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......-………..』
 4 Animal Development . . . . . . ... .... ”·· ... ”· . 51
Fertilization . . . . . . . . . ... …........ ... 52
Influence
- i of Yolk on Cleavage Patterns . . ... …........ ... 52
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Sea Star Embryonic Development . . . . . ... .......... 54
Unfertilized Egg …………… 54
Fertilized Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
丁wo-Cell through Eight-Cell Stages . . . . . 54
Morula (16- 32 Cell Stages) . . . . . . . . . 54
Blastula (64+ Cell Stages) . . . . . . . . . . 54
Early Gastru la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Late Gastrula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Bipinnaria Larva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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…·. - Frog Embryonic Development 57
Unfertilized Egg …………… 57
Ferti Iized Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Early Cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Late CI eavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Blastu la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
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In Vitro Fertilization with Sea Urchins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Precautions for Successful Development . . . 63
Obtaining Gametes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ferti Iization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Questions for Review . ………………··... ... 67
Laboratory Practical Challenge .. ……………........ ... 69

5 Tax。n。my and Systematics ................. . 71

Exe附eS-1 Introduction to Classical 丁axonomy I ... .... ... ....... 72
Naming Earth ’s Living 丁hings . . . . . . . . . 72
Hierarchical Classification . . . . . . . . . . 73
五e附 Interpreting and Constructing Phylogenies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Linking Classification and Systematiζs . . . . 75
How Phylogenies Are Reconstructed . . . . . 76
Sources of Phylogenetic Information . . . . . 78
Building Simple Phylogenies . . . . . . . . . 78
Using Molecular Evidence to Determine
Evolutionary Relationsh ips . . . . . . . . 83
Questions for Review . .... 85

Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

6 Animal-like P刚ists . . . . . . . ... ....... .. ... 87
Evolutionary
- i- History . .... ·.... ... ...... 88

一A
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Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids) ..........
FE
89

－
- -
Euglenoids (ex. Euglena) . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Kinetoplastids (ex. 开ypanosoma) . . . . . . 91
[ Exercise 6-2 [ Alveolata (Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates) . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Dinoflagellates (Phylum Dinoflagellata) . . . 93
Apiζomplexans (Phylum Apicomplexa) . . . . 95

- !
Cil iates (Phylum Ciliophora) . . . . . . . . . 96
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Unikonta (Amoebas, Choanoflagellates, Animals, Fungi) . . . . . . . . . 100
－

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Amoebas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Choanoflagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Questions for Review . . . . . . . ...... .......... .......... .. 103
Laboratory Practical Challenge . . ...... .......... ........... .. 105

7 Sponges .” ..... ... ．．．．．翩翩

....” 107
Sponge Body Types . . . . . . . ..... .......... ..... .... .. 108
Evolutionary History . ... ... …..... ... ....... .. 109
[ Exercise 7-1 [ Sponge Anatomy . . ..... ................... . . 110
Reproduction in Sponges . . . . . . . . . 112
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Observation of Spicules: The Sponge Skeleton . . . . 113
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Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . 119

Laboratory Practical Challenge . . ............... . 121

8 Cten。ph。res and Cnidarians . . ... ....... .. ... 123

Evolutionary History . ..... ... .......... .. 125
[~ercise 8-1] Hydrozoans (Class Hydrozoa) . ..... ...... ....... ... .. 126
Solitary Hydrozoans . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
The Cnidocyte: A Closer Look . ..... .... .................. . 128
Colonial Hydrozoans . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
[ Exercise 8-2 1True Jellyfish (Class Scyphozoa) . . .... ..... ..... .. 132
l－~~~~二生
- 1- Sea Anemones and Corals (Class Anthozoa) . . . . . ... .. 135
一。。一
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Comb Jellies (Phylum Ctenophora) .. ... .. 138
[ Exercise 8-5 Investigating Cnidarian Feeding Behavior . . . . ..........
I .. 140
Using the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . 142
Questions for Review . . . ...... .... . 147
Laboratory Practical Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . 149

CONTENTS
 9 Flatw。『’’n ..... ... ....... ... .. 151
Animal Body Plans . . . . . ··.... ...... …........ ... .. 152
Evolutionary
i - History . . . . . ..... ...... …... ..... ... .. 152

－且
－ r』
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Planaria (Class Turbellaria) ....... ..... .......... .. 154
Exercise 9-2 Flukes (Class Trematoda) ….....
I I ...... ..... ... .. 157
Sheep Liver Fluke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Human Liver Fluke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
［以ercise 9－王J Tapeworms (Cla岱 Cestoda) .. …·.. ..... …... ... . . 161
Exercise 9-4 Investigating Flatworm Behaviors . . . . . ... ..... ...
I .. 165
Chemosensory and Feeding Behaviors . . . 165
Photosensory Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . 165
丁acti le Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
A Simple Model for Learning . . . . . . . . 168
I Exercise 9-5 I Investigating Regeneration in Flatworms ................ .. 170
Questions for Review . . ... ... .. 173
Laboratory Practical Challenge .. ·... ... . . 175

10 Roundworms and Rotifers .. ... ....... ... .. 177

Evolutionary History . . .... ..... .......... .. 179
IExercise 10-1 J Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) . .......... ..... .. 180
Ascaris Internal Anatomy . . . . . . . . 182
Ascaris Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . 184

[_;~~-r~]~~- !_
Q_-i_l Investigating Locomotion in the Vinegar Eel .... .... .. 185
Using the Scientific Method . . ... ... .. 187
际二rcise 10-31 Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera) . ... .... .. 189
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .......... ..... .. 193
Laboratory Practical Challenge . ... .......... ..... .. 195

11 Molluscs . .......... ....... ... .. 197

Evolutionary History . …··.......... ......... ........ .. 199
[ Exercise 11-1 Snails, Slugs, and Nudibranchs (Class Gastropoda)
... .. 200
险些isell-21 Clams and Mussels (Class Bivalvia) . …........... .. 202
Feeding and Reproduction . . . . . . . 206
Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
[ Exercise 11-31 Squid and Octopuses (Class Cephalopoda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 210
Digestion, Excretion, and Respiration . . . 213
Circulation .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
丁he Cephalopod Eye . . . . . . . . . . 217
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . ...... .......... ... .. 219
Laboratory Practical Challenge . …··.. ……··... ... .. 221

VIII Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

12 Annelids . . . . . . . . . .. ..... ..... 223
Evolutionary History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. 224
IExercise 12-11 Sandworms (Class Polychaeta) ...... .... ... .. 225
IExercise 12-2 I Earthworms (Class Clitellata, Subclass Oligochaeta) .... .. 229
Earthworm External Anatomy . . . . . . 229
Earthworm Internal Anatomy . . . . . . 230
Earthworm Reproduction . . . . . . . . 236
IExercise 12-3 I Leeches (Class Clitellata, Subclass Hirudinea) ..... ... .. 237
IExercise 12-4 I Investigating Annelid Circulation and Locomotion . ..... .. 239
Observation of Circu lation . . . . . . . 239
Observation of Locomotion and Reflexes 240
Questions for Review . ·.................. .. 245
Laboratory Practical Challenge . ……............. .. 247

13 Arthr。p。ds . . . . . . . . . . ... 249

Evolutionary History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
IExercise 13-11 Trilobites (Subphylum Trilobitomorpha, Class Trilobita) . . . . . . . . 252
I Exercise 13-2 I Horseshoe Crabs (Subphylum Chelicera钮， Class Merostomata) . . . . 253
IExercise 13-3 J Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks, and Mites
(Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida) . .... .. 255
I Exercise 13-4 I Centipedes (Subphylum Myriapoda, Class Chilopoda) . . . . . . . . 256
I Exercise 13引 Millipedes (Subphylum Myriapoda, Class Diplopoda) . . . . . . . . . 256
I Exercise 13-6 I Crustaceans (Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca) . . . . . . . 256
Crayfish External Anatomy . . 257
Crayfish Internal Anatomy . . . . . . . 261
IExercise 13-7 I Insects (Subphylum Hexapoda, Class lnsecta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Grasshopper External Anatomy . . . . . 268
Grasshopper Internal Anatomy . . . . . 271
I Exercise 13-8 I Investigating Orientation Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Responses to Humidity
and Light in lsopods . . . . . . . . 274
Using the Scientific Method . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 276
Using the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ...... .... .. 278
Phototaxis in Cladocercans . . . . . . . 280
Using the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
’‘

Laboratory Practical Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

CONTENTS
 14 Echin。derm .............. ..... ... .. 289
Evolutionary History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
’
·四·
I Exercise 14-11 Sea Lilies, Feather Stars (Class Crinoidea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
IExercise 14-2 I Brittle Stars (Class Ophiuroidea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
IExercise 14-3 I Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars (Class Echinoidea) ... ... .. 293
I Exe叫se 14-4 Sea Stars (Class Asteroidea) ...... ... ........ .. 294
Sea Star External Anatomy . . . . . . . 294
Sea Star Internal Anatomy . . . . . . . 296
I Exercise 14-5 I Sea Cucumbers (Class Holothuroidea) ··......... .. 300
IExercise 14-6 I Investigating Locomotion in Sea Stars and Sea Urchins . ... .. 302
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Laboratory Practical Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

15 Tunicates and Cephalochordates ... ..... ... .. 309

Evolutionary History . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . 311
I Exercise 15-1 I Tunicates (Subphylum Urochordata) . . ·... ..... ... .. 312
Adult 丁uni cates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3
Larval Tunicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
际ercise 15-2 Lancelets (Subphylum Cephalochordata) . . ... ........ .. 315
Questions for Review . ..... ... .. 319
Laboratory Practical Challenge . ... ... .. 321

16 Jawless Fishes . .. ..... ... .. 323

Evolutionary History . . ... ..... .... .. 324
IExercise 16-1 I Lampreys (Class Petromyzontida) ....... ..... ... .. 325
External Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Internal Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Larval Lamprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Questions for Review . . . . . ..... ...... .......... ... .. 333
Laboratory Practical Challenge ..... ...... .......... ... .. 335

17 Cartilaginous Fishes ..... .......... ... .. 337

Evolutionary History . . .......................... .. 338
IExercise 17-1 I Sharks, Rays, and Skates (Class Chondrichthyes) . ... ... .. 339
External Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems . . . 347
Exe陀tory and Reproductive Systems . . . 352
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . ...... .......... ... .. 355
Laboratory Practical Challenge . …··.. ……··... ... .. 357

Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

18 Ray-finned Fishes . ..... .. ... 359
Evolutionary Histo叩 ·．．．．． …...... .. 360
·四－
I Exercise 18-11 Ray-finned Fishes (Class Actinopterygii) . ... ....... .. 361
Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
External Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Excretory and Reproductive Systems . . . 368
Cirζulatory and Respiratory Systems . . . 370
Questions for Review . .......... ........... .. 373
Laboratory Practical Challenge . . . . . . .......... .......... .. 375

19 Amphibians . .. ... .. ..... .. .... 377

Evolutionary History . . ........... ....... .. 378
I Exercise 19-1 I Frogs (Order Anura) ……................... .. 381
Exte rna I Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 81
Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Musculature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems . . . 393
Urogenital System . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Questions for Review . .......... ........... .. 403
Laboratory Practical Challenge . .......... .......... .. 405

20 Reptiles . ..... .. . 407

Evolutionary History . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 409
!Exe附e 20-1 I Turtles and Tortoises (Order Testudines) . . . ... ..... .. 410
External Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems . . . 419
Urogenital System . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

以“I~~. ~~·亿｜ Snakes and Lizards (Order Squamata) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

External Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems . . . 430
Urogenital System . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
际二~se20-3 J Alligators and Crocodiles (Order Crocodilia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Laboratory Practical Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

CONTENTS
 21 Birds .. ... .. ..... ... .. 441
Evolutionary History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 ’

IExercise 21-11 Birds (Class Aves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Skeletal System . 444
Respiratory System ............ 445
Digestive System ............. 447
Circulatory System ............ 451
Reproductive and Excretory Systems . . . 452
IExercise 21-2 I A Closer Look at Feathers ... ........ ... ........ .. 455
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... .. 457
Laboratory Practical Challenge . …··.. . . . . . …... ... .. 459

22 Mammals . . . . . . ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. 461

Evolutionary History .. . . . . . . ...... ... ........ .. 463
IExercise 22-1 I Skeletal System . ·.... . . . . . .... …….. ... .. 464
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IExercise 22-3 I Rats (Order Rodentia) . . . . . . .. 495

External Anatomy . 495
Musculature . 497
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Exc陀tory and Reproductive Systems . . . 514
Endocrine System . 518
[ Exercise 22-4] Nervous System .... . . . . . .. 520
丁he Mammalian Brain . . . . . . . . . . 520
The Mammalian Eye . . . . . . . . . . 524
I
[ Exercise 22-5 Sheep Heart . . . . . . ….... . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 526
Questions for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …... . . . . . ... . . 531

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Photo Credits . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
’‘

Index . . . . . . ’民 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
’民

XII Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

 aoorator

afety guidelines in biology laboratories are often taken with a tongue-in-cheek approach,
but should be taken seriously. Many of you casually think,“What could happen to me
in zoo lab ?” Although you certainly don’t often run the risk of catching yourself on fire
or blowing up something (these risks are more akin to a chemistry lab), there are plenty
of avenues for accidents of all sorts in the zoology lab. Integral to learning about zoology
is accepting the responsibility that comes with doing zoology. In your pursuit of knowledge
about the animal kingdom, you will immerse yourself in observations, dissections, and
experiments, each with their own specific protocols, techniques, and inherent perils. Don’t
become complacent about the purported sanctuary of the zoology lab. Accidents can
happen-and will happen if you let down your guard.
A common complaint is that too many rules take the fun out of lab. Common sense
dictates that some degree of “ looseness ” must be sacrificed to gain the necessary level of
safety that will ensure a positive lab experience. The laboratory is no place for a carefree,
haphazard attitude. In the proper perspective, howeve乌 these basic guidelines will keep you
safer and happier and will teach you the appropriate protocols that allow zoologists to
study their organisms safely and effectively.
The following list of basic safety rules for the laboratory is offered as a guide to make
yo旧 laboratory experiences safe and enjoyable. It is by no means a complete list but,
rather, a starting point upon which the instructor can build a tailored list to suit your
specific laboratory. Remember-your best defense against accidents in the lab and your
greatest asset in dealing with situations when they arise is common sense. If that fails
you, alert your instructor!

Basic Laboratory Safety Guidelines

• Never eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory to prevent intake of chemicals or
pathogens.
• Keep your hands away from your mouth, eyes, and nose as much as possible
during lab.
• Wear close-toed shoes that adequately protect your feet.
• Wear protective gloves and/or goggles when handling or dissecting preserved
specimens.
• Keep track of the materials on your workbench, and keep your workbench
uncluttered.
• Place any disposable or broken glass in their properly designated containers.
• Place disposable scalpel blades, razor blades, syringe needles, and other sharp metal
objects in their properly designated containers.
• Replace dull or broken scalpel blades (have yo旧 instructor demonstrate this process).
Accidents occur more frequently with dull scalpels because more force is needed to cut
with them, increasing the chance of slipping.

XIII
 • Know the locations of the first-aid kit and eyewash fountain in your laboratory and
know how to use them. Your instructor should discuss these safety items during the
first laboratory period. If they are not discussed, ask about them.
• Report any electrical anomalies to your instructor immediately (for example, frayed
electrical cords, bare wires, broken plugs, foreign objects in sockets, faulty switches).
• Alert your instructor in the event of an accident-no matter how harmless it seems!
There may be unseen dangers of which you are not aware.
• Report any contact with human blood to your instructor immediately.
• Clean your lab bench and other work surfaces at the end of each lab period.
• Wash your hands carefully with soap and warm wate乌 and rinse them thoroughly
before leaving the laboratory.

Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

 -

如5

ζH APTER

After completing the exercises in this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Understand metric weights and measurements. 4 Identify the parts of a stereoscopic microscope and
understand how to use it.
2 Identify the parts of aζompound microsζope and
understand how to use it. 5 Disζ阳

3 Make a wet mount of a specimen on a microscope slide. 6 Interpret 陀ferenζes to body symmetry, body planes,
and body regions of animals.

1
 Metric Weights Materials Needed
and Measurements O metersticks
O metric rulers
Scientists throughout the world use a standardized system of weights and O staples
measurements, the metric system. This system has been adopted by virtually O graduated cylinders
every major country around the world with the exception of the United (SO ml, 100 ml, 1,000 ml)
qq e0 en pg

0
States. As a result, U.S. students often are not as familiar with the relation- CLU

rL
td
’

阳
ships of metric units. Yet, the metric system has crept into our society in a --

户tHM
-B
J

few areas (2-liter soda bottles, 35 mm cameras, 9 mm handguns, etc.). In O paper clips
general, all scientific measurements that you make should be in metric units,
O electronic or triple beam balances
but you occasionally may obtain measurements in English units or be given
them from another source, so a conversion table is provided in Table 1-1
for your reference. Because you probably have had some prior training with the metric system, the attention to metrics
will be brief here, serving as a review of the basic concepts of the metric system.
In the metric system the basic unit of length is the meter (m), the basic unit of volume is the liter (L), the basic unit
of mass is the gram (g), and the basic unit of temperature is the degree Celsius (°C). The metric system is conveniently
based on units of 10, which simplifies conversions from one metric unit to another. Simply moving a decimal point
to the right or the left is usually all that is needed to convert from one metric unit to another.
Units of area are obtained by squaring the respective metric unit of length (for example, 25 cm2). Units of volume
are obtained either by cubing the respective metric unit of length (for example, 1 cm3) or by measuring the displacement
of the item in a fluid volume (for example, 1 ml).
The metric system was designed around the basic physical properties of water-one of the most abundant com-
pounds on our planet. At sea level, under standard atmospheric pressure (one atmosphere), water boils at 100°C and
freezes at 0°C. One gram (1 g) of water at 4°C occupies one cubic centimeter (1 cm斗， or one milliliter (1 ml), of volume.
Fluid measurements in cubic centimeters (cm3) are commonly abbreviated with the designation “ cc.”

Procedure
1 Obtain a meterstick or metric ruler from your instructor and measure the following items:
Leng·th: Area:
Pencil = cm Student ID card = cm2
2
Staple= 口1日1 Table surface = 日1

Your height = 日1

2 0 btain graduated cylinders of several sizes from

I Note .J
When reading the volume of fluid in a graduated cylinder,
your instructor, and measure the volume of fluid
p。sition your eyes level with the water line in the cylinder,
that the following items can hold: and record your measurement by aligning with the bottom
Coffee cup = ml 。f the meniscus (the curved surface of fluid caused by surface
tension between the fluid and the walls of the cylinder).
Gallon jug = L

3 If an electronic balance or a triple beam balance is available, record the mass of the following objects:
Paper clip= mg Coffee cup (empty) = kg
Quarter = g Pencil= g

Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

 4 Using Table 1-1 as a guide, convert the following measurements:
187 cm = m 37.9 日. oz.= ml 32.3 lb. = kg

nutkσb
a og
npa

σb
763 mm = in. 4.7 L = 37°C = 。F

42 yd. = 口1 4,845 g = -15°F = 。C

6.2 mi.= km 0.32 kg= 100°F = oc

Ira协 1-1 IConversion Table of Metric Units and Their English Equivalents
Units 。f Length Units of v。 lume Units of Mass Units 。f Temperature
aj10o

J川 eobh
11

mdn 队。
mLN3o
fL al rL m4

－一－一－－

「吨d
nu

－
= 5/9 （。F 32)

u
1 m = 39.4 in. 1 liter = 1 000 ml 。C -

勇气 d 户
d
rz fL

角
气
+

d
+
= 1.1 yd. = 1 000 cm3 t + 32

d
t 。F = (9/5）。C
nuJ

hJ
= 100 cm = 2. 1 pints Ex: 37。ζ ＝ 98.6。F (body tem p)
ny

句l
= 1,000 mm = 0.26 gal. 。。C = 32。F (H20 f .p.)
= 0.001 km = 35 fl . oz. 100。C = 212 。F (H20 b.p.)
1 cm = 0.394 in. 1 ml = 0.035 fl. oz. 1 kg = 1,000 g
= 10 mm = 1 cm3(1 cc) = 2.2 lb.

1 mm = 0.0394 i 门 ． 1 gal. = 3.85 L 1 oz. = 28.35 g

1 nm = 10·9 m 1 fl. oz. = 28.6 ml 1 lb. = 0.45 kg
= 10·6 mm 1 qt. = 0.943 L
1 yd. = 0.91 m
1 ft. = 30.5 cm
1 mi. = 1.61 km
1 in. = 2.54cm

Materials Needed
The Compound Microscope 口 compound microscope

口 slide of letter 飞”
The compound microscope is a tool that you will use repeatedly in the 口 slide of crossed threads
laboratory to reveal tiny structures and details that cannot be seen with 口 slide of ruler section
the unaided eye. Unfortunately, many students do not refine their microscope (or clear plastic ruler)
skills to their maximum potential and, thus, consistently miss a substantial
portion of the material presented in laboratory exercises that utilize mi-
croscopes. Dozens of hours in front of the microscope will be necessary to polish your technique to the point where
everything you look at is in sharp contrast and clearly focused. Whether you have or have not used a microscope
before, you should read through this section carefully and perform the accompanying exercises. There is something
for everyone to learn here. Your first goal is to familiarize yourself with the mechanical parts of the compound
m C 0 p3copie
γA

Procedure
1 Obtain a compound microscope from the cabinet. Be sure to carry it with both hands while transporting it to
your laboratory bench. Microscopes are expensive, precision instruments that may be damaged easily by dropping
O excepapa---ve-)
a rL nub ··EA
俨A

俨A

Fundamental Laboratory Skills I CHAPTER I

2 Label the diagram of the compound microscope in Figure 1.1 with the terms for the major parts. Because numerous
brands and models of microscopes are available, some features on your microscope may differ slightly from the
one illustrated in the figure. Your instructor will point out any differences between your microscope and the one
illustrated.
ocular lenses-lenses nearest the eye through which you look
objective lenses-lenses of different magnification that work in conjunction with ocular lenses to magnify the
image, located just above the stage
body-housing that keeps ocular and objective lenses in proper alignment
nosepieα一…revolving housing that supports objective lenses
arm-supports microscope body, stage, and adjustment knobs
coarse-focus adjustment knob-moves stage up or down to focus image
fine-focus adjustment knob-permits precise focusing
stage-supports slides
stage clips (may be absent)-hold slide in steady, stationary position
stage adjustment knob • move stage to center slide under objective lens
condenser-lens mounted beneath stage that focuses the light beam on the specimen
iris diaphragm-mounted beneath stage near condenser; regulates amount of light illuminating specimen
condenser adjustment knob-moves condenser lens up or down to focus light (not visible on diagram)
illuminator-source of light
base-supports microscope unit
light intensity adjustment dial-rheostat (dimmer switch) that permits further adjustment of light intensity
power switch-turns microscope light on or off

’·’ Label the pa同s of the compound binocular microscope.

Photo cou 同esy of Nikon Instruments Inc. (h忧p://www.nikonimagelibra 叩. com), Melville, NY, USA.

Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

Care and Use of the 岛1icroscope
After familiarizing yourself with the basic parts of the microscope, you are ready for some hands-on use.

Procedure
1 Clean the ocular and objective lenses by gently
wiping them with dry lens pape汇 Never use Kimwipes®, paper
towels, or other paper materials
2 Unwrap the cord, plug in the microscope, and turn
on the power switch. If you do not see any light CAUTION to clean microscope lenses!
These materials are abrasive
coming from the illuminato鸟 check to ensure that and may scratch the lenses.
the light intensity slide near the power switch (if
present) is not set to the lowest setting. If that fails,
alert your instructo乌 because you may have a burned-out bulb.
3 Rotate the nosepiece until the low-power objective lens “ clicks ” firmly into place directly over the stage. On
most microscopes the lowest-power lens is either a 4 × or a 10 × lens. The number will be stamped on the side
of the lens. On some microscopes, the lowest-power lens is r eferred to as the “ scanning lens.”
4 Turn the coarse-focus adjustment knob to completely raise the stage until there are only a few milli口1eters between
the stage and the objective lens. On some microscopes, adjustment of the coarse-focus knob moves the entire
microscope body rather than the stage.
5 Place a slide of the letter “ e ” on the stage with the “e” faci吨 upright and centered with the “ e ” directly over the
hole in the stage and surrounded by a circle of light.
6 Adjust the iris dia.p hragm to the midway position, allowi吨 a moderate amount of light to penetrate the slide.
You may open or close the iris diaphragm later as needed to fine-tune the clarity of the image. As a rule of
thumb, the higher the magnification you use, the more light you will need to see an image clearly.
7 Look through the ocular lenses at the letter “ e ” and adjust the distance between the ocular lenses to match the
distance between your pupils. Resist the temptation to close one eye when looking through the microscope!
This is not an effective alternative to using both eyes and will eliminate the advantages of binocular 3-D vision,
as well as contribute to eyestrain and even headaches.
8 While looking through the ocular lenses at the “ e
the ‘‘e ” comes into focus. If you do not see the ‘ Y ’ the slide may be off center. Be sure that the slide is aligned
directly beneath the objective lens and held firmly by the stage clips (if present).
9 R emember-always focus by increasing the distance between the stage and the objective lens. Never focus in
the other direction (decreasing the distance between the stage and the objective lens). This avoids the 且nancial
expense to you of broken slides or damaged objective lenses!
10 Use the fine-focus adjustment knob to finely focus the image in view.
11 Check to see if one of your ocular lenses has an independent focus adjustment. Usually one ocular will have a
series of “ tick marks" on the side with a “。” and “+” and “一” signs . When the “。” is aligned with the indicator
mark on the side of the ocular lens, both ocular lenses h ave equivalent focal distances. If you wear contact lenses
to correct your vision or you have 20/20 vision, you will want the indicator mark on “。” so both oculars have
the same focal plane. If you wear eyeglasses, it is recommended that you remove them when using the microscope,
because this optical adjustment will allow you to correct for differences between your eyes.
12 Rotate the condenser adjustment knob to increase contrast a.n d sharpen the image. The condenser is an often
overlooked but extrem ely valuable component of the microscope that should not be neglected. You will find
its use absolutely necessary to obtain sharp images with certain slides.

Fundamental Laboratory Skills I CHAPTER I

13 Adjust the position of the slide on the stage so the image of the “ e” is centered perfectly in your field of view.
Only the central portion of the entire field of view will be visible as you increase magnification.
14 Carefully rotate the next objective lens (10 × or 40 ×) until it clicks firmly into place while viewing the slide
from the side to ensure that the lens does not contact the slide. Do not lower the stage to accommodate the
next lens. If the slide is too thick to allow the next lens to swing into position, do not use that lens!
15 From this point on, use only the fine-focus adjustment knob to focus the image.
16 Because microscope lenses are adjusted at the factory to be parfocal, the plane of focus and center of field of
view should be nearly identical between different objective lenses. As a result, only minor adjustments should
be necessary to bring the object into sharp focus and to center it in your field of view.

。＿u仨＿E产阶
I. I Describe the orientation of the letter “ e ” as it appears through the ocular lenses.

I .2 As you move the slide toward the right of the stage, to which direction does the image of the “ e ” move when
viewed through the microscope?

I.3 As you move the slide away fro1n you on the stage, to which direction does the image move?

Using High-Power Lenses

When using high-power objective lenses (40 × and 100 ×) , keep in mind that the working distance between the
objective lens and the slide is only a few millimeters at most. Therefore, the fine-focus adjustment is sufficient to
bring images into clear view. Ne

Pr。cedure
1 If your microscope is equipped with a 40 × lens, once the image is in focus under medium powe鸟 rotate the
40X objective into place while viewing the slide from the side to check for adequate clearance. If the objective
does not rotate into place without clearing the slide, do not force it. Ask your lab instructor to help you.
2 If you cannot locate the object through the ocular lenses and you find that the 40 × objective is more than a
centimeter away from the slide, you have passed the focal plane of the lens. Therefore, start from the beginning
again with the lowest-power objective and progressively work your way back to the 40 × lens. Be sure not to
lower the stage (or raise the objectives) once you have focused the image and wish to change to the next objective.
3 Your microscope may be equipped with a 100 × lens. This is a special type of lens known as an oil immersion
lens. The working distance is so small between this lens and the slide, and the magnification is so great, that it
is necessary to place a drop of immersion oil between the coverslip of the slide and the 100 × lens to obtain a
clear image. At such high magnification the distortion of light rays caused by light passing through glass, then
air, then into glass again is perceptible and causes a blurred image. Immersion oil has the same optical density

Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide

 as glass and, thus, stray light rays are not lost or distorted. Do not attempt to use the 100 × lens without assistance
fγom your instructor.

如f agnification
Together, the ocular and objective lenses constitute the magnifying system of your microscope. The initial magnification
of the objective lens provides an image with good detail but is too small for easy examination. The ocular lenses supply
secondary magnification of the initial image so the details are clear enough for normal viewing. The resulting image is
a magnification of a magnified image, and because the properties of magnification are multiplicative, you can easily
calculate the total magnification of a specimen by 1nultiplying together the independent magnification values of each
lens. Remember that the magnification of objectives and oculars is stamped on them.
In Table 1-2, record the values for the total magnification of each of your microscope lens pairs.

I Table 1-21 Compound Microscope Lens Magnification

Objective Lens in Place Objective Lens Magnification Ocular Lens Magnification Total Magnification

Low power ×

Medium power ×

High power ×

Field of View
The circular field that you see when looking through the microscope is described as the field of view. The diameter
of the field of view changes with different magnifications. While still observing the slide of the letter “ e," rotate the
low-, medium-, and high-power objective lenses into place and compare the amount or proportion of the entire letter
that is visible under each one.

ζ斗1e,, ωγ＿pj而
2.1 Under which objective lens is the field of view largest?

2.2 Under which objective lens is the field of view smallest?

2.3 If you did not know what you were looking at already, could you still determine if it was an 飞” using high
power alone? If so, how?

2.4 Which lens (low丁 medium-, or high-power) gives you the largest working distance?

Fundamental Laboratory Skills I CHAPTER I

 Knowing that a higher-power lens has a smaller field of view is informative but is not precise enough to allow
you to calculate the relative size of objects you are viewing. To do this, you must precisely know the diameter of
each field of view for your microscope. An easy way to determine the size of the field of view of each objective lens
is to place a clear plastic ruler (or prepared slide of a section of a ruler) on the stage, much like you would a slide,
and view it through the ocular lenses.

Pr。cedure

1 Obtain a slide of a section of a ruler or a small, clear plastic ruler and place it on the stage.
2 Using low powe鸟 view the ruler through the ocular lenses and esti1nate the size of the field of view by measuring
the diameter in millimeters. You should estimate this value to the nearest 0.1 mm.
3 Repeat this procedure with the medium-power lens in place.
4 Because the ruler (or slide) is too thick to observe using the higher-power lenses, do not attempt 切 measure the
卢eld of view of the 40 × or 100 × lenses. Your instructor can provide the values for the field of view diameters
of those lenses if present on your microscope.

。＿\I仨＿E3白
3.1 The diameter of the field of view of your low-power lens is 日1日1.

3.2 The diameter of the field of view of your medium-power lens is 日1日1.

3.3 Convert these values to micrometers (µm). Remember, there are 1,000 µmin 1 mm.
a. Low-power lens (4 ×)= µm
b. Medium-power lens (10 ×)= µm
c. High-power lens (40 ×)= µm (Obtain this value 斤om your instructor.)
d. Oil immersion lens (100 ×)= µm (Obtain this value 斤om your instructor.)

3.4 As a rule, as magnification increases, diameter of field of view .

Depth of Field
The thickness of an image that is acceptably in focus is referred to as the depth of field of a lens. Put another way,
it’s the measure of the distance in front of and beyond the exact focal point of the lens that remains reasonably in
focus. Depth of field varies with the magnification of the objective lens used. You can establish the differences in
depth of field of your objective lenses by viewing a slide containing overlapping objects.

Procedure
1 Obtain a slide with a few strands of overlapping colored threads.
2 First view this slide on low power.
Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide
 3 Concentrate on a section where the overlapping of tl川hreads can be seen. Are all three colored threads
reasonably in focus using low power?

4 Now switch to medium power and try to determine which thread is on top of the other two. As you focus
through the image, some threads will be in focus and others will be blurred.
5 Now switch to high power and repeat this procedure. Can all three threads be in focus at the same time with
the high-power lens?

α1e,, o_v＿仨＿EY-0
4.1 Which lens has the greatest depth of field?

4.2 As a rule, as magnification increases, depth of field .

Materials Needed
Making a Wet Mount O glass slides
O coverslips
A common way to view living organisms or tissues with the microscope is O pond water culture
to make a wet mount of the specimen. This technique allows you to observe O compound microsζope
movements and properties of living specimens that are impossible to view O plastic droppers
with prepared slides. Figure 1.2 depicts the proper technique for preparing
a wet mount of a biological specimen for viewing with the compound
microscope. In this exercise, you will examine a drop of pond water using your microscope. It is very important to
practice proper microscope technique to reinforce the lessons that you have learned thus far.

Step 1

Step3
Step2

。 M ichael Schenk

’ .2 Procedure for preparing a wet mount of a biological specimen.

Fundamental Laboratory Skills I CHAPTER I
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Escape
Velocity
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and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESCAPE VELOCITY

***
ESCAPE VELOCITY
 BY CHARLES L. FONTENAY

It was a duel to the death and Kraag had all

the advantages, including offense and defense.
Jonner had neither, but he employed an old
equation
peculiarly adaptable to the situation. And the
proper equation properly worked....

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Worlds of If Science Fiction, October 1954.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
Murdering Stein was easy. Kraag waited until Jonner donned his
spacesuit and went out to have a personal look at the asteroid. Even
then Kraag held his patience, because he wanted Jonner to come
back to the ship unsuspecting.
Kraag sat tensely at the back of the control room while Stein, the
navigator and communications man, operated the radio. There was a
brief period when Stein talked with Marsport, then he got in touch
with Jonner. Until Jonner got some distance from the wrecked ship,
most of their conversation was an argument.
"I still think two of us ought to go out and one stay at the ship,"
argued Stein. "Kraag agrees with me. What if you fall into a crevice?"
"There's not much danger, and you've got a directional fix on me,"
replied Jonner's voice through the loudspeaker. "If we had a large
crew, I'd agree we ought to explore in pairs. Since there are just
three of us, only one ought to be endangered at a time. I'm the
captain, so I'm it."
"Well, don't get out of sight," warned Stein. "We don't have an
atmosphere here to bounce radio waves over the horizon."
Through the glassite port, Kraag could see Jonner poking around at
the asteroid's surface with his steel probe. Against the incredibly
curved horizon, Jonner's suited figure leaned at a slight angle under
the black, star-studded sky. The distant sun gleamed from the sphere
of his helmet.
"Pretty smooth terrain," remarked Jonner. "It's not much of a planet,
but it seems to have enough mass to pull down any mountains.
Looks like there should be some hills, though. It must have been in a
molten state when the original trans-Martian planet was broken up."
"That ought to mean high albedo," said Stein. "Higher than it ought
to be."
"Sounds more like Vesta," said Jonner. "Sure we're on Ceres?"
Stein looked at the notes he had made from the ship's instruments,
before the crash.
"The escape velocity was 1,552.41 feet per second," he said, "and
the diameter 0.06. I figure the mass at .000108."
"All those figures are off according to the latest table for Ceres," said
Jonner.
"The fellows that made that table were on Mars," reminded Stein.
"Vesta doesn't have a 480-mile diameter. It must be Ceres."
"You're the navigator," surrendered Jonner. "I'll take your word for it."
The personnel sphere of the ship rested on the ground, tilted at
almost a 20-degree angle from the horizontal. The tilt was no
inconvenience, however. Each of the men weighed only five or six
pounds here, and slippage was hardly noticeable.
"I'll turn you over to Kraag," said Stein at last, glancing up at the
chronometer. "It's my day to fix supper, you know."
It was the signal Kraag had been waiting for. He reached behind him
and fumbled in the rack for a gun.
The one he brought out was Jonner's, and it wasn't a heat-gun but
the ancient pistol Jonner swore by. Kraag put it back hurriedly, but
not before Stein had turned in his chair and seen it.
"What's up, Kraag?" asked Stein without alarm. "Why the gun?"
Kraag pulled a heat-gun from the rack.
"Nothing's up," he said, and shot Stein.
The ray burned into Stein's shoulder, and Kraag swung it down across
Stein's chest to his stomach before relaxing his pressure on the
trigger.
"My God, Kraag!" gurgled Stein. Summoning a last effort, he croaked
into the microphone: "Jonner! Watch out! Kraag shot...."
Kraag blasted him in the face, cutting him off. Stein's body floated
forward and upward out of the chair and began to settle slowly
toward the slanting floor.
"What's going on, Stein?" came Jonner's alarmed voice over the
loudspeaker. "Stein? Stein!"
"It's all right, Jonner," said Kraag as calmly as he could, when he
could reach the microphone. "Stein just fainted."
There was silence from Jonner.
"I'll take care of Stein and then take over the mike till you get ready
to come in," said Kraag into the microphone.
"I want to talk to Stein when he comes around," said Jonner. His
voice sounded cold.
So Jonner suspected something. Well, that couldn't be helped. Maybe
he could be talked around.
"All right, Jonner," agreed Kraag soothingly.
Stein's body had to be hidden from Jonner, just in case. Jonner got
into the personnel sphere alive—something Kraag did not intend for
him to do. When he had taken care of Jonner, he could dispose of
both bodies before the rescue ship got there.
Dragging Stein's body was like towing someone through water. It
floated through the air of the sphere at Kraag's tug, settling slowly.
His only problem was getting good leverage for pushing. After some
cogitation, he jammed the body into an empty food compartment two
decks below the control room.
Back in the control room, Kraag looked out the port. Jonner was
closer to the personnel sphere now, looking toward it but not moving.
Other portions of the ship, some jettisoned, some crumpled and
broken apart by its crash, lay at varying distances from the personnel
sphere. Some of the parts were scattered out of sight beyond the
horizon, a mile away.
Kraag had not wanted to fool with the asteroid. There had been no
question that they had to swing back off their original orbit toward
Titan when the meteorite slashed open both of their hydrazine tanks.
But Kraag's idea had been to stay in space and try to turn back
toward Mars before the fuel gave out.
As the engineer, Kraag resented Jonner overruling him. Jonner had
felt it safer to take an orbit around the asteroid and wait for rescue.
But the fuel pumps had failed before they could adjust to the orbit.
Kraag would never forget that helpless waiting as they circled and
circled, spiraling downward to the inevitable crash.
He went back to the microphone.
"Okay, Jonner," he said. "What's going on out there now?"
"Where's Stein?" countered Jonner. "I want to talk to him."
"He's not feeling so good. Said he'd rather not try to get back up to
the control room right now."
"Tell him to come to the mike anyhow. I don't want to talk to you till I
talk to Stein."
"Stein can't talk, I tell you. If you don't want to talk to me, then are
you ready to come in?"
"And get shot?" retorted Jonner.
So Jonner's suspicions were that definite. It was to be expected after
the words Stein had been able to shout into the microphone. Jonner
was nobody's dumbbell.
Kraag tired once more.
"That's a ridiculous idea, Jonner," he said. "I can't figure why you'd
say such a thing."
"You shot Stein," said Jonner positively. "There's no use your denying
it. I know you shot Stein, and I'll know it until Stein himself tells me it
isn't so."
Kraag knew Jonner too well to try to keep up the pretense any
longer. He tried another tack.
"Okay, so I shot Stein," he admitted. "That doesn't mean I'll shoot
you. Come on in and talk it over. We can make a deal."
"If you shot Stein, why wouldn't you shoot me?" asked Jonner
logically.
"There wasn't enough air for three. There is for two."
Jonner was silent for a moment.
"So that's why you did it," he said then. "Figured it pretty close, didn't
you, Kraag?"
"I'm the guy who has to watch supplies on this boat. I checked the
oxygen after the crash broke open those three compartments on the
supply deck. There's 3800 pounds of oxygen left. It'll take about 22
months for the rescue ship to get here from Mars. At 2.8 pounds of
oxygen a day, you and I can make it, but it would have lasted the
three of us only 15 months."
Jonner cursed him for a full minute, not loudly but with such intensity
that Kraag felt his face getting warm.
"You damn murderer!" finished Jonner. "You damn cold-blooded
murderer!"
"Cut it out, Jonner," growled Kraag. "I can't understand you and
Stein. What were you expecting to save us? A miracle?"
"I don't feel like talking about it now," said Jonner warily. "If you had
only ... Hell, Kraag, we'd been together a long time. Even if all of us
had thought we were going to die, I didn't think we'd kill each other
off like animals."
"Self-preservation is the first law of nature," said Kraag cynically.
"Better that two should die than three. Come on in, Jonner."
"That's self-preservation? No thanks, Kraag. You know I'll turn you in
as a murderer when the rescue ship gets here. I have no hankering
to walk up where you can burn me down."
"Okay, stay out there till your air gives out."
The airlock was not a comfortable place to spend one of the
asteroid's seven-hour nights, but Kraag was afraid not to stand guard
there with his heat-gun. He was afraid to sleep, too, for the airlock
combination was virtually noiseless and Jonner could open it from the
outside. Jonner was unarmed, but Kraag had no hankering for a
hand-to-hand fight with the powerfully built captain inside the
personnel sphere. Because the air would swish out of the lock
instantly if Jonner opened it, Kraag had to wear a spacesuit.
He tried to talk to Jonner several times, but got no answer. Toward
dawn, Kraag dozed off, only to be brought awake with a start by
Jonner's voice in his earphones.
"Good morning, Kraag," said Jonner. There was iron in his voice.
"Have a good night's sleep?"
"About as good as yours, I'd say," retorted Kraag, wishing he could
get his hands inside his helmet to rub his eyes.
"I slept fine. Found me a good foxhole just beyond the horizon."
"Damn you, Jonner! Where are you now?"
"Go on and have breakfast, Kraag. I'm far enough away for you to
see me. Take a look."
Kraag peered out of the uppermost airlock ports, one by one. They
slanted at a bad angle, but through one of them he made out Jonner,
standing half a mile away. Uncannily, as though he could see Kraag's
helmet at the port, Jonner waved.
Kraag was afraid to take off the spacesuit now because the supply
deck had no ports and Jonner could get to the ship in a hurry if he
wanted to. He took off the helmet, though, and went up to the center
deck. Hurriedly, he opened the cover of the port in the direction he
had seen Jonner. Jonner was still in the same place, sitting down.
Kraag heated breakfast and ate it with an eye on the port. Jonner
didn't move. Kraag felt better when he had eaten, and went up to the
control room.
"Why don't you give it up and come on in, Jonner?" he asked. "The
oxygen in that suit's not good for more than another 15 hours."
"That's where you're wrong, Kraag, and that's what's so tragic about
your murdering Stein," said Jonner quietly. "You either forgot that we
carried oxygen instead of nitric acid as the fuel oxidizer this trip or,
being an engineer, you didn't think of it except as fuel.
"There's enough oxygen in the tanks scattered over the landscape to
keep a dozen men alive until the rescue ship gets here. It's hard for
me to get at, but I've already found I can manage it."
Kraag was profoundly shocked. For a moment the enormity of what
he had done in killing Stein almost overwhelmed him. It had been
completely unnecessary.
Then his self-reproach turned into a growing anger against Jonner.
Jonner was always so reticent, always required his orders to be
obeyed without explanation. During the whole argument about taking
an orbit around the asteroid, during the whole time it had taken to
spiral down to a crash, he had not told Kraag how he expected them
to stay alive until they were rescued.
Kraag hadn't asked him, of course. Kraag had assumed Jonner was
thinking in terms of his own figures.
"I'm sorry about Stein," said Kraag, and meant it. "But it can't be
helped now, Jonner. There's enough air for both of us, if you'll keep
your mouth shut when the rescue ship gets here."
"If I promised, I still wouldn't trust you and you wouldn't trust me.
No, Kraag. The only way it'll work is for you to come out unarmed
and let me go in and get the guns. Then I'll lock you in the control
room till the rescue ship gets here."
"One of us is a fool, Jonner, and you seem to think it's me. I'm not
going to burn for murder. I've got the whip hand. You may have
oxygen, but you've got to have food and water, too."
Jonner laughed, without humor.
"I've got enough of that for three Earth days and I can last longer,"
he said. "Before that time, I'll come and get you, Kraag. Don't go to
sleep!"
Kraag cursed and switched off the loudspeaker. But he kept an eye
on Jonner through the glassite. Always, he had to watch Jonner—or
stay on guard in the airlock.
If there were only some way to lock Jonner out! But the only real lock
was on the control room, and a man couldn't live in the control room
with an enemy below who could cut the water and oxygen lines.
Kraag would have to sleep some time. Jonner couldn't know when,
but Jonner already was seven hours sleep up on him. Jonner could
pick his own time to slip up to the sphere under cover of darkness,
he could pick his own time to come through the lock. Maybe Kraag
would be awake and could burn him down—but maybe not.
There was only one thing to do. He'd have to take the attack to
Jonner.

Still watching Jonner through every port he passed, always watching

Jonner, Kraag hung a heat-gun on one of the hooks at his spacesuit's
belt. He went back below, put the helmet on, and went out through
the airlock.
The shadow of the sphere stretched away toward his left. He was in
sunlight.
Jonner, still in the same spot, got to his feet but made no move to
approach.
"Welcome to the great outdoors," said Jonner.
"I'm going to get you, Jonner," said Kraag grimly. "One way or
another, I'm going to get you."
He moved toward Jonner. Each step was a long, floating leap and it
was hard to stay balanced before landing. Jonner moved, not away
from him but sidewise.
Kraag stopped. The effective range of the heat-gun was no more
than 100 feet. If he tried to get close enough to Jonner to use it,
Jonner could circle and get to the personnel sphere.
There were the oxygen tanks, the big ones used for fuel. If Kraag
could get to them and burn them open, Jonner couldn't last long
outside. But they were scattered pretty far from the personnel
sphere. Jonner would get to the sphere for sure if he tried that.
"Okay, Jonner, I know when I'm licked," said Kraag. "Come on in."
"I'm not too far away to see the gun, Kraag."
"I'll take it back to the sphere and leave it."
"Why not just toss it away?"
"And have you beat me to it and get the drop on me? We'll leave the
guns in the sphere and I'll meet you on even terms."
"I'll believe it when I see it."
Kraag went back to the sphere. He couldn't stand in shadow without
looking suspicious, but he took the heat-gun from his belt
ostentatiously and swung it in an arc, apparently tossing it through
the open outer lock. Instead, he held onto it and hung it by the
trigger guard to a belt hook at the back of his suit.
"I'm all clean, Jonner. Come on up," he invited.
"Let's see the hooks, Kraag," said Jonner.
Kraag held his arms aloft, wriggling the empty steel fingers of the
spacesuit. Jonner came toward him, floating high above the surface
with each step. At just about the extreme range of the heat-gun, he
stopped. Kraag kept his arms outspread, but tensed himself.
"Clean, so far," said Jonner drily. "Now turn around, Kraag."
"And have you jump me from behind? Not hardly."
"Gun on the back hook, eh, Kraag?"
"Damn you, Jonner!" Kraag reached behind him for the gun and at
the same time leaped toward Jonner. Jonner, ready, jumped back,
and Jonner was a more powerful man. Handling a heat-gun with the
hand-hooks of a spacesuit is awkward business, and by the time
Kraag could bring the weapon to bear on Jonner and press the
trigger, Jonner's distance was such that the ray obviously did no
worse than make things uncomfortably warm for him.
"I didn't think that surrender rang true," commented Jonner. "If you'd
been level, you'd have tossed away the heat-gun."
Then Jonner revealed that he was not entirely weaponless. As he hit
the surface, his arm moved in an arc and a good-sized rock came
hurtling through space toward Kraag.
Kraag writhed frantically, two feet off the ground, and the stone
missed him by inches. Kraag landed on his side and bounced again.
Jonner hit once more and hurled another rock. Evidently he was
armed with several of them. This one ricocheted off the ground near
Kraag just as Kraag finally slid to rest.
Getting to his feet and turning to flee was agonizingly slow, when
every frantic movement lifted him off the ground. Another stone
came sailing by, to strike the personnel sphere and rebound at an
angle, before Kraag could jump back, away from Jonner.
Perspiring and panting, he clambered hastily back into the safety of
the airlock.
Jonner's rocks were a better weapon than a heat-gun, Kraag realized.
They weighed only a fraction of an ounce and Jonner could fling
them an amazing distance. But their mass was just the same as ever,
and a jagged one could rip a fatal hole in a spacesuit. He had no
intention of engaging in a stone-throwing duel with Jonner, in which
Jonner would be at least on equal terms with him.
On the other hand, it was even more imperative than before that he
eliminate Jonner as soon as possible. A rock could be a deadly
weapon if Jonner got inside the sphere, too.
At any rate, there was no point in concealing Stein's body from
Jonner any longer and Kraag couldn't take chances on it polluting the
atmosphere of the sphere. He dragged the corpse from the food
compartment, down to the airlock, and pushed it out onto the surface
of Ceres. The body settled stiffly to the ground a few feet away.
Kraag removed his helmet and hand-hooks, went back up to the
control room and settled himself to watch Jonner. Jonner walked
around freely, periodically hurling rocks at the sphere. The rocks
bounced off without damage, but every time one of them hit the hull,
the sound of it rang through the sphere.
Kraag switched on the communications system.
"Do you have to do that?" he demanded in irritation. "It's not doing
you any good."
"Keeping me in practice," replied Jonner cheerfully. "I developed a
pretty good arm throwing grenades in the Charax Uprising."
Jonner was a veteran of that brief but savage war on Mars, and
sometimes reminisced about it. It was there he had developed his
preference for the old-style projectile pistol over the heat-gun.

Kraag's eyes lingered on Jonner's pistol, hanging in the rack with the
heat-guns, and slowly an idea spread through his mind. The heat-gun
range was the same anywhere, but the range of a projectile weapon
should be greater here than on Mars or Earth. Its range should be far
greater than Jonner's rocks.
Kraag took it from the rack and turned it over in his hand, studying it.
He wasn't sure of its principle, but thought it was something on the
order of rocket fuel. It should fire without an atmosphere around it.
There were some figures stamped on the barrel: "COLT 1985,
Cal-.45, MV-1100, Ser-45617298." Kraag puzzled over them. He knew
the first one was the make and year and the last undoubtedly was
the serial number. He deduced that "MV-1100" probably was a figure
showing the relationship between the projectile's mass and velocity.
But it had been a long time since projectile weapons were common.
He called on the memory of a demonstration of the weapon Jonner
had given his companions once on Mars. There was something that
had to be done to prepare it for firing. Holding it in his right hand,
Kraag grasped the barrel with his left. After a moment of hesitant
tugging, he hit the right movement and the whole outer casing of the
barrel slid backward and clicked. It snapped back into position as
Kraag released it, and he remembered.
The gun was primed now. All he had to do was press the trigger and
it would fire. It would automatically prime itself again after firing. It
would fire each time he pressed the trigger now, until it exhausted its
projectiles.
Exultant, he laid it carefully in a contour chair, where it wouldn't slide
out. He put his helmet back on and replaced the hand-hooks of his
spacesuit.
He looked out several ports before he found Jonner. The captain was
not more than 150 feet away, casually lobbing rocks at the sphere.
Kraag picked up Jonner's pistol and made his way down to the
airlock. He emerged and walked around the sphere to the side where
he had located Jonner.
Jonner was moving away now, though he couldn't have known Kraag
was coming out. He was about 300 feet away—too far for a heat-
gun, but certainly within range of the projectile weapon. He seemed
to be headed toward one of the big fuel tanks.
Kraag levelled the pistol toward Jonner and pulled the trigger. To his
astonishment, he was hurtled backward, heels over head.
The kick of a .45 on an asteroid is pretty powerful. Kraag must have
bounced 50 feet backward over the terrain before he slid to rest on
his stomach. But he held on to the pistol—and, since he never had a
chance to release the pressure of his hand-hook on the trigger, it did
not fire again.
When he struggled upright, Jonner was standing at the edge of the
fuel tank, watching him.
"Using my gun now, eh, Kraag?" Jonner said. "You'd better stick to
weapons you know something about."
With that, he disappeared behind the fuel tank.
Kraag got to his feet and advanced confidently. His heat-gun was still
hanging at his belt if he got close enough to Jonner to use it, and he
could fire the projectile weapon at Jonner when Jonner was out of
heat-gun range.
He was learning. One had to point the projectile gun accurately
before firing. It couldn't be swung around and focused while pressing
the trigger, like a heat-gun. He might miss a few times, but he ought
to be able to hit Jonner at least once before the ammunition was
exhausted. Once should be enough.
Heat-gun ready in his left hand, projectile gun in his right, Kraag
circled the fuel tank. Keeping it between them, Jonner had headed
straight for the horizon, running in long, shallow leaps. He was at
least half a mile away.
Kraag pointed the projectile pistol and pulled the trigger. Nothing
happened. Then he realized that he had never released the pressure
of his hand-hook on the trigger after firing the first time. He let up on
it and pressed it down.
And again Kraag was hurled backward, but this time he was smashed
against the fuel tank and rebounded forward, falling on his face. By
the time he reached his feet again, Jonner had vanished over the
horizon.
Cursing softly, Kraag made his way back to the personnel sphere. He
had hoped to get Jonner with that shot. He was very sleepy, and now
he was faced with another night on guard.
He entered the airlock, pushed himself gently upward to catch the
rungs of the metal ladder and turned the wheel of the airlock's inner
door.
Nothing happened. The door did not open.
Fear gripped him like a paralyzing hand. For a moment he thought
Jonner had managed to get to the sphere ahead of him and
somehow had locked him out. But that was impossible. Then he
thought the inner door might be jammed, and he and Jonner locked
out together.
He glanced frantically below him, then broke into relieved laughter.
He had left the outer airlock door open. As a safety measure against
the sphere's accidentally losing its air, neither door would open unless
the other was shut.
And that meant he could lock Jonner out of the sphere simply by
leaving the inner door of the airlock open!
His laugh was full and genuine now as he pulled the outer door
closed.
"Having fun, Kraag?" asked Jonner in his earphones.
"Just looking forward to a good night's sleep, for a change," retorted
Kraag triumphantly. "Prowl around all you want to, Jonner. I can wait
you out, now."
"The airlock, eh? I wondered when your guilty conscience would
settle down and let you remember about that airlock," said Jonner
phlegmatically. "You know, Kraag, I had no idea you wouldn't think
about a simple thing like that, till I looked through the airlock port
last night and saw you huddled up there with a heat-gun. You should
have turned out the light."
Jonner was silent for a few minutes. Then he added:
"I don't think I'd laugh yet, though, Kraag. Remember, you're fighting
with my weapons."
Kraag wasn't sure what he meant by that: whether he was talking
about Kraag's using the projectile pistol or the fact that they were in
space, Jonner's natural element. Kraag himself had been in space 10
years, most of it with Jonner, but before then he had never left Earth.
Jonner had been born and raised on Mars, where a man needed a
suit to go to the next settlement, and he had been on a ship since he
was 15.
As for using the pistol, Kraag could see danger for no one but Jonner.
He had proved, twice, that he could fire it. He was quite sure the old-
fashioned weapon was no more likely to explode than a heat-gun.
The only trouble he foresaw was figuring how to reload it if he used
up all its projectiles before hitting Jonner.
Kraag shrugged and removed his suit. He was hungry, and he was
looking forward to a supper better than Jonner had available in the
concentrated supplies in his spacesuit. Jonner's food and water by
now had dwindled to less than 60 hours' supply, unless he was
weakening himself by going on slim rations.

As he wolfed down his supper, Kraag took stock of his situation. He

could see no flaw in his position. All he had to do was sit back and
wait.
He decided not to destroy the tanks that were Jonner's supply of
extra oxygen. After all, Jonner could not last beyond his food and
water supply. The presence of the oxygen made his case airtight. He
could dispose of the bodies of Stein and Jonner and tell the crew of
the rescue ship they had wandered off on an exploration tour and
never returned. With plenty of oxygen for the three of them, no
motive could be established against him for the murders.
He began to feel rather sorry for Jonner. They had been companions,
and Stein with them, for a long time.
After eating, he went up to the control room and turned Jonner in on
the communications system. He was genuinely regretful that Jonner
had to die so soon. It would be lonesome on the asteroid with no one
to talk to.
"I hope you've been keeping the radio open to Marsport, in case
there were any inquiries," said Jonner. "If they get the idea we're all
dead out here, they may call off the rescue."
"The last time they called was right after you left the ship," said
Kraag. "Stein was going to tell you, but I suppose he forgot it.
Marsport knows where we are. A rescue ship should have blasted off
by now."
"That's the advantage of being on Ceres instead of in space," Jonner
pointed out. "They know Ceres' orbit, but they'd have to have several
directional fixes on us, spaced several days apart, to pinpoint us if the
ship were in space. What did Stein say the escape velocity here is?"
Surprised at the unexpected question, Kraag consulted the notes
Stein had left lying in the control room.
"EV 1,552.41 feet per second," he replied. "Not figuring on jumping
off the planet, are you, Jonner?"
"Maybe," said Jonner.
"Well, don't wake me up if you do. I'm really going to pound the
pillow tonight."
Jonner laughed shortly, and Kraag heard the click as the captain
switched off his helmet radio. He grinned.
Kraag was asleep almost as soon as he hit the bunk.
He came awake slowly, reluctantly, knowing he had not had all the
sleep he needed. Something was pounding noisily somewhere,
ringing through his head.
He shook his head to clear it. For just an instant there was silence in
the utter darkness. Then:
CRASH!
Like a clap of thunder the noise reverberated through the metal hull
of the sphere.
Kraag started violently, and only the bunk straps kept him from
rocketing to the ceiling. Again:
CRASH!
And Kraag could feel the sphere shiver with the blow.
He switched on the lights just as another terrific crash sounded. This
time he could see everything on the central deck quiver with the
impact.
One of the four small ports around the central deck was uncovered,
and the light threw a beam out into the black night of the asteroid. It
brought a temporary cessation of the regular blows. During the
interval, Kraag unstrapped himself and tumbled up to the control
room, to switch on the communications system.
"Jonner!" he shouted. "Jonner, what in hell?"
"I'm not deaf," said the loudspeaker resentfully. "Give me a chance to
turn down my volume, if you're going to holler."
"What the devil are you doing out there, Jonner?"
"What I promised you. I'm coming in after you."
Kraag swore.
"I'm going to blow you off the damned planet," he threatened, and
leaped for the gun rack.
"You'll have to come outside to do it," reminded Jonner. "If you try to
shoot through the ports, you'll save me a lot of work."
Kraag raced up and down the sphere twice before he had sense
enough to turn out all the lights and use the searchlight. Then he
located Jonner, clinging to the sphere outside the astrodome on the
navigation deck. Jonner had a sledge hammer from the ship's cargo
section in his hand.
Jonner grinned at him and moved quickly out of the searchlight's
beam. Ten seconds later, another thunderous crash sounded,
apparently from the other side of the sphere. Kraag swung the light
in a circle, but Jonner could move faster than the beam.
Hastily, Kraag made another tour of the sphere, this time closing all
the metal covers over the ports. When he reached the control room,
Jonner's voice was calling him over the loudspeaker, repeating his
name every few seconds.
"What do you want?" demanded Kraag, panting.
"Just wanted to tell you I could have knocked out the astrodome or
one of the ports before you woke up," said Jonner cheerfully. "I don't
want to kill you, Kraag. I just want you to surrender, and if you don't
I can eventually batter through the meteor shield and the hull, and
ruin the sphere for you."
"We'll see about that," gritted Kraag. Hurriedly he donned a
spacesuit. Hanging Jonner's pistol at his belt, he took a heat-gun in
his right hand and a flashlight in his left and ventured out through
the airlock. He did not make the mistake of switching on the airlock
light, but Jonner seemed to know when he emerged, possibly from
the vibration when the lock opened.
"Nice night out, isn't it, Kraag?" Jonner welcomed him.
Kraag grunted. The night was black as pitch. The only way he could
tell where the ground ended and the sky began was that the sky was
jewelled with stars.
He turned the light on and flashed it over the sphere. No sign of
Jonner. But a rock struck his helmet and bounced off with a clang
that nearly knocked him down and left him momentarily dizzy.
"I'm behind you, Kraag," said Jonner pleasantly. "Better go back
inside. I promise not to break your shell open tonight."
Kraag twisted around and fired the heat-gun even as he searched for
Jonner with the flashlight. Both beams pierced emptiness. Jonner just
laughed at him.
Afraid now that Jonner would get into the sphere, Kraag scuttled
back around to the airlock. Heat-gun ready, he turned on the light
before closing the outer door, and breathed a sigh of relief at finding
it empty.
Trembling with reaction, he closed the outer lock, left the inner one
open and made his way up to the center deck. He needed coffee.
"I see you've gone back to the heat-gun," said Jonner. "That's smart."
"You'd like to see me exhaust the fuel tank of your pistol shooting it
in the dark, when I can't hit you, wouldn't you?" retorted Kraag. "No,
thanks. I'll keep it for long distances."
"Fuel tank? Oh, you mean the magazine." Jonner laughed. "I'd stay
away from that old .45 of mine if I were you, Kraag. It's been with
me too long. It's a lot more likely to turn on my enemies than to do
me any harm."
"Rot!" snapped Kraag. "It's a gun. All I have to do is get the hang of
aiming it properly."
"I wouldn't use too much power tonight, either," warned Jonner. "You
don't get much with the solar mirror this far out. Anyhow, I took the
mirror off while you were having your nap. The batteries should give
out in a few hours."
Without answering, Kraag switched off his radio and removed his
helmet. That last bit of information was a blow. Gradually, Jonner was
stripping Kraag down to his own subsistence level.
Power or not, Kraag was determined to have his coffee. But first he
went over the sphere again and switched off all unnecessary lights.
Jonner was a man who kept his word, but Kraag couldn't afford to
trust him. Jonner might change his mind and try to break open the
sphere again before morning. Kraag kept his spacesuit on. He did not
sleep too well, for about once every 30 or 40 minutes something—
either a large rock or Jonner's sledge hammer—would strike the
sphere a resounding blow.

When Kraag's watch told him it was morning, he opened the ports of
the center deck and let the weak sunlight stream into the sphere. Off
to the east, he saw Jonner digging with a pick from the cargo. Jonner
was far enough away for his legs from the knees down to be hidden
by the extreme curvature of the little planet.
Kraag's first impulse was to go out and take a pot shot at him.
Instead, he switched on the short-wave cooker and prepared some
breakfast. Taking it up to the control room, where he could switch on
the communications system, he opened the eastern port and
watched Jonner. This high, he could see Jonner's feet and the hole he
was digging—and Stein's body.
Jonner had taken Stein's body from the spot outside the sphere
where Kraag had pushed it. He was burying Stein.
Jonner finished his excavation and laid Stein gently to rest in it. He
pushed rocks back in to fill it up, and wrested a boulder that would
have weighed a ton over it for a monument. Then he murmured a
brief prayer over the grave.
Kraag was ashamed and then, unaccountably, angry. But he stood at
the port, drinking his coffee and watching Jonner, and said nothing.
Either with chalk or with some soft rock he had found—Kraag could
not tell which—Jonner wrote something on the big stone that was
Stein's monument. Then he stood up and turned toward the sphere.
"Kraag," he said. "Kraag, are you tuned in?"
"Yes," replied Kraag shortly.
"You have today to surrender. Tonight I'm going to hatch you out of
your comfortable egg."
Kraag switched off the communications system and paced the room,
anger burning slowly inside him. This was ridiculous. He held all the
cards. He had the guns, he had the sphere. Jonner was outside,
weaponless, with a limited supply of food and water. Yet Jonner had
him on the defensive.
How had it happened? How could it happen? Kraag lit a cigarette and
puffed at it slowly, applying his mind coldly to the situation.
He didn't doubt that Jonner would do as he threatened, but he didn't
think it was the recklessness of desperation. More likely, Jonner
deliberately, calculatingly, planned to reduce his own chances for
comfort, in order to bring Kraag down to more even terms with him.
If Jonner broke the hull of the sphere, it could be repaired—by
someone working outside, free from interruption by an enemy. Until it
was repaired, it would mean that Kraag, too, would have to live in a
spacesuit. And Jonner might knock open a hole, or more than one,
big enough to permit him to enter the sphere and attack Kraag in the
darkness.
If only he could surround the sphere with light at night, he could
keep Jonner at a distance. But with the solar mirror gone, the
searchlight, on top of the sphere's other electrical requirements,
would discharge the batteries before the night was half gone.
Kraag knew Jonner's stubbornness, his resourcefulness, his raw
courage. Jonner was the one of them who was really at bay, when
you considered it. Yet Kraag felt that Jonner was closing in on him,
gradually, inexorably.
Facing this, Kraag felt the steel enter his own will. He wasn't a
coward. He had just been expecting this to be too easy. If Jonner
would force him to fight, he would fight. He still had the advantage.
He must abandon the sphere as an asset. Jonner could take that
away from him anyhow. On the other hand, if Jonner took over the
sphere, Kraag could use the same weapon against him. He could
break open the sphere.
So the sphere was no longer a factor. The food and water were no
longer a factor, for food and water went with the sphere. He would
admit Jonner to equality in those supplies—not full equality, for he
could provision himself now more fully than Jonner had been
provisioned two Ceres days earlier. He still might pin Jonner down as
Jonner tried to get to the sphere for more supplies.
Then Kraag's remaining advantage lay in the guns. They should be
enough. If he could get close enough to use a heat-gun, he could
blast Jonner. Jonner's own projectile weapon would keep Jonner out
of rock-throwing range, and sooner or later he would hit Jonner with
it. He couldn't keep on missing; the law of average would give him a
hit sooner or later. And all he needed was just one....
Kraag provisioned his spacesuit and hung all three of the heat-guns
at his belt. In one of the capacious outside pockets he put two spare
flashlights and half a dozen of the extra fuel packets—What was it
Jonner had called them? Magazines, that was it—for Jonner's
projectile pistol. He took that pistol in his right hand and sallied forth
to do battle.

Jonner was nowhere in sight. Kraag shut the outer lock to make it
appear he might be still in the sphere if Jonner happened not to spot
him. He went over to Stein's new grave.
Jonner had written on the stone: REST IN PEACE. R. STEIN
MURDERED BY A. KRAAG. DEC. 12, 2057.
Angrily, Kraag burned the lettering off in a 30-second blast with his
heat-gun that left the face of Stein's gravestone cherry red.
He turned to survey the terrain, and saw Jonner. The captain was
crouched half a mile away, apparently writing more on a flat rock or
on the ground itself.
Jonner was facing him, but his head was down and he hadn't seen
Kraag. If Kraag fired the projectile pistol, he probably would miss and
might warn Jonner with the shot. He was sure of his accuracy with a
heat-gun. Kraag took a heat-gun in his left hand and ran toward
Jonner.
Possibly the vibration of the ground warned Jonner. He looked up,
jumped to his feet and fled. As soon as he could stop and get his feet
planted firmly on the ground, Kraag fired the projectile pistol after
him. He was still shooting low and to one side.
Kraag picked himself up from the ground, where the backlash of the
weapon had knocked him, and went up to the spot where Jonner had
been writing. A mathematical problem had been scratched on the
surface with a sharp rock. Kraag had interrupted Jonner in the middle
of it.
The figures that had been written were:

[Transcriber's note: equation in figure is long division

of 1552.41 divided by 1.141]
Kraag stared at it, carrying out the rest of the simple mathematics in
his head. The answer was 1101. But what was the problem?
The figure "1.41" was familiar enough. It was the square root of two,
carried to two decimal places. But what was Jonner dividing by it,
and why?
He frowned in concentration. There was something familiar about the
numbers, something that had to do with him and Jonner, and Jonner
wouldn't be working arithmetic just for amusement.
He saw Jonner moving on the horizon, just his head visible against
the black sky, his body hidden by the curve of the planet. Jonner was
circling.
The sudden realization of danger wiped other thoughts from his
mind. Until he saw the epitaph Jonner had written for Stein, Kraag
had thought Jonner looked at this as he did: one man against the
other, and winner take all. But Jonner intended to win even if he lost,
because Jonner was not fighting just for Jonner's survival but for due
process of law.
Jonner was trying to make certain that, even if Kraag killed him,
Martian law would punish Kraag for Stein's death. And if Jonner got
into the sphere, he could get his message to Marsport or the rescue
ship simply by turning on the radio.
Kraag turned and raced back to the sphere. He arrived, panting
heavily. Jonner was nowhere in sight, but he knew Jonner, circling,
could not have gotten there ahead of him.
He must kill Jonner before nightfall, if he could, but he must not get
far enough from the sphere to let Jonner slip in behind him. He was
not ready, yet, to destroy the radio to keep Jonner from it.
He walked around the sphere. There was Jonner on the other side,
only his head above the horizon, moving clockwise. The sun flashed
and gleamed from Jonner's helmet.
There was no sense in shooting at so small a target as a head. A mile
away, Jonner's whole body was a small enough target. A carefully
gauged leap carried Kraag to the top of the sphere. Here, 40 feet
higher, his range of view was increased considerably. He could see
Jonner well.
Jonner could see him, too. Jonner stopped to hurl a stone. It took a
while for the missile to cover the distance. It passed below Kraag's
level, some distance away from him.
"Why don't you give it up, Jonner?" asked Kraag. "You can't hurt me
with a rock, at this distance."
"Why should I?" retorted Jonner. "All I have to do is wait till night."
"Sure, wait. But I'm not waiting, Jonner. One of us is going to win this
thing before night, or I'm going to blast the radio so you can't reach
Marsport. If I have to do that, I'll track you down tomorrow—and I
think I can stay outside and fight you away from the sphere tonight."
"Getting desperate enough to fight like a man now, aren't you,
Kraag? If you want a showdown today, I'm willing."
Kraag's mind was clear now. He had the situation under control. He
glanced around the landscape at the scattered portions of the
wrecked ship. There was the cargo hull, burst open, where Jonner
had gotten his sledge hammer and the pick to bury Stein. Over there
was a red sphere, ripped by the jagged gash of the meteor collision—
one of the two hydrazine fuel tanks. The yellow sphere 30 degrees
away from it was an oxygen fuel tank.
Kraag leveled Jonner's gun and fired at the yellow sphere. The kick
knocked him off the sphere, but as he somersaulted backwards he
saw the projectile hit the ground. Still low and to one side. But he
noticed something on the gun, he hadn't seen before.
There were ridges for sighting along the barrel of Jonner's pistol.
Regaining his position atop the sphere, Kraag pressed his back
against the observatory dome, to brace himself against the gun's
backlash. He aimed carefully at the yellow sphere and fired again.