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Note on Animal Tissue

The document outlines the four primary types of tissues in multi-cellular animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues, each with distinct structures and functions. It explains how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis through processes like negative feedback and provides examples of how various systems respond to maintain stability. Failure of these homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disease or death, emphasizing the importance of balanced internal conditions.

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5 views

Note on Animal Tissue

The document outlines the four primary types of tissues in multi-cellular animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues, each with distinct structures and functions. It explains how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis through processes like negative feedback and provides examples of how various systems respond to maintain stability. Failure of these homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disease or death, emphasizing the importance of balanced internal conditions.

Uploaded by

dgpnd.pcsir
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tissues are groups of similar cells carrying out related functions Multi-cellular complex

animals have following four primary types of tissue:

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
1. Epithelial Tissues: Epithelial tissues cover the outside of organs and structures in the
body and line the lumens (the inside space of a tubular structure) of organs in a single
layer or multiple layers of cells. The types of epithelia are classified by the shapes of
cells present and the number of layers of cells.

Examples: Skin Surface, Lining of gastrointestinal tract and other hollow organs.

2. Connective Tissues: Connective tissues are made up of a matrix consisting of living


cells and a non-living substance, called the ground substance. The ground substance
is made of an organic substance (usually a protein) and an inorganic substance
(usually a mineral or water).

The principal cell of connective tissues is the fibroblast. This cell makes the fibers
found in nearly all of the connective tissues.

Examples: Tendon, B one, Fat and other soft padding tissue

3. Muscle Tissues: There are three types of muscle in animal bodies: smooth, skeletal, and
cardiac. They differ by the presence or absence of striations or bands, the number
and location of nuclei, whether they are voluntarily or involuntarily controlled, and
their location within the body.

Examples: Cardiac muscles, Skeletal muscles, Smooth muscles


4. Nervous Tissues: Nervous tissues are made of cells specialized to receive and transmit
electrical impulses from specific areas of the body and to send them to specific
locations in the body. The main cell of the nervous system is the neuron.

The large structure with a central nucleus is the cell body of the neuron. Projections
from the cell body are either dendrites specialized in receiving input or a single axon
specialized in transmitting impulses. A nerve consists of neurons and glial cells.
Example: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
What happens if stability is disrupted?

Remove one stone and the whole arch collapses. The same is true
for the human body. All the systems work together to maintain
stability or homeostasis. Disrupt one system, and the whole body
may be affected.

Homeostasis
All of the organs and organ systems of the human body work
together like a well-oiled machine. This is because they are closely
regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous
system controls virtually all body activities, and the endocrine
system secretes hormones that regulate these activities.
Functioning together, the organ systems supply body cells with all
the substances they need and eliminate their wastes. They also
keep temperature, pH, and other conditions at just the right levels
to support life processes.

Maintaining Homeostasis

The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable


internal environment is called homeostasis. Keeping a stable
internal environment requires constant adjustments. Here are just
three of the many ways that human organ systems help the body
maintain homeostasis:

 Respiratory system: A high concentration of carbon dioxide in


the blood triggers faster breathing. The lungs exhale more
frequently, which removes carbon dioxide from the body
more quickly.
 Excretory system: A low level of water in the blood triggers
retention of water by the kidneys. The kidneys produce more
concentrated urine, so less water is lost from the body.
 Endocrine system: A high concentration of sugar in the blood
triggers secretion of insulin by an endocrine gland called the
pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb sugar
from the blood.

So how does your body maintain homeostasis? The regulation of


your internal environment is done primarily through negative
feedback. Negative feedback is a response to a stimulus that
keeps a variable close to a set value (Figure below). Essentially, it
"shuts off" or "turns on" a system when it varies from a set value.

For example, your body has an internal thermostat. During a


winter day, in your house a thermostat senses the temperature in
a room and responds by turning on or off the heater. Your body
acts in much the same way. When body temperature rises,
receptors in the skin and the brain sense the temperature change.
The temperature change triggers a command from the brain. This
command can cause several responses. If you are too hot, the
skin makes sweat and blood vessels near the skin surface dilate.
This response helps decrease body temperature.

Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood


glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too
high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of
glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is
stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is
produced. When glucose levels are too low,
another hormone called glucagon is produced, which causes the
liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.
Feedback Regulation. If a raise in body temperature (stimulus) is
detected (receptor), a signal will cause the brain to maintain
homeostasis (response). Once the body temperature returns to
normal, negative feedback will cause the response to end. This
sequence of stimulus-receptor-signal-response is used throughout
the body to maintain homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

Some processes in the body are regulated by positive


feedback. Positive feedback is when a response to an event
increases the likelihood of the event to continue. An example of
positive feedback is milk production in nursing mothers. As the
baby drinks her mother's milk, the hormone prolactin, a chemical
signal, is released. The more the baby suckles, the more prolactin
is released, which causes more milk to be produced. Other
examples of positive feedback include contractions during
childbirth. When constrictions in the uterus push a baby into the
birth canal, additional contractions occur.

Failure of Homeostasis
Many homeostatic mechanisms such as these work continuously
to maintain stable conditions in the human body. Sometimes,
however, the mechanisms fail. When they do, cells may not get
everything they need, or toxic wastes may accumulate in the
body. If homeostasis is not restored, the imbalance may lead to
disease or even death.

Summary
 All of the organ systems of the body work together to
maintain homeostasis of the organism.
 If homeostasis fails, death or disease may result.

Review
1. What is homeostasis?
2. Describe how one of the human organ systems helps
maintain homeostasis.
3. A house has several systems, such as the electrical system,
plumbing system, and heating and cooling system. In what
ways are the systems of a house similar to human body
systems?

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