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2%2BReactions

The document outlines various types of chemical reactions including precipitation, acid/base, redox, decomposition, combination, and hydrolysis reactions, along with guidelines for predicting solubility and reaction outcomes. It provides definitions and examples for each reaction type, emphasizing the importance of balanced equations and understanding oxidation states. Additionally, it discusses the activity series of metals and their ability to oxidize or be oxidized in aqueous solutions.

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12 views24 pages

2%2BReactions

The document outlines various types of chemical reactions including precipitation, acid/base, redox, decomposition, combination, and hydrolysis reactions, along with guidelines for predicting solubility and reaction outcomes. It provides definitions and examples for each reaction type, emphasizing the importance of balanced equations and understanding oxidation states. Additionally, it discusses the activity series of metals and their ability to oxidize or be oxidized in aqueous solutions.

Uploaded by

j8374442
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REACTION TYPES

TYPES OF REACTIONS
• useful to classify reactions into reaction types

• reactions can be in more than one category

First Need BALANCED equation


1 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Only one of the products is insoluble in the reaction solvent.

Ionic compounds which are soluble in water, dissociate aqueous ions

Insoluble in water  not dissociate (not form aqueous ions)

AgCl is insoluble in water


 forms a solid (precipitate).

The Na+ and NO3- ions are spectator ions  they are not participating
in the reaction (both ions remain in aqueous form).

Need to know solubility of ionic compounds


GUIDELINES FOR PREDICTING SOLUBILITY
Soluble Ionic Compounds

Compounds Containing Important Exceptions (i.e. not soluble)


NO3- CH3COO- None
Cl- Br- I- Compounds of Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+
SO42- Compounds of Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ and Hg22+

Insoluble Ionic Compounds


Compounds Containing Important Exceptions (i.e. soluble)
S2- OH- Compounds of alkali metal cations,
NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
CO32- PO43- Compounds of alkali metal cations,
NH4+
ACID/BASE DEFINITIONS
Brønsted definition of acid and base:
Acid: any compound which can donate a proton (H+).
 HCl is a Brønsted acid (can donate H+).

Base: any compound which can accept a proton.


 NH3 is a Brønsted base (forms ammonium cation, NH4+).

In aqueous solution:
Acids produce H+ ions (often written as H3O+)
Bases produce [OH]- ions
Examples:

HCl + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


(acidic solution)

NH3 + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)


(basic solution)
2 ACID/BASE REACTIONS

Acid + Base  Salt + Water (Salt  any ionic compound)

e.g. 2HCl + Mg(OH)2  MgCl2 + 2H2O

Carbonic acid is unstable and decomposes in water.

 Carbonate, CO32-, and hydrogen carbonate, HCO32-, form CO2


when neutralised

e.g. 2HCl + Na2CO3  2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Antacids [Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3] work by neutralising the excess acid


(HCl) in the stomach.
3 REDOX REACTIONS
Electrons are transferred from one reactant to another.
2Zn + O2 2ZnO
Oxidation state (O/S) of Zn changes from 0 to +2.
Zn has lost electrons; we say it has been oxidised.
O/S of O2 changes from 0 to -2.
O has gained electrons  it has been reduced.

Less electronegative element (Zn) is oxidised.

More electronegative element (O) is reduced.

OILRIG  Oxidation is loss Reduction is gain (of electrons)


Other examples:

2Na + Cl2  2NaCl (Na oxidised, Cl reduced)

NaH + HCl  H2 + NaCl

H-I (in NaH) and H+I (in HCl) both change to H0 in H2.

The 2nd example is an acid/base reaction as well as redox.


i.e. HCl = acid, [H]- = base.
4 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
A reaction in which a substance breaks down
(decomposes) into two or more substances.

Often it is a thermal reaction, i.e. it requires heating.


CaCO (s) D CaO(s) + CO (g)
3 2
(D above arrow indicates heating is required.)

Cu(OH)2 D CuO + H2O.

2NaN3 (s) 2Na (s) + 3N2 (g)


Used in car airbags. On impact the NaN3 is ignited, forms
N2 as a gas, which fills the airbag.
5 COMBINATION (ADDITION) REACTIONS

This occurs when two or more substances combine to


form a new compound.

2Mg + O2  2MgO
This reaction is used in flares to produce the bright flame.

2H2 + O2  2H2O

CaO + CO2  CaCO3


6 HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
Reactions of compounds with water.
Many covalent oxides and all ionic oxides undergo
hydrolysis.

Covalent oxides are usually oxides of non-metals.


They react with water to give acidic solutions.
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4

Ionic oxides are usually metal oxides.


These react with water to give basic (alkaline) solutions
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
QUESTIONS
1. Predict the product of the following reaction and write a balanced
equation: Na O + H O 
2 2

2. Would you expect NO2 to give an acidic or a basic solution on


reaction with H2O? Explain your answer

3. Predict the product of the following reaction and write a balanced


equation: Na SO + HCl 
2 3

4. The rusting of iron (with H2O and O2) is an example of hydrolysis


with redox. Which elements are oxidised and reduced in this
reaction?
4 Fe + 2 H2O + 3 O2  4 Fe(O)OH
5. In the practical course, you do the reaction below. What has been
oxidised and what has been reduced in this reaction?
3Cu + 8HNO3  3Cu(NO3)2 +4H2O + 2NO.
PREDICTING REACTIONS
Predicting Reactions

Can we predict reactions – yes (and no, otherwise chemistry


wouldn’t be fun!)

Guidelines can help – but need to know things such as:

Metallic/non-metallic character of elements involved

Common oxidation states of elements involved

Similarity to other compounds we have studied (e.g. similar


reactions etc.)
Things to consider…
1 Is an acid-base reaction likely?
Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates are generally
basic.

Non-metal oxides and non-metal hydroxides are generally acidic.

2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O


Acid Base Salt Water

SO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + H2O


Acid Base Salt Water
2 Identify each element as metal/non-metal from its position in
periodic table.
What are the possible and common oxidation states?
Is a redox reaction likely to happen?
Generally, a less electronegative element (or its compound) will
reduce a more electronegative element (or its compound)

Mg + Cl2 MgCl2

S8 + 8O2 8SO2

Mg + SnCl2 MgCl2 + Sn
3 If not redox or acid/base reaction, consider the other reaction
types:

Precipitation, Decomposition, Combination, Hydrolysis

4 CONDITIONS? Very important

Consider reaction of sulfur with oxygen:


S8 + 8O2 8SO2
V2O5
2SO2 + O2 2SO3

Need a catalyst for the 2nd reaction to take place (on a reasonable
timeframe), industrially use V2O5.

Note: The catalyst is put over the arrow (similar to Δ). Can also
indicate light with hν, or uv etc.
5 Can any products that are formed react with each other?

Reaction of phosphorus and fluorine:

P4 + 6F2 4PF3

If more F2 present, can proceed from +3 to +5 oxidation state.

PF3 + F2 4PF5
All Elements are infinite solids  empirical formula, except the
following molecules:

H2
N2 O2 F2
P4 S8 Cl2
Br2
I2
ACTIVITY SERIES
In Aqueous Solution  predict redox reactions

Any element on list can be oxidised by ions of an element its right:

Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, H2, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pt, Au
Easier to oxidise Harder to oxidise

Explains why Au so appealing: very hard to oxidise in aqueous solution.

Note: in 12th Edition this is Table 4.5 (elements are ordered with Li at top and Au at
bottom)
ACTIVITY SERIES
The series is considering the reaction:

M(s) Mn+(aq)

M indicates any metal which can form a cation of charge +n

For most metals it is oxidation to the expected cation,


e.g. Li +1, Ca +2, Al +3

For those metals which can form different ions, the series refers to
the following:
+1: Ag
+2: Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Pt
+3: Cr, Au
ACTIVITY SERIES

Q Will iron(II) chloride (aq) oxidise magnesium metal?

Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, H2, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pt, Au

Fe is to the right of Mg  an aqueous solution will oxidise Mg:

Mg(s) + Fe2+(aq) Mg2+(s) + Fe(s)


Questions
Predict the products of the following reactions and write balanced
equations for them.
1. sulfur and fluorine
2. potassium and phosphorus
3. sulfur dioxide and water
4. ammonium carbonate and magnesium nitrate
5. sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide
6. sulfurous acid and potassium hydroxide
7. strongly heat sodium carbonate
8. hydrochloric acid and nickel (Ni)

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