Secure Synopsis compilation for February-2025

General Studies-4
Table of contents

Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-
human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics - in private and public relationships. Human
Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and
administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values. -- 3
Q. Aristotle's concept of Eudaimonia (human flourishing) suggests that ethics is not merely
about rules but about character development. In the context of public service, how can this
idea be applied to ensure ethical decision-making among civil servants? (10 M) ------------------ 3
Q. From an ethical standpoint, should the right to parole be restricted for those convicted of
heinous crimes? Justify your answer. (10 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
Q. Educational institutions are microcosms of society, and the prevalence of ragging reflects
deeper ethical failures. Analyze how moral and ethical education can help in curbing such
unethical behaviour. (10 M) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Q. When an individual repeatedly compromises ethical values, their moral framework
deteriorates. Small ethical lapses, if unchecked, can escalate into justifications for extreme
actions like violence. (10 M) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion. -------------------- 9
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion
towards the weaker-sections.---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
Q. “High cognitive intelligence without emotional intelligence can lead to administrative
failure”. Comment. (10 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. --------------------11
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) ------------ 11
“Righteousness is the foundation stone of peace and good governance”. – Confucius ---------- 11
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) ----------- 13
“On matters of style, swim with the current, on matters of principle stand like a rock”. ------ 13
 - Thomas Jefferson ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems;
ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules,
regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical
governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in
international relations and funding; corporate governance. ------------------------------------14
Q. Discuss the role of conscience in ethical decision-making within public institutions. Can it
be relied upon as the sole guide for ethical governance? (10 M)---------------------------------------- 14
Q. “Conflict of interest is a subtle but serious ethical challenge in corporate governance”.
Explain how conflicts of interest arise and discuss the ethical measures needed to address
them effectively. (10 M) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Q. Spreading misinformation for political gains is often seen in public discourse. Discuss the
ethical challenges misinformation poses to democracy and suggest ways to ensure ethical
political discourse. (10 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Q. The global arms trade often strengthens defence capabilities but may also escalate regional
conflicts. Discuss the ethical dilemmas involved in arms funding and sales between nations.
(10 M) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Q. The "banalization of development" can lead to ethical erosion in governance. Discuss how
ethical principles can be integrated into decision-making processes to prevent this
phenomenon. (10 M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Q. An unhealthy work culture often breeds conflict of interest, leading to ethical
compromises. How can public organizations institutionalize safeguards to prevent such
conflicts? (10 M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Q. “A corrupt system does not need more laws; it needs more integrity”. Discuss the role of
personal integrity in combating corruption. (10 M) -------------------------------------------------------- 24
Case Studies on above issues.--------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Q. As an honest and ethically upright officer serving as the Account Superintendent of the
Schedule Tribe Development Corporation, you face a challenging situation after the new
minister assumes office following the recent elections. ---------------------------------------------------- 26
Q. You are the Mayor of a growing urban city where the stray dog issue has become a matter
of intense public debate. Recently, several members of the city's elite have formally requested
action on stray dogs, claiming they are a public menace. ------------------------------------------------- 28
Q. As the Superintendent of Police in your state, you are renowned for your impartiality and
dedication to upholding the rule of law. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Q. To enhance tourism and revenue, the state government proposed Project Z, which includes
a tiger safari and a specialized zoo within an Indian national park. ---------------------------------- 33
Q. In the wake of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the company R launched a
product named Coronil, claiming it to be the "first evidence-based medicine for COVID-19."
Advertising materials suggested the product was certified and endorsed by the World Health
Organisation (WHO). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
Q. As Earth's climate continues to deteriorate, scientists are exploring new methods to
potentially mitigate climate change. One such method is geoengineering, which involves
deliberately manipulating the Earth's climate to slow or halt global warming. ------------------- 39
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and
consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics;
ethics - in private and public relationships. Human Values -
lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family society and educational
institutions in inculcating values.
Q. Aristotle's concept of Eudaimonia (human flourishing) suggests that ethics is
not merely about rules but about character development. In the context of public
service, how can this idea be applied to ensure ethical decision-making among
civil servants? (10 M)

Introduction

Ethics, according to Aristotle, is about cultivating virtuous character rather than merely
following rules. In public service, fostering moral integrity is essential for unbiased and
people-centric governance.

Body

Aristotle’s Concept of Eudaimonia (Human Flourishing)

1. Moral virtue over rules: Ethics is not about obeying laws blindly but about
cultivating virtues like honesty, justice, and prudence.
o Eg: Satyendra Dubey, a whistle-blower in the NHAI scam, upheld moral
integrity over official protocols.
2. Golden mean: Ethical behavior is about moderation—avoiding extremes of
deficiency or excess in decision-making.
o Eg: Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer, balanced firmness and discretion while
exposing land scams.
3. Ethical habituation: Ethical conduct is developed through consistent moral
practice, not occasional good acts.
o Eg: T.N. Seshan, former CEC, institutionalized electoral reforms through
sustained ethical leadership.
4. Public good as ultimate aim: Governance must align with the greater good of
society, not personal gains.
o Eg: E. Sreedharan, ‘Metro Man of India,’ prioritized public interest over
political pressures in metro projects.
5. Character-based leadership: Ethical leaders inspire others not by authority but by
moral conduct.
o Eg: K.K. Shailaja, former Kerala Health Minister, led with transparency
and moral leadership during COVID-19.

Application in Public Service for Ethical Decision-Making

 1. Moral courage in decision-making: Civil servants must uphold truth despite
political pressure.
o Eg: Durga Shakti Nagpal, an IAS officer, acted against illegal sand mining
despite political threats.
2. Empathy and compassion: Governance must be citizen-centric, ensuring welfare
beyond procedural formalities.
o Eg: Mohammad Imran, IAS, introduced ‘Mission Parvarish’ in MP to
rescue malnourished tribal children.
3. Accountability and integrity: Ethical character ensures transparent and fair
administration.
o Eg: Supreme Court in Vineet Narain Case (1997) reinforced autonomy of
CBI to prevent political misuse.
4. Ethical policy-making: Decision-making must consider long-term societal well-
being.
o Eg: Rangarajan Committee (2008) suggested policies ensuring equitable
economic growth.
5. Balancing discretion and law: Officials must apply both legal knowledge and moral
judgment.
o Eg: Right to Information Act, 2005, enhances ethical accountability in
governance.
6. Institutionalizing ethical conduct: Training civil servants in moral virtues from
induction promotes ethical governance.
o Eg: 2nd ARC Report (2008) recommended ethics training as part of civil
service reforms.

Conclusion

For Eudaimonia in governance, civil servants must imbibe ethical virtues as a way of life,
ensuring just, transparent, and people-centric administration rather than mere rule
compliance.

Q. From an ethical standpoint, should the right to parole be restricted for those
convicted of heinous crimes? Justify your answer. (10 M)

Introduction

The concept of parole is based on reformation and reintegration, but its application in
heinous crimes raises ethical and legal dilemmas. While justice demands punishment and
deterrence, the principle of human rights and rehabilitation must also be considered.

Body

Ethical arguments in favour of restricting parole

 1. Ensuring justice for victims: Granting parole may undermine the sense of justice for
victims and their families.
o Eg: Opposition to parole for convicts in the Periye double murder case
(2025) due to public outcry.
2. Deterrence against grave crimes: Heinous crimes like murder, rape, and
terrorism require strict deterrence.
o Eg: The 2012 Nirbhaya case convicts were denied parole to uphold
deterrence.
3. Public safety concerns: Early release of convicts may pose a threat to society,
especially in cases of repeat offenders.
o Eg: 2013 Shakti Mills gang rape case convicts were denied parole due to
repeat offenses.
4. Potential for misuse: Political influence can lead to unjustified parole approvals,
eroding trust in justice.
o Eg: T.P. Chandrasekharan murder case saw paroles granted under alleged
political influence.
5. Moral culpability of heinous crimes: Such offenses involve premeditation and
brutality, making reformation difficult.
o Eg: The Kathua rape case (2018) highlighted the need for stringent
punishments without leniency.

Ethical arguments against restricting parole

1. Rehabilitation and human rights: The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules
for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules, 2015) emphasize
reformation.
o Eg: Justice Krishna Iyer in multiple judgments emphasized parole as a right,
not a privilege.
2. Differentiation based on individual reform: Parole should be granted based on
behavioral assessment, not a blanket restriction.
o Eg: Rehabilitation of life-term convicts in Maharashtra (2023) helped
reduce recidivism.
3. Judicial review and checks: Courts already assess parole requests based on merit,
ensuring justice and security.
o Eg: State of Haryana v. Jai Singh (2003) – SC upheld that parole must be
granted based on objective criteria.
4. Avoiding disproportionate punishment: Life imprisonment without parole may
violate Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity) if reformation is proven.
o Eg: SC in Union of India v. V. Sriharan (2015) upheld that absolute denial
of parole is unconstitutional.
5. Global best practices: Countries like Norway focus on gradual reintegration, even
for heinous crime convicts, reducing reoffending rates.
o Eg: Norwegian model of rehabilitative justice has led to one of the lowest
recidivism rates globally.
Conclusion

Restricting parole for heinous crimes must be balanced between justice, deterrence, and
rehabilitation. Instead of blanket restrictions, a transparent and merit-based approach
with strict judicial oversight can ensure both public safety and ethical fairness

Q. Educational institutions are microcosms of society, and the prevalence of

ragging reflects deeper ethical failures. Analyze how moral and ethical education
can help in curbing such unethical behaviour. (10 M)

Introduction

Educational institutions mirror societal ethics, and the prevalence of ragging signifies a
deeper failure in moral values. While laws act as deterrents, only ethical education can
transform student behaviour and institutional culture.

Body

How educational institutions reflect deeper ethical failures

1. Erosion of empathy and integrity: Growing individualism and lack of value-based

education lead to unethical behaviour.
o Eg: UGC’s 2023 report cited 250+ ragging cases, showing moral decay
among students.
2. Institutional inaction and weak deterrence: Poor enforcement of anti-ragging laws
encourages impunity.
o Eg: Raghavan Committee (2007) stressed strict enforcement, but non-
compliance persists.
3. Normalization of hierarchical abuse: Senior-junior power structures reflect larger
societal inequalities.
o Eg: Supreme Court in Vishwa Jagriti Mission (2001) ruled ragging violates
Article 21 (Right to Dignity).
4. Peer pressure and bystander silence: Fear of retaliation discourages students from
reporting ragging.
o Eg: Amann Satya Kachroo case (2009) led to UGC’s anti-ragging
regulations (2009) and helplines.
5. Failure of ethical role models: Lack of faculty-led moral guidance weakens ethical
responsibility in students.
o Eg: Radhakrishnan Commission (1948) stressed the role of teachers in
shaping student ethics.

Role of moral and ethical education in curbing ragging

1. Fostering empathy and non-violence: Ethical education instills values of dignity and
mutual respect.
 o Eg: Delhi University’s Value Education Initiative integrates Gandhian
principles into curriculum.
2. Encouraging ethical leadership: Student-led committees ensure peer accountability
in disciplinary actions.
o Eg: IIM Ahmedabad’s Ethics Committee involves students in ethical
decision-making.
3. Teaching case-based ethical reasoning: Real-world examples help students
understand consequences of unethical acts.
o Eg: IIT Bombay’s Ethics & Leadership Course includes mock trials on
campus misconduct.
4. Institutionalizing an honour code: Enforcing ethical contracts promotes self-
discipline and peer responsibility.
o Eg: Harvard’s Honour Code requires students to uphold academic and
behavioural integrity.
5. Mandatory ethics training for faculty and students: Training ensures moral values
are reinforced at all levels.
o Eg: MIT’s Ethics Module mandates ethics training for students and staff.

Conclusion

Laws alone cannot eliminate ragging—moral and ethical education is essential for
building a culture of respect and accountability. Institutions must prioritize value-based
learning, ethical leadership, and peer-driven governance to eradicate ragging at its
roots.

Q. When an individual repeatedly compromises ethical values, their moral

framework deteriorates. Small ethical lapses, if unchecked, can escalate into
justifications for extreme actions like violence. (10 M)

Introduction

Ethical values form the foundation of an individual's moral integrity. When compromised
repeatedly, they erode the internal checks that prevent unethical behavior, leading to a
dangerous moral decline.

Body

Deterioration of moral framework due to ethical compromises

1. Moral disengagement: Individuals rationalize unethical behaviour, suppressing guilt

and moral responsibility.
o Eg: Albert Bandura's theory explains how self-justification weakens moral
restraint.
2. Ethical relativism: Lack of absolute moral standards leads to subjective ethical
interpretations, justifying wrongful actions.
 o Eg: Bhagavad Gita (2.47) stresses duty-based ethics to counter subjective
morality.
3. Desensitization to unethical acts: Regular exposure to unethical behavior normalizes
wrong actions over time.
o Eg: Corruption in public service often starts with small bribes but escalates
into systemic fraud (Second ARC Report on Ethics in Governance).
4. Weak institutional and social accountability: Absence of stringent checks fosters
habitual ethical transgressions.
o Eg: Lokpal Act, 2013 aims to strengthen accountability in governance.

Escalation of small ethical lapses into extreme actions

1. Slippery slope phenomenon: Minor transgressions create a cognitive pattern that

justifies greater wrongs.
o Eg: Corporate frauds like Satyam Scandal began with minor accounting
manipulations before leading to a ₹7,000 crore scam.
2. Erosion of personal integrity: Loss of internal moral checks makes individuals
prioritize self-interest over ethical conduct.
o Eg: Volkswagen Emissions Scandal (2015) where manipulation of data
started as a minor breach but escalated globally.
3. Reduced fear of consequences: Individuals begin to perceive unethical actions as
low-risk if early misconduct goes unpunished.
o Eg: Merton’s Strain Theory explains how lack of legitimate means pushes
individuals toward crime.
4. Social acceptance of minor unethical behaviour: A culture of overlooking small
violations encourages larger transgressions.
o Eg: Broken Window Theory suggests that tolerating minor crimes (e.g.,
vandalism) leads to increased criminal activity.

Measures to prevent ethical deterioration and escalation

1. Value-based education: Incorporating ethics, empathy, and moral reasoning in

education builds ethical resilience.
o Eg: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes moral education and
critical thinking.
2. Strict enforcement of ethical norms: Zero tolerance for small ethical violations
prevents escalation.
o Eg: Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 ensures stringent action against
even minor corrupt practices.
3. Encouraging whistleblowing and accountability: Internal mechanisms for reporting
unethical behaviour strengthen moral responsibility.
o Eg: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 encourages ethical vigilance.
4. Community and institutional ethical reinforcement: Promoting social
accountability and ethical leadership ensures sustained moral integrity.
 o Eg: Kautilya’s Arthashastra advocates strict ethical conduct in governance
to prevent societal corruption.

Conclusion

Unchecked ethical lapses create a breeding ground for moral collapse, eventually leading to
extreme acts like violence. Strengthening moral education, accountability, and ethical
leadership is key to preserving individual and societal ethical integrity.

Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation

with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social
influence and persuasion.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity,

impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to
public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the
weaker-sections.

Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and

application in administration and governance.

Q. “High cognitive intelligence without emotional intelligence can lead to

administrative failure”. Comment. (10 M)

Introduction

Administrative efficiency requires not just problem-solving skills but also the ability to
understand, manage, and respond to human emotions. Without emotional intelligence,
even the most intellectually capable administrators may face ethical lapses and governance
failures.

Body

Importance of emotional intelligence alongside cognitive intelligence

1. Effective decision-making: Emotional intelligence helps balance rational analysis

with empathy, ensuring decisions are people-centric.
o Eg: 2016 demonetization—while economically strategic, lack of sensitivity in
initial implementation led to public distress, highlighting the need for
emotional foresight.
2. Conflict resolution: Administrators manage diverse stakeholders; emotional
intelligence aids in diffusing tensions effectively.
 o Eg: Shaheen Bagh protests (2019-20)—officers with empathetic engagement
helped reduce confrontations during CAA protests.
3. Ethical governance: Emotional awareness fosters moral courage and prevents
unethical practices driven solely by efficiency goals.
o Eg: Satyendra Dubey case (2003)—an honest officer whose ethical concerns
were ignored due to administrative apathy, leading to tragic consequences.
4. Leadership and motivation: Emotional intelligence inspires teams, creating a
motivated and resilient workforce.
o Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, IAS officer Prashant Nair’s
“Compassionate Governance” in Kerala showcased emotionally intelligent
leadership under crisis.
5. Public trust and credibility: Administrators with emotional intelligence build
stronger citizen trust, crucial for governance legitimacy.
o Eg: E-Sanjeevani telemedicine platform—success due to emotionally
intelligent policies focusing on accessible healthcare during COVID-19.

Consequences of lacking emotional intelligence

1. Rigid bureaucracy: Overemphasis on rules without empathy leads to bureaucratic

red tape and citizen dissatisfaction.
o Eg: Vishakha Guidelines (1997) were initially poorly implemented due to
administrative indifference, needing judicial reinforcement later.
2. Burnout and stress: Administrators without emotional coping mechanisms face
mental health issues, reducing efficiency.
o Eg: 2022 All India Services (Conduct) Rules amendment promoting mental
well-being acknowledges this growing concern.
3. Poor crisis management: Lack of emotional insight during crises can worsen public
panic.
o Eg: Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)—administrative failure to manage public
emotions aggravated the humanitarian crisis.

How to inculcate emotional intelligence in administration

1. Incorporating EI in training programs: Integrate emotional intelligence modules

in civil services training like at LBSNAA, focusing on empathy, self-awareness, and
conflict resolution.
o Eg: The Mission Karmayogi (2020) framework emphasizes behavioral
training to develop emotionally intelligent civil servants.
2. Mentorship and peer learning: Encourage mentorship programs where senior
officers guide juniors on handling emotionally complex situations.
o Eg: Best practices in Delhi Police include peer support groups to enhance
emotional resilience among officers.
3. Regular feedback mechanisms: Establish 360-degree feedback systems to help
officers reflect on their emotional competencies.
 o Eg: Private sector models like Google’s feedback culture can inspire similar
practices in government bodies to improve interpersonal skills.
4. Stress management workshops: Conduct stress management and mindfulness
workshops to enhance self-regulation and empathy.
o Eg: Yoga and mindfulness sessions at LBSNAA have shown positive
outcomes in improving emotional regulation among probationers.

Conclusion

While cognitive intelligence builds an administrator’s capacity, emotional intelligence

shapes their character. The future of governance lies in nurturing emotionally resilient
leaders who balance logic with compassion for ethical and effective administration.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and

world.
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10
M)
“Righteousness is the foundation stone of peace and good governance”. –
Confucius

Introduction

Righteousness is the moral foundation of a just society, ensuring peace and effective
governance. Confucius' philosophy resonates with ethical leadership and constitutional
morality, which are essential for social stability and governance in India.

Body

Righteousness as the foundation of peace

1. Social harmony and trust – Ethical behaviour nurtures mutual respect, reducing
societal unrest and violence.
o Eg: Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha promoted ethical
resistance, preventing violent conflicts during India’s freedom struggle.
2. Justice and fairness – A just system prevents discrimination, fostering peace in
society.
o Eg: Supreme Court’s Vishaka Guidelines (1997) ensured workplace dignity
for women, reducing exploitation and harassment.
3. Corruption-free society – Ethical leadership ensures justice and equal opportunities,
preventing resentment and instability.
o Eg: Whistleblower Act, 2014, safeguards ethical citizens who expose
corruption, strengthening public trust in institutions.
 4. Religious and cultural tolerance – Righteousness fosters acceptance of diversity,
preventing conflicts.
o Eg: Communal Harmony initiatives like “Sadbhavana Diwas” promote
peace through ethical discourse and inclusivity.
5. Responsible and ethical media – Media ethics prevent misinformation, reducing
communal tensions and social disharmony.
o Eg: Fake news regulations by PIB Fact Check Unit curb the spread of
misinformation, reducing fear and social unrest.

Righteousness as the foundation of good governance

1. Integrity in leadership – Ethical governance builds public trust and accountability.

o Eg: E. Sreedharan’s leadership in Delhi Metro demonstrated honesty and
efficiency, ensuring corruption-free infrastructure development.
2. Rule of law and constitutional morality – Ensures impartial governance based on
ethical principles.
o Eg: Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) upheld constitutional morality,
ensuring that governance remains ethically sound and just.
3. Transparency and accountability – Ethical administration prevents corruption and
upholds public welfare.
o Eg: RTI Act, 2005, enables citizens to ensure ethical governance by
demanding transparency from public offices.
4. Ethical public service – Civil servants must uphold morality, prioritizing citizens'
welfare over personal or political interests.
o Eg: T.N. Seshan’s electoral reforms restored integrity in India’s electoral
process, ensuring ethical democratic governance.
5. Sustainable and inclusive governance – Ethical policies ensure long-term public
welfare rather than short-term political gains.
o Eg: Kerala’s Kudumbashree initiative, an ethical model of women-led
economic development, empowers marginalized sections through self-
reliance.

Conclusion

Righteousness in individual conduct and governance is indispensable for peace, justice, and
development. Strengthening ethical values in leadership, administration, and society will
build a more just, accountable, and harmonious nation.
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10
M)
“On matters of style, swim with the current, on matters of principle stand like a
rock”.
- Thomas
Jefferson

Introduction

In an era of rapid socio-political and technological change, flexibility in approach is crucial,

but unwavering adherence to ethical principles is essential to uphold justice, fairness, and
integrity in governance.

Body

Meaning of the quote

1. Adaptability in methods: Approaches and styles may change with time, requiring
adaptability for effectiveness.
o Eg: Public administration reforms like e-Governance and participatory
governance enhance efficiency.
2. Unyielding ethical stand: Core values like justice, equality, and integrity must
remain non-negotiable.
o Eg: Whistleblowers in corruption cases uphold principles despite threats, as
seen in the Satyendra Dubey case.
3. Pragmatism vs. Ethical rigidity: While pragmatic decisions evolve with
circumstances, ethical standpoints must remain firm.
o Eg: Judiciary’s stance on fundamental rights, such as the Kesavananda
Bharati case (1973), upheld constitutional morality.
4. Moral courage in decision-Making: Leaders must balance pragmatism with
steadfast moral integrity.
o Eg: Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent resistance, where he adjusted strategies
but never compromised on principles.
5. Ethical leadership: Leaders must remain adaptable but never compromise on
fundamental principles of governance.
o Eg: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam emphasized integrity while embracing technological
advancements.

Relevance in the present context

1. Policy flexibility with ethical governance: Policies should evolve while maintaining
integrity.
o Eg: RBI’s digital currency policy adapts to fintech innovations while
ensuring financial security.
 2. Social media and ethical responsibility: Digital platforms require adaptability but
must uphold truth and accountability.
o Eg: Election Commission’s regulation of fake news safeguards electoral
integrity.
3. Judiciary’s role in constitutional morality: Courts adapt to social evolution while
protecting fundamental rights.
o Eg: Navtej Singh Johar case (2018) decriminalized Section 377, reflecting
evolving social values without compromising human dignity.
4. Public service and ethical standards: Bureaucrats must adjust to administrative
reforms without compromising ethics.
o Eg: Second ARC report (2008) emphasized transparency and
accountability in governance.
5. Economic reforms and social equity: Economic policies must be flexible yet
prioritize inclusiveness and justice.
o Eg: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mandate (2013) ensures
businesses contribute ethically to society.

Conclusion

In a fast-changing world, policies and strategies must evolve, but ethical values should
remain unshaken. True leadership lies in adapting to the times while standing firm on
core principles.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration:

Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in
government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and
conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and
ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in
governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
corporate governance.
Q. Discuss the role of conscience in ethical decision-making within public
institutions. Can it be relied upon as the sole guide for ethical governance? (10
M)

Introduction

Conscience acts as an inner moral compass, enabling public officials to differentiate

between right and wrong beyond legal mandates. However, relying solely on conscience for
ethical governance can lead to subjectivity and inconsistencies, necessitating legal and
institutional checks.

Body

Role of conscience in ethical decision-making

1. Moral integrity in governance: Conscience fosters honesty and fairness, guiding

civil servants to act ethically even under pressure.
o Eg: S.R. Sankaran, IAS, implemented land reforms for marginalized groups
despite political opposition.
2. Resolving ethical dilemmas: Provides moral clarity in situations where laws are
ambiguous or silent.
o Eg: During the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, officials prioritized rescue efforts
over strict adherence to bureaucratic procedures.
3. Promotes public interest: Ensures decisions serve the greater common good, going
beyond mere rule compliance.
o Eg: In the aftermath of the Pulwama attack (2019), officials expedited
emergency relief without waiting for formal approvals.
4. Reduces bureaucratic apathy: Encourages empathy and compassion, promoting
humane governance beyond mechanical rule-following.
o Eg: Dr. S. Balaji, IAS, initiated community-driven healthcare projects for
tribal welfare, beyond standard administrative mandates.
5. Acts as an internal quick guide: In urgent situations, conscience helps officials
make swift ethical decisions when legal clarity is lacking.
o Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), frontline officers adopted
innovative solutions to manage crises effectively.

Can conscience be the sole guide for ethical governance?

Arguments in Favour (Yes) Arguments Against (No)

1. Moral integrity in governance: 1. Subjectivity and personal biases:
Conscience ensures honesty and fairness Conscience varies, leading to inconsistent
beyond legal obligations. decisions.
Eg: S.R. Sankaran, IAS, upheld land Eg: Police encounters leading to
reforms despite political pressures. extrajudicial killings (NHRC report, 2023).
2. Resolving ethical dilemmas: Provides 2. Conflicts with constitutional morality:
moral clarity when laws are ambiguous or May contradict constitutional values like
silent. secularism and equality.
Eg: Uttarakhand floods (2013) – officials Eg: Sabarimala Verdict (2018) – SC upheld
prioritized lives over bureaucratic red tape. gender equality over personal beliefs.
3. Promotes public interest: Guides 3. Potential for misuse: Officials may justify
decisions in favor of the greater common unethical acts under the pretext of conscience.
 Arguments in Favour (Yes) Arguments Against (No)
good, beyond procedural formalities. Eg: Vyapam Scam (2013-2015) – unethical
Eg: Pulwama attack (2019) – officials recruitment practices disguised as welfare
expedited relief, bypassing routine measures.
formalities.
4. Reduces bureaucratic apathy: 4. Legal and institutional safeguards are
Encourages empathy and compassion, essential: Uniform ethical standards require
ensuring humane treatment in governance. legal frameworks like the Prevention of
Eg: Dr. S. Balaji, IAS, initiated tribal Corruption Act (1988).
healthcare programs beyond standard Eg: 2nd ARC (2007) recommended formal
protocols. ethics training for civil servants.
5. Acts as a quick internal guide: In
5. Judicial precedence over personal
urgent situations, conscience can provide
morality: Legal principles override personal
instant ethical direction when rules are
conscience in governance.
unclear.
Eg: Keshavananda Bharati Case (1973) –
Eg: COVID-19 crisis (2020) – officials
upheld constitutional supremacy over
adapted innovative solutions to meet public
individual interpretations.
health needs.

Conclusion

While conscience plays a vital role in shaping ethical decision-making, it cannot function as
the sole guide. A robust ethical framework requires the harmonization of personal
conscience with legal mandates, constitutional values, and institutional mechanisms to
ensure fairness, consistency, and accountability in governance.

Q. “Conflict of interest is a subtle but serious ethical challenge in corporate

governance”. Explain how conflicts of interest arise and discuss the ethical
measures needed to address them effectively. (10 M)

Introduction

Corporate governance ensures transparency, accountability, and fairness in corporate affairs.

However, conflict of interest—where personal gains influence professional decisions—
poses a serious ethical challenge, threatening the integrity of organizations and eroding public
trust.

Body

Conflict of interest is a serious ethical challenge in corporate governance

1. Erosion of stakeholder trust: Personal biases in decisions damage the confidence of

shareholders, employees, and the public.
 o Eg: The Satyam Scam (2009) eroded investor trust after manipulated
accounts benefited insiders.
2. Financial mismanagement: Conflicts lead to unethical financial practices, causing
losses and insolvency.
o Eg: The IL&FS Crisis (2018) involved unethical board decisions, triggering a
financial meltdown.
3. Undermines corporate ethics: Decisions influenced by personal interests weaken
ethical culture within organizations.
o Eg: The Enron Scandal (2001) reflected compromised ethics leading to
corporate collapse.
4. Legal and reputational risks: Companies face lawsuits, regulatory penalties, and
damaged reputations due to conflicts.
o Eg: The Nirav Modi PNB Fraud (2018) caused legal troubles and tarnished
PNB's reputation.
5. Distortion of fair competition: Crony capitalism and favoritism hinder meritocracy,
affecting industry fairness.
o Eg: Kingfisher Airlines Crisis (2012)—unethical financial dealings impacted
creditors and employees.

How conflicts of interest arise

1. Dual roles within companies: Holding multiple influential positions compromises

independent judgment.
o Eg: ICICI-Videocon Case (2018)—alleged conflict due to CEO’s links with
the borrower.
2. Insider trading: Using confidential company information for personal market gains
violates ethical standards.
o Eg: Rajat Gupta Insider Trading Case (2012) led to conviction for sharing
sensitive data.
3. Related-party transactions: Favouring family or associates in business dealings
creates conflicts.
o Eg: YES Bank Crisis (2020)—founder’s dealings favored companies linked
to family.
4. Auditor-client dependency: Long-term relationships between auditors and clients
compromise audit integrity.
o Eg: Arthur Andersen’s role in Enron Collapse (2001)—auditors ignored
accounting irregularities.
5. Political-corporate nexus: Corporate donations to political parties influence policy
decisions for business benefits.
o Eg: Electoral Bonds Controversy (2018) raised concerns over corporate
influence in politics.

Ethical measures to address conflicts of interest effectively

 1. Independent board committees: Establishing audit, risk, and ethics committees
reduces personal biases.
o Eg: Kotak Committee Recommendations (2017) emphasized board
independence for better governance.
2. Mandatory disclosures: Transparency in financial dealings and related-party
transactions prevents conflicts.
o Eg: Companies Act, 2013 (Sections 177 & 188) mandates disclosures to curb
unethical practices.
3. Whistleblower protection: Encouraging ethical reporting without fear of retaliation
promotes accountability.
o Eg: Vigil Mechanism under Companies Act, 2013 safeguards
whistleblowers in corporations.
4. Separation of powers: Dividing roles of CEO and Chairperson ensures independent
oversight.
o Eg: Infosys Governance Model maintains role separation to avoid conflicts.
5. Regulatory oversight and audits: Strengthening regulatory frameworks ensures
ethical compliance.
o Eg: SEBI’s LODR Regulations (2015, amended 2021) enhance corporate
governance standards.

Conclusion

Conflict of interest threatens the ethical foundation of corporate governance. Robust

regulatory mechanisms, independent oversight, and ethical leadership are key to
mitigating such challenges. A culture rooted in transparency and accountability ensures
sustainable and responsible corporate growth.

Q. Spreading misinformation for political gains is often seen in public discourse.

Discuss the ethical challenges misinformation poses to democracy and suggest
ways to ensure ethical political discourse. (10 M)

Introduction

Misinformation in politics undermines democratic values, erodes public trust, and

manipulates electoral choices. Ethical political discourse is essential for an informed and
participative democracy.

Body

Ethical challenges posed by misinformation to democracy

1. Erosion of public trust: False narratives weaken citizens’ confidence in governance

and institutions.
o Eg: 2020 US Presidential Election saw widespread misinformation about
electoral fraud, affecting public faith in the system.
 2. Threat to free and fair elections: Misleading propaganda can influence voter
choices, distorting democratic outcomes.
o Eg: 2019 Cambridge Analytica scandal exposed unethical data manipulation
to sway elections.
3. Polarization and social unrest: Fake news amplifies divisions, leading to violence
and instability.
o Eg: Muzaffarnagar riots (2013) were fuelled by false social media claims.
4. Weakening of institutional credibility: Misinformation delegitimizes judicial,
legislative, and executive institutions.
o Eg: Misinformation on Supreme Court verdicts, like in the Sabarimala
case (2018), misrepresented judicial intent.
5. Moral degradation in leadership: Ethical leadership demands integrity and
truthfulness, which misinformation contradicts.
o Eg: Gandhi’s ethical politics emphasized Satya (truth) and Ahimsa (non-
violence) as guiding principles.

Ways to ensure ethical political discourse

1. Legal and constitutional safeguards: Strengthening laws like Section 66A (IT Act)
and implementing Model Code of Conduct effectively.
o Eg: Election Commission’s cVIGIL app enables real-time reporting of
election-related misinformation.
2. Accountability through fact-checking: Independent bodies should counter
misinformation with verified data.
o Eg: Alt News and PIB Fact Check regularly debunk fake political narratives.
3. Ethical leadership and political will: Political leaders must practice value-based
politics and discourage misinformation.
o Eg: Vajpayee’s parliamentary ethics set an example of respectful and
truthful debate.
4. Social media regulation: Tech platforms must ensure transparency in content
moderation and curb fake news.
o Eg: European Union’s Digital Services Act (2022) mandates accountability
for misinformation.
5. Civic education and public awareness: Promoting media literacy and critical
thinking to combat misinformation.
o Eg: Finland’s education model includes digital literacy to counter fake news.

Conclusion

Misinformation undermines democracy, but ethical leadership, regulatory frameworks,

and media accountability can counter it. A truth-driven discourse is vital for a
transparent and resilient democracy.
Q. The global arms trade often strengthens defence capabilities but may also
escalate regional conflicts. Discuss the ethical dilemmas involved in arms funding
and sales between nations. (10 M)

Introduction

The global arms trade is a double-edged sword—while it strengthens defence capabilities, it

also fuels regional conflicts and ethical concerns related to peace, justice, and security.
Ethical scrutiny is essential to prevent escalation of violence, human rights violations, and
global instability.

Body

Ethical dilemmas in arms funding and sales between nations

1. Violation of just war theory: Arms sales to conflict-prone regions violate the jus ad
bellum principle, which dictates that war must be a last resort.
o Eg: Yemen conflict – Western arms sales to Saudi Arabia prolonged
humanitarian suffering (Source: UNHRC, 2024).
2. Compromising national security interests: Arming one nation can create security
risks for others, leading to an arms race and instability.
o Eg: US funding for Pakistan’s F-16s is seen as a threat to India's security
(Source: Indian MoD, 2025).
3. Proliferation of terrorism and non-state actors: Arms often reach terrorist groups
and insurgents, worsening global security challenges.
o Eg: Afghanistan post-US withdrawal – Taliban seized abandoned US
military equipment (Source: BBC, 2023).
4. Economic interests overriding ethical concerns: Defense deals prioritize profits
over peace, leading to unethical arms sales to oppressive regimes.
o Eg: Russia’s arms exports to Myanmar's junta, despite UN reports on
human rights violations (Source: Amnesty International, 2024).
5. Weak international regulations and double standards: There is no binding global
arms trade regulation, leading to selective enforcement and geopolitical biases.
o Eg: UN Arms Trade Treaty (2014) has weak enforcement mechanisms,
allowing arms sales to conflict zones (Source: UNODA, 2024).
6. Impact on humanitarian and development goals: Excessive military spending
diverts resources from education, healthcare, and poverty reduction, worsening
global inequalities.
o Eg: Africa’s arms race – Despite food crises, countries like Sudan spend
billions on arms (Source: World Bank, 2023).

What needs to be done from an ethical perspective

 1. Strict adherence to ethical foreign policy: Countries must align arms trade with UN
Charter and Gandhian principles of non-violence.
o Eg: India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy promotes peaceful diplomacy over
arms trade (Source: MEA, 2024).
2. Strengthening global regulations: A legally binding and enforceable arms control
framework under UN supervision is needed.
o Eg: India’s push for reforming UN Arms Trade Treaty (2024) seeks
stricter global arms oversight (Source: UNGA, 2024).
3. Greater transparency and accountability: Mandatory parliamentary oversight
and public disclosure of arms deals to prevent unethical sales.
o Eg: US Congress blocking arms sales to Saudi Arabia (2023) due to human
rights violations (Source: Reuters, 2023).
4. Ethical responsibility of arms manufacturers: Defense companies must follow
corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human rights compliance in sales.
o Eg: EU’s ethical arms export policy prevents sales to human rights violators
(Source: European Parliament, 2024).
5. Promoting peace-driven alternatives: Investing in peace-building, conflict
resolution, and non-military solutions instead of fuelling conflicts.
o Eg: UN Peacekeeping Missions have successfully reduced conflicts in war-
torn nations (Source: UNDP, 2024).

Conclusion

Unethical arms trade threatens peace, stability, and human rights, making stricter ethical
frameworks essential. Nations must prioritize diplomacy over defence sales and strengthen
global arms control to prevent unnecessary conflicts.

Q. The "banalization of development" can lead to ethical erosion in governance.

Discuss how ethical principles can be integrated into decision-making processes
to prevent this phenomenon. (10 M)

Introduction

Development without an ethical foundation leads to moral disengagement, where decisions

prioritize economic gains over human dignity and environmental sustainability. Ethical
governance ensures development is inclusive, just, and morally responsible.

Body

Ethical concerns in the banalization of development

1. Violation of human dignity: Prioritizing infrastructure over people dehumanizes the

displaced and affected communities.
o Eg: Yamuna Floodplain Encroachments (2023) – Evictions of slum
dwellers without rehabilitation ignored Kantian ethics of human dignity.
 2. Utilitarianism without justice: Treating development as a cost-benefit equation
often leads to sacrificing minority interests for the "greater good."
o Eg: Gujarat’s Narmada Dam Project – Tribal displacement justified for
economic benefits, contradicting Rawls' theory of justice.
3. Erosion of intergenerational equity: Short-term economic gains should not come at
the cost of future generations.
o Eg: Amazon Rainforest Deforestation (2023) – Unregulated logging
threatens climate stability, violating UN’s Brundtland Commission (1987) on
sustainable development.
4. Moral disengagement in governance: Decision-makers justify unethical actions as
necessary for progress, disconnecting them from ethical accountability.
o Eg: Andaman mega infrastructure project – Promoted as economic
progress while ignoring indigenous Jarawa tribe’s survival rights.
5. Lack of environmental ethics: Anthropocentric development disregards ecological
balance and biodiversity protection.
o Eg: Delhi Ridge deforestation (2022) – Violated Aldo Leopold’s Land
Ethic, which advocates respect for all living beings.

Integrating ethical principles into governance

1. Virtue ethics in leadership: Policymakers must prioritize moral character,

empathy, and integrity over economic targets.
o Eg: Jacinda Ardern’s Well-being Budget (2019) – Shifted focus from GDP
growth to citizens' holistic welfare.
2. Rights-based approach to development: Policies must safeguard human rights,
social justice, and environmental sustainability.
o Eg: Forest Rights Act (2006) – Restored tribal land ownership, aligning
with Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach.
3. Gandhian ethics of trusteeship: Development should balance economic interests
with social and environmental responsibility.
o Eg: CSR Mandate in Companies Act (2013) – Encourages businesses to act
as trustees of society rather than mere profit-driven entities.
4. Ethics of care and inclusivity: Development should be participatory, ensuring the
weakest are heard and protected.
o Eg: Aajeevika NRLM (2011) – Focuses on empowering women and rural
poor through sustainable livelihoods.
5. Deontological ethics in governance: Policies should uphold moral duties and
constitutional mandates, regardless of economic expediency.
o Eg: National Green Tribunal (2010) – Ensures that legal obligations
towards environmental protection are enforced.

Conclusion
Development should be a moral endeavor, not just an economic goal. Infusing governance
with virtue ethics, participatory decision-making, and environmental ethics will ensure
that development remains a force for justice and sustainabilityProbity in Governance:
Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing
and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct,
Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds,
challenges of corruption.

Q. An unhealthy work culture often breeds conflict of interest, leading to ethical

compromises. How can public organizations institutionalize safeguards to
prevent such conflicts? (10 M)

Introduction

A toxic work culture enables favouritism, collusion, and regulatory capture, leading to
ethical erosion. Institutionalizing safeguards is essential to ensure impartiality, public trust,
and governance integrity.

Body

How an unhealthy work culture breeds conflict of interest

1. Lack of accountability: Weak internal controls allow personal gains to override

public interest.
o Eg: PNB Scam (2018) – Failure of checks and balances enabled fraudulent
transactions worth ₹11,000 crore.
2. Opaque decision-making: non-transparent policies create opportunities for undue
influence.
o Eg: Coal Allocation Scam (2012) – Arbitrary allocation without auctions led
to significant losses to the exchequer.
3. Patronage and favoritism: Informal power networks lead to biased decision-making.
o Eg: Vyapam Scam (Madhya Pradesh) – Recruitment manipulation due to
political and bureaucratic collusion.
4. Revolving door corruption: Public officials joining private firms they once
regulated, causing regulatory capture.
o Eg: Former SEBI chiefs taking corporate advisory roles, influencing
regulatory decisions in favor of industry players.
5. Ethical normalization of misconduct: Systemic tolerance of corruption and conflicts
of interest.
o Eg: Satyam Scam (2009) – Financial fraud persisted due to weak ethical
oversight in corporate governance.
6. Weak grievance redressal mechanisms: Employees fear retaliation for reporting
unethical practices.
o Eg: Whistleblower complaints against tax officials (2022) were ignored,
leading to alleged collusion in tax evasion cases.
Safeguards to prevent conflict of interest in public organizations

1. Mandatory asset and interest disclosures: Officials must declare financial holdings
to prevent vested interests.
o Eg: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 mandates asset declaration by
public functionaries.
2. Strict cooling-off period for post-retirement jobs: Restrictions on officials joining
firms they previously regulated.
o Eg: OECD guidelines recommend a minimum of two years to prevent
undue influence and lobbying.
3. Whistleblower protection and anonymity: Encouraging internal reporting of
unethical practices.
o Eg: The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 provides safeguards against
victimization of whistleblowers.
4. Digital transparency mechanisms: AI and blockchain to reduce human discretion in
public decision-making.
o Eg: Government e-Marketplace (GeM) ensures transparent procurement,
preventing favoritism.
5. Ethics audits and independent oversight bodies: Regular evaluation of ethical risks
in governance.
o Eg: The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) conducts audits to identify
conflict-of-interest cases.
6. Ethical leadership and training: Institutionalizing value-based decision-making in
civil services.
o Eg: LBSNAA's ethics training module for IAS officers integrates conflict-
of-interest scenarios for practical learning.

Conclusion

A transparent, accountable, and ethically robust work culture is crucial to preventing

conflicts of interest. Strengthening institutional safeguards, legal deterrents, and ethical
training will ensure impartial governance and sustained public trust.

Q. “A corrupt system does not need more laws; it needs more integrity”. Discuss
the role of personal integrity in combating corruption. (10 M)

Introduction

Legal frameworks alone cannot eliminate corruption unless ethical values and integrity are
deeply embedded in governance and society. The Second ARC (2007) emphasized that
corruption thrives due to weak moral courage, not just legal loopholes.

Body

A corrupt system does not need more laws; it needs more integrity
 1. Legal overload vs. implementation failure – India has multiple anti-corruption
laws (Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988; Lokpal Act, 2013), yet corruption persists
due to weak enforcement.
o Eg: Despite RTI Act (2005), cases like Adarsh Scam (2010) highlight poor
implementation.
2. Systemic loopholes weaken accountability – Overlapping laws create ambiguity,
making punishment delayed and rare.
o Eg: Coal Scam (2012) exposed regulatory failure despite CBI oversight.
3. Ethical leadership outweighs legal deterrence – Leaders with high integrity shape
ethical institutions, while corrupt ones exploit legal gaps.
o Eg: T.N. Seshan’s electoral reforms improved poll transparency despite
weak early laws.
4. Judicial delays reduce law’s deterrence – Corruption cases linger for decades,
reducing faith in laws.
o Eg: 2G Scam case verdict came after 7 years, with no major convictions.
5. Laws cannot address ‘invisible corruption’ – Nepotism, favoritism, and moral
compromise often evade legal scrutiny.
o Eg: Political crony capitalism (as seen in electoral bond controversies)
operates in legally grey areas.

Role of personal integrity in combating corruption

1. Integrity promotes ethical governance – A leader’s personal conduct shapes

institutional ethics, reducing the need for external oversight.
o Eg: E. Sreedharan’s leadership in Delhi Metro ensured corruption-free
execution.
2. Encourages whistleblowing culture – Honest officers fearlessly expose corruption,
driving systemic accountability.
o Eg: Ashok Khemka (IAS officer) exposed multiple scams, including Robert
Vadra’s land deals.
3. Builds public trust in institutions – Integrity in governance restores people’s
confidence in democracy and administration.
o Eg: Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Railway Minister after a train
accident, setting ethical precedents.
4. Enhances legal effectiveness – Laws function efficiently only when public servants
uphold their ethical duty.
o Eg: Supreme Court in Vineet Narain Case (1997) upheld CBI’s
independence to fight corruption.
5. Reduces reliance on punitive action – If ethical standards are internalized,
corruption declines naturally, reducing the need for stricter laws.
o Eg: Singapore’s low corruption is credited more to leadership integrity than
strict laws.

Conclusion
While laws act as deterrents, real change comes from ethical leadership and individual
integrity. As Kautilya’s Arthashastra states, “A king’s virtue determines the prosperity of
the kingdom”—the same applies to governance today.

Case Studies on above issues.

Q. As an honest and ethically upright officer serving as the Account
Superintendent of the Schedule Tribe Development Corporation, you face a
challenging situation after the new minister assumes office following the recent
elections.
One day, your superiors and the minister summon you to their cabin. After inquiring
about your background and work, they begin discussing a plan to transfer nearly 100
crore rupees in small installments from the STDC bank account to an individual
account. Concerned and curious about the purpose of this transfer, you ask for
clarification, but the minister and your superiors become irritated and order you to
leave the office. You realize that these funds, intended for the development of tribal
communities, are being misappropriated for personal enrichment. The next day, you
receive "oral instructions" from the minister’s office to facilitate the unauthorized
transfer of money. As you hesitate, the minister and your superiors start threatening
you and your family if you do not comply with their orders. You are now under
tremendous pressure to adhere to unethical means.
In the given circumstances, address the following:
a) Identify the main stakeholders involved in this case.
b) Highlight the issues related to work culture and misappropriation of funds in the
case above.
c) What are the various options available to you? Which option would you choose
and why? [20M]
Introduction:

The Golden Rule of public fund management underscores the critical need for transparency
and accountability in handling taxpayer money. The case highlights a severe breach of
ethical standards and fiduciary responsibility. By prioritizing personal gain over public
welfare.

Body:
a) Stakeholders in the case are:
1. The Account Superintendent (You): Responsible for managing and safeguarding
public funds.
2. The New Minister: Initiator of the plan to divert funds for personal gain.
3. Superiors: Collaborators in the plan, complicit in the unethical behavior.
4. The Tribal Communities: Intended beneficiaries of the STDC funds, directly
affected by the misappropriation.
5. Your Family: Threatened as a means of coercion to ensure compliance.
6. Public: Taxpayer money is wasted through the diversion of funds for personal gain.
 7. Government: Minister and superiors orchestrating the transfer and pressuring you.

b) Issues involved in the case are:

Work culture issues:
1. Collusive corruption: Collusion between officials and politicians undermines the
integrity of the work environment, enabling unethical practices in public institutions.
2. Lack of code of ethics: The absence of a clear ethical framework leads to unchecked
misconduct creating a culture where moral standards are disregarded.
3. Threats and intimidation: The use of threats to enforce compliance stifles dissent
and prevents honest reporting of wrongdoing, further entrenching unethical practices.

Misappropriation of funds:
1. Lack of accountability: The absence of proper oversight allows funds to be diverted
for personal gain without consequences, compromising the intended purpose of public
resources.
2. Violation of utilitarianism: Diverting funds for personal enrichment fails to
maximize overall welfare, as resources are misused, harming the greater good.
3. Evasive attitude: Avoidance of direct answers and transparency in financial matters
fosters suspicion and prevents effective resolution of financial mismanagement.

c) Options available to me in the given case are:

1. Option 1: Refuse to comply and report the issue
Merits:
 Integrity and accountability: Upholds ethical standards and demonstrates a
commitment to integrity and accountability.
 Protection of public funds: Safeguards the funds intended for tribal
development, ensuring they are used appropriately.
 Legal compliance: Maintains compliance with the law and avoids
participation in illegal activities.
Demerits:
 Personal risk: Risks personal safety and the safety of family members due to
threats from superiors.
 Professional repercussions: Potential for career setbacks, including job loss
or demotion.

2. Option 2: Comply with the orders but document everything

Merits:
 Personal safety: Reduces immediate risk to personal and family safety by
avoiding confrontation.
 Future evidence: Collecting documentation could serve as evidence if the
issue is later investigated.
Demerits:
  Complicity in corruption: Participation in the misappropriation of funds
compromises ethical integrity.
 Legal consequences: Potential legal implications for facilitating an
unauthorized transfer of funds.

3. Option 3: Seek guidance and support from external authorities

Merits:
 Whistle-blower protection: Reporting to external authorities like anti-
corruption agencies can provide legal protection.
 Moral responsibility: Acts in the public interest by exposing corruption and
preventing misuse of funds.
Demerits:
 Delays in action: External authorities may take time to investigate and act,
prolonging the resolution.
 Exposure risk: There is a risk of being exposed as a whistleblower, leading to
potential retaliation.

I would choose option 1, refuse to comply, and report the issue.

 This option is selected because it aligns with the ethical principles of integrity
and accountability.
 It also prioritizes the protection of public funds intended for tribal
development, ensuring that the resources are used for their rightful purpose.
 Despite the personal and professional risks, taking a stand against corruption is
essential for upholding the rule of law and fostering a culture of
transparency.

Conclusion:

Efficient utilization of public funds requires several reforms for good governance such
as decentralization of power, plugging legislative loopholes, strengthening public
Institutions like CVC and RTI, enhancing administrative accountability, and making
society more democratic. These reforms could make society more sustainable in the long run.

Q. You are the Mayor of a growing urban city where the stray dog issue has become a
matter of intense public debate. Recently, several members of the city's elite have
formally requested action on stray dogs, claiming they are a public menace.
These complaints focus on stray dogs creating noise at night due to aggressive territorial
disputes, which disrupts the peace in their high-end residential neighborhoods.
Additionally, incidents during morning walks, when the stray dogs clash with
domesticated pets, have exacerbated their concerns. On the other hand, animal rights
activists have raised concerns, urging you to ensure that any actions taken against stray
dogs are humane. They argue that stray animals are an integral part of the urban
ecosystem and must be treated with compassion. They propose alternatives such as
sterilization and sheltering as opposed to aggressive removal or culling. The matter has
gained urgency as a stray dog recently bit an elderly woman, who was visiting a local
grocery store, leading to widespread outrage in the city. Citizens have been divided
between those advocating for immediate removal of the strays and others calling for non-
violent solutions. As the Mayor, you are now facing heightened pressure to make a
decision. The elite members of society expect quick, decisive action, while the animal
rights groups want a compassionate and long-term approach.
In the given circumstance answer the following:
a) What ethical principles will guide your decision-making in balancing public
safety with the ethical treatment of stray animals?
b) What options are available to Raman to tackle the situation mentioned above?
c) In this scenario, what action plan would you advise to balance public safety
with compassion for animals? (20M)
Introduction:
Recently, the stray dog issue in various Indian cities, including Bangalore, has come
into focus due to multiple incidents of dog bites. One notable case involved a dog attack on a
old lady, which led to widespread public outcry and demands for stricter control measures.

Body:
Stakeholders Involved:
1. Elite residents and concerned citizens: Advocating for immediate action due to safety
concerns and disturbances caused by stray dogs.
2. Animal rights activists: Promoting humane treatment of stray animals, including
sterilization, sheltering, and non-violent methods.
3. General public: Divided opinions, some demanding quick action for safety, while
others support animal rights.
4. Local government/administration: Responsible for ensuring public safety while
upholding ethical treatment of animals.
5. Media: Influencing public opinion and putting pressure on the authorities for swift
action.
6. Health authorities: Concerned about the risks of rabies and other diseases transmitted
by stray animals.

a) Ethical principles to guide decision-making:

1. Utilitarianism: Prioritize actions that aim to maximize the overall well-being and
safety of the community while minimizing harm to stray animals.
E.g. Choosing sterilization and vaccination programs can help control the dog
population without harming them.
2. Compassion: Treat animals humanely, recognizing their right to coexist in the
ecosystem.
E.g. Avoid aggressive removal or culling in favor of rehabilitation and care initiatives.
 3. Justice: Ensure fairness by addressing the concerns of both groups—the safety of
citizens and the welfare of animals.
E.g. Balanced judgement on handling dogs issue.
4. Respect for life: Acknowledge the intrinsic value of all living beings and avoid any
form of cruelty to animals.
E.g. Promoting non-lethal methods like sterilization rather than killing stray dogs.
5. Public accountability: Maintain transparency in decision-making processes and take
responsibility for actions that impact both citizens and animals.
E.g. Regular media and press releases.

b) Options available to Raman in the given situation are:

Options Merits Demerits
Immediate Quick response to safety
Considered inhumane; could lead
Removal of concerns; temporary reduction
to protests by animal rights groups
Stray Dogs in dog population
Sterilization Sustainable long-term solution; Slower process; immediate
and reduces population growth and reduction in stray numbers is not
Vaccination disease achieved
Provides a safe environment for
Creation of High cost of maintenance; limited
dogs; minimizes human-dog
Dog Shelters capacity and space issues
conflicts
Educates public about Requires time to change attitudes;
Awareness
coexisting with stray animals; not a direct solution for current
Campaigns
reduces fear and hostility safety issues
Combination
Approach Balances humane treatment and Resource-intensive; requires
(Sterilization public safety; long-term coordination among various
+ Shelters + benefits stakeholders
Awareness)

c) Action Plan to Balance Public Safety with Compassion for Animals:

1. Immediate sterilization and vaccination drive: Launch a large-scale sterilization and
anti-rabies vaccination campaign to control the stray dog population and reduce health
risks.
E.g. Chennai Corporation launched a massive sterilization and vaccination drive in
2023.
2. Establishment of dog shelters: Develop shelter homes in partnership with NGOs and
private sector for stray dogs, ensuring they are well-cared for and not posing a threat to
the public.
E.g. The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) partnered with NGOs in Delhi to
establish dog shelters.
 3. Strengthening public awareness campaigns: Educate the public on coexisting with
stray dogs, including how to safely interact with them, report aggressive behavior, and
support animal welfare efforts.
E.g. The Blue Cross of India conducted awareness campaigns in Mumbai to educate
the public on coexisting with stray dogs.
4. Introduce community dog adoption programs: Encourage citizens to adopt stray
dogs or sponsor their care in shelters, fostering community involvement in humane
solutions.
E.g. The Animal Welfare Trust in Bengaluru launched a community dog adoption
program.
5. Create a rapid response team: Establish a dedicated team to handle stray dog-related
incidents promptly, ensuring that complaints are addressed and dog bites are managed
efficiently.
E.g. The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai established a dedicated stray dog
management team.

Conclusion:
Balancing public safety and humane treatment of animals requires a multifaceted
approach that respects both human lives and animal welfare. With compassion, transparency,
and collaboration, effective solutions can be achieved to create a safer and more humane
urban environment.

Q. As the Superintendent of Police in your state, you are renowned for your impartiality
and dedication to upholding the rule of law.
Recently, Raju, a compassionate young man from the local tribal community, attended a fair in
the local bazaar. During the event, he witnessed a group of non-tribal students assaulting a
mentally ill woman, accusing her of theft. Raju intervened to defend the woman, which led to a
heated confrontation with the group. The situation was temporarily defused by local
shopkeepers. Later that night, as Raju was returning home, the same group of intoxicated
individuals attacked him, causing severe injuries. The following day, Raju was found critically
injured in an agricultural field, having been electrocuted. Upon learning of the incident, the
tribal community retaliated by attacking properties belonging to the non-tribal group. That
night, the violent mob set fire to 37 shops and six houses owned by non-tribals, escalating
communal tensions. Non-tribal families, including school, college, and hospital staff, fled to
nearby jungles seeking safety due to the perceived lack of immediate police intervention. You
have been informed of the situation by your subordinates, and government officials have tasked
you with restoring order and enforcing the rule of law in the region.(20 M)
In the given situation answer the following:
a) Identify the ethical issues in the case.
b) As the Superintendent of Police, what steps will you take to restore the rule of
law and address the escalating violence in the region?
c) What strategies would you recommend to promote social cohesion and address
the communal divisions in the affected area?

Introduction:
 The case involves complex ethical dilemmas surrounding communal tensions,
violence, and the responsibility of law enforcement to maintain order while ensuring
justice for all. This scenario underscores the need for impartiality, justice, and proactive
leadership in crisis management.

Body:

a) Ethical issues in the case are:

1. Impartiality and justice: Ensuring equal application of the law to all parties without
bias is crucial. The ethical obligation is to investigate the assault on Raju and
subsequent violence impartially.
2. Protection of vulnerable individuals: The assault on a mentally ill woman
highlights the need to protect vulnerable individuals and uphold their rights.
3. Escalation of violence: The tribal community’s retaliation and property destruction
must be addressed without exacerbating communal tensions.
4. Community trust: The perceived lack of police intervention has eroded trust among
the non-tribal community, necessitating timely and effective action.
5. Human dignity and rights: The police must protect the dignity and rights of both
communities, ensuring no group is unfairly targeted.

b) Steps to restore the rule of law and address violence are:

1. Immediate deployment of forces: Deploy additional forces to restore order, establish
checkpoints, and ensure the safety of all residents, especially those who have fled.
2. Impartial investigation: Conduct a thorough investigation into both the assault on
Raju and the retaliatory violence, ensuring accountability.
3. Community engagement: Engage with local leaders from both communities to de-
escalate tensions and promote peaceful coexistence.
4. Protection of vulnerable groups: Ensure immediate protection for vulnerable
individuals and coordinate with social services for their safety.
5. Public communication: Issue a statement assuring both communities of swift action
and transparency to rebuild trust and prevent misinformation.

c) Strategies to promote social cohesion and address communal divisions

 1. Dialogue and reconciliation programs: Facilitate dialogue between communities to
foster understanding and reconciliation.
E.g. MHA panel to resolve Kuki and Meiteis conflict.
2. Cultural sensitivity training: Train law enforcement in cultural sensitivity to respect
diverse traditions.
E.g. i-GOT platform.
3. Community policing initiatives: Involve local leaders and residents in maintaining
peace through community policing.
E.g. MP model “Srijan” and “Shakti Samiti” community policing.
4. Educational campaigns: Promote social harmony and peaceful conflict resolution
through educational campaigns.
E.g. Karnataka's “Naavu Manujaru” program to instill students with social tolerance.
5. Development programs: Address socio-economic disparities with development
initiatives that benefit both communities.
E.g. Special status in the constitution under Article 371.

Conclusion:
The situation demands a balanced approach to restore order, protect all citizens, and
ensure impartial justice. By fostering dialogue, understanding, and respect, the police can
address the root causes of the conflict and build long-term social cohesion.

Q. To enhance tourism and revenue, the state government proposed Project Z,

which includes a tiger safari and a specialized zoo within an Indian national
park.
Ajay, the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) in charge of the park, was assigned to oversee and
approve infrastructure development for the zoo and safari. Well-regarded as a liberal
officer, Ajay was approached by local friends and a nearby MLA with a plan for a high-
tech tourist resort adjacent to the park. Believing the project would not harm the park’s
core area, Ajay approved it, overlooking the details and the environmental impact.
Weeks later, an activist filed a complaint alleging illegal deforestation and unauthorized
construction related to the resort. Upon reviewing the complaint, Ajay discovered that
the resort project, which he had approved, had indeed felled over 500 trees and built
structures without proper administrative clearances. Ajay was dismayed to realize he
had been misled by his friends and the politician. This situation highlights a troubling
case of collusion between a politician and a forest officer, resulting in significant
environmental damage for political and commercial gain.
In the given situation answer the following:
a) Identify the stakeholders and ethical dilemmas involved in the case.
b) What are the potential long-term consequences of such laxity for environmental
governance and public trust?
c) What are the options available to Ajay in the given situation? What should be his
course of action?
Introduction
The situation underscores the delicate balance between development and conservation,
highlighting the ethical responsibilities of public officials in safeguarding natural resources.

Body:
a) Stakeholders and ethical dilemmas:
Stakeholders:
1. Ajay (DFO): Responsible for ensuring that development projects do not harm the
environment and upholding the integrity of his position.
2. Local Communities: Affected by environmental degradation and potential long-
term impacts on their livelihoods.
3. MLA and Friends: Involved in the resort project, potentially prioritizing personal
and commercial interests over environmental protection.
4. Environment and Wildlife: Directly impacted by deforestation and habitat
destruction caused by unauthorized construction.
5. Government and Regulatory Bodies: Tasked with ensuring compliance with
environmental laws and maintaining public trust.

Ethical dilemmas:
1. Personal affinity vs. Impartiality: Ajay's connections with local friends and the
MLA conflict with his duty to remain impartial in approving projects.
2. Development vs. Sustainability: The push for economic growth through tourism
infrastructure clashes with the need to preserve the national park’s ecosystem.
3. Profit vs. Utilitarianism: The resort’s potential revenue generation comes at the
expense of environmental degradation, raising questions about the greater good.
4. Political pressure vs. Ethical responsibility: Ajay faces pressure from politicians
but must consider his ethical duty to uphold environmental laws.
5. Short-term gains vs. Long-term consequences: Approving the resort might offer
immediate benefits, but it risks severe, lasting damage to the environment and
public trust.

b) Potential long-term consequences:

1. Environmental damage: Harmful projects lead to ecosystem destruction and
biodiversity loss, jeopardizing sustainability.
E.g. India lost 2.33 million hectares of tree cover since 2000 as per CSE.
2. Loss of public trust: Prioritizing personal interests over environmental care erodes
public confidence in governance.
E.g. Madhav Gadgil report and Wayanad landslide debate.
3. Encouragement of misconduct: This behavior sets a dangerous precedent,
encouraging further unethical practices among officials.
E.g. Moral slippery slope.
4. Weakening environmental laws: Persistent oversight failures create exploitable
loopholes, weakening regulatory frameworks.
E.g. Forest Act draft.
 5. Wildlife disruption: Habitat destruction in sensitive areas disrupts ecosystems,
causing long-term ecological imbalances.
E.g. Maharashtra reported 105 deaths due to man-animal conflict in 2023.
6. Public health risks: Environmental damage often impacts human health and
livelihoods, creating socio-economic challenges.
E.g. Zoonotic diseases like COVID.

c) Options available to Ajay and his course of action are:

Option 1: Revoking the approval and initiating restoration
 Merits:
o Environmental restoration: revoking the approval and ordering
restoration efforts would help mitigate the environmental damage.
o Reaffirming the rule of law: This action would demonstrate a
commitment to upholding environmental laws and regulations.
o Ethical responsibility: It aligns with Ajay's duty as a public servant to
protect the environment and serve the public interest.
 Demerits:
o Political Backlash: Ajay may face resistance from the local politician and
his friends, potentially jeopardizing his career.
o Financial Implications: The resort developers may incur significant
financial losses, leading to legal disputes and compensation claims.

Option 2: Filing a detailed report and seeking higher authority's intervention

 Merits:
o Transparency and Accountability: By filing a report, Ajay would
demonstrate transparency, allowing higher authorities to address the issue.
o Collective decision-making: Allow more informed decisions involving
multiple stakeholders, reducing the burden on Ajay alone.
o Reduced personal risk: Seeking intervention from higher authorities can
shield Ajay from confrontation with powerful interests.
 Demerits:
o Delayed action: Bureaucratic processes may delay immediate corrective
action, allowing further environmental degradation.
o Possible leniency: Higher authorities might downplay the issue due to
political pressures, leading to a compromised outcome.

Option 3: Retaining the approval but imposing strict environmental conditions

 Merits:
o Compromise solution: Balance environmental protection with economic
interests by allowing the project under strict conditions.
o Avoids conflict: By not outright revoking the approval, Ajay can avoid
direct conflict with the local politicians and developers.
 o
Controlled development: Imposing stringent conditions could minimize
the environmental impact while allowing the project to proceed.
 Demerits:
o Risk of non-compliance: Developers may not fully comply with the
conditions, leading to continued environmental harm.
o Ethical compromise: Compromising environmental principles, weakening
Ajay’s ethical stance and public trust.

Option 1: Revoking the approval and initiating restoration is the most ethically
sound choice. This option aligns with Kantian ethics, which emphasizes the importance of
duty and moral responsibility. By revoking the approval, Ajay fulfills his duty to protect the
environment and uphold the law, demonstrating integrity and accountability. Although this
option carries personal and political risks, it is justified by the long-term benefits of
preserving the environment, restoring public trust, and setting a strong precedent for ethical
governance.

Conclusion
Ajay must adhere to the principle that "the earth does not belong to us; we belong to the
earth." His decisions should reflect an unwavering commitment to sustainability, ensuring
that short-term gains do not compromise the long-term well-being of the environment and
society.

Q. In the wake of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the company R
launched a product named Coronil, claiming it to be the "first evidence-based
medicine for COVID-19." Advertising materials suggested the product was
certified and endorsed by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
However, WHO promptly clarified that it had not certified any natural medicine for
curing coronavirus. Subsequently, the founder of R stirred controversy by releasing a
viral video criticizing allopathic medicine as responsible for the deaths of thousands. In
response, the Indian Medical Association (IMA) issued a legal notice demanding an
apology and withdrawal of the statements made against allopathy. In an attempt to
defend its position, R firm published advertisements in major newspapers across the
country alleging, "Misconceptions Spread by Allopathy." which projected modern
medicine in a negative image and mentioned it as non-impactful. These claims blatantly
contravened the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, of
1954, which strictly prohibits misleading advertisements of medical products.
a) Identify the stakeholders in the case.
b) What are the ethical issues involved in the case?
c) How should companies balance commercial interests with the responsibility to
provide accurate and truthful information in public health crises? [20M]

Introduction:
 Albert Einstein once said, "Whoever is careless with the truth in small matters
cannot be trusted with important matters." This quote resonates profoundly in the context
of public health, where the integrity of information can mean the difference between life and
death.

Body:
a) Stakeholders in the case:

1. Company R and its founder: The company that launched the product Coronil and its
leadership, who made the claims about the product.
2. Consumers/public: People who may use or consider using Coronil based on the
company's claims, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. World Health Organisation (WHO): An international health authority whose name
was used without authorization.
4. Indian Medical Association (IMA): A professional body representing doctors in
India, which took legal action against the company.
5. Allopathic medical community: The community of medical practitioners using
evidence-based medicine, who were criticized by the company's founder.
6. Regulatory bodies: Government agencies responsible for enforcing laws such as the
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954.
7. Media: Newspapers and other outlets that published the company's advertisements.
8. Shareholders and investors in Company R: Individuals or entities financially
invested in the company, whose interests might be affected by the controversy.
9. Pharmaceutical industry: Competitors in the pharmaceutical market who might be
impacted by false or misleading claims.
10. Patients and families: Those affected by COVID-19, who might be swayed by
misinformation.

b) Ethical issues involved in the case:

1. Misinformation: The company's claim that Coronil was certified by WHO is

misleading, creating false confidence in an unverified product.
2. Public health risk: Promoting an unproven remedy during a public health crisis could
lead to harmful consequences, such as people choosing this over proven treatments.
3. Exploitation of fear: The marketing of Coronil may have exploited public fear during
the pandemic, which is ethically irresponsible.
4. Disrespect for evidence-based medicine: The founder's comments against allopathy
undermine trust in scientifically proven treatments, which is dangerous during a
health crisis.
5. Violation of advertising ethics: The use of misleading advertising contravenes the
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954, which is
designed to protect consumers.
 6. Corporate responsibility: The company failed to balance its commercial interests
with the need for truthful communication, which is a cornerstone of ethical business
practices.
7. Accountability: The ethical responsibility of the company to own up to its mistakes
and rectify the misinformation spread is also an issue.
8. Impact on the healthcare system: The negative portrayal of modern medicine can
erode public trust in the healthcare system at large.

c) Companies can balance commercial interests with the responsibility through:

1. Adherence to truthfulness: Companies must prioritize accurate, evidence-based

information, especially during public health crises.
E.g. Quarterly and annual report
2. Ethical marketing: Ethical advertising ensures that claims are backed by reliable
evidence and that any exaggeration or false endorsement is avoided.
E.g. Ads that give true information
3. Compliance with regulations: Companies should ensure that their ads comply with
relevant laws and regulations, such as the Drugs and Magic Remedies Act, of 1954, to
avoid legal repercussions and maintain public trust.
E.g. CDCSO drug regulator of India's role in the Patanjali Coronil case
4. Corporate social responsibility (CSR): In times of crisis, companies have a social
responsibility to contribute positively to society.
E.g. IPA and Samhita social venture collaboration in CSR.
5. Public apology and rectification: In case of any misleading information, companies
should promptly issue a public apology and correct the misinformation to mitigate
harm and rebuild trust.
E.g. Baba Ramdev's apology for false ads.
6. Ethical leadership: The leader ensures that all actions taken by the company reflect a
commitment to the well-being of the public over profits.
E.g. Serum Institute of India leader Poonawalla during COVID drug shortage.

Conclusion:
To uphold the trust of the public and contribute positively to society, companies must
ensure that their actions align with ethical principles, especially in times of crisis. As the case
of Coronil illustrates, the pursuit of profit must never come at the expense of truth,
integrity, and the public good.
Q. As Earth's climate continues to deteriorate, scientists are exploring new
methods to potentially mitigate climate change. One such method is
geoengineering, which involves deliberately manipulating the Earth's climate to
slow or halt global warming.
Numerous ideas have been proposed as potential solutions, including stratospheric
particle injection (SPI), marine cloud brightening (MCB), space reflectors, desert
modification, large-scale direct air capture, and enhanced rooftop reflectivity, among
others.
From an ethical perspective, MCB and SPI technologies, despite their potential adverse
side effects, could, if effective, combat climate change on a global scale and thereby
improve the climate for most of the world, benefiting both people and the environment.
Therefore, from a utilitarian viewpoint, the use of these technologies would be
considered ethical. However, these technologies could also have negative global impacts.
Some individuals would suffer due to their implementation, experiencing floods in some
regions, droughts in others, and potentially (in the case of SPI) acid rain. This raises
questions of liability and the ethical implications of causing harm to some while
benefiting the majority.
Given the situation, answer the following:
a) What are the ethical issues involved in the case?
b) How should the balance between collective good and individual harm be
managed?
c) Discuss the role of international cooperation and governance in managing the
risks and benefits of geoengineering technologies. [20M]
Introduction:
The case theme manifests in recent unprecedented rainfall in the UAE, marking the
heaviest downpour since 1949, highlighting the broader implications of such interventions,
and raising ethical questions about balancing global benefits against localized harms.

Body:
a) Ethical issues involved in the case are:

1. Utilitarian vs. Deontological ethics: Geoengineering technologies like MCB and SPI
may mitigate climate change but could also harm specific populations or
environments.
2. Informed consent and global justice: Directly impacted individuals and
communities might lack a say in geoengineering decisions, raising global justice
issues where the vulnerable bear disproportionate negative effects.
3. Risk of unintended consequences: Unforeseen and potentially catastrophic side
effects challenge the precautionary principle, questioning whether we should risk
unknown global climate impacts.
 4. Liability and responsibility: Ethical questions arise about accountability for harm
caused by geoengineering, including the responsibility for both anticipated and
unforeseen damage and the ethics of intentional harm for a perceived greater good.
5. Intergenerational ethics: Geoengineering could impact future generations,
necessitating ethical consideration of long-term environmental and climate effects to
avoid disproportionately burdening future populations.

b) Managing the balance between collective good and individual harm:

1. Aristotle's means: The balance should seek moderation, aiming to minimize harm
while maximizing overall benefit. It involves finding a middle ground that considers
both the collective good and the potential suffering of individuals.
2. Kant's categorical imperative: Actions should be guided by principles that respect
the dignity of all individuals. The deployment of technologies must ensure that no
individual is treated merely as a means to an end, but rather that their rights and well-
being are upheld.
3. Gandhi's ahimsa: The approach should prioritize non-violence and compassion,
ensuring that any intervention does not inflict harm on individuals or communities.
Ethical decisions should avoid causing unnecessary suffering.
4. Deontology: Duties and moral obligations must be adhered to regardless of
consequences. Technologies should be evaluated based on their adherence to ethical
principles and respect for individual rights, irrespective of the overall outcome.
5. Principle of double effect: When a technology's implementation causes harm, it
should be justified only if the primary intention is to achieve a positive outcome and if
the harm is an unintended side effect, not directly willed.
6. Equitable risk distribution: This might involve prioritizing interventions that
minimize harm to vulnerable populations and provide adequate compensation or
alternative solutions for those impacted.

The Role of international cooperation and governance:

1. Global governance mechanisms: Mechanisms should include robust regulations,

transparent decision-making processes, and enforceable agreements that ensure
ethical considerations are at the forefront of any geoengineering efforts.
E.g. Antarctic treaty success
2. Inclusive decision-making: International bodies like the United Nations could play a
key role in facilitating this inclusive dialogue, ensuring that all voices are heard and
considered.
E.g. COP 28 in Dubai for climate coordination.
3. Transparency and public engagement: To manage risks and benefits effectively,
there must be transparency in research, development, and potential deployment of
geoengineering technologies.
E.g. UN general assembly meetings and WHO reports.
 4. Precautionary principle: This principle would help prevent potential harm and
ensure that the global community is prepared to handle the consequences if something
goes wrong.
E.g. Global plastic pollution precautionary reports.
5. Responsibility and liability frameworks: Include the development of clear
frameworks for responsibility and liability, ensuring that those who implement
geoengineering technologies are held accountable for any harm caused.
E.g. CBDR principle under Art 3 of UNFCCC

Conclusion:
Technologies are indeed a double-edged sword; thus, maintaining a robust moral
compass is essential to navigate the ethical complexities and ensure that such interventions
do not disproportionately harm vulnerable populations while aiming for global climate
improvement.