International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No.

10, October 2022

Effect of Geometry Modification on Turbine

Performance: Mini-Review of Savonius Rotor
Dandun Mahesa Prabowoputra
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

Aditya Rio Prabowo*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

Abstract—The rotor is a critical component in converting Fig. 1 shows the turbine classification. The turbine is
kinetic energy into electrical energy in the turbine. There divided into two types based on the flow, namely axial
are many types of turbines, one of which is the Savonius flow and cross-flow. Axial flow turbines have a similar
Turbine, a kind of cross-flow turbine. In recent years, working mechanism to propeller blades and rely on
research on improving the performance of the Savonius
turbine has continued to develop. Several factors that affect
generating lift [3]. Cross-flow turbines can generate
the performance of the Savonius turbine are external factors, power at moderate flow rates but experience high torque
geometry, and materials. One of the Savonius turbine fluctuations [3].
performances is influenced by the rotor geometry. Several
studies have shown that modification of the geometry of the
Savonius rotor can improve turbine performance. Some of
the changes made are variations in aspect ratio, overlap
ratio, the shape of a blade, number of blades, and multi-
stage. This research is a mini-review of the geometry
modifications that influence the performance of the
Savonius turbine. This study aims to show the geometric
factors that influence the performance of Savonius and
compare the magnitude of these factors' Influence in
increasing the Savonius turbine's performance. Reviews
show that the Aspect Ratio is directly proportional to
performance. Overlap variation of 0 to 0.3 has resulted in
the best performance on the Savonius turbine, but other
factors also influence this factor. The modified shape of the
blade provides an increase of 8% - 25%. Multi-Stage on the Figure 1. Classification of turbines [3].
Savonius can be a combination factor with other factors to
maximize the performance of the Savonius rotor. The
In recent years, the Savonius rotor is one type of cross-
number of blades that have resulted in the best performance
and stability against other factors is two-blades and three- flow turbine that has experienced many developments.
blades. Research to improve the performance of Savonius is
mainly done by modifying the rotor geometry. The
Index Terms—Savonius, turbine, geometry factor, geometry of the Savonius continues to develop, such as
coefficient of power the use of shaft [4], blade shape [4], aspect ratio [5],
overlap ratio [6], number of blades [7], and multi-stage
I. INTRODUCTION [8]. Blade profile changes have been carried out in the
study of Zain Ullah Khan et al. [9]. Changes in the blade
Research on renewable energy in Indonesia has profile resulted in an increase in the maximum power
increased yearly, both experimental studies [1] and coefficient against the conventional design from 0.128 to
simulations using software [2]. One renewable energy 0.38 [9].
that has excellent development is power generation, This research shows that geometry has an essential role
especially Hydro-power. The turbine is one of the in increasing turbine performance. Many changes to the
Machines used to utilize the Power System. Many main rotor parameters have been made. The main
research development of the turbine geometry design to parameters in question are many factors such as the
improve the turbine's performance. The rotor is the main number of blades, aspect ratio, and overlap ratio. Tests on
component that converts mechanical energy into the number of blades were carried out with various
electricity utilizing transmission systems [3]. variations, namely two, three, four, and five. Several
studies have shown that blade two has the best
Manuscript received March 17, 2022; revised August 29, 2022.

© 2022 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 777

doi: 10.18178/ijmerr.11.10.777-783
 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2022

performance compared to other numbers. This is because operate at low velocities. The Savonius rotor has the
the net drag that affects the rotor on two blades is higher disadvantage of low efficiency in its conventional design
than the number of other blades [7]. [16]. Fig. 4 shows a comparison of the performance of
In contrast, other studies have shown that number the Savonius turbine with other types of turbines, where it
blade four has better performance [10]. Tests on the can be seen that the Savonius turbine is the turbine that
aspect and overlap ratios have been carried out has the lowest Cp [15]. Table I shows the difference
consecutively at 1.8 and 0.10 to 0.15. The tests show that between the savonius turbine and the Darrieus turbine in
the aspect ratio has a more significant influence than the general.
overlap ratio [5]. Overlap studies have also been carried
out at 0.12 to 0.21, showing that the optimal overlap is at TABLE I. COMPARISON OF THE SAVONIUS ROTOR WITH THE DARRIEUS
ROTOR.
0.16 [11].
Other research related to the rotor geometry factor is Savonius Darrieus
about the shape of the blade. There have been many has an ability to self-start do not have a self-start ability
has the Lower efficiency has the highest efficiency
designs of blade shapes that show an increase in turbine high starting torque low starting torque
performance. Changes to the blade in the form of blade Lower Noise Lower Noise
shape [4, 9], twisted/helical blade [12, 13], or the addition drag type turbine lift type turbine
of components to the blade [14]. This research is a mini-
review of the geometry change factor in the Savonius
turbine. This study aimed to show the geometry that
influenced the performance of Savonius and compare the
magnitude of the Influence of these factors in improving
performance. Several studies show a significant increase
in performance to be used to reference the following
research design.

II. SAVONIUS TURBINE

Savonius published his rotor design in 1920, in which
the rotor was operated on water and wind. This study
shows that the rotor can perform well with water and
wind. Savonius rotor can operate at low velocity. The Figure 3. Savonius structure [8].
rotor operates at a water velocity of 0.6 m/s, similar to a
wind velocity of 5.5 m/s [1]. Rotor Savonius is an
adaptation of the rotor system at the Flettner Principle.
Fig. 2 shows the flow pattern on the Savonius rotor.
The work of the Savonius rotor is to use a different
resistance coefficient between two blades in the turbine.
Savonius work's principle is based on the torque
produced or the drag force between the rotor blades'
concave and convax parts when rotating around a shaft.
At the same time, some fluid flows to arrive at a convex
underwater surface through a fluid tunnel that produces
torque [1].

Figure 4. Rotor Turbine performance [15].

III. PERFORMANCE OF THE SAVONIUS ROTOR

Savonius turbine performance is shown from the
coefficient of power produced. In addition to the
Figure 2. Fluid flow in the Savonius rotor [15].
coefficient of power, another parameter is the Coefficient
In general, the Savonius structure is shown in Fig. 3. of Torque. Equations 1-4 Shown of these performance
Savonius consists of 3 parts: endplate, blade, and shaft [8]. parameters are:
The Savonius rotor has several advantages and Tip Speed Ratio (TSR):
disadvantages. The benefits of Savonius are that it has a (1)
simple structure, is easy to manufacture, and is easy to
maintain. Savonius has a high starting torque and can Power (P):

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 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2022

There are 5 types of aspect ratio variations used in the

(2)
research of Mahmoud et al. The aspect ratios are 0.5, 1, 2,
Coefficient of Power (Cp): 4, and 5. This study uses an experimental method in a
wind tunnel. The study results show that the higher the
(3) aspect ratio used, the higher the Cpmax. The highest Cpmax
was obtained at Aspect ratio 5, which resulted in a Cpmax
Coefficient of Torque (Ct): of 0.14 [7].
B. Shape of Blade
(4) The shape of the blade influences Savonius
performance. Research shows that phenomenon, using
Where ω is Angular velocity, V is fluid inlet velocity, D
both experimental and simulation methods. The shape of
is rotor diameter, H is rotor height, T is torque, and ρ is
the blade is one of the changes in geometry that has
fluid density [17].
attracted research attention. The model structure changes
the shape of the conventional blade to become flat, as
IV. GEOMETRY FACTOR
shown in Fig. 4a [26]. The research was carried out
Turbine performance with a Savonius rotor can be numerically in 2D using Ansys Fluent software. The type
influenced by several things, including variations in inlet of turbulence used is Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k-ω.
speed [10], turbine material [18, 19], and geometric They are changing the shape of the blade results in an
factors [20]. The Savonius geometry factor has an increase of 17.85%, from Cp 0.5 to 0.59. In addition, the
important role in improving the performance of the Pranta model shows a wider TSR interval than the
Savonius turbine. The geometric factors include aspect conventional type [26].
ratio [21], blade shape [22], overlap ratio [23], multi- Shouman et al. have added fins to the savonius blade
stages [25] and number of blades [10]. with 3 variations of shape [27]. The variation that has
been done is to add 1 to 3 fins for each variation of the
A. Aspect Ratio blade. The results showed that the best increase was
Aspect ratio is one of the geometric factors on the obtained from adding 1-fin for each blade variation. The
Savonius rotor that influences the performance of the resulting Cpmax is 0.156 by adding a 1-fin variation, the
Savonius turbine. Aspect ratio (AR) is the ratio between best Cpmax production of all variations. The resulting
the height of the rotor (H) and the diameter of the rotor increase is 42% from the conventional rotor design [27].
(D). Equation 5 shows the expression of the aspect ratio Mustafa kamal and Saini changed the savonius rotor
equation [6]: with helix blades using variations in angles of 22.5°, 45°,
and 90°[13]. Research has been carried out using three
(5) variations of inlet velocity: 0.5 m/s, 1 m/s, 1.5 m/s, and 2
m/s. The research that has been done shows that a rotor
Sukanta Roy and Ujjwal K Saha have researched the produces the best Cpmax with a helix angle of 45°. The
effect of the Aspect ratio on the Savonius rotor's resulting increase is 4.7% [13].
performance [21]. The type of blade used is a Absi et al. conducted a study comparing the
conventional blade type. The aspect ratios used in this performance of a conventional Savonius blade with a
study were 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1. The study was modified blade [28]. The modifications made are shown
conducted experimentally using a wind tunnel. The in Fig. 4b, which gives a serrated surface on the blade.
research shows that the best performance value is This research was conducted using two methods, namely
obtained at an aspect ratio of 0.8, producing a Cpmax of experiment and simulation. The simulation was carried
0.178. The lowest Cpmax was obtained at an Aspect ratio out in 2D unsteady conditions using ANSYS. At the same
of 0.6 of 0.145. Aspect ratios of 0.7, 0.9, 1 resulted in a time, the experimental investigation was conducted using
Cpmax of 0.157, 0.172, 0.165 [21]. aspect ratio rotor 1 and research using a wind tunnel. In
Jaohindy researched the aspect ratio effect on Rotor's the simulation research, the classic blade produced the
Performance [25]. Variations made are AR 0.7 and 1.1. Cpmax obtained is 0.258 and produced 0.26 on an
The research was conducted using the CFD method with experiment. In the experimental study, the modification
3D simulation on a conventional Savonius blade. The blade produced the Cpmax is 0.292. This study showed
results show that the best aspect ratio is 1.1. The resulting that the modification of the blade surface increased the
Cpmax on AR 1.1 is 0.21, and AR 0.7 produces 0.14 Cpmax Cpmax by 12.31% [28].
[25]. Saat et al. investigated the effect of aspect Cpmax on
the performance of Savonius with twisted blades, and the
research was conducted in 3D unsteady using the CFD
method [23]. The software used in this research is fluent
Ansys. Aspect ratio variations used are 1, 2, 3, and 4. The
resulting Cpmax is directly proportional to AR, where the
higher the AR, the higher the Cpmax. The smallest Cpmax is
generated in AR 1 with a value of 0.223. The highest Figure 4. a) Pranata Blade [26] and b) Serrated Blade [28].
Cpmax is generated by AR 4 with a value of 0.261 [23].

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 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2022

Research on the performance of Savonius with the Table II shows the increase in the performance of the
CFD method has been carried out by Prabowoputra et al. Savonius turbine caused by the modification of the blade
[29]. Fig. 5a shows the L-Shape blade modifications that shape. This mini-review shows that the Sonu Sharma
have been made. Simulations were carried out in 3D model has the smallest gain of 8.89% compared to
using Ansys software and CFX Solver. The turbulence several blade shape modifications on the Savonius rotor.
model used in this study is k-epsilon. The aspect ratio The elliptical shape has the best increase, up to 25%. This
used on the rotor is 1, and the overlap ratio 0. The review shows the effect of blade shape modification on
increase in Cpmax resulting from the design modification the performance of the Savonius rotor in general. Fig. 7
is 10% [29]. shows a graph of the relationship between Cp and TSR
Shashikumar et al. have researched modifying the for each rotor variation.
blade with a v-shape model [30]. The V-shape model that
has been used in this study consists of 5 types. Some TABLE II. SAVONIUS PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT.
improve performance, while some do not. The No The shape of the blade type Increment
modifications made to the blade shape that has improved 1 Pranata Blade 17.85%
performance are shown in Fig. 5b. The research was 2 Serrated Blade 12.31%
conducted using experimental and simulation methods. 3 V-shape Blade 19.3%
4 Tandem Blade 8.89%
However, the comparison with the conventional Savonius 5 L-shape Blade 10%
design was only carried out in simulation research. The 6 Elliptical Blade 25%
resulting Cpmax is 0.22, and the increase obtained from the 7 Benesh Blade 15.64%
V-shape modification is 19.3% [30]. Fig. 5c shows a 8 Modified Batch 11.84%
modified design of a tandem blade with an aspect ratio of
1. The research uses the CFD method in 3D and ANSYS
CFX Slover. Blade design produces a Cpmax of 0.2266.
Compared to the conventional Savonius type, this new
design improves performance by 8.89% [31].

Figure 5. a) L-shape Blade [29], b) V-Shape Blade [30], and c) Tandem Figure 7. Graph of the relationship between Cp and TSR.
Blade [31].

The blade modification research that Nur Alom and C. Overlap Ratio
Ujjwal K. Saha have done shows the effect on the The overlap ratio is one of the parameters related to the
performance of the Savonius turbine [32]. Modification is turbine diameter, which is the ratio of the overlap
done with three variations: Benesh type, Elliptical type, distance between the turbine blades (e) to the turbine
and Modified batch type. Fig. 6 shows a visual of the diameter (D). The following equation 6 shows the
variations in the blade shape modifications that have been equation of the overlap ratio [6].
made. This research was conducted using the CFD
method in 2D unsteady conditions. The software used in (6)
this research is ANSYS Fluent. The results show that the
three-blade modifications increased the performance of Akwa et al. conducted a study on the effect of overlap
the Savonius turbine. The increase produced by the on the performance of the Savonius turbine [23]. The
elliptical type is 25%, the benefit type is 15.64%, and the blade used in this study is the conventional Savonius. The
Modified batch type is 11.84% [32]. The shape of the research was conducted in 3D simulation using the CFD
batch profile on the rotor shows an increase in the cp max method. There are 5 types of overlap modifications,
value. The increase in Cpmax was obtained by 36%, where namely 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6. The results show that
the Cpmax in the conventional design was 0.195, and the the overlap of 0.15 produces the best Cpmax, which is
batch profile was 0.2661 [33]. 0.3161. However, the position of Cpmax at overlap 0.15 is
almost the same as that produced by overlap 0.3 [23].
Research on the effect of overlap on Savonius with an
elliptical type blade shape has been carried out. The CFD
method is used in this study, and the simulation uses 2D
unsteady. The software used in this research is Ansys
Fluent. The overlap ratio variations given are 0, 0.1, 0.15,
Figure 6. a) Elliptical Blade, b) Benesh Blade, and c) Modified Batch
Blade [32]. 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3. The highest Cpmax of 0.34 was obtained
at an overlap ratio of 0.15 [34]. Simulation research on

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 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2022

the effect of overlap on the performance of Savonius has rotors, which conditions were set using Reynolds
been carried out. The type of blade used is conventional numbers 80,000 and 100,000. Both types reproduce the
Savonius, where this research was conducted using the same performance pattern: the more stages, the smaller
CFD method with 2D simulation. The overlaps used in the Cpmax produced. The overall Cpmax results are shown
this study were 0, 0.075, 0.15, 0.225, and 0.3. The highest in Table III [38].
Cpmax is obtained at overlap 0, which is 0.19. At 0.15 Frikha et al. have researched variations in the number
overlap, Cpmax is close to overlap 0, which is 0.186 [35]. of stages in Savonius. The CFD method is used in this
Another study was carried out using an experimental study with 3D simulation. The number of stages used in
method on conventional Savonius turbines using this study was two-stages, three-stages, four-stages, and
variations of the overlap ratio [36]. The overlap ratio used five-stages. The blade used is a conventional blade
is 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. The study was conducted using a without using an endplate. This study indicates that the
tunnel in an experimental setup. The Cpmax produced by best performance is obtained on a rotor with five stages
each overlap variation of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 are 0.105, producing a Cpmax of 0.132. The most negligible
0.138, 0.14, and 0.11. These results indicate that the performance is obtained on a two-stage rotor with a Cpmax
overlap that produces the best performance is 0.2, Cpmax is of 0.081[39].
0.14 [36]. Absi et al. conducted a study on the effect of
overlap on the new blade design on the performance of TABLE III. CPMAX RESULTS IN THE STUDY OF KAMOJI ET AL. [38].
the Savonius turbine [28]. This research was conducted Cpmax Cpmax
Type of Multi-stage
on a blade with a serrated shape on the blade surface. The at Re 80,000 at Re 100,000
method used in this study is the CFD method with 2D Single-Stage 0.17 0.18
simulation. The overlap variations used are 0.1, 0.15, and Two-Stages 0.13 0.15
Three-stages 0.10 0.13
0.2. The highest Cpmax is obtained at overlap 0.2 with a
value of 0.258. The overlap of 0.1 and 0.15 produces a E. Number of Blades
Cpmax of 0.246 and 0.25 [28]. Wenehenubun et al. conducted a study on the effect of
D. Multi-Stages the number of blades on the performance of the Savonius
rotor [10]. The number of blades used in this study was 2,
Prabowoputra et al. conducted a study on the
3, and 4, and used was the conventional blade. The
performance of the Savonius turbine [37]. The research
research method used in this research is an experimental
was conducted using an unsteady 3D simulation using the
and simulation method. The simulation used ANSYS, and
CFD method with the ANSYS CFX. The design used is
the results show that Cpmax is obtained at the number of
shown in Fig. 8. The variation used is the number of
blades 4 [10].
stages, namely single-stage, two-stage, and three-stages.
Experimental research has been carried out on blades 2,
The type of blade used is conventional Savonius. The
3, 4, 5, and 6 [36]. The blade used a conventional blade,
overlap used is 0, and the aspect ratio is 1. The kind of
with an aspect ratio of 2 and an overlap of 0. The results
turbulence used is K-epsilon. The results show that the
showed that the best performance was obtained at the
best performance is obtained on a three-stage rotor,
number of blades two because the net drag force affected
resulting in a Cpmax of 0.197. A two-stage rotor produces
on the rotor is higher than on other blades. A rotor with
a Cpmax of 0.178, and a single-stage produces a Cpmax of
two blades produces a Cpmax of 0.1 [36]. Research has
0.1 [37].
been carried out on the effect of the number of blades on
the performance of Savonius [15]. This research was
conducted using the CFD method with unsteady 3D
simulation. The software used is ANSYS CFX. The type
of turbulence used in this study is k-epsilon. The blades
used conventional and modified types, as shown in Fig. 8.
Variations in the number of blades used are 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Figure 8. a) Single-stage, b) Two-stages, and c) Three-stages [37]. Table IV shows the Cpmax results obtained. The largest
Cpmax is obtained for both blades at the number of blades
Saat et al. conducted a study on multi-stage [24]. This 3 [15].
study aimed to determine changes in the performance of
the Savonius turbine. This research was conducted on
twisted blade form. The aspect ratio used is 1 for single-
stage, 2 for two-stages, 3 for three-stages, and 4 for four-
stages. The research uses the CFD method with 3D
simulation. The results show that the higher the number
of stages, the higher the Cpmax. A four-stage rotor
produces the best performance with a Cpmax of 0.261. a
single-stage produces the most negligible performance
with a Cpmax value of 0.223 [24]. Kamoji et al. studied
multi-stages with experimental methods [38]. Tests were
carried out on single-stage, two-stage, and three-stage
Figure 8. Savonius rotor [15].

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 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2022

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 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2022

[26] M. H. Pranta, M. S. Rabbi, and M. M. Roshid, “A computational [37] D. Mahesa Prabowoputra, S. Hadi, J. M. Sohn, and A. R.
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[27] M. R. Shouman, M. M. Helal, and A. A. El-Haroun, condition,” Open Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 793–803, 2020.
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[29] D. M. Prabowoputra, S. Hadi, A. R. Prabowo, and J. M. Sohn, Copyright © 2022 by the authors. This is an open access article
“Performance assessment of water turbine subjected to distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-
geometrical alteration of Savonius rotor,” in Proc. the 6th NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any
International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non-
and Advanced Materials, Lecture Notes in Mechanical commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Engineering, 2020, pp. 351-365.
[30] C. M. Shashikumar, R. Honnasiddaiah, V. Hindasageri, and V. Dandun Mahesa Prabowoputra graduated in
Madava, “Experimental and numerical investigation of novel V- Mechanical Engineering from Sebelas Maret
shaped rotor for hydropower utilization,” Ocean Engineering, vol. University. He performed a series of numerical
224, 108689, 2021. simulations based on heat transfer, which
[31] S. Sharma and R. K. Sharma, “Performance improvement of became the main topic for his undergraduate
Savonius rotor using multiple quarter blades–A CFD paper. He has completed his Master's degree
investigation,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 127, pp. from Sebelas Maret Unversity. He expanded his
43-54, 2016. research to other engineering phenomena, such
[32] N. Alom and U. K. Saha, “Influence of blade profiles on as Computational Fluid Dynamic on Hydro-
Savonius rotor performance: Numerical simulation and Turbine. He is a Lecturer in the Department of
experimental validation,” Energy Conversion and Management , Mechanical Engineering in Universitas Jenderal
vol. 186, pp. 267-277, 2019. Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia.
[33] L. A. Gallo, E. L. Chica, and E. G. Flórez, “Numerical
optimization of the blade profile of a savonius type rotor using Aditya Rio Prabowo graduated in Mechanical
the response surface methodology,” Sustainability 2022, 14. Engineering from Diponegoro University. He
[34] N. Alom and U. K. Saha, “Arriving at the optimum overlap ratio performed a series of numerical simulation
for an elliptical bladed Savonius,” in Proc. ASME Turbo Expo based on an incident of ship collision, which
2017 Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-10, also became main topic for his graduate thesis.
2017. After finishing double-degree program of a
[35] K. Kacprzak and K. Sobczak, “Computational assessment of the combined discipline, Naval Architecture and
influence of the overlap ratio on the power characteristics of a Marine Systems Engineering, and Mechanical
classical Savonius wind turbine,” Open Engineering, vol. 5, pp. Engineering, he continued to Marine
314–322, 2015. Convergence Design, Pukyong National
[36] J. Thiyagaraj, I. Rahamathullah, G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. University,South Korea. He expanded his
Barathiraja, and A. Ponshanmugakumar, “Influence of blade research to other engineering phenomena, such as grounding/stranding
numbers, overlap ratio and modified blades on performance and arctic engineering. He is a Professor and Lecturer in the Department
characteristics of the Savonius hydro-kinetic turbine,” Materials of Mechanical Engineering in Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.
Today, Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 4047–4053, 2021.

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