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The document provides an overview of three communication protocols: USB, PCI, and SCSI, detailing their key features, versions, speeds, architecture, and advantages. USB is designed for external peripherals with plug-and-play functionality, PCI is optimized for high-speed internal components, and SCSI is a command-based protocol for high-performance storage devices. Each protocol has distinct use cases, topologies, and communication methods, highlighting their applicability in various computing environments.

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9 views

buses

The document provides an overview of three communication protocols: USB, PCI, and SCSI, detailing their key features, versions, speeds, architecture, and advantages. USB is designed for external peripherals with plug-and-play functionality, PCI is optimized for high-speed internal components, and SCSI is a command-based protocol for high-performance storage devices. Each protocol has distinct use cases, topologies, and communication methods, highlighting their applicability in various computing environments.

Uploaded by

ajm8982
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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USB, PCI, and SCSI

1. USB (Universal Serial Bus)


Overview
USB is a serial communication protocol designed for external peripherals.
It is user-friendly, scalable, and supports plug-and-play functionality.
Common applications: keyboards, mice, printers, flash drives, external hard drives.

Key Features
1. Topology:

Hierarchical tree structure.


One Host Controller acts as the master, managing devices and hubs.

2. Communication:

Serial communication.
Uses polling-based data transfer (host periodically queries devices).

3. Power Delivery:

Supplies power (up to 100W via USB-C).


Eliminates the need for external power for small devices.

4. Hot-swappability:

Fully hot-swappable: devices can be connected/disconnected without rebooting.

5. Transfer Modes:

Control: For command and status exchange.


Bulk: For large, non-time-sensitive data (e.g., file transfers).
Interrupt: For small, time-sensitive data (e.g., keyboard input).
Isochronous: For continuous real-time data (e.g., audio/video).

Versions and Speeds


Version Speed Features
USB 1.1 12 Mbps Basic peripherals (mice, keyboards)
USB 2.0 480 Mbps Mass storage, webcams, etc.
Version Speed Features
USB 3.0 5 Gbps High-speed storage and HD video
USB 3.2/4.0 Up to 40 Gbps Advanced peripherals (e.g., docking stations)

Architecture
1. Host Controller:

Manages data flow and power delivery to connected devices.


Examples: xHCI (USB 3.x), EHCI (USB 2.0).

2. Hubs:

Act as intermediaries to connect multiple devices.

3. Devices:

Endpoints that perform specific tasks (e.g., printers, webcams).


Devices communicate with the host, not directly with other devices.

Advantages
Plug-and-play, widely adopted standard.
Power and data over a single cable.
Flexible scalability with hubs and daisy-chaining.

2. PCI (Peripheral Component


Interconnect)
Overview
PCI is a parallel communication protocol for internal components.
Optimized for high-speed and low-latency data transfer between the CPU and devices.
Common applications: GPUs, sound cards, network interface cards (NICs).

Key Features
1. Topology:

Shared parallel bus (legacy PCI).


Point-to-point links in PCIe for direct communication.
2. Communication:

Parallel communication (PCI), Serial communication (PCIe).


Low latency and high bandwidth for internal components.

3. Bandwidth (PCIe):

Uses lanes, each offering a bi-directional connection.


Configurations: x1, x4, x8, x16 (e.g., PCIe 3.0 x16 = 16 GB/s).

4. Hot-swappability:

Not supported in consumer setups but possible in some server systems.

Versions and Speeds


Version Speed Features
PCI 133 MB/s Legacy system expansion
PCI-X 1 GB/s Enhanced bandwidth for servers
PCIe 3.0 16 GB/s (x16) Used for modern GPUs and SSDs
PCIe 5.0 63 GB/s (x16) High-speed server-grade devices

Architecture
1. System Bus:

Connects CPU, memory, and PCI slots.


Ensures efficient communication between all components.

2. PCI Slots:

Physical interfaces for expansion cards.

3. Bridge:

Connects multiple PCI buses to support additional devices.

4. Point-to-Point Links (PCIe):

Replaces shared parallel buses with dedicated lanes.

Advantages
High speed and low latency.
Ideal for high-performance components like GPUs and RAID controllers.
3. SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface)
Overview
SCSI is a command-based protocol for connecting and controlling high-performance storage devices.
Used in servers and professional workstations.
Common applications: hard drives, SSDs, tape drives, scanners.

Key Features
1. Topology:

Parallel communication (legacy SCSI).


Serial communication (SAS – Serial Attached SCSI).

2. Communication:

Command-based communication between initiator and target.


Supports daisy-chaining of multiple devices.

3. Device Management:

Devices assigned IDs manually (legacy) or automatically (modern).


Supports Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs) for multi-device addressing.

4. Hot-swappability:

Supported for external devices.


Internal devices usually require shutdown.

Versions and Speeds


Version Speed Features
SCSI-1 5 MB/s Legacy parallel communication
Ultra320 SCSI 320 MB/s Advanced storage systems
SAS (SCSI over Serial) Up to 22.5 Gbps Modern enterprise-grade storage

Architecture
1. Initiator:

The host system or SCSI controller.


Sends commands to the devices.

2. Target:

Devices like hard drives or tape drives that receive commands.

3. Bus/Interconnect:

Parallel cables or serial links.


Connects initiators and targets.

4. Logical Units (LUNs):

Logical subdivisions of a physical device.

Advantages
High reliability and scalability.
Designed for continuous operation in enterprise environments.

Comparison Table
Feature USB PCI SCSI
High-performance
Purpose External peripherals Internal components
storage
Shared bus or point-to- Shared bus or point-to-
Topology Tree-based
point point
Parallel (PCI), Serial Parallel (legacy), Serial
Communication Serial
(PCIe) (SAS)
Hot-swappable Yes Limited Yes (external only)
Power Delivery Yes (up to 100W) Yes (via motherboard) External supply needed
Up to 40 Gbps (USB Up to 63 GB/s (PCIe
Bandwidth Up to 22.5 Gbps (SAS)
4.0) 5.0)
GPUs, NICs, sound Servers, enterprise
Use Cases Peripherals, storage
cards storage
Ease of Use Very easy Moderate Complex

Key Takeaways
USB: Versatile, user-friendly, and scalable for external peripherals.
PCI: High-speed internal communication for performance-critical components.
SCSI: Enterprise-grade storage with high reliability and scalability.

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