144 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

Chapter 20. Ordinary differential equations II

Exercises 20.3
dy1 dy dy dy1 d2 y dy2
1. (a) Let y1 = y, then dx = dx . Let y2 = dx = dx . Then dx2 = dx .

Then, from the differential equation,

dy2
+ 2y2 + 3y1 = 0
dx
The set of first-order equations is

dy1
= y2
dx
dy2
= −3y1 − 2y2
dx

(b)

dy1
= y2
dx
dy2
= −9y1 − 8y2
dx

(c)

dx1
= x2
dt
dx2
= −6x1 − 4x2
dt

(d)

dy1
= y2
dt
dy2
= −7y1 − 6y2
dt

(e)

dy1
= y2
dx
dy2
= y3
dx
dy3
= −y1 − 2y2 − 6y3
dx

Pearson
c Education Limited 2001
Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 145

(f)

dx1
= x2
dt
dx2
= x3
dt
dx3
= −2x1 − 4x2 − 2x3
dt

2. (a)
Eliminating y2 :

d2 y1 dy1 dy2
= +
dx2 dx dx
dy1
= + 2y1 − 2y2
dx  
dy1 dy1
= + 2y1 − 2 − y1
dx dx

Hence
d2 y1 dy1
+ − 4y1 = 0
dx2 dx

(b) Eliminating y2 :

d2 y1 dy1 dy2
= 2 −
dx2 dx dx
dy1
= 2 − (4y1 + y2 )
dx  
dy1 dy1
= 2 − 4y1 − − + 2y1
dx dx

Hence
d2 y1 dy1
2
−3 + 6y1 = 0
dx dx

(c) Eliminating x2 :

d2 x1 dx1 dx2
= 3 +
dt2 dt dt
dx1
= 3 + 2x1 − 3x2
dt  
dx1 dx1
= 3 + 2x1 − 3 − 3x1
dt dt

Hence
d2 x1
− 11x1 = 0
dt2

Pearson
c Education Limited 2001
146 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

(d) Eliminating y2 :

d2 y1 dy1 dy2
= 2+4
dt2 dt dt
dy1
= 2 + 4(6y1 − 7y2 )
dt  
dy1 dy1
= 2 + 24y1 − 7 − 2y1
dt dt

Hence
d2 y1 dy1
2
+5 − 38y1 = 0
dt dt

3. Eliminating y2 :

d2 y1 dy1 dy2
= 2+6
dt2 dt dt
dy1
= 2 + 6(−2y1 − 5y2 )
dt  
dy1 dy1
= 2 − 12y1 − 5 − 2y1
dt dt

Hence
d2 y1 dy1
+3 + 2y1 = 0
dt2 dt

This has auxiliary equation k 2 + 3k + 2 = 0 so that k = −1, −2. Then

y1 = Ae−t + Be−2t

In terms of y2 it follows that

1 2
y2 = − Ae−t − Be−2t
2 3
    
y1 2 6 y1
=
y2 −2 −5 y2

Exercises 20.6
A table of solutions is provided in the textbook.

Exercises 20.7
A table of solutions is provided in the textbook.

Exercises 20.8
A table of solutions is provided in the textbook.

Pearson
c Education Limited 2001
Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual 147

Review Exercises 20

1.

dx
= x2 − 2xt, x(0) = 2
dt
With h = 0.1 we have
t = 0, x = 2
t = 0.1, x = 2.4000
t = 0.2, x = 2.9280
t = 0.3, x = 3.6682
t = 0.4, x = 4.7937.

2. For y1 we have 0, 0.9000, 0.8190, 0.7535. For y2 we have 0, −0.9000, −0.8190, −0.7535.
dy dy1
3. (a) Let y1 = y; let y2 = dt = dt . Then

dy2
+ 6y2 + 8y1 = 0
dt
Finally
dy2
= −8y1 − 6y2
dt
dy1
= y2
dt

(b)
dx2
3 + 5x2 + 4x1 = 0
dt
So
dx2 dx1
3 = −4x1 − 5x2 , = x2
dt dt
dx dx1 d2 x dx2
(c) Let x1 = x; let x2 = dt = dt ; let x3 = dt2 = dt .

Then
dx3
4 = −5x1 − 6x2 − 8x3
dt
4. (a)

d2 y1 dy1 dy2
= +43
dx2 dx dx
dy1
= 3 + 2(6y1 + 8y2 )
dx  
dy1 dy1
= 3 + 12y1 + 4 − 3y1
dx dx
Hence
d2 y1 dy1
−7 =0
dx2 dx

Pearson
c Education Limited 2001
148 Croft,Davison and Hargreaves,Engineering Mathematics,Solutions Manual

(b)

d2 x1 dx1 dx2
= 6 −5
dt2 dt dt
dx1 5
= 6 − (4x1 − 3x2 )
dt 2  
dx1 3 dx1
= 6 − 10x1 + − + 6x1
dt 2 dt

Hence
d2 x1 9 dx1
− + x1 = 0
dt2 2 dt

(c)
 
d2 y1 dy1 dy1 dy1
2
=8 + 2(4y1 − 6y2 ) = 8 + 8y1 − 3 − 8y1
dt dt dt dt
Then
d2 y1 dy1
2
−5 − 32y1 = 0
dt dt

Pearson
c Education Limited 2001