C H A P T E R

3
| SOLUTIONS |

Partial Fractions
3A pgs 64 & 65

2x3 – 7 x
1.
2x2 + 1 2x + 1 ) 2x
2 3
–7
2x3 + x
x + 7
=x– –x–7
2x2 + 1

x3 + 5x + 4 x2 – 2x + 9
2.
x + 2 x + 2 ) x3 + 5x + 9
14 x3 + 2x2
= x2 – 2x + 9 –
x+ 2 – 2x2 + 5x
– 2x2 – 4x
9x + 4
9x + 18
– 14
9 x 2 – 3 x + 10
3.
( x – 1)( 3 x + 1)

9 x 2 – 3x + 10
=
3x 2 – 2 x – 1
3( 3x 2 – 2 x – 1) – 3x + 10 + 6 x + 3
=
( x – 1)( 3x + 1)
3x + 13
=3+
( x – 1)( 3x + 1)
1 3
2x2 – 3 x + 1
2 4
4x3 – 5x2 + 8
2x + 1 ) 4x3 – 5x2 +8
4. 4x3 + 2x2
2x + 1
1 – 7x2
6 1
1 3 4 – 7x2 – 3 x
= 2x2 – 3 x + 1 + 2
2 4 2x + 1
7 7 25 1
= 2x2 – x+ + 3 x+8
2 4 4(2 x + 1) 2
1 3
3 x+1
2 4
1
6
4

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 57

3a 57 1/13/09, 1:33 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

2x3 + 3
5.
x3 – 1

2( x 3 – 1) + 3 + 2
=
x3 – 2
5
=2+
x3 – 1

4 x 3 – 3 x + 10
6.
( 2 x – 1)( x + 2 )
2x – 3
4 x – 3x + 10 2x + 3x – 2 ) 4x
3 2 3
– 3x + 10
=
2 x 2 + 3x – 2 4x3 + 6x2 – 4x
– 6x2 + x + 10
10 x + 4
= 2x – 3 +(2 x – 1)( x + 2) – 6x2 – 9x + 6
10x + 4

( x 2 + 1) 2
7.
x2 – 2
x2 + 4
x 4 + 2x2 + 1 x2 – 2 ) x4 + 2x2 + 1
=
x2 – 2 x4 – 2x2
9 4x2 + 1
= x2 + 4 + 2 4x2 – 8
x –2
9

( 3 x – 1)( 2 x + 5 )
8.
7 – 2x – 3x2 – 17
6 x 2 + 13x – 5 – 2x + 7 ) 6x2 + 13x – 5
=
7 – 2x 6x2 – 21x
114 34x – 5
= –3x – 17 + 34x – 119
7 – 2x
114

58 Partial Fractions

3a 58 1/13/09, 1:33 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

3B pgs 70 & 71

3x A B A( x – 2) + B( x + 1)
1. Let = + =
( x + 1)( x – 2 ) x+1 x – 2 ( x + 1)( x – 2)

∴ 3x = A(x – 2) + B(x + 1)

Let x = 2, 6 = B(2 + 1) ∴ B=2

Let x = –1, –3 = A(–1 – 2) ∴ A=1

3x 1 2
∴ = +
( x + 1)( x – 2 ) x + 1 x – 2

11 – 2 x A B A( x + 5) + B( x – 2)
2. = + =
( x – 2 )( x + 5 ) x – 2 x + 5 ( x – 2)( x + 5)

∴ 11 – 2x = A(x + 5) + B(x – 2)

Let x = 2, 11 – 4 A(7)
= ∴ A=1
Let x = –5, 11 – 2(–5) = B(–7) ∴ B = –3

11 – 2 x 1 3
∴ = –
( x – 2 )( x + 5 ) x – 2 x+ 5

4 A B A( x + 7) + B( x + 2)
3. = + =
( x + 2 )( x + 7 ) x+ 2 x+ 7 ( x + 2)( x + 7)

∴ 4 = A(x + 7) + B(x + 2)
4
Let x = –2, 4 = A(5) ∴ A=
5
4
Let x = –7, 4 = B(–5) ∴ B=–
5

4 4 4
∴ = –
( x + 2 )( x + 7 ) 5( x + 2 ) 5( x + 7 )

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 59

3b 59 1/13/09, 2:47 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

8x 8x A B A( x – 8) + B( x + 8)
4. Let = = + =
2
x – 64 ( x + 8)( x – 8) x+ 8 x – 8 ( x + 8)( x – 8)

∴ 8x = A(x – 8) + B(x + 8)
Let x = 8, 64 = B(8 + 8) ∴ B=4
Let x = –8, –64 = A(–8 – 8) ∴ A=4
8x 4 4
∴ = –
2
x – 64 x + 8 x – 8

11 x 11x A B A( x + 2) + B( x – 7)
5. Let = = + =
2
x – 5 x – 14 ( x – 7 )( x + 2 ) x–7 x + 2 ( x – 7)( x + 2)

∴ 11x = A(x + 2) + B(x – 7)

77
Let x = 7, 77 = A(9) ∴ A=
9
22
Let x = –2, –22 = B(–9) ∴ B=
9
11x 77 22
∴ = +
x 2 – 5 x – 14 9( x – 7 ) 9( x + 2 )

2x + 1 2x + 1 A B A( x – 2) + B( 3x – 2)
6. Let = = + =
3x – 8x + 4
2
( 3x – 2)( x – 2) 3x – 2 x–2 ( 3x – 2)( x – 2)

∴ 2x + 1 = A(x – 2) + B(3x – 2)
5
Let x = 2, 5 = B(4) ∴ B=
4
2 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 7
Let x = , 2 = A ⎜ –1 ⎟ ∴ A=
3 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 4

∴ 2x + 1 =
5
–
7
3x – 8x + 4
2 4( x – 2) 4( 3x – 2)

8 x + 11 8 x + 11 A B A(2 x + 5) + B(2 x – 1)
7. Let = = + =
4x + 8x – 5
2
(2 x – 1)(2 x + 5) 2x – 1 2x + 5 (2 x – 1)(2 x + 5)

∴ 8x + 11 = A(2x + 5) + B(2x – 1)
1 5
Let x = , 15 = A(6) ∴ A=
2 2
–5 ⎛ –5 ⎞ 3
Let x= , 8⎜ ⎟ + 11 = B(–5 –1) ∴ B=
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2

∴ 8 x + 11 =
5
+
3
4x + 8x – 5
2 2(2 x – 1) 2 ( 2 x + 5)

60 Partial Fractions

3b 60 1/13/09, 2:48 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

x– 9 x – 9 A B A( x – 1) + B( x + 3)
8. Let = = + =
x + 2x – 3
2 ( x + 3)( x – 1) x + 3 x – 1 ( x + 3)( x – 1)

∴ x – 9 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 3)

Let x = 1, –8 = B(4) ∴ B = –2

Let x = –3, –12 = A(–4) ∴ A=3

x– 9 3 2
∴ = –
x + 2x – 3
2 x+3 x –1

3x + 2 A( x – 1) + B( x + 1)
9. 3 x2 + 2 =
A B
= + =
x –1 ( x + 1)( x – 1) x+1 x –1 x2 – 1

∴ 3x + 2 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)

5
Let x = 1, 5 = B(2) ∴ B=
2

1
Let x = –1, –1 = A(–2) ∴ A=
2

∴ 3 x2 + 2 =
1 5
+
x –1 2( x + 1) 2( x – 1)

x 2 + 8 x + 11 x 2 + 3x + 2 5x + 9 5x + 9
10. = + 2 =1+
x + 3x + 2
2 x 2
+ 3 x + 2 x + 3 x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)

5x + 9 A B A( x + 2) + B( x + 1)
Let = + =
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x+2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)

∴ 5x + 9 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)

Let x = –1, –5 + 9 = A(–1 + 2) ∴ A=4

Let x = –2, –10 + 9 = B(–2 + 1) ∴ B=1

x 2 + 8 x + 11 4 1
∴ =1+ +
x 2 + 3x + 2 x+1 x+ 2

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 61

3b 61 1/13/09, 2:49 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

x3 – 2x2 x 3 – 2x2 x x
11. = =x–
( x – 1) 2
x – 2x + 1
2
( x – 1)2 x – 2x + 1 ) x – 2x2
2 3

x3 – 2x2 + x
x A B A( x – 1) + B
Let = + 2 = –x
( x – 1) 2
x – 1 ( x – 1) ( x – 1)2

∴ x = A(x – 1) + B

Let x = 1, 1=B
Let x = 0, 0 = A(–1) + 1 ∴ A=1

x3 – 2x2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ = x – ⎜ + 2⎟
( x – 1) 2 ⎝ x – 1 ( x – 1) ⎠
1 1
=x– –
x –1 ( x – 1)2

2x – 3
2x + 3x – 2 ) 4x
3
4x – 2x 11x – 6 2 3
– 2x
12. = 2x – 3 +
2 x 2 + 3x – 2 (2 x – 1)( x + 2) 4x3 + 6x2 – 4x
11x – 6 A B A( x + 2) + B(2 x – 1) – 6x2 + 2x
Let = + = – 6x2 – 9x + 6
(2 x – 1)( x + 2) 2x – 1 x+2 (2 x – 1)( x + 2)
11x – 6
∴ 11x – 6 = A(x + 2) + B(2x – 1)

Let x = –2, –22 – 6 = B(–4 – 1)

28
–28 = –5B ∴ B=
5
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ –1
Let x = , 11 ⎜ ⎟ – 6 = A ⎜ + 2⎟ ∴ A=
2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 5
4x3 – 2x 1 28
∴ = 2x – 3 – + 5( x + 2 )
2 x + 3x – 2
2
5(2 x – 1)

x2 + 4x – 7 A Bx + C A( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
13. Let = + =
( x + 1)( x 2 + 4 ) x +1 x2 + 4 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 4 )

∴ x2 + 4x – 7 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

Let x = –1, 1 – 4 – 7 = A(5) ∴ A = –2
Let x = 0, –7 = –2(4) + C(1) ∴ C=1
Let x = 1, 1 + 4 – 7 = –2(1 + 4) + (B + 1)(1 + 1)
–2 = –10 + 2B + 2 ∴ B=3
x2 + 4x – 7 –2 3x + 1
∴ = + 2
( x + 1)( x + 4 )
2
x +1 x + 4

62 Partial Fractions

3b 62 1/13/09, 2:50 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

x2 A B C A( x + 3)2 + B(2 x + 1)( x + 3) + C (2 x + 1)

14. Let = + + =
( 2 x + 1)( x + 3 ) 2 2x + 1 x+ 3 ( x + 3)2 (2 x + 1)( x + 3)2

∴ x2 = A(x + 3)2 + B(2x + 1)(x + 3) + C(2x + 1)

Let x = –3, (–3)2 = 0 + 0 + C(2(–3) + 1)
–9
9 = –5C ∴ C=
5
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞2 ⎛ –1 ⎞2 1
Let x = – , ⎜ – ⎟ = A ⎜ + 3⎟ ∴ A=
2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 25
1 –9
Let x = 0, 0= (3)2 + B(1)(3) + (1)
25 5
9 9 11
3B = 0 – + =1
25 5 25
12
∴ B=
25
x2 1 12 9
∴ = + –
( 2 x + 1)( x + 3 ) 2 25 ( x + 1) 25 ( x + 3) 5 ( x + 3)2

2x – 7 A B C A( x – 1)2 + B( x + 4 )( x – 1) + C ( x + 4 )
15. Let = + + =
( x + 4 )( x – 1) 2 x+ 4 x –1 ( x – 1)2 ( x + 4 )( x – 1)2

∴ 2x – 7 = A(x – 1)2 + B(x + 4)(x – 1) + C(x + 4)

Let x = 1, –5 = C(5) ∴ C = –1
–3
Let x = –4, –15 = A(–5)2 ∴ A=
5
–3 3
Let x = 0, –7 = (1) + B(–4) + (–1)(4) ∴ B =
5 5
2x – 7 –3 3 1
∴ = + –
( x + 4 )( x – 1) 2 5( x + 4 ) 5( x – 1) ( x – 1)2

8 + 7x A B C A(2 + 3x )2 + B(1 – x )(2 + 3x ) + C (1 – x )

16. Let = + + 2 =
(1 – x )( 2 + 3 x ) 2
1– x 2 + 3x (2 + 3 x ) (1 – x )(2 + 3x )2

∴ 8 + 7x = A(2 + 3x)2 + B(1 – x)(2 + 3x) + C(1 – x)

3
Let x = 1, 15 = A(5)2 ∴ A =
5
–2 14 ⎛ 2⎞
Let x = , 8– = C ⎜1 + ⎟ ∴ C=2
3 3 ⎝ 3⎠
3 9
Let x = 0, 8= (4) + B(2) + 2(1) ∴ B =
5 5
8 + 7x 3 9 2
∴ = + +
(1 – x )( 2 + 3 x ) 2
5 (1 – x ) 5 ( 2 + 3 x ) ( 2 + 3 x )2

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 63

3b 63 1/13/09, 2:51 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

4x2 – x – 6 A Bx + C A( x 2 + 9) + ( Bx + C )(1 – 2 x )
17. Let = + =
(1 – 2 x )( x 2 + 9 ) 1 – 2x x2 + 9 (1 – 2 x )( x 2 + 9)

∴ 4x2 – x – 6 = A(x2 + 9) + (Bx + C)(1 – 2x)

1 ⎛ 1 ⎞2 1 ⎛1 ⎞ –22
Let x = , 4⎜ ⎟ – – 6 = A ⎜ + 9⎟ ∴ A=
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 37

–22 –24
Let x = 0, –6 = (9) + C(1) ∴ C=
37 37

–22 ⎛ 24 ⎞ –85
Let x = 1, 4–1–6= (10) + ⎜ B – ⎟ (1 – 2) ∴ B=
37 ⎝ 37 ⎠ 37

4x2 – x – 6 –22 85 x + 24
∴ = –
(1 – 2 x )( x + 9 )
2
37(1 – 2x ) 37( x 2 + 9)

3x3 – 1 Ax + B Cx + D ( Ax + B)( x 2+ 4 ) + x 2 (Cx + D )

18. Let = + =
x 2 ( x 2 + 4) x2 x2 + 4 x 2 ( x 2 + 4)

∴ 3x3 – 1 = Ax3 + 4Ax + Bx2 + 4B + Cx3 + Dx2

= x3(A + C) + x2(B + D) + 4Ax + 4B
Comparing coefficients, A + C = 3, 4B = –1, B + D = 0 and 4A = 0

1 1
∴ C = 3, B=– , D= and A=0
4 4
–1 1
3x + 12 x + 1 1
3x3 – 1
∴ = 2 + 2 4 =
4 –
x ( x + 4)
2 2
x x + 4 4( x + 4 )
2
4x2

2x2 A B C A( x – 1)2 + B( x – 1)( x + 2) + C ( x + 2)

19. Let = + + =
( x + 2 )( x – 1) 2 x+2 x –1 ( x – 1)2 ( x + 2)( x – 1)2

∴ 2x2 = A(x – 1)2 + B(x – 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 2)

2
Let x = 1, 2 = 3C ∴ C=
3
8
Let x = –2, 8 = A(9) ∴ A=
9
8 2 10
Let x = 0, 0= (1) + B(–2) + (2) ∴ B=
9 3 9
2x2 8 10 2
∴ = + +
( x + 2 )( x – 1) 2 9 ( x + 2 ) 9 ( x – 1) 3( x – 1)2

64 Partial Fractions

3b 64 1/15/09, 4:12 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

15 x 2 + 5 x + 2 A Bx + C A(1 + 2 x 2 ) + ( Bx + C )(2 – x )
20. Let = + =
( 2 – x )(1 + 2 x 2 ) 2– x 1 + 2x2 (2 + x )(1 + 2 x 2 )

∴ 15x2 + 5x + 2 = A(1 + 2x2) + (Bx + C)(2 – x)

Let x = 2, 72 = A(1 + 8) ∴ A=8
Let x = 0 2 – 8(1) + C(2) ∴ C = –3
Let x = 1, 22 = 8(3) + (B – 3) (1) ∴ B=1

15 x 2 + 5 x + 2 8 x – 3
∴ = +
( 2 – x )(1 + 2 x 2 ) 2 – x 1 + 2x2

21 – 13 x + 3 x 2 21 – 13x + 3x 2 A Bx + C A( x 2 + 3) + x ( Bx + C )
21. Let = = + =
x3 + 3x x ( x 2 + 3) x x + 3
2
x ( x 2 + 3)

∴ 21 – 13x + 3x2 = A(x2 + 3) + x(Bx + C)

Let x = 0, 21 = A(3) ∴ A=7
Let x = 1, 21 – 13 + 3 = 7(4) + B + C
B + C = –17 ............................... (1)
Let x = –1, 21 + 13 + 3 = 7(4) – (–B + C)
B – C = 9 .................................... (2)
(1) + (2): 2B = –8 ∴ B = –4
–4 + C = –17 ∴ C = –13

∴ 21 – 13 x + 3 x 2 = 7 – 4 x + 13
3
x + 3x
2
x x + 3

x – 3x 2 44 – 25 x – 3x 2 A B C Ax (1 – x ) + B (1 – x ) + Cx 2
22. Let 44 – 25 = = + 2 + =
2 3
x – x
2
x (1 – x ) x x 1– x x 2 (1 – x )

∴ 44 – 25x – 3x2 = Ax – Ax2 + B – Bx + Cx2

= x2(C – A) + x(A – B) +B
∴ B = 44
A – B = –25 ................. (1)
C – A = –3 ................... (2)
∴ A – 44 = –25 ∴ A = 19
C – 19 = – 3 ∴ C = 16

44 – 25 x – 3 x 2 16 19 44
∴ 2 3
= + + 2
x – x 1– x x x

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 65

3b 65 1/15/09, 4:12 PM
 | SOLUTIONS |

pg 74

10 x – 4 A B A( x + 2) + B(2 x – 1)
1. Let = + =
( 2 x – 1)( x + 2 ) 2x – 1 x+ 2 (2 x – 1)( x + 2)

∴ 10x – 4 = A(x + 2) + B(2x – 1)

1 ⎛ 1⎞ 2
Let x = , 1 = A ⎜2 ⎟ ∴ A=
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 5

24
Let x = –2, –24 = B(–5) ∴ B=
5

10 x – 4 2 24
∴ = +
( 2 x – 1)( x + 2 ) 5(2 x – 1) 5( x + 2 )

3– x A B
e
A( x + 4 ) + B( x + 1)
2. Let
( x + 1)( x + 4 )
=
x+1
+
x+ 4
=
pl
( x + 1)( x + 4 )

∴ 3 – x = A(x + 4) + B(x + 1)
4
Let x = –1, 4 = A(3) ∴ A=
3
m
–7
Let x = –4, 7 = B(–3) ∴ B =
3

3– x 4 7
∴ = – 3( x + 4 )
( x + 1)( x + 4 ) 3( x + 1)
Sa

x2 + 4x – 7 x 2 + x – 12 + 3x + 5 3x + 5
3. = =1+
x + x – 12
2
x + x – 12
2
( x – 3)( x + 4 )

3x + 5 A B A( x + 4 ) + B( x – 3)
Let = + =
( x – 3)( x + 4 ) x– 3 x+ 4 ( x – 3)( x + 4 )

∴ 3x + 5 = A(x + 4) + B(x – 3)
Let x = 3, 14 = A(7) ∴ A=2
Let x = –4, –7 = B(–7) ∴ B=1

x2 + 4x – 7 2 1
∴ =1+ +
x + x – 12
2
x– 3 x+ 4

66 Partial Fractions

3RQ 66 1/15/09, 4:14 PM

 | SOLUTIONS |

5x A Bx + C A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )(2 x + 1)
4. Let = + 2 =
( 2 x + 1)( x + 1)
2
2x + 1 x +1 (2 x + 1)( x 2 + 1)

∴ 5x = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(2x + 1)

1 –5 ⎛ 1⎞
Let x = – , = A ⎜1 ⎟ ∴ A = –2
2 2 ⎝ 4⎠
Let x = 0, 0 = (–2) + C(1) ∴ C=2
Let x = 1, 5 = –2(2) + (B + 2)3 ∴ B=1

5x –2 x+ 2
∴ = + 2
( 2 x + 1)( x + 1)
2
2 x + 1 x +1

9 x 2 + 2 x + 14 A B C A( x – 1)2 + B( x – 1)(2 x + 3) + C (2 x + 3)
5. Let = + + =

∴
( 2 x + 3 )( x – 1) 2 2x + 3 x–1 5( x + 1)2

e
9x2 + 2x + 14 = A(x – 1)2 + B(x – 1)(2x + 3) + C(2x + 3)
∴ C=5
(2 x + 3)( x – 1)2

Let x = 1, 9 + 2 + 14 = C(5)
pl
–3 ⎛9⎞ ⎛ –3 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
Let x = , 9⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ + 14 = A ⎜ ⎟ ∴ A=5
2 ⎝4⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝4⎠
Let x = 0, 14 = 5(1) + B(–3) + 5(3) ∴ B=2
m
9 x 2 + 2 x + 14 5 2 5
∴ = 2 x + 3 + x – 1 + ( x – 1)2
( 2 x + 3 )( x – 1) 2

3x 2 – 4 A Bx + C A( x 2 + 1) + x ( Bx + C )
Sa

6. Let = + =
x ( x 2 + 1) x x +1
2
x ( x 2 + 1)

∴ 3x2 – 4 = A(x2 + 1) + x(Bx + C)

Let x = 0, –4 = A
Let x = 1, –1 = –4(2) + (B + C)
B + C = 7 ...................... (1)
Let x = –1, –1 = –4(2) – (–B + C)
B – C = 7 ....................... (2)
(1) + (2): 2B = 14 ∴ B = 7, C=0

3x 2 – 4 –4 7x
∴ = + 2
x ( x 2 + 1) x x +1

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 67

3RQ 67 1/15/09, 4:14 PM

 | SOLUTIONS |

27 A Bx + C A( x 2 + 9) + x ( Bx + C )
7. Let = + =
x ( x 2 + 9) x x2 + 9 x( x 2 + 9)

∴ 27 = A(x2 + 9) + x(Bx + C)
Let x = 0, 27 = A(9) ∴ A=3
Let x = 1, 27 = 3(10) + (B + C)
B + C = –3 ...................... (1)
Let x = –1, 27 = 3(10) – (–B + C)
B – C = –3 .......................(2)
(1) + (2): 2B = –6 ∴ B = –3, C = 0
27 3 3x
∴ = – 2
x ( x 2 + 9) x x +9

8. Let
x 2 + 16
( 3 – x )( 2 x – 1) 2
=
A
3– x
+
B
2x – 1
+
C
(2 x – 1)2
=

e
A(2 x – 1)2 + B( 3 – x )(2 x – 1) + C ( 3 – x )
( 3 – x )(2 x – 1)2
pl
∴ x2 + 16 = A(2x – 1)2 + B(3 – x)(2x – 1) + C(3 – x)
Let x = 3, 25 = A(5)2 ∴ A=1

1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 13
Let x = , 16 = C ⎜2 ⎟ ∴ C =6 =
m
2 4 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2

13 3
Let x = 0, 16 = 1 + B(–3) + (3) ∴ B=
2 2

x 2 + 16 1 3 13
∴ = + +
Sa

( 3 – x )( 2 x – 1) 2 3 – x 2 ( 2 x – 1) 2 ( 2 x – 1)2

2 x2 – 5x + 1 A B C Ax ( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + Cx 2
9. Let = + 2 + =
x 2 ( x + 1) x x x +1 x 2 ( x + 1)

∴ 2x2 – 5x + 1 = Ax(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + Cx2

Let x = 0, 1 = B(1) ∴ B=1
Let x = –1, 2+5+1=C ∴ C =8
Let x = 1, –2 = A(2) + (2) + 8(1)2 ∴ A = –6

∴ 2 x 2 – 5x + 1 =
2 –6 1 8
+ 2 +
x ( x + 1) x x x+1

68 Partial Fractions

3RQ 68 1/15/09, 4:15 PM

 | SOLUTIONS |

3 x 2 – 20 3( x 2 – 4 ) – 20 + 12 8
10. = =3–
x2 – 4 x2 – 4 ( x + 2)( x – 2)

8 A B A( x – 2) + B( x + 2)
Let = + =
( x + 2)( x – 2) x+ 2 x– 2 ( x + 2)( x – 2)

∴ 8 = A(x – 2) + B(x + 2)

Let x = 2, 8 = B(4) ∴ B=2

Let x = –2, 8 = A(–4) ∴ A = –2
3 x 2 – 20 ⎛ –2 2 ⎞
∴ =3– ⎜ + ⎟
x2 – 4 ⎝ x + 2 x – 2⎠
2 2
=3+ –
x+ 2 x– 2

11.
x2 + 4x – 7
x 2 + x – 12
=
( x 2 + x – 12) + 3x + 5
( x – 3)( x + 4 )
=1+

e
3x + 5
( x – 3)( x + 4 )
pl
3x + 5 A B A( x + 4 ) + B( x – 3)
Let = + =
( x – 3)( x + 4 ) x– 3 x+ 4 ( x – 3)( x + 4 )

∴ 3x + 5 = A(x + 4) + B(x – 3)
m
Let x = 3, 14 = A(7) ∴ A=2
Let x = –4, –7 = B(–7) ∴ B=1

x2 + 4x – 7 2 1
∴ =1+ +
Sa

x + x – 12
2 x– 3 x+ 4

3x 2 3( x 2 + 2 x + 1) – 6x – 3 6x + 3
12. = =3– 2
( x + 1) 2
x + 2x + 1
2
x + 2x + 1

6x + 3 A B A( x + 1) + B
Let = + 2 =
( x + 1)
2
x+1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1)2

∴ 6x + 3 = A(x + 1) + B
Let x = –1, –3 = B
Let x = 0, 3 = A –3 ∴ A=6

3x 2 6 3
∴ =3– +
( x + 1) 2
x+1 ( x + 1)2

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 69

3RQ 69 1/15/09, 4:16 PM

 | SOLUTIONS |

x3 – x2 – 4 x – 5 x–1
13. =x–1+
2
x –1 ( x + 1)( x – 1) x –1)x –x
2 3
–4 2

x3 –x
x – 5 A B A( x – 1) + B( x + 1)
Let = + = – x2 + x – 4
( x + 1)( x – 1) x+1 x–1 ( x + 1)( x – 1)
– x2 +1
∴ x – 5 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1) x–5
= (A + B)x + (–A + B)
∴ A + B = 1 ...................... (1)
A – B = 5 ...................... (2)
(1) + (2): 2A = 6 ∴ A=3
3+B=1 ∴ B = –2

x3 – x2 – 4 3 2
∴ =x–1+ –
2
x –1 x+1 x–1

e
14. Let 43x – 1 =
4x – 1
=
pl
4x – 1
=
A
+
B
+
C
x – 4x x( x 2 – 4 ) x ( x + 2)( x – 2) x x+2 x – 2

A( x + 2)( x – 2) + Bx ( x – 2) + Cx ( x + 2)
=
x ( x + 2)( x – 2)
m
∴ 4x – 1 = A(x + 2)(x – 2) + Bx(x – 2) + Cx(x + 2)
1
Let x = 0, –1 = A(–4) ∴ A=
4

7
Sa

Let x = 2, 7 = 2C(4) ∴ B=
8

9
Let x = –2, –9 = B(–2)(–4) ∴ B=–
8

4x – 1 1 9 7
∴ = – +
3
x – 4x 4 x 8 ( x + 2 ) 8 ( x – 2)

5x + 4
15.
5x2 – x – 6
= 5x + 4 +
–2 x – 1 ) 5x – x – 6
2

x–1 x –1 5x2 – 5x
∴ a = 5, b = 4, c = –2 4x – 6
4x – 4
–2

70 Partial Fractions

3RQ 70 1/15/09, 4:16 PM

 | SOLUTIONS |

2x3 – 9x2 + 7x + 8 2x 3 – 9x2 + 7x + 8

16. = x–3
( 2 x + 1)( x – 2 ) 2 x 2 – 3x – 2
2x2 – 3x – 2 ) 2x3 – 9x2 + 7x + 8
2x3 – 3x2 – 2x
2
=x–3+ – 6x2 + 9x + 8
(2 x + 1)( x – 2)
– 6x2 + 9x + 6
∴ a = 1, b = –3, c=2 2

x–1
x3 – x2 – 4x + 1 3 x – 4 ) x – x – 4x + 1
2 3 2
17. =x–1–
( x – 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x + 2)( x – 2) x3 – 4x
2
∴ a = 1, b = –1, c = –3 –x +1
–x2 +4
–3

e
pl
m
Sa

New Syllabus Additional Mathematics 71

3RQ 71 1/15/09, 4:17 PM