowly.] Extraordinary little person! Were you not
ashamed?
BERTHA.
No.
ROBERT.
Not a bit?
BERTHA.
No. Why? Is that terrible?
ROBERT.
And how did he take it? Tell me. I want to know everything, too.
BERTHA.
[Laughs.] It excited him. More than usual.
ROBERT.
Why? Is he excitable—still?
BERTHA.
[Archly.] Yes, very. When he is not lost in his philosophy.
ROBERT.
More than I?
BERTHA.
More than you? [Reflecting.] How could I answer that? You both are,
I suppose?
[Robert turns aside and gazes towards the porch, passing his hand
once or twice thoughtfully over his hair.]
BERTHA.
[Gently.] Are you angry with me again?
ROBERT.
[Moodily.] You are with me.
BERTHA.
No, Robert. Why should I be?
ROBERT.
Because I asked you to come to this place. I tried to prepare it for
you. [He points vaguely here and there.] A sense of quietness.
BERTHA.
[Touching his jacket with her fingers.] And this, too. Your nice velvet
coat.
ROBERT.
Also. I will keep no secrets from you.
BERTHA.
You remind me of someone in a picture. I like you in it... But you are
not angry, are you?
ROBERT.
[Darkly.] Yes. That was my mistake. To ask you to come here. I felt
it when I looked at you from the garden and saw you—you, Bertha—
standing here. [Hopelessly.] But what else could I have done?
BERTHA.
[Quietly.] You mean because others have been here?
ROBERT.
Yes.
[He walks away from her a few paces. A gust of wind makes the
lamp on the table flicker. He lowers the wick slightly.]
BERTHA.
[Following him with her eyes.] But I knew that before I came. I am
not angry with you for it.
ROBERT.
[Shrugs his shoulders.] Why should you be angry with me after all?
You are not even angry with him—for the same thing—or worse.
BERTHA.
Did he tell you that about himself?
ROBERT.
Yes. He told me. We all confess to one another here. Turn about.
BERTHA.
I try to forget it.
ROBERT.
It does not trouble you?
BERTHA.
Not now. Only I dislike to think of it.
ROBERT.
It is merely something brutal, you think? Of little importance?
BERTHA.
It does not trouble me—now.
ROBERT.
[Looking at her over his shoulder.] But there is something that would
trouble you very much and that you would not try to forget?
BERTHA.
What?
ROBERT.
[Turning towards her.] If it were not only something brutal with this
person or that—for a few moments. If it were something fine and
spiritual—with one person only—with one woman. [Smiles.] And
perhaps brutal too. It usually comes to that sooner or later. Would
you try to forget and forgive that?
BERTHA.
[Toying with her wristlet.] In whom?
ROBERT.
In anyone. In me.
BERTHA.
[Calmly.] You mean in Dick.
ROBERT.
I said in myself. But would you?
BERTHA.
You think I would revenge myself? Is Dick not to be free too?
ROBERT.
[Points at her.] That is not from your heart, Bertha.
BERTHA.
[Proudly.] Yes, it is; let him be free too. He leaves me free also.
ROBERT.
[Insistently.] And you know why? And understand? And you like it?
And you want to be? And it makes you happy? And has made you
happy? Always? This gift of freedom which he gave you—nine years
ago?
BERTHA.
[Gazing at him with wide open eyes.] But why do you ask me such a
lot of questions, Robert?
ROBERT.
[Stretches out both hands to her.] Because I had another gift to
offer you then—a common simple gift—like myself. If you want to
know it I will tell you.
BERTHA.
[Looking at her watch.] Past is past, Robert. And I think I ought to
go now. It is nine almost.
ROBERT.
[Impetuously.] No, no. Not yet. There is one confession more and
we have the right to speak.
[He crosses before the table rapidly and sits down beside her.]
BERTHA.
[Turning towards him, places her left hand on his shoulder.] Yes,
Robert. I know that you like me. You need not tell me. [Kindly.] You
need not confess any more tonight.
[A gust of wind enters through the porch, with a sound of moving
leaves. The lamp flickers quickly.]
BERTHA.
[Pointing over his shoulder.] Look! It is too high.
[Without rising, he bends towards the table, and turns down the
wick more. The room is half dark. The light comes in more strongly
through the doorway of the bedroom.]
ROBERT.
The wind is rising. I will close that door.
BERTHA.
[Listening.] No, it is raining still. It was only a gust of wind.
ROBERT.
[Touches her shoulder.] Tell me if the air is too cold for you. [Half
rising.] I will close it.
BERTHA.
[Detaining him.] No. I am not cold. Besides, I am going now, Robert.
I must.
ROBERT.
[Firmly.] No, no. There is no must now. We were left here for this.
And you are wrong, Bertha. The past is not past. It is present here
now. My feeling for you is the same now as it was then, because
then—you slighted it.
BERTHA.
No, Robert. I did not.
ROBERT.
[Continuing.] You did. And I have felt it all these years without
knowing it—till now. Even while I lived—the kind of life you know
and dislike to think of—the kind of life to which you condemned me.
BERTHA.
I?
ROBERT.
Yes, when you slighted the common simple gift I had to offer you—
and took his gift instead.
BERTHA.
[Looking at him.] But you never...
ROBERT.
No. Because you had chosen him. I saw that. I saw it on the first
night we met, we three together. Why did you choose him?
BERTHA.
[Bends her head.] Is that not love?
ROBERT.
[Continuing.] And every night when we two—he and I—came to that
corner to meet you I saw it and felt it. You remember the corner,
Bertha?
BERTHA.
[As before.] Yes.
ROBERT.
And when you and he went away for your walk and I went along the
street alone I felt it. And when he spoke to me about you and told
me he was going away—then most of all.
BERTHA.
Why then most of all?
ROBERT.
Because it was then that I was guilty of my first treason towards
him.
BERTHA.
Robert, what are you saying? Your first treason against Dick?
ROBERT.
[Nods.] And not my last. He spoke of you and himself. Of how your
life would be together—free and all that. Free, yes! He would not
even ask you to go with him. [Bitterly.] He did not. And you went all
the same.
BERTHA.
I wanted to be with him. You know... [Raising her head and looking
at him.] You know how we were then—Dick and I.
ROBERT.
[Unheeding.] I advised him to go alone—not to take you with him—
to live alone in order to see if what he felt for you was a passing
thing which might ruin your happiness and his career.
BERTHA.
Well, Robert. It was unkind of you towards me. But I forgive you
because you were thinking of his happiness and mine.
ROBERT.
[Bending closer to her.] No, Bertha. I was not. And that was my
treason. I was thinking of myself—that you might turn from him
when he had gone and he from you. Then I would have offered you
my gift. You know what it was now. The simple common gift that
men offer to women. Not the best perhaps. Best or worst—it would
have been yours.
BERTHA.
[Turning away from him.] He did not take your advice.
ROBERT.
[As before.] No. And the night you ran away together—O, how
happy I was!
BERTHA.
[Pressing his hands.] Keep calm, Robert. I know you liked me
always. Why did you not forget me?
ROBERT.
[Smiles bitterly.] How happy I felt as I came back along the quays
and saw in the distance the boat lit up going down the black river,
taking you away from me! [In a calmer tone.] But why did you
choose him? Did you not like me at all?
BERTHA.
Yes. I liked you because you were his friend. We often spoke about
you. Often and often. Every time you wrote or sent papers or books
to Dick. And I like you still, Robert. [Looking into his eyes.] I never
forgot you.
ROBERT.
Nor I you. I knew I would see you again. I knew it the night you
went away—that you would come back. And that was why I wrote
and worked to see you again—here.
BERTHA.
And here I am. You were right.
ROBERT.
[Slowly.] Nine years. Nine times more beautiful!
BERTHA.
[Smiling.] But am I? What do you see in me?
ROBERT.
[Gazing at her.] A strange and beautiful lady.
BERTHA.
[Almost disgusted.] O, please don’t call me such a thing!
ROBERT.
[Earnestly.] You are more. A young and beautiful queen.
BERTHA.
[With a sudden laugh.] O, Robert!
ROBERT.
[Lowering his voice and bending nearer to her.] But do you not know
that you are a beautiful human being? Do you not know that you
have a beautiful body? Beautiful and young?
BERTHA.
[Gravely.] Some day I will be old.
ROBERT.
[Shakes his head.] I cannot imagine it. Tonight you are young and
beautiful. Tonight you have come back to me. [With passion.] Who
knows what will be tomorrow? I may never see you again or never
see you as I do now.
BERTHA.
Would you suffer?
ROBERT.
[Looks round the room, without answering.] This room and this hour
were made for your coming. When you have gone—all is gone.
BERTHA.
[Anxiously.] But you will see me again, Robert... as before.
ROBERT.
[Looks full at her.] To make him—Richard—suffer.
BERTHA.
He does not suffer.
ROBERT.
[Bowing his head.] Yes, yes. He does.
BERTHA.
He knows we like each other. Is there any harm, then?
ROBERT.
[Raising his head.] No there is no harm. Why should we not? He
does not know yet what I feel. He has left us alone here at night, at
this hour, because he longs to know it—he longs to be delivered.
BERTHA.
From what?
ROBERT.
[Moves closer to her and presses her arm as he speaks.] From every
law, Bertha, from every bond. All his life he has sought to deliver
himself. Every chain but one he has broken and that one we are to
break. Bertha—you and I.
BERTHA.
[Almost inaudibly.] Are you sure?
ROBERT.
[Still more warmly.] I am sure that no law made by man is sacred
before the impulse of passion. [Almost fiercely.] Who made us for
one only? It is a crime against our own being if we are so. There is
no law before impulse. Laws are for slaves. Bertha, say my name!
Let me hear your voice say it. Softly!
BERTHA.
[Softly.] Robert!
ROBERT.
[Puts his arm about her shoulder.] Only the impulse towards youth
and beauty does not die. [He points towards the porch.] Listen!
BERTHA.
[In alarm.] What?
ROBERT.
The rain falling. Summer rain on the earth. Night rain. The darkness
and warmth and flood of passion. Tonight the earth is loved—loved
and possessed. Her lover’s arms around her; and she is silent.
Speak, dearest!
BERTHA.
[Suddenly leans forward and listens intently.] Hush!
ROBERT.
[Listening, smiles.] Nothing. Nobody. We are alone.
[A gust of wind blows in through the porch, with a sound of shaken
leaves. The flame of the lamp leaps.]
BERTHA.
[Pointing to the lamp.] Look!
ROBERT.
Only the wind. We have light enough from the other room.
[He stretches his hand across the table and puts out the lamp. The
light from the doorway of the bedroom crosses the place where they
sit. The room is quite dark.]
ROBERT.
Are you happy? Tell me.
BERTHA.
I am going now, Robert. It is very late. Be satisfied.
ROBERT.
[Caressing her hair.] Not yet, not yet. Tell me, do you love me a
little?
BERTHA.
I like you, Robert. I think you are good. [Half rising.] Are you
satisfied?
ROBERT.
[Detaining her, kisses her hair.] Do not go, Bertha! There is time still.
Do you love me too? I have waited a long time. Do you love us both
—him and also me? Do you, Bertha? The truth! Tell me. Tell me with
your eyes. Or speak!
[She does not answer. In the silence the rain is heard falling.]
 Third Act

The drawingroom of Richard Rowan’s house at Merrion. The folding

doors at the right are closed and also the double doors leading to
the garden. The green plush curtains are drawn across the window
on the left. The room is half dark. It is early in the morning of the
next day. Bertha sits beside the window looking out between the
curtains. She wears a loose saffron dressing gown. Her hair is
combed loosely over the ears and knotted at the neck. Her hands
are folded in her lap. Her face is pale and drawn.
[Brigid comes in through the folding doors on the right with a
featherbroom and duster. She is about to cross but, seeing Bertha,
she halts suddenly and blesses herself instinctively.]
BRIGID.
Merciful hour, ma’am. You put the heart across me. Why did you get
up so early?
BERTHA.
What time is it?
BRIGID.
After seven, ma’am. Are you long up?
BERTHA.
Some time.
BRIGID.
[Approaching her.] Had you a bad dream that woke you?
BERTHA.
I didn’t sleep all night. So I got up to see the sun rise.
BRIGID.
[Opens the double doors.] It’s a lovely morning now after all the rain
we had. [Turns round.] But you must be dead tired, ma’am. What
will the master say at your doing a thing like that? [She goes to the
door of the study and knocks.] Master Richard!
BERTHA.
[Looks round.] He is not there. He went out an hour ago.
BRIGID.
Out there, on the strand, is it?
BERTHA.
Yes.
BRIGID.
[Comes towards her and leans over the back of a chair.] Are you
fretting yourself, ma’am, about anything?
BERTHA.
No, Brigid.
BRIGID.
Don’t be. He was always like that, meandering off by himself
somewhere. He is a curious bird, Master Richard, and always was.
Sure there isn’t a turn in him I don’t know. Are you fretting now
maybe because he does be in there [pointing to the study] half the
night at his books? Leave him alone. He’ll come back to you again.
Sure he thinks the sun shines out of your face, ma’am.
BERTHA.
[Sadly.] That time is gone.
BRIGID.
[Confidentially.] And good cause I have to remember it—that time
when he was paying his addresses to you. [She sits down beside
Bertha. In a lower voice.] Do you know that he used to tell me all
about you and nothing to his mother, God rest her soul? Your letters
and all.
BERTHA.
What? My letters to him?
BRIGID.
[Delighted.] Yes. I can see him sitting on the kitchen table, swinging
his legs and spinning out of him yards of talk about you and him and
Ireland and all kinds of devilment—to an ignorant old woman like
me. But that was always his way. But if he had to meet a grand
highup person he’d be twice as grand himself. [Suddenly looks at
Bertha.] Is it crying you are now? Ah, sure, don’t cry. There’s good
times coming still.
BERTHA.
No, Brigid, that time comes only once in a lifetime. The rest of life is
good for nothing except to remember that time.
BRIGID.
[Is silent for a moment: then says kindly.] Would you like a cup of
tea, ma’am? That would make you all right.
BERTHA.
Yes, I would. But the milkman has not come yet.
BRIGID.
No. Master Archie told me to wake him before he came. He’s going
out for a jaunt in the car. But I’ve a cup left overnight. I’ll have the
kettle boiling in a jiffy. Would you like a nice egg with it?
BERTHA.
No, thanks.
BRIGID.
Or a nice bit of toast?
BERTHA.
No, Brigid, thanks. Just a cup of tea.
BRIGID.
[Crossing to the folding doors.] I won’t be a moment. [She stops,
turns back and goes towards the door on the left.] But first I must
waken Master Archie or there’ll be ructions.
[She goes out by the door on the left. After a few moments Bertha
rises and goes over to the study. She opens the door wide and looks
in. One can see a small untidy room with many bookshelves and a
large writingtable with papers and an extinguished lamp and before
it a padded chair. She remains standing for some time in the
doorway, then closes the door again without entering the room. She
returns to her chair by the window and sits down. Archie, dressed as
before, comes in by the door on the right, followed by Brigid.]
ARCHIE.
[Comes to her and, putting up his face to be kissed, says:] Buon
giorno, mamma!
BERTHA.
[Kissing him.] Buon giorno, Archie! [To Brigid.] Did you put another
vest on him under that one?
BRIGID.
He wouldn’t let me, ma’am.
ARCHIE.
I’m not cold, mamma.
BERTHA.
I said you were to put it on, didn’t I?
ARCHIE.
But where is the cold?
BERTHA.
[Takes a comb from her head and combs his hair back at both
sides.] And the sleep is in your eyes still.
BRIGID.
He went to bed immediately after you went out last night, ma’am.
ARCHIE.
You know he’s going to let me drive, mamma.
BERTHA.
[Replacing the comb in her hair, embraces him suddenly.] O, what a
big man to drive a horse!
BRIGID.
Well, he’s daft on horses, anyhow.
ARCHIE.
[Releasing himself.] I’ll make him go quick. You will see from the
window, mamma. With the whip. [He makes the gesture of cracking
a whip and shouts at the top of his voice.] Avanti!
BRIGID.
Beat the poor horse, is it?
BERTHA.
Come here till I clean your mouth. [She takes her handkerchief from
the pocket of her gown, wets it with her tongue and cleans his
mouth.] You’re all smudges or something, dirty little creature you
are.
ARCHIE.
[Repeats, laughing.] Smudges! What is smudges?
[The noise is heard of a milkcan rattled on the railings before the
window.]
BRIGID.
[Draws aside the curtains and looks out.] Here he is!
ARCHIE.
[Rapidly.] Wait. I’m ready. Goodbye, mamma! [He kisses her hastily
and turns to go.] Is pappie up?
BRIGID.
[Takes him by the arm.] Come on with you now.
BERTHA.
Mind yourself, Archie, and don’t be long or I won’t let you go any
more.
ARCHIE.
All right. Look out of the window and you’ll see me. Goodbye.
[Brigid and Archie go out by the door on the left. Bertha stands up
and, drawing aside the curtains still more, stands in the embrasure
of the window looking out. The hall door is heard opening: then a
slight noise of voices and cans is heard. The door is closed. After a
moment or two Bertha is seen waving her hand gaily in a salute.
Brigid enters and stands behind her, looking over her shoulder.]
BRIGID.
Look at the sit of him! As serious as you like.
BERTHA.
[Suddenly withdrawing from her post.] Stand out of the window. I
don’t want to be seen.
BRIGID.
Why, ma’am, what is it?
BERTHA.
[Crossing towards the folding doors.] Say I’m not up, that I’m not
well. I can’t see anyone.
BRIGID.
[Follows her.] Who is it, ma’am?
BERTHA.
[Halting.] Wait a moment.
[She listens. A knock is heard at the hall door.]
BERTHA.
[Stands a moment in doubt, then.] No, say I’m in.
BRIGID.
[In doubt.] Here?
BERTHA.
[Hurriedly.] Yes. Say I have just got up.
[Brigid goes out on the left. Bertha goes towards the double doors
and fingers the curtains nervously, as if settling them. The hall door
is heard to open. Then Beatrice Justice enters and, as Bertha does not
turn at once, stands in hesitation near the door on the left. She is
dressed as before and has a newspaper in her hand.]
BEATRICE.
[Advances rapidly.] Mrs Rowan, excuse me for coming at such an
hour.
BERTHA.
[Turns.] Good morning, Miss Justice. [She comes towards her.] Is
anything the matter?
BEATRICE.
[Nervously.] I don’t know. That is what I wanted to ask you.
BERTHA.
[Looks curiously at her.] You are out of breath. Won’t you sit down?
BEATRICE.
[Sitting down.] Thank you.
BERTHA.
[Sits opposite her, pointing to her paper.] Is there something in the
paper?
BEATRICE.
[Laughs nervously: opens the paper.] Yes.
BERTHA.
About Dick?
BEATRICE.
Yes. Here it is. A long article, a leading article, by my cousin. All his
life is here. Do you wish to see it?
BERTHA.
[Takes the paper, and opens it.] Where is it?
BEATRICE.
In the middle. It is headed: A Distinguished Irishman.
BERTHA.
Is it... for Dick or against him?
BEATRICE.
[Warmly.] O, for him! You can read what he says about Mr Rowan.
And I know that Robert stayed in town very late last night to write it.
BERTHA.
[Nervously.] Yes. Are you sure?
BEATRICE.
Yes. Very late. I heard him come home. It was long after two.
BERTHA.
[Watching her.] It alarmed you? I mean to be awakened at that hour
of the morning.
BEATRICE.
I am a light sleeper. But I knew he had come from the office and
then... I suspected he had written an article about Mr Rowan and
that was why he came so late.
BERTHA.
How quick you were to think of that!
BEATRICE.
Well, after what took place here yesterday afternoon—I mean what
Robert said, that Mr Rowan had accepted this position. It was only
natural I should think...
BERTHA.
Ah, yes. Naturally.
BEATRICE.
[Hastily.] But that is not what alarmed me. But immediately after I
heard a noise in my cousin’s room.
BERTHA.
[Crumples together the paper in her hands, breathlessly.] My God!
What is it? Tell me.
BEATRICE.
[Observing her.] Why does that upset you so much?
BERTHA.
[Sinking back, with a forced laugh.] Yes, of course, it is very foolish
of me. My nerves are all upset. I slept very badly, too. That is why I
got up so early. But tell me what was it then?
BEATRICE.
Only the noise of his valise being pulled along the floor. Then I heard
him walking about his room, whistling softly. And then locking it and
strapping it.
BERTHA.
He is going away!
BEATRICE.
That was what alarmed me. I feared he had had a quarrel with Mr
Rowan and that his article was an attack.
BERTHA.
But why should they quarrel? Have you noticed anything between
them?
BEATRICE.
I thought I did. A coldness.
BERTHA.
Lately?
BEATRICE.
For some time past.
BERTHA.
[Smoothing the paper out.] Do you know the reason?
BEATRICE.
[Hesitatingly.] No.
BERTHA.
[After a pause.] Well, but if this article is for him, as you say, they
have not quarrelled. [She reflects a moment.] And written last night,
too.
BEATRICE.
Yes. I bought the paper at once to see. But why, then, is he going
away so suddenly? I feel that there is something wrong. I feel that
something has happened between them.
BERTHA.
Would you be sorry?
BEATRICE.
I would be very sorry. You see, Mrs Rowan, Robert is my first cousin
and it would grieve me very deeply if he were to treat Mr Rowan
badly, now that he has come back, or if they had a serious quarrel
especially because...
BERTHA.
[Toying with the paper.] Because?
BEATRICE.
Because it was my cousin who urged Mr Rowan always to come
back. I have that on my conscience.
BERTHA.
It should be on Mr Hand’s conscience, should it not?
BEATRICE.
[Uncertainly.] On mine, too. Because—I spoke to my cousin about
Mr Rowan when he was away and, to a certain extent, it was I...
BERTHA.
[Nods slowly.] I see. And that is on your conscience. Only that?
BEATRICE.
I think so.
BERTHA.
[Almost cheerfully.] It looks as if it was you, Miss Justice, who
brought my husband back to Ireland.
BEATRICE.
I, Mrs Rowan?
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