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The document outlines an experiment to observe the relationship between fluid pressure and velocity using a venturimeter. It explains Bernoulli's theorem, the setup and procedure for the experiment, and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a horizontal position and smooth water flow. Results indicate that as fluid velocity increases, pressure decreases, confirming the principles of fluid dynamics.

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aniiketnegi55
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2 views

Untitled Document 3

The document outlines an experiment to observe the relationship between fluid pressure and velocity using a venturimeter. It explains Bernoulli's theorem, the setup and procedure for the experiment, and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a horizontal position and smooth water flow. Results indicate that as fluid velocity increases, pressure decreases, confirming the principles of fluid dynamics.

Uploaded by

aniiketnegi55
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

AIM.

To observe the decrease in pressure with


increase in velocity of a fluid.

Apparatus

Venturimeter, a graduated measuring cylinder, a stop


watch, a piece of rubber tubings, the spirit level and a
pinch cork to regulate the flow of water.

Theory

Bernoulli's theorem. It states that the total energy


(mensure energy potential energy and kineticenergy)
of an bocompresie and non-viscous liquid in steady
flow througis a pipe remains constant throughout the
four provided there is no wurce or sink of the fluid
along the length of the pipe.

Imagine an incompressible and non-viscous liquid of


density p to be flowing through a pipe of varying
cross- area. The liquid enters the pipe with a normal
velocity v₁ at its wide end A of cross-sectional area a1,
and at a height h1 above the reference level (earth's
surface). It leaves the pipe with a normal velocity v2 at
the narrow end B of cross- sectional area a2 and at a
height h2 above the earth's surface. Let P1and P₂ be
the values of the pressure due to the liquid P at the
ends A and B respectively.

It can be obtained that :

This is the most convenient form of Bernoulli's


equation.

Venturimeter. A venturimeter consists of a wide tube


having a constriction in the middle as shown in Fig.
2.34. The two broad tubes AB and CD are called
convergent cone and divergent cone respectively,
while the narrow short tube BC is calledthroat of the
venturimeter. Let a1 the area of crossection of the
broad tube AB (or CD) and a2 the area of crossectionof
the narrow short tube BC. When connected to a water
tap, water enters through the broad end AB. After
passing through the narrow short horizontal part
BC,water leaves through the other broad end CD, Two
vertical tubes are connected to the venturimeter, one
to the convergent cone at the point P' and the other to
the throat at the point Q. The difference in levels to
which water rises in these tubes gives a measure of
the difference in pressure of the water in the broad
tube AB and narrow short tube BC.

Since,the venturimeter is horizontal (h1- h2) the


potential energy of the water at the end A remains the
same as that at the end D. Therefore, for a
venturimeter Bernoulli's equation (i) becomes
Here, P1and P2 are the values of the pressure of the
water at the poimi P of the broad part AB and at the
poimt of the narrow part BC respectively. Further, let
v1 and v2 be the velocities of the water in the broad
part AB and in the narrow part BC respectively.

From the equation of continuity, for a liquid of density


pis lowing through a pipe, whose areas of
cross-section of the two ends are and a2 we have a1

where by is the velocity, with which the iquid enters


the pipe and n_{2} is the velocity, with which it leaves
the pipe

Since from the equation (iii), it


follows that velocity of the
water will increase, as it flows from
the broad to the narrow part BC of the venturimeter
from the equation (iii), it follows that
Procedure

1. Clean the venturimeter thoroughly and note the


internal diameters of the broad part AB (or CD) and
the narrow part BC. In case, these internal diameters
are not provided with the venturimeter, then measure
the external diameters of the two parts with the help of
Vernier callipers. Let the external diameters of the
broad part AB be D1and that of the narrow part BC be
D2

It may be pointed out that use of the external


diameters of the two parts of the venturineter ist place
of their interval diametres tell affect the result to some
extent.

2. Place the venturimeter horizontally over the table.


Use spirit level to ensure that its two broad part All
and CD are horizontal. Connect the end A of the
venturimeter to the water tap (not shown in the figure)
with the help of a rubber tubings. Fasten the pinch
cork over the rubber tubings just near the end A of the
part AlB

3. Turn the water tap on and adjust the pinch cork to


ensure that the flow of water through the venturimeter
is smooth and streamlined.
4. After cleaning it thoroughly, place the graduated
measuring cylinder just below the end D of the broad
part CD of the venturimeter to collect the water, which
issues out of the venturimeter and simultaneously
start the stop watch.

5. Stop the stop watch, when 50 cc. of water gets


collected in the measuring cylinder. Note the time (t)
taken to collect 50 c.c. of water in the measuring
cylinder.

6. Repeat the experiment atleast three times more for


different rates of flow of water through the
venturimeter by collecting the same amount of water
Le. 50 c.c. in each observation.

See that the flow of teater through the venturimeter


remains smooth and streamlined during all the
observations

7. Record the observations in the tabular form.


Observations and calculations.
From all the four observations, it follows that the
value of in decreases as the water flows from wider
part AB to narrow part BC of the venturimeter and in
doing so, velocity of the water increases

Result
When P₂<P₁, then v1>v2, i.e. decrease in pressure of
the biquid results in increase in its velocity

Precautions

1. The venturimeter should be placed horizontally,

2. The flow of water through the venturimeter should


be smooth and streamlined.

3. While collecting the water in the measuring


cylinder, the stop watch should be started
simultaneously as the water starts pouring into the
measuring cylinder.

Sources of error

1. The venturimeter may not have been placed


horizontally,
2. The flow of water through the venturimeter may not
be smooth and streamlined

3. While collecting the water in the measuring


cylinder, the stop watch may not have been started
simultaneously as the water starts pouring into the
measuring cylinder.

4. The use of the external diameters of the two parts of


the venturimeter in place of their internal diameters
will affect the result to some extent

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