PA3E N).

Uontun echanfes
Q)Stortfn from de Bnogle: hypothesfs dertve chrod fo
erls Tme Lndepend ent oave équotton, )
Ths eqn io the mathemattoal repres entatfon of de
. B o q lei o matten' cDave

Let p(, yi,t) be the oave functfoncorrespoñd toq

h
tter D
qves ofa partfale of mass lmmoing
tofth velocity voo tha fFs oavelenqth ts,
P
In coi equtton
analoqr ofth 2y = v² q2s c
torfte the drferentfa! equatfon for matter oeve oth
wave vetoeltyus,

y
ie a2p

2.
92: Laplacfa operator
The solwtton oF matter coave quatfon (2) ofl qtve
as o fun ctfon oF Space and tme.
f-e y(a9Zt) = Yo (oeyz)eot.
ie Poe -îot
cohere Po is Oove amplftudeaf (ny.z
Now, from equatfon)
-fow, e iot = -fw
t
 T'AGL No,

Com par?nq
equatfon and 6)6 weget.

No, 271 vv
= 27t Qnd us
Ohere. frequercy ang
d the coavelengthof matter 0ove.,

equaton S) becomes0w

but =h p2

Totalenergr of the partfol e epres ented by is.

E: kE + PE =P }.

-Qm.
p?-2(E-V)
eqn becomes

Let us Constd er, h

 PA 3E N.

720+ 2 m ( E - v ) = o )
*2
equatfon
Ihfs Ps Sch mod nger's tfrme jndependent Wave
Oerfve
State the fmportane of schrond gers euakfon.
Schrod qer's Trme Depernd ent oave equatfon
he îm pontance of schrondfqer eg? ts
) t treats partfele Ifkeelectron dnd protons
of
0aves Thfs probabil fstHcs Dave Poterpretatfon
dea that over turned
parttoles was a revolwtfo narg
tradftfon al Newtonfan mechanfcs.
The coave functton descrfbed by the ghrod trger eq
Gontatns all posstble fnfomatton about the quantum
3fotem. Solvfng the equatton can detemtne propertfes
|ITÉe the probablfty of frnd îng a pottcle fn a certatn
jocattoo, fts energr momentum,etc
Derve schrod fng erls ttme dependent oove eqn

Startng coth de-broglre hypothess derfve schrod trqer

tme dependent.
4s per de- broqlfe the oqvelength A sass0cfated fth
matter parttele velocfty y ond ts qtven by
deh

Let , y,zt) thls oave fun

fun? correspondtng to mattey
wave
Laplacfam operator y?
92 2
 PAGE NG
DATE

W=oe -iwt 3
dseferen tfate eqn g ones- ort totme lt'
iwWo e-tof
t
w
coe k o that 27 6 <h
thus =E

eqn (4) become -27 E

at 27T

qmultfply both stale by f.

t h t
Recaltng from
from schrodfng er s tfme independ ent wave
y20+2m
2
(E-V) =0.
712

from egn (5)

9t
multtplytog both stde by 2m
 AGEN)/
)ATE

=Vp)ox*
t

+
t

egn.
T5s 3chrodfng ers tfme dependedt

2h

deoioq Hamiltonfan operator fs

and g6 it sfrmply bescomei
Derive the equafon for the energr oF
eoclos ed in a one
dfmenstona| qfd
pgrtfele 5
potent tal well, boxof fnfrnfte
Consfder the parttele mas3 m'
Conffoed the fmenfonal rf fd bort of lengqth Suc
that
V(e)=o

Vzo Vo

2=0

ns fde the b0x the pamtfcle is trees i-e mo force

Qcted onit, hus the potentra of portfcle v=o ,Instde
the b o
Sfnce V 's independent oF ttme oe uue Sch ro dinger's
tme inde pendent coave équatfon
(E-v)=o.
Let be the wave Punn assocfaedthe porttele
fnstde the box
Since V=o &portfele moves. along -frecton only
Therefore
4 2mE
d2

Let
 A N

2nd order drf. egn cohose

P ) Astokx + Bcos ke
generally goltton fs

-4&B are constant cohose value can be found' by

boundary condftton
Porttcl e otthto the boe only hence the boundary Condt!
Ton fs are

e=L’ 0= o
Applyfng 3+ bound ary cond?tHon
bo) -AsfokO +B cOs ko
=8-o

Hence eqn G) becomes

Applyfng 2nd boundary condn

(y-Astn kL
0 Astn kL
4 cannot belo
ofo kL has to be o.
A0,stokl=0
hence kL=0 7,271
for n=0
If kL0
’efther k=o
bt both k= or
L=0
 2m2
72hh h n2tn.:
11 and egn from
m1j2,3. for kliNT Hence
ofbox
o wtdth -L
DATE
No
PAGE
 tunHelfog effect ? Eeplat,
4) COhat s quattum m echanica
Scantoq Tunn elfoq
the proetple and oorkfnq oF applfcatfons ofsTry
TM)s+ ate the
MPeroscope (S
Tunnetfn effect partfole olth tutal ene
The phenomenon of a
bound
erattng throuh
er
less than the potenttal barrfer pen
effect.
the bamrter fs ca)led Tknneltng
than the
Clossfeally the parttle ofth en erqT less barrfer
outsfde the
potentfa barter can never app ear
However ,quantum mechanfcally thts poss tb Tlfty s
al lo ed
Dconnfog Tunnelfng Mcros cope (sTM)
the sroig
The prhelple of the sTM is based on
dfstanoe dependence of the quantum mechontca tunne
itnq efect . Mafota tntog constant tunneltng current
cur
by adjusttng the hefqtotth a plezo - el echrte crystal,
and monftorf q the pfezo voltaqe cohfle sconntng
conttior
alo05 one toD fmage a surface ,und er fdeal
to tomfc esolutton
Prgbe
Path
T4nneli
electen?Tip

th
Oheo the STM tip is brougt to sample surfoce
electron from the Sample atom tunnels goto the
tfp atoms, rom the qap of 2 to g A° the vaCum
gap is a barrfer.
 DATE

Jhe tunnelfnq effect current flous olue to tunn eltnq

of elec tron wch f's used to create Qn Pmaqe on the
Soreen
Fcon côorkn2oode
oConst hefqh mode.
6 Const cUrrent mode. u
The applfc atfon are
To fmage topography , measure gurface propertles
manip Wate Surface shuctures and to inttfate
SUrface meoctfons o nOno máehfntng process ag
well as the deve lopment ofenono -features,

1
4mks
8tate de- Bro glie hypothestsi oerfve the equatton
Patfon
ofde- Broglfe davelength by analogr cofth madof
to qe- Bro qlre ohena partfele
Accordfhg
moss m' moves wfth. velocty:v', has
à coave asSocfate
Oth t.The coove fs caU.) ed asa de- Broglre: oOve or
matter coave.The c0qvelenqh of th ts wave is q0ven

by
P,,mnv,
COhenPmv morm entumof aporttcler whtch ts
pertele pro perty.
a
AEOgve length of Q matter oave lwhtch is
OQNe property
b= Panck's constant = 6.63 x|O34 Jsec

T5s equatton oP mater oave Ps obtalned by analoY

eofth odtatton as folloOS

tecordfh qgto Einstetns

noe
equattonof moss energY equtvat

E= mc2
Acc to planakls quantu m hypothesfs
E- hv

From equctfon an3)

mc? =hv

V=C

. d h
 PAGE Nc
DATE

Equotfon (4 fss the

the eqn of wavelengthoF photon.De
Broglre tol that? the oave fs ass oct ated pth
photon then it 's rue in case of every matter partfcle,
-Accordfngt parttcle:oh mass.m'
OoVes ofth velocttyv hasa oave..assocfated otth
Pt.The oave scalled as a de- Brogle uod ve or matter
wave . The wave lenq th oF thts Dave fs: glven by
 N

) Detve the rquat fon of de-Broqlfe coa ve length n

tems of kfnetfc Enerqr ofa Parttcle.
-Aordtng to de Broglte Oken
to a partlcle of mass 'm
moves ofth veloefty l h a s a toqve asocfat ed olth
t he 0ave fs called àsa de-B roq lte wave ór
moeter uwave The 0avelenqth of thfs oqVe Psgtven b

mv momentum o fa panttc le ob tch ts

Where P=
a partfele pruperty.
d= 0Qvelenqth ofamater oa ve ohfch is
a wave property.
h Planck's constant 6.63 X|o34 J.sec
The kfnetto energT ofthe partlcle ta
Ps
gtuen by
E=lmv²
2m

tccording to eqnn of de 8roqlfe Loaveleng h

A= h
V2mE
Eq9 ) s the equatfon of de- Brogle oavelength ofa
partfcle fo terms of ts kioettc eneT

NemkE
 EAGEN

o3) Derive the equafon of de Broqite for. an elecron

ond roton when ?t s accelerated
bya potenttal
drfrerence
For elecfron.
0hen an elechon qa?oed velocty Vohen accelerated
by potentfal V,the knetfe en ergr oFit is 9iven
by
E=ev

b
V2Mey
Here he 6.6x|034 J.sec
m= 9. xlos! kq.
C.

6.63 x lo-34
2x 9-xlo-3x 1.6x|o19 xV
Led:12.26 4

Equatfon fs the eqn of the de- Broqlle oavelenqth

of on elecron.

For Proton

Jamqy
 DAT

-34.

P6xIo-9

NQx sx lo 7 x .6x1019xV
A .293
 FAGE Ne

CATE

tate proper tfes OF Mater aves.

-Aecordfn to the de- Broglie hypothests coha enabavepartfele

of maSs mmove's wfth vel octyv has
a9so cfted co fth it. t
these Oave travels wfh Dave v
mv.
Qnd
2velocfhy
phase velocity Vp = C from thts thepropertPes
are
a)e (for Constant V) liqker the partielelonger ts
m. . t h e woveleng

bA d (for cons tant m) smaller the veloclty of porttrle

longer ls the oavelength.
c) V=o,do but =0 ’
the Dave Ps indeterminate ohen, VEo. lhts means
that matter wqves ore assocBated coth, mÙvlnq parttcles
otth Ftotte velocthy only

) The velocty of mntter:0aves depeñds. on the velocty

OF parttele qeneratfnq them a n t is not constant

Awave fs spread ou fo sp ace ond it cannotbe

localfzed atany. pofot. So oave 'nature of atter
in roduces a certa>n uncertatnty In the pos ftfon oF
the porticle.
 PAENO

ohat fs coave functfon ? Eplatn the- physteal

gtqnffrconce oF lW]2
Ihe oave vofable ássocfted otH the miatteh
Coave f calléd the oave functfon Pang t
matfcal ly
repres ents mathematfeoal ly the motfon of the
Cparttele.
Ihe value of depends on postton iYz and tfme
t
lhe value of oave functfon w(,y, 2,t) ass ocfated
cofth amovfnq parttcle fs re lated to proþabflfh
oF Pridfng the pos oF theporttcle therè at tha time
represents the amplftude oF Oave Ohfch qlve u
to pro babil fty of Ptadfng pos0 Of tne porttcle,
: fs mot alays +vef Teathence cD hove to
Cons tder
192 ’ ohfch Ps alway Tea) &pos ttue.

Sfgnfffcañce oplwi2

HAccordPn q. to Mo Born the wave fun a qtves the

probabtty of frndînq the parttofe at pos0 foree)
and attfmelt pro portfonal to the value of 2 at
that time.
IF. Volue of Ps lorqeit qfves large vaue of
probabilty of frndfng the parttcle there vtce verss
Lf | 2 f s zero then portfcte does notexlst there
|9|2 = 0.*|
Probablfty of fBn! tnq the portfele Someohere to
Space fsqfven by
 PAGE No

DATE

14

Partlel deFfntelq eeist bet the qiven 1rntts

hence p

J5ts fs calledmormallzation Condftfon an the Wave

functon.thot Satts fles.thfs. cond fton s calted
mormalfzed toave Purctfon,
 DATE /

Q6)ExplaBn fn brtef the moleofiqudntüm mechantcal

tunneltng alpha parttcle deca
The phenomenon of the bound partfcle afth tota
en ergr. 1ess» tha the potental bartfer , penehattng
throuh the borrter is called barrter potental
tunneltog effect
Clasfcally the partfcle ofth en erg less than the
potentf al barfer can never appear outsfd e the
barrfer. Hooever ,quantum mechanfcalty thts poss>bilthy
fs aJlÖed.

Atpha decas
The radfoactfve Substance becomes more _table by
alpha d ecu
-Apha decay - Helfum
Heltur nueleus
Beta decay eohfch could bean
44e
feor et)
Gamma decauy hiqh energ photon

A-sfmple model of potetfa) u'r) of the c partrcle

has afunctfon of atst o from the centre of h
eovy
mucleus fs Shoon fn ffa
 PAGE NO

DATE

Ftorn a clasfeal pofot oP ufew a « pantlcle does not

have sufrcfent energr to escape
scape from potentfa)

The. borrfer hefght is typfcally of the order.oF Zo

Whereas the decay adpha particle has enertes

onlg To therange of 4 to g- Mevbut the id
partfole tunneluthrougb the borrYer and escape
potentfal wel thro ugh tunnelin eFfect e
 PA EN)

JAT

q ): State prfncfples of. qauntum

com puttng State
Poterttad applfcatfo ns of quantum comptfng
A classfeal computer basfcal ly manf pulates"and
Tnterprets bt'ory bfts in to awefel comPutatfonal
mesults. A bTt repres ents a funda menta untt of
Tnformatfon represented.bq 0 orJ I n cbBps Voltage
levels Pndrcae or I.'
Currentty the sfngle ronsfstor onachtp fs turned
On or off by wfnqoound hd ndreds of elechrons
|he FAndamenta) prfoefple that enable the pooer
of quartum computfnq
com put ng >s
fs' auantum guperpost tfon
Unttke tradtton al bfts wed fo class fca computers that
can efst Tn only one state (etther Oori)quantum
bits or lqubfts can exfst io a superposftfo ooO
ond ! sfmuton eowly " Quontum entanglement Ts
Ohere quontum pantfcles Tnteract
Su ch that physfcally
the quantum State of each annot be
deyerfbed tndeperdentty. Dfferent
Different probabfltty
States 4ha can resut in conshu cttve Or des hucttve
Paterference..
he potentfal aPplf ctfon oF quontum coMputinq re
Arttftefa întell ence
Drug destgn
Ffrancfa) opttmizatfon
Development of new maerfa

c)
Loqfstcs and schedwfng
cyber secu rlty
molecular Chemfsry
8) Deal tog otth encryptfun Coding)
Faul t sfmulatoo
to) erypto goaphg
 FAGE NG

DATE

O)OfFferentfaBe between elassteal and qu

Com putthg
Porameter Clagsfcal Com puttnq Quamtum Com

Qasfc |Bfnory Bit (o or 1) Qubit (0,1 0r Super pasftfon

Un?t

Parallelfsm Sequenttal processtnq Mastve parallelPsm through

Superposftfon,

5peel Fced rateibased on Potentfa) for exponental

Tranststor densty Tnor ease for specfffe
applfcatfons,
Analogr Behavour re
Accuracg Prtefse DfttalOtpub
quantum error correctfonrequtg
Hargoare slfeon Chfps at Room Cry oqenfe Quantuen
temperaure:, ic Pro ces SOrs. 4
Q. 9) Explato the oncept of Qubrt Superposttfon
Entanglement
Super
posftfon
The fund am ental: prfoc ple that enables the powe
quantum ?s quantum super pos ftfoo'
Super pos ftfon fnvolves the fnstantañeouS chonge
fo state of one partfele affecttnq the state of
the ther

Entanglerment
Entanq lement al lo0S quaotum object tD sfmultaneou
sly eeisP fo more tthon one state or tocatHoo
Quontum entongte ment fs cohere quantum partfde
frteract phystcallq :lo coays Scub that the quantum
State of each cannot b descrbed fndep endentty
Qubt'
Unlfke. Fradttfonal bts wed fo class tcalcom pters :
that can e>st n' nly one state efther o ort)
quantum bts or qubE can eefst o a superposttfon
of sfmwtaneouly