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x Preface

• Online Problems available in WileyPLUS or WeBWorK, for example. Many problems are randomized,
providing students with expanded opportunities for practice with immediate feedback.

Origin of the Text: A Community of Instructors

This text, like others we write, draws on the experience of a diverse group of authors and users. We have
benefitted enormously from input from a broad spectrum of instructors—at research universities, four-year
colleges, community colleges, and secondary schools. For Applied Calculus, the contributions of colleagues
in biology, economics, medicine, business, and other life and social sciences have been equally central to the
development of the text. It is the collective wisdom of this community of mathematicians, teachers, natural
and social scientists that forms the basis for the new edition.

What Student Background is Expected?

This book is intended for students in business, the social sciences, and the life sciences. A background in
trigonometry is not required; the sections involving trigonometry are optional.
We have found the material to be thought-provoking for well-prepared students while still accessible
to students with limited algebra backgrounds. Providing numerical and graphical approaches as well as the
algebraic gives students several ways of mastering the material. This approach encourages students to persist,
thereby lowering failure rate; a pre-test over background material is available in the appendix to the book; An
algebra refresher is avalable at the student book companion site at www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett.

Mathematical Skills: A Balance Between Symbolic Manipulation and Technology

To use calculus effectively, students need familiarity with both symbolic manipulation and the use of tech-
nology. The balance between them may vary, depending on the needs of the students and the wishes of the
instructor. The book is adaptable to many different combinations.
The book does not require any specific software or technology. It has been used with graphing calcula-
tors, many types of software, including computer algebra systems. Any technology with the ability to graph
functions and perform numerical integration will suffice. Students are expected to use their own judgment to
determine where technology is useful.

The Fifth Edition

Because different users often choose very different topics to cover in a one-semester applied calculus course,
we have designed this book for either a one-semester course (with much flexibility in choosing topics) or a
two-semester course. Sample syllabi are provided in the Instructor’s Manual.
The fifth edition has the same vision as previous editions. In preparing this edition, we solicited com-
ments from a large number of mathematics instructors who had used the text. We continued to discuss with
our colleagues in client disciplines the mathematical needs of their students. We were offered many valuable
suggestions, which we have tried to incorporate, while maintaining our original commitment to a focused
treatment of a limited number of topics. The changes we have made include:
• Updated data and fresh applications throughout the book, including
· New problems on sustainability.
· New case studies on medicine by David E. Sloane, MD.
• Many new problems have been added, designed to build student confidence with basic concepts and to
reinforce skills.
• The material on integration has been streamlined and reorganized.
· In Chapter 5, Sections 5.1-5.5 have been streamlined.
· Section 5.6 on Average Value is the former Section 6.1.
· Chapters 6,7 have been rearranged and combined, putting an introduction to antiderivatives before
the applications to consumer surplus and present value. This gives instructors the choice of evaluat-
ing definite integrals numerically or using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
 Preface xi

• New projects have been added in Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10.

• As in the previous edition, a Pre-test is included for students whose skills may need a refresher prior to
taking the course.

Content
This content represents our vision of how applied calculus can be taught. It is flexible enough to accommodate
individual course needs and requirements. Topics can easily be added or deleted, or the order changed.
Chapter 1: Functions and Change
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of a function and the idea of change, including the distinction between
total change, rate of change, and relative change. All elementary functions are introduced here. Although the
functions are probably familiar, the graphical, numerical, verbal, and modeling approach to them is likely
to be new. We introduce exponential functions early, since they are fundamental to the understanding of
real-world processes. The trigonometric functions are optional.
A brief introduction to elasticity has been added to Section 1.3.
Chapter 2: Rate of Change: The Derivative
Chapter 2 presents the key concept of the derivative according to the Rule of Four. The purpose of this
chapter is to give the student a practical understanding of the meaning of the derivative and its interpretation
as an instantaneous rate of change. Students will learn how the derivative can be used to represent relative
rates of change. After finishing this chapter, a student will be able to approximate derivatives numerically
by taking difference quotients, visualize derivatives graphically as the slope of the graph, and interpret the
meaning of first and second derivatives in various applications. The student will also understand the concept
of marginality and recognize the derivative as a function in its own right.
Focus on Theory: This section discusses limits and continuity and presents the symbolic definition of
the derivative.
Chapter 3: Short-Cuts to Differentiation
The derivatives of all the functions in Chapter 1 are introduced, as well as the rules for differentiating prod-
ucts, quotients, and composite functions. Students learn how to find relative rates of change using logarithms.
Focus on Theory: This section uses the definition of the derivative to obtain the differentiation rules.
Focus on Practice: This section provides a collection of differentiation problems for skill-building.
Chapter 4: Using the Derivative
The aim of this chapter is to enable the student to use the derivative in solving problems, including optimiza-
tion and graphing. It is not necessary to cover all the sections.
Chapter 5: Accumulated Change: The Definite Integral
Chapter 5 presents the key concept of the definite integral, in the same spirit as Chapter 2.
The purpose of this chapter is to give the student a practical understanding of the definite integral as a
limit of Riemann sums, and to bring out the connection between the derivative and the definite integral in the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. We use the same method as in Chapter 2, introducing the fundamental
concept in depth without going into technique. The student will finish the chapter with a good grasp of the
definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums, and the ability to approximate a definite integral numerically
and interpret it graphically. The chapter includes applications of definite integrals in a variety of contexts,
including the average value of a function.
Chapter 5 can be covered immediately after Chapter 2 without difficulty.
The introduction to the definite integral has been streamlined. Average values, formerly in Section 6.1,
are now in Section 5.6.
Focus on Theory: This section presents the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the properties
of the definite integral.
xii Preface

Chapter 6: Antiderivatives and Applications

This chapter combines the former Chapter 6 and 7. It covers antiderivatives from a graphical, numerical, and
algebraic point of view. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is used to evaluate definite integrals.
Optional application sections are included on consumer and producer surplus and on present and future
value; the integrals in these sections can be evaluated numerically or using the Fundamental Theorem. The
chapter concludes with optional sctions on integration by substitution and integration by parts.
Section 6.1, on graphical and numerical antiderivatives, is based on the former Section 7.5. Section 6.2,
on symbolic antiderivatives, is based on the former Section 7.1. Using the Fundamental Theorem to find
definite integrals is in Section 6.3, formerly Section 7.3. Sections 6.4 and 6.5 are the former Sections 6.2 and
6.3. Sections 6.6 and 6.7 are the former Sections 7.2 and 7.4.
Focus on Practice: This section provides a collection of integration problems for skill-building.

Chapter 7: Probability
This chapter covers probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions, the median and the
mean.
Chapter 7 is the former Chapter 8.

Chapter 8: Functions of Several Variables

This chapter introduces functions of two variables from several points of view, using contour diagrams,
formulas, and tables. It gives students the skills to read contour diagrams and think graphically, to read tables
and think numerically, and to apply these skills, along with their algebraic skills, to modeling. The idea of the
partial derivative is introduced from graphical, numerical, and symbolic viewpoints. Partial derivatives are
then applied to optimization problems, ending with a discussion of constrained optimization using Lagrange
multipliers.
Chapter 8 is the former Chapter 9.
Focus on Theory: This section uses optimization to derive the formula for the regression line.

Chapter 9: Mathematical Modeling Using Differential Equations

This chapter introduces differential equations. The emphasis is on modeling, qualitative solutions, and inter-
pretation. This chapter includes applications of systems of differential equations to population models, the
spread of disease, and predator-prey interactions.
Chapter 9 is the former Chapter 10.
Focus on Theory: This section explains the technique of separation of variables.

Chapter 10: Geometric Series

This chapter covers geometric series and their applications to business, economics, and the life sciences.
Chpater 10 is the former Chapter 11.

Appendices
The first appendix introduces the student to fitting formulas to data; the second appendix provides further
discussion of compound interest and the definition of the number e. The third appendix contains a selection
of spreadsheet projects.

Supplementary Materials
Supplements for the instructor can be obtained by sending a request on your institutional letterhead to Math-
ematics Marketing Manager, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, or by
contacting your local Wiley representative. The following supplementary materials are available.
• Instructor’s Manual (ISBN 978-1-118-71506-2) containing teaching tips, sample syllabii, calculator
programs, and overhead transparency masters.
 Preface xiii

• Instructor’s Solution Manual (ISBN 978-1-118-71498-0) with complete solutions to all problems.
• Student’s Solution Manual (ISBN 978-1-118-71499-7) with complete solutions to half the odd-numbered
problems.
• Additional Material for Instructors, elaborating specially marked points in the text, as well as pass-
word protected electronic versions of the instructor ancillaries, can be found on the web at
www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett.
• Additional Material for Students, at the student book companion site at
www.wiley.com/college/hughes-hallett, includes an algebra refresher and web quizzes.

Getting Started Technology Manual Series:

• Getting Started with Mathematica, 3rd edn, by C-K. Cheung, G.E. Keough, Robert H. Gross, and
Charles Landraitis of Boston College (ISBN 978-0-470-45687-3)
• Getting Started with Maple, 3rd edn, by C-K. Cheung, G.E. Keough, both of Boston College, and
Michael May of St. Louis University (ISBN 978-0-470-45554-8)

ConcepTests
ConcepTests (ISBN 978-1-118-71494-2), or clicker questions, modeled on the pioneering work of Harvard
physicist Eric Mazur, are questions designed to promote active learning during class, particularly (but not
exclusively) in large lectures. Evaluation data shows that students taught with ConcepTests outperformed
students taught by traditional lecture methods 73% versus 17% on conceptual questions, and 63% versus
54% on computational problems.1 A supplement to Applied Calculus, 5th edn, containing ConcepTests by
section, is available from your Wiley representative.

Wiley Faculty Network

The Wiley Faculty Network is a peer-to-peer network of academic faculty dedicated to the effective use of
technology in the classroom. This group can help you apply innovative classroom techniques and implement
specific software packages. Visit www.wherefacultyconnect.com or ask your Wiley representative for details.

WileyPLUS
WileyPLUS, Wiley’s digital learning environment, is loaded with all of the supplements above, and also
features:
• E-book, which is an exact version of the print text, but also features hyperlinks to questions, definitions,
and supplements for quicker and easier support.
• Homework management tools, which easily enable the instructor to assign and automatically grade ques-
tions, using a rich set of options and controls.
• QuickStart pre-designed reading and homework assignments. Use them as-is or customize them to fit
the needs of your classroom.
• Guided Online (GO) Exercises, which prompt students to build solutions step-by-step. Rather than sim-
ply grading an exercise answer as wrong, GO problems show students precisely where they are making
a mistake.
• Algebra & Trigonometry Refresher quizzes, which provide students with an opportunity to brush-up on
material necessary to master calculus, as well as to determine areas that require further review.
• Graphing Calculator Manual, to help students get the most out of their graphing calculator, and to show
how they can apply the numerical and graphing functions of their calculators to their study of calculus.

1 ”Peer Instruction in Physics and Mathematics” by Scott Pilzer in Primus, Vol XI, No 2, June 2001. At the start of Calculus II, students

earned 73% on conceptual questions and 63% on computational questions if they were taught with ConcepTests in Calculus I; 17% and 54%
otherwise.
xiv Preface

Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we want to express our appreciation to the National Science Foundation for their faith in
our ability to produce a revitalized calculus curriculum and, in particular, to Louise Raphael, John Kenelly,
John Bradley, Bill Haver, and James Lightbourne. We also want to thank the members of our Advisory Board,
Benita Albert, Lida Barrett, Bob Davis, Lovenia DeConge-Watson, John Dossey, Ron Douglas, Don Lewis,
Seymour Parter, John Prados, and Steve Rodi for their ongoing guidance and advice.
In addition, we want to thank all the people across the country who encouraged us to write this book
and who offered so many helpful comments. We would like to thank the following people, for all that they
have done to help our project succeed: Ruth Baruth, Graeme Bird, Jeanne Bowman, Lucille Buonocore, Scott
Clark, Jeff Edmunds, Sunny Fawcett, Lynn Garner, Sheldon P. Gordon, Ole Hald, Jenny Harrison, Adrian
Iovita, Thomas Judson, Christopher Kennedy, Donna Krawczyk, Suzanne Lenhart, Madelyn Lesure, Georgia
Kamvosoulis Mederer, Nolan Miller, Andrew Pasquale, Richard D. Porter, Laurie Rosatone, Kenneth Santor,
Anne Scanlan-Rohrer, Alfred Schipke, Virginia Stallings, “Suds” Sudholz, Ralph Teixeira, Joe B. Thrash, J.
Jerry Uhl, Rachel Deyette Werkema, Hannah Winkler, and Hung-Hsi Wu
Reports from the following reviewers were most helpful in shaping the fifth edition:
Anthony Barcellos, Catherine Benincasa, Bill Blubagh, Carol Demas, Darlene Diaz, Lauren Fern, Wes-
ley Griffith, Juill Guerra, Molly Martin, Rebecca McKay, Barry Peratt, Karl Schaffer, Randy Scott, Paul
Vicknair, Tracy Whelan, P. Jay Zeltner.
Reports from the following reviewers were most helpful in shaping the third edition:
Victor Akatsa, Carol Blumberg, Mary Ann Collier, Murray Eisenberg, Donna Fatheree, Dan Fuller, Ken
Hannsgen, Marek Kossowski, Sheri Lehavi, Deborah Lurie, Jan Mays, Jeffery Meyer, Bobra Palmer, Barry
Peratt, Russ Potter, Ken Price, Maijian Qian, Emily Roth, Lorenzo Traldi, Joan Weiss, Christos Xenophontos.
Reports from the following reviewers were most helpful in shaping the second edition:
Victor Akatsa, Carol Blumberg, Jennifer Fowler, Helen Hancock, Ken Hannsgen, John Haverhals, Mako
E. Haruta, Linda Hill, Thom Kline, Jill Messer Lamping, Dennis Lewandowski, Lige Li, William O. Martin,
Ted Marsden, Michael Mocciola, Maijian Qian, Joyce Quella, Peter Penner, Barry Peratt, Emily Roth, Jerry
Schuur, Barbara Shabell, Peter Sternberg, Virginia Stover, Bruce Yoshiwara, Katherine Yoshiwara.

Deborah Hughes-Hallett David O. Lomen Douglas Quinney

Patti Frazer Lock David Lovelock Karen Rhea
Daniel E. Flath Guadalupe I. Lozano Adam Spiegler
Andrew M. Gleason William G. McCallum Jeff Tecosky-Feldman
Eric Connally Brad G. Osgood Thomas W. Tucker
Selin Kalaycıoğlu Cody L. Patterson Aaron D. Wooton
Brigitte Lahme
 Preface xv

APPLICATIONS INDEX
Business and Consols 479 118, 197, 199, 201, 203, 207,
Economics Consumer surplus 297, 306–311, 231–232, 269–270, 279, 282,
Admission fees 36 325 302
Advertising 7, 79, 111, 116, 357, Consumption Future value 55–56, 59, 60, 85,
364, 374 alternative fuels 59 312–316, 421
Aircraft landing/takeoff 45 biodiesel 27, 45 Gains from trade 297, 309–311
Airline capacity and revenue 119– calorie 69, 144, 373, 374, Gas mileage 7, 151, 167, 190–191,
120, 346, 354, 363, 369, 375 400, 452 249, 397, 400
Annual interest rate 54–55, 59, 60, CFC 7 Gold production and reserves 109
85, 86, 109, 111, 126, 148, drug 224–225 Government spending 34, 109,
155, 314–315, 325, 326, 357, E85 fuel 59 471, 473, 479
395, 428–429, 437, 451, 472, energy 128, 276, 305 Gross Domestic Product 3, 27, 43,
479, 480 fossil fuel 81, 247, 264, 279, 108, 169–170
Annual yield 329 475–477, 480 Gross World Product 50
Annuity 470–472, 480 gas in car 126, 151, 167–168, Harrod–Hicks model 481
Apple Apps downloads 112 190–191, 249, 397 Heating costs 273
Attendance 23, 68–69, 200 hydroelectric power 27, 46 Households
Average cost 202–207, 232, 236, wind power 46 with cable TV 25, 96, 219
237, 297 Consumption smoothing 275 with PCs 125
Bank account 55–57, 85, 148, Contract negotiation 59–60, 479 Housing construction 71–72
155, 166, 167, 312–313, 315, Cost function 28–29, 31, 35, 36, Income stream 312–314, 325
354, 357, 381, 395, 412– 62–63, 80, 85, 118–119, 121, Inflation 27, 45, 55, 149, 156, 165
413, 425–426, 428–429, 437, 144, 150, 196, 200, 202–207, Interest 7, 23, 49, 53–54, 57, 59,
451–454, 468, 472, 473, 479 231–232, 236, 269–270, 279, 60, 70, 82, 86, 109, 111, 126,
Beef consumption 213, 357, 374 282, 297, 302, 386, 393, 399 148, 155, 167, 312–316, 325,
Beer production 75, 397 Cost overruns 342 326, 354, 357, 374, 375, 381,
Bicycle production 23, 270 Coupon 473 395–397, 412–413, 425–
Billionaires in US 26 Crop yields 79, 144, 193, 329, 336, 426, 428–429, 437, 451–454,
Bonds 325, 473 429 465–466, 470–473, 479, 480
Break–even point 29–32, 35, 36 Demand curve 31–32, 35–38, 68– Inventory 275, 280, 349
Budget constraints 34, 38, 387– 69, 71, 81, 85, 144, 149, 157, Investments 7, 44, 55, 59, 180, 268,
389, 391–393, 398–401 209, 297, 302, 306–311, 325 315, 325, 354, 362, 398, 399,
Business revenue Density function 332–351 414, 452–453, 466
Apple 82 Depreciation 4, 8, 31, 59, 81, 414 Job satisfaction 34
General Motors 25 Doubling time 51, 53–55, 57–59, Joint cost function 393, 399
Hershey 51, 110, 314 85 Labor force 25, 362, 366, 378,
McDonald’s 13, 315 Duality 402 393–394, 398
Car payments 55, 111, 396, 479 Economy 27, 71–72, 362, 399, Land use 219, 429
Car rental 13, 79, 355, 356, 381 471, 473, 479, 481 Lifetime
Cartel pricing 309 Economy of scale 118 of a banana 342, 347
Chemical costs 95, 106, 107, 123 Elasticity of demand 22, 208–213, of a machine 336
Cobb–Douglas production func- 236 of a transistor 343
tion 201, 207, 361–362, 381, Energy output and consumption Loan payments 59, 60, 70, 86, 111,
393, 397, 398, 400 44, 57, 107, 126, 247, 264, 275, 326, 375, 396
Coffee 57, 58, 79, 126, 166, 270, 276, 305, 323, 477, 478 Lottery payments 56, 60
374, 386, 398, 413, 435 Equilibrium prices 32–34, 36–39, Machine payments 31, 60, 315
College savings account 315 81, 85, 297, 306–311, 325 Manufacturing 28, 36, 95, 200,
Competing businesses 443 Equilibrium solution 430, 433– 238–239, 383–384, 393, 394,
Compound interest 23, 43, 49, 434, 437–441, 450, 452, 454, 398, 399
53–57, 59, 60, 82, 86, 109, 477 Marginal cost 28–29, 31, 35, 36,
126, 148, 167, 312–316, 325, Facebook subscribers 118 80, 85, 105, 118–123, 129,
354–355, 425–426, 428– Farms in the US 17, 94–95 144, 149, 150, 194–200,
429, 437, 451–454, 465–466, Fertilizer use 7, 79, 106, 144, 342 202–207, 213, 231, 236, 237,
470–473, 479, 480 Fixed cost 28–30, 35–37, 62, 80, 269–270, 279, 282, 302
xvi Preface

Marginal product of labor 202 Sales of CDs 14, 217–218 Bird flight 128, 194
Marginal profit 31, 36, 85, 196, Sales of jeans 22 Birds and worms 234, 439–442,
236, 270 Solar panels 27, 112 444
Marginal revenue 31, 35, 36, 85, Stock market 26 Birth and death rates 266
119–123, 129, 144, 155, 157, Supply curve 31–34, 37, 38, 62–63, Blood pressure 87, 194, 275, 284–
194–200, 202, 212, 231, 236, 81, 297, 306, 308, 310, 311, 285, 367, 375, 479
271, 302 325 Body mass of a mammal 66, 69,
Market stabilization point 472, 473 Surplus 306–307 154
Maximum profit 194–197, 200– Tax cut or rebate 471, 473, 479 Cancer rates 7–8, 80, 342
202, 212, 231, 236, 355, Taxes 33–34, 38, 60, 85 Carbon dioxide levels 283
383–384, 399 Textbook prices 51 Cardiac output 367, 375
Maximum revenue 68–69, 198, Tobacco production 24 Carrying capacity 114, 216, 219,
200, 210 Total cost 28, 35, 36, 78, 79, 111, 236, 306, 412
Milk production 14, 211, 309 121–123, 195–197, 199, 201, Clutch size 194
Money circulation 471, 473 202, 204–207, 231–232, 236, Competition 442–444
Mortgage payments 70, 126, 357, 237, 269–270, 273, 279, 282, Cornea curvature 367
374 302, 355, 365, 386, 393, 399, Cricket chirp patterns 3–4
Multiplier 106, 109, 145, 465 479 Crows and whelks 193
Multiplier, fiscal policy 109 Total profit 36, 194–195, 198–200, Decomposition of leaves 452, 453
Multiplier, Lagrange 388–389, 231–232, 383–384 Deforestation 43
391–394, 399, 401 Total revenue 29–30, 35, 36, 79, Density function 332–351
Multiplier effect 471, 473 121, 155, 160, 195–197, Dialysis, kidney 444–445
Mutual funds 110, 248 199–201, 212, 231–232, 271, Dolphin speed 69
Net worth of a company 271, 410– 302, 383–384 Drug concentrations 7, 40, 57, 58,
411, 432–433, 443 Total utility 117 65, 91, 99–100, 105–106,
Oil production 112, 270, 271, 302 Value of a car 4, 149 149, 160, 167, 193, 218–227,
Phone rates 13, 21, 24, 211, 350 Variable cost 28, 35–37, 80, 201, 233, 237, 262–263, 267, 282,
Photocopy reduction 45 203, 269, 270 294, 306, 323, 349, 355–356,
Point of diminishing returns 216, Vehicles per person 51 366, 374, 375, 411, 428–432,
219, 233 Wage, real 202 438, 439, 451–454, 464, 469,
Present value 55–56, 59, 85, 86, Wages, human height and 16 474–480
312–316, 325, 361, 470–473, Warehouse storage 201, 275, 279 Drug desensitization 482
479, 480 Waste collection 14, 143, 266 Drug saturation curve 65
Price control 309, 311 Water supply charges 79 Endocrinology 266
Pricing 13, 309, 354 World production Energy (calorie) expenditure 69,
Producer surplus 306–311, 325 automobile 24 374, 452
Production costs 36, 393–394, 398 beer 75, 397 Environmental Protection Agency
Production function 201, 238– bicycle 23 (EPA) 51–52, 148, 279–280
239, 361–362, 378, 381, 387, coal 263 Exponential growth and decay 39–
391–394, 397–402 gold 109 40, 43, 44, 48–60, 85, 407,
Production workers 97 grain 14 424, 425, 459–460
Productivity 78 meat 110 Eye 367
Profit function 30–31, 35, 36, 195– milk 14 Fever 116, 181
198, 384 solar cell 107, 264 Firebreaks and forest fires 237–
Railway passengers 44 solar power 109, 166 238, 264
Relative change 21–22, 26, 85, 107 soybean 45, 107 Fish growth 24, 70, 125
Relative rate of change 26, 41, tobacco 24 Fish harvest 25, 339–341, 347,
85, 107–108, 129, 143, 149, zinc 37 410, 414, 453, 455
154–156, 160, 165, 170 Yield, annual 329 Fish population 50, 143, 149, 193,
Rent control 309, 311 248, 410, 414, 417, 453, 456
Resale value 31, 36 Life Sciences Foraging time 193
Revenue function 29–30, 35, 36, and Ecology Fox population 397–398
61, 68–69, 71, 85, 118–119, AIDS 58 Global warming 360
123, 129, 144, 157, 198–200, Algae population growth 6, 275 Gompertz growth equation 235,
211, 212, 231, 236, 271, 302, Anaphylaxis 87 423
354, 363 Asthma 239 Ground contamination 58, 78, 411
Sales forecasts 7, 108, 116, 217, Bacterial colony growth 82, 244– Growth of a tumor 96, 423, 451
219, 315 245, 261, 266, 377–378
 Preface xvii

Half–life and decay 53, 57, 58, 82, Toxicity 367–368, 370 Height of a sand dune 24, 143
85, 221, 428, 429, 452, 469, Tree growth 125, 193, 265, 329, Hybrid vehicles 249
474–475, 477–480 335, 341 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons 264
Heartbeat patterns 3, 275 Urology 295 Illumination 129–130
Heart rate 7, 15, 26, 111, 266 Vaccination 45, 445, 448 Isotherms 358
Hematocrit 193 Waste generation 10–11, 266, 279– Keeling Curve 170
HIV–AIDS 58 280, 399 Missile range 386
Insect lifespan 335, 349 Water flow 188, 229, 271, 281, 328, Newton’s laws of cooling and heat-
Insect population 413 414, 426–427 ing 167, 435, 438, 439
Ion channel 221 Water pollution 83, 248, 263, 279– Pendulum period 66, 144, 166
Island species 58, 67–69, 230 280, 411, 426–427, 429 Radioactive decay 51–52, 57, 82,
Kidney disease 285–286 Wolf population 41 150, 166, 267, 280, 413, 451
Kleiber’s Law 68 Yeast population 118 Relative change 21–22, 26, 85, 107
Koala population 58, 213 Zebra mussel population 44, 143 Relative rate of change 26, 41,
Lizard loping 26 85, 107–108, 129, 143, 149,
Loading curve (in feeding birds) Physical Sciences 154–156, 160, 165, 170
234 Acceleration 106, 117, 127, 248, sea level changes 6, 8, 117–118
Logistic growth 114, 213–221, 249, 263, 267, 281 Solar panels 27, 112
233, 236, 412, 455 Air pressure 57, 82, 169 Specific heat 70
Lotka–Volterra equations 439–440, Altitude 169 Temperature changes 2–3, 6, 45,
442 Amplitude 71–76, 83–84, 86 71, 72, 76–78, 83, 109,
Lung 76, 80, 109, 164, 221 Ballooning 65, 103, 267 117, 125, 126, 129–130, 144,
Money supply 381 Beam strength 69 149, 166–169, 181, 188, 270,
Muscle contraction 25, 110–111 Biofuel production 112 272, 275, 357, 358, 360–365,
Nicotine 6, 25, 57, 110, 221–222, Brightness of a star 76 372–374, 386, 395, 397, 401,
225–226, 438, 469, 478 Carbon–14 58, 166, 450, 451 412–413, 435–439, 450, 451
Nitrous oxide levels 51 Carbon dioxide concentration 5, Tide levels 74–75, 77, 164
Photosynthesis 190, 192, 283, 295 77, 81, 170, 264, 283, 302 Topographical maps 359, 364, 365,
Plant growth 190, 193, 261–262, Carbon dioxide emissions 249 367
278, 283, 342 Chemical reactions 108, 194, 429 Velocity, average 20–21, 24, 26,
Pollutant levels 17, 51, 83, 117, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 7, 53, 69, 79, 85, 90–91, 95, 117,
263, 277, 279–280, 399, 411, 112, 130 124
413, 426–427, 429, 453 Climate change 168 Velocity, instantaneous 90–91, 95,
Population genetics 456–457 Daylight hours 164, 275 124
Predator–prey cycles 439–444 Density function 332–351 Velocity, vertical 164, 267
Pulmonologist 109 Distance 5, 13, 14, 18, 20–21, Velocity of a ball 144, 165, 278
Rabbit population 230, 306 24, 26, 45, 51, 66, 69, 78, Velocity of a bicycle 243, 278
Rain forest 24, 112 87, 95, 102, 104, 108, 124, Velocity of a bungee jumper 264
Rats and formaldehyde 370–371, 125, 129–130, 136, 151, 155, Velocity of a car 7, 20–21, 126,
375 164, 166–168, 170, 193, 212, 151, 242–243, 246–249, 261,
Relative change 21–22, 26, 85, 107 233, 234, 236, 237, 242–243, 277–278, 325, 348, 412, 450
Relative rate of change 26, 41, 246–249, 261, 264, 265, 267, Velocity of a mouse 280
85, 107–108, 129, 143, 149, 277–279, 325, 343, 366, 372, Velocity of a particle 85, 95, 117,
154–156, 160, 165, 170 374, 398, 399, 403–405, 470 124, 127, 264, 278
Respiratory deaths 51 Elevation 6, 45, 85, 109, 126, 335, Velocity of a rocket 394
Ricker curve 193 359–360 Velocity of a runner 246–247, 277
SARS 220, 457–458 Exponential growth and decay 39– Velocity vs speed 20
Species density 365–366 40, 43, 44, 48–60, 85, 407, Volcanic explosion 357
Species diversity 6, 15, 67–69, 76, 424, 425, 459–460 Volume of a hot air balloon 65
164 Fog 357 Volume of air in the lungs 76, 109,
Sperm count 79 Grand Canyon flooding 283–284 164
Spread of a disease 194, 215, 220, Gravitational force 69 Volume of a tank 126, 264, 281
230, 445–449, 457–458, 464 Greenland Ice Sheet 112 Volume of water 80, 186–188, 225,
Starvation 58, 111, 194, 265 Half–life and decay 53, 57, 58, 82, 247, 248, 282, 426–427
Sturgeon length 24, 125 85, 221, 428, 429, 451, 469, Weather map 358, 386
Sustainable yield 455 470, 474–475, 477–478, 480 Wind chill 144, 366, 395, 397
Symbiosis 439, 442 Heat index 357, 362–363, 374 Wind energy 44, 46, 57, 367
Tiger population 58 Height of a ball 144, 165, 278, 470
xviii Preface

Wind speed 125, 144, 395, 397 Infant mortality rates and health 213–217, 219–221, 230, 233,
care 348 236, 244, 248, 261–263, 266,
Social Sciences IQ scores 348 270, 273, 275, 278, 306,
Abortion rate 114–115 Job satisfaction 34 325, 407, 410, 412–415, 417,
Age distribution 332–334, 336– Land use 219, 429 421, 425, 429, 439–444, 452,
337 Learning patterns 437–438 454–458, 481
Ancestors 481 Monod growth curve 161 Poverty line 117
Baby boom 217 Normal distribution 346–347, 351 Relative change 21–22, 26, 85, 107
Birth and death rates 266 Okun’s Law 15 Relative rate of change 26, 41,
Commuting 375 Olympic records 8–9, 16, 41, 82 85, 107–108, 129, 143, 149,
Density function 332–351 Population, United States 26, 87, 154–156, 160, 165, 170
Distribution of resources 118, 213, 96, 97, 168, 213–217, 220, Rituals 398
328–329, 475–476 332–334, 336–339, 344– Scholarship funds 472
DuBois formula 83 345, 350 Search and rescue 14, 161
Ebbinghaus model for forgetting Population, world 24, 25, 43, 59, Sports 481–482
438 96, 112, 165, 169–170, 248, Test scores 348, 349
Education trends 156, 349 325 Test success rates 343
GPAs 341 Population density 365–366, 397– Traffic patterns 8, 102, 126, 136
Happiness 365 398 Waiting times 334–335, 338, 340,
Health care 332 Population growth 5, 13, 21, 25, 348, 350
Human body weight 15, 83, 110, 39–41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50– Wave 71–76, 398
136, 278, 373, 374, 400, 452 53, 57–59, 70, 84, 85, 87, Wikipedia 57, 413
Human height and wages 16 96, 97, 102, 112, 114, 126, Winning probability 481–482
Human height prediction 266 129, 143, 146–147, 149, 161, Zipf’s Law 70, 144
Indifference curve 368, 394 165, 168–170, 184–185, 193,
 Preface xix

To Students: How to Learn from this Book

• This book may be different from other math textbooks that you have used, so it may be helpful to know
about some of the differences in advance. At every stage, this book emphasizes the meaning (in practical,
graphical or numerical terms) of the symbols you are using. There is much less emphasis on “plug-and-
chug” and using formulas, and much more emphasis on the interpretation of these formulas than you
may expect. You will often be asked to explain your ideas in words or to explain an answer using graphs.
• The book contains the main ideas of calculus in plain English. Success in using this book will depend
on reading, questioning, and thinking hard about the ideas presented. It will be helpful to read the text in
detail, not just the worked examples.
• There are few examples in the text that are exactly like the homework problems, so homework problems
can’t be done by searching for similar–looking “worked out” examples. Success with the homework will
come by grappling with the ideas of calculus.
• For many problems in the book, there is more than one correct approach and more than one correct
solution. Sometimes, solving a problem relies on common sense ideas that are not stated in the problem
explicitly but which you know from everyday life.
• Some problems in this book assume that you have access to a graphing calculator or computer. There
are many situations where you may not be able to find an exact solution to a problem, but you can use a
calculator or computer to get a reasonable approximation.
• This book attempts to give equal weight to four methods for describing functions: graphical (a picture),
numerical (a table of values), algebraic (a formula), and verbal (words). Sometimes it’s easier to translate
a problem given in one form into another. For example, you might replace the graph of a parabola with
its equation, or plot a table of values to see its behavior. It is important to be flexible about your approach:
if one way of looking at a problem doesn’t work, try another.
• Students using this book have found discussing these problems in small groups helpful. There are a great
many problems which are not cut-and-dried; it can help to attack them with the other perspectives your
colleagues can provide. If group work is not feasible, see if your instructor can organize a discussion
session in which additional problems can be worked on.
• You are probably wondering what you’ll get from the book. The answer is, if you put in a solid effort,
you will get a real understanding of one of the crowning achievements of human creativity—calculus—
as well as a real sense of the power of mathematics in the age of technology.
xx Preface

CONTENTS

1 FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE 1

1.1WHAT IS A FUNCTION? 2
1.2LINEAR FUNCTIONS 8
1.3AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE AND RELATIVE CHANGE 16
1.4APPLICATIONS OF FUNCTIONS TO ECONOMICS 28
1.5EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 39
1.6THE NATURAL LOGARITHM 46
1.7EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY 51
1.8NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD 60
1.9PROPORTIONALITY AND POWER FUNCTIONS 65
1.10PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 71
REVIEW PROBLEMS 78
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 84
PROJECTS: COMPOUND INTEREST, POPULATION CENTER OF THE US, MEDICAL CASE STUDY:
ANAPHYLAXIS 86

2 RATE OF CHANGE: THE DERIVATIVE 89

2.1INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE 90

2.2THE DERIVATIVE FUNCTION 97
2.3INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE 103
2.4THE SECOND DERIVATIVE 113
2.5MARGINAL COST AND REVENUE 119
REVIEW PROBLEMS 125
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 130
PROJECTS: ESTIMATING TEMPERATURE OF A YAM; TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINATION; CHLO-
ROFLUOROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE 131

FOCUS ON THEORY 133

LIMITS, CONTINUITY, AND THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE 133

3 SHORTCUTS TO DIFFERENTIATION 137

3.1 DERIVATIVE FORMULAS FOR POWERS AND POLYNOMIALS 138

 Preface xxi

3.2 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 145

3.3 THE CHAIN RULE 150
3.4 THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES 156
3.5 DERIVATIVES OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 161
REVIEW PROBLEMS 165
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 168
PROJECTS: CORONER’S RULE OF THUMB; AIR PRESSURE AND ALTITUDE; RELATIVE GROWTH
RATES: POPULATION, GDP, AND GDP PER CAPITA; KEELING CURVE: ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
DIOXIDE 169

FOCUS ON THEORY 171

ESTABLISHING THE DERIVATIVE FORMULAS 171

FOCUS ON PRACTICE 174

FOCUS ON PRACTICE 174

4 USING THE DERIVATIVE 175

4.1 LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA 176

4.2 INFLECTION POINTS 183
4.3 GLOBAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA 189
4.4 PROFIT, COST, AND REVENUE 194
4.5 AVERAGE COST 202
4.6 ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 208
4.7 LOGISTIC GROWTH 213
4.8 THE SURGE FUNCTION AND DRUG CONCENTRATION 221
REVIEW PROBLEMS 228
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 235
PROJECTS: AVERAGE AND MARGINAL COSTS, FIREBREAKS, PRODUCTION AND THE PRICE OF
RAW MATERIALS, MEDICAL CASE STUDY: IMPACT OF ASTHMA ON BREATHING 237

5 ACCUMULATED CHANGE: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 241

5.1 DISTANCE AND ACCUMULATED CHANGE 242

5.2 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 250
5.3 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS AREA 255
5.4 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 260
5.5 TOTAL CHANGE AND THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 268
5.6 AVERAGE VALUE 272
xxii Preface

REVIEW PROBLEMS 276

STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 281
PROJECTS: CARBON DIOXIDE IN POND WATER, FLOODING IN THE GRAND CANYON 283
FOCUS ON THEORY 286

FOCUS ON THEORY 287

THEOREMS ABOUT DEFINITE INTEGRALS 287

6 ANTIDERIVATIVES AND APPLICATIONS 291

6.1ANALYZING ANTIDERIVATIVES GRAPHICALLY AND NUMERICALLY 292

6.2ANTIDERIVATIVES AND THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 297
6.3USING THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM TO FIND DEFINITE INTEGRALS 302
6.4APPLICATION: CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUS 306
6.5APPLICATION: PRESENT AND FUTURE VALUE 312
6.6INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION 316
6.7INTEGRATION BY PARTS 321
REVIEW PROBLEMS 324
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 326
PROJECTS: QUABBIN RESERVOIR, DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES, YIELD FROM AN APPLE OR-
CHARD 328

FOCUS ON PRACTICE 330

7 PROBABILITY 331

7.1 DENSITY FUNCTIONS 332

7.2 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AND PROBABILITY 336
7.3 THE MEDIAN AND THE MEAN 343
REVIEW PROBLEMS 348
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 350
PROJECTS: TRIANGULAR PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 351

8 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 353

8.1 UNDERSTANDING FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES 354

 Preface xxiii

8.2CONTOUR DIAGRAMS 358

8.3PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 369
8.4COMPUTING PARTIAL DERIVATIVES ALGEBRAICALLY 376
8.5CRITICAL POINTS AND OPTIMIZATION 381
8.6CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION 387
REVIEW PROBLEMS 394
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 399
PROJECTS: A HEATER IN A ROOM, OPTIMIZING RELATIVE PRICES FOR ADULTS AND CHIL-
DREN, MAXIMIZING PRODUCTION AND MINIMIZING COST: “DUALITY” 401

FOCUS ON THEORY 403

DERIVING THE FORMULA FOR A REGRESSION LINE 403

9 MATHEMATICAL MODELING USING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 409

9.1MATHEMATICAL MODELING: SETTING UP A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 410

9.2SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 414
9.3SLOPE FIELDS 418
9.4EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY 424
9.5APPLICATIONS AND MODELING 430
9.6MODELING THE INTERACTION OF TWO POPULATIONS 439
9.7MODELING THE SPREAD OF A DISEASE 445
REVIEW PROBLEMS 450
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 452
PROJECTS: HARVESTING AND LOGISTIC GROWTH, POPULATION GENETICS, THE SPREAD OF
SARS 455

FOCUS ON THEORY 458

SEPARATION OF VARIABLES 458

10 GEOMETRIC SERIES 463

10.1 GEOMETRIC SERIES 464

10.2 APPLICATIONS TO BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 470
10.3 APPLICATIONS TO THE NATURAL SCIENCES 474
REVIEW PROBLEMS 479
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING 480
PROJECTS: DO YOU HAVE ANY COMMON ANCESTORS?, HARROD-HICKS MODEL OF AN EX-
PANDING NATIONAL ECONOMY, PROBABILITY OF WINNING IN SPORTS, MEDICAL CASE STUDY:
DRUG DESENSITIZATION SCHEDULE 481
xxiv Preface

APPENDIX 483

A FITTING FORMULAS TO DATA 484

B COMPOUND INTEREST AND THE NUMBER e 492
C SPREADSHEET PROJECTS 497
1. MALTHUS: POPULATION OUTSTRIPS FOOD SUPPLY 497
2. CREDIT CARD DEBT 498
3. CHOOSING A BANK LOAN 499
4. COMPARING HOME MORTGAGES 500
5. PRESENT VALUE OF LOTTERY WINNINGS 501
6. COMPARING INVESTMENTS 501
7. INVESTING FOR THE FUTURE: TUITION PAYMENTS 502
8. NEW OR USED? 502
9. VERHULST: THE LOGISTIC MODEL 503
10. THE SPREAD OF INFORMATION: A COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS 504
11. THE FLU IN WORLD WAR I 504

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 507

PRETEST 535

INDEX 539
 Chapter One

FUNCTIONS Contents

AND CHANGE
1.1 What Is a Function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Rule of Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Mathematical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Function Notation and Intercepts . . . . . . . . 3
Increasing and Decreasing Functions . . . . . . 4
1.2 Linear Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Families of Linear Functions . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Average Rate of Change and Relative Change . 16
Visualizing Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Concavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Distance, Velocity, and Speed . . . . . . . . . . 20
Relative Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ratio of Relative Changes: Elasticity . . 22
1.4 Applications of Functions to Economics . . . . . 28
Cost, Revenue, and Profit Functions . . . . . . . 28
Marginal Cost, Revenue, and Profit . . . . . . . 31
Supply and Demand Curves . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A Budget Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5 Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Elimination of a Drug from the Body . . . . . . 40
The General Exponential Function . . . . . . . . 40
1.6 The Natural Logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Solving Equations Using Logarithms . . . . . . 47
Exponential Functions with Base e . . . . . . . 48
1.7 Exponential Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . . 51
Doubling Time and Half-Life . . . . . . . . . . 53
Financial Applications: Compound Interest . . . 53
1.8 New Functions from Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Composite Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Stretches of Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Shifted Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.9 Proportionality and Power Functions . . . . . . 65
Proportionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Power Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Quadratic Functions and Polynomials . . . . . . 68
©Patrick Zephyr/Patrick Zephyr Nature Photography

1.10 Periodic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

The Sine and Cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
REVIEW PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
STRENGTHEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING . 84
PROJECTS: Compound Interest, Population
Center of the US, Medical Case Study:
Anaphylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

c01FunctionsandChange_CO.indd 1 24/06/13 5:22 P

2 Chapter One FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE

1.1 WHAT IS A FUNCTION?

In mathematics, a function is used to represent the dependence of one quantity upon another.
Let’s look at an example. Syracuse, New York has the highest annual snowfall of any US city
because of the “lake-effect” snow coming from cold Northwest winds blowing over nearby Lake
Ontario. Lake-effect snowfall has been heavier over the last few decades; some have suggested
this is due to the warming of Lake Ontario by climate change. In December 2010, Syracuse got
66.9 inches of snow in one 12-day period, all of it from lake-effect snow. See Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Daily snowfall in Syracuse, December 5–16, 2010

Date (December 2010) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Snowfall in inches 6.8 12.2 9.3 14.9 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 5.0 11.9 3.4

You may not have thought of something so unpredictable as daily snowfall as being a function,
but it is a function of date, because each day gives rise to one snowfall total. There is no formula
for the daily snowfall (otherwise we would not need a weather bureau), but nevertheless the daily
snowfall in Syracuse does satisfy the definition of a function: Each date, t, has a unique snowfall,
S, associated with it.
We define a function as follows:

A function is a rule that takes certain numbers as inputs and assigns to each a definite output
number. The set of all input numbers is called the domain of the function and the set of
resulting output numbers is called the range of the function.

The input is called the independent variable and the output is called the dependent variable. In
the snowfall example, the domain is the set of December dates {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16}
and the range is the set of daily snowfalls {0.0, 0.1, 1.4, 1.9, 3.4, 5.0, 6.8, 9.3, 11.9, 12.2, 14.9}. We
call the function f and write S = f (t). Notice that a function may have identical outputs for differ-
ent inputs (December 11 and 12, for example).
Some quantities, such as date, are discrete, meaning they take only certain isolated values (dates
must be integers). Other quantities, such as time, are continuous as they can be any number. For a
continuous variable, domains and ranges are often written using interval notation:
The set of numbers t such that a ≤ t ≤ b is called a closed interval and written [a, b].
The set of numbers t such that a < t < b is called an open interval and written (a, b).

The Rule of Four: Tables, Graphs, Formulas, and Words

Functions can be represented by tables, graphs, formulas, and descriptions in words. For example,
the function giving the daily snowfall in Syracuse can be represented by the graph in Figure 1.1, as
well as by Table 1.1.
S (inches)
15
12
9
6
3
t (date)
6 8 10 12 14 16

Figure 1.1: Syracuse snowfall, December, 2010

 1.1 WHAT IS A FUNCTION? 3

Other functions arise naturally as graphs. Figure 1.2 contains electrocardiogram (EKG) pictures
showing the heartbeat patterns of two patients, one normal and one not. Although it is possible to
construct a formula to approximate an EKG function, this is seldom done. The pattern of repetitions
is what a doctor needs to know, and these are more easily seen from a graph than from a formula.
However, each EKG gives electrical activity as a function of time.

Healthy Sick

Figure 1.2: EKG readings on two patients

As another example of a function, consider the snow tree cricket. Surprisingly enough, all such
crickets chirp at essentially the same rate if they are at the same temperature. That means that the
chirp rate is a function of temperature. In other words, if we know the temperature, we can determine
the chirp rate. Even more surprisingly, the chirp rate, C, in chirps per minute, increases steadily with
the temperature, T , in degrees Fahrenheit, and can be computed, to a fair degree of accuracy, using
the formula
C = f (T ) = 4T − 160.

Mathematical Modeling
A mathematical model is a mathematical description of a real situation. In this book we consider
models that are functions, such as C = f (T ) = 4T − 160.
Modeling almost always involves some simplification of reality. We choose which variables to
include and which to ignore—for example, we consider the dependence of chirp rate on temperature,
but not on other variables. The choice of variables is based on knowledge of the context (the biology
of crickets, for example), not on mathematics. To test the model, we compare its predictions with
observations.
In this book, we often model a situation that has a discrete domain with a continuous function
whose domain is an interval of numbers. For example, the annual US gross domestic product (GDP)
has a value for each year, t = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .. We may model it by a function of the form G = f (t),
with values for t in a continuous interval. In doing this, we expect that the values of f (t) match the
values of the GDP at the points t = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., and that information obtained from f (t) closely
matches observed values.
Used judiciously, a mathematical model captures trends in the data to enable us to analyze and
make predictions. A common way of finding a model is described in Appendix A.

Function Notation and Intercepts

We write y = f (t) to express the fact that y is a function of t. The independent variable is t, the
dependent variable is y, and f is the name of the function. The graph of a function has an intercept
where it crosses the horizontal or vertical axis. Horizontal intercepts are also called the zeros of the
function.

Example 1 (a) Graph the cricket chirp rate function, C = f (T ) = 4T − 160.

(b) Solve f (T ) = 0 and interpret the result.
Solution (a) The graph is in Figure 1.3.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 Somewhat calmed by these reflections, she finally, just as day began to
dawn, dropped into a profound slumber, from which she did not awaken
until nearly ten in the morning.

Fortunately it was Saturday; she had no pupils for that day, and her time
was her own. But she was far from happy as she tried to busy herself with
some light duties about the house. Her thoughts constantly reverted to her
interview with John, and a sense of self-condemnation began to fasten itself
upon her, in view of the attitude she had maintained toward him.

She knew that she had not been kind to him; she had flung scorn and
taunts at him when he was already crushed beneath a heartrending load of
misery and shame. She had manifested antagonism, bitterness, and
resentment toward him. These, summed up, meant hate, and hate meant—
what? "He that hateth his brother is a murderer," was the text that came to
her again with a revolting shock, in reply. John had implied that perhaps she
had wished him dead. She knew, now, that she had, and involuntarily she
passed her hand across her forehead as she thought of that old-time brand
upon the brow of Cain. Had she fallen so low as that? Had she been simply
a whited sepulcher all these years, showing an attractive, gracious,
irreproachable surface to the world, while in her heart she had been nursing
this deadly viper, hate? John had deeply wronged her, but he had wronged
himself far more, and now his sins had brought their own punishment—had
stripped and left him wounded by the wayside; while she, instead of binding
up his wounds, pouring in the oil of kindness and the wine of cheer and
good will, had smitten him afresh. Surely she would not have treated the
veriest stranger like that! True, she had given him money, but how had she
given it—what had been the motive? She knew it had been merely to get rid
of him and to save herself the pain of thinking of him as a starving man.

All this was something similar to, though more effective than, the sifting
she had experienced that never-to-be-forgotten Sunday in church, so long
ago. She realized now that she had not rooted out, but simply buried a little
deeper, for the time being, the corroding bitterness within her heart. Her
interest in Marie Duncan, the kindness and sympathy she had shown her
during her last hours, the change in her own and in the woman's mental
attitude toward each other, together with Marie's surrender of the menacing
newspapers and photographs, which had eliminated all fear of exposure,
had brought to her a deceptive peace, which she had believed to be a
purified conscience. But the test that had come to her now proved to her
that the serpent had only been sleeping, that she still had her battle to fight,
her victory to win, or the evil would recoil upon herself, warp her nature,
and poison her whole future.

It was a season of sackcloth and ashes for Helen, but the searching
introspection to which she subjected herself had uncovered the appalling
effects which long years of secret brooding, self-pity, and self-righteousness
had produced upon her, and awakened a wholesome sense of self-
condemnation and repentance, thus opening the way for a more healthful
mental condition and growth.

She realized all this, in a way; but she did not know how to begin to
tread down the conflicting forces that were rampant within her; how to
silence the mental arguments that were continually affirming that she had
been deeply wronged—that she might, perhaps, forgive, but could never
forget; that John had made his own bed and must lie in it—he had no legal
or moral right to expect either aid or sympathy from her—and so on to the
end of the chapter—or, rather, the chapter seemed to have no end.

"What shall I do?" she finally exclaimed, with a feeling of exhaustion.

"The evil talks to me incessantly, and I do not know how to get the better of
it."

Suddenly she started from her chair, and, going to her desk, opened a
drawer and found a card.

"Mrs. Raymond B. Everleigh, number —— Riverside Drive, New

York," she read aloud, and then stood gravely thinking for a minute or two.

Then she opened her telephone book, found the name and address she
wanted, and called the number opposite over the phone.

"Is this Mrs. Raymond B. Everleigh?" she inquired, when the connection
had been made.
 The answer came back: "Yes, I am Mrs. Everleigh."

"Does Mrs. Everleigh remember the lady who sat with her in church the
third Sunday in May, and to whom she gave her card, asking her to come
again?" Helen questioned.

"Yes, indeed; and I have hoped to see her again—wondered why I have
not."

"It is she who is talking with you now. May I come to see you to-day? I
know it is asking a great favor from a stranger, but——"

Helen's appealing voice ceased while she listened to something that

came from the other end.

"At two o'clock? Oh, thank you! I will be there," she gratefully returned,
as she hung up her receiver and hastened to her room to dress for the street.

CHAPTER XVII.

AS WHEAT IS SIFTED.

At two o'clock Helen rang the bell of Mrs. Everleigh's palatial home on
Riverside Drive. A man in livery admitted her, swept herself and her card
with a comprehensive glance as she laid the bit of pasteboard upon his tray,
obsequiously bowed her into an elegantly appointed reception room, and
disappeared.

Five minutes later Mrs. Everleigh came to her. Helen had thought her a
rarely beautiful woman when she had seen her in church, more than four
months previous; but she seemed a hundredfold more lovely now, dressed
all in simple white, her abundant snowy hair coiled becomingly about her
head, her only ornament an exquisite chain of turquoise set in silver and
almost the color of her peaceful eyes, and her lips wreathed in sunny,
welcoming smiles.

"Mrs. Ford, I am more than glad to see you," she said, as she cordially
clasped Helen's hand. "And now, if you will allow me to waive the
formalities of a first call, I am going to ask you to come up to my private
sitting room, where we can be wholly by ourselves."

Helen thanked her, and followed her up the grand stairway, noting the
costly furnishings of the great hall, the rare paintings, statuary, bric-a-brac,
et cetera, on every hand; and almost gave vent to an exclamation of childish
delight as she was ushered into an exquisite boudoir on the second floor,
and which was furnished throughout in blue and white; the great chandelier
in the center of the ceiling, and other appliances for lighting, together with
many beautiful vases, being all of crystal or expensive cut glass.

"What an ideal setting for an ideal woman!" she said to herself, as she
entered the room.

"Come and sit here, Mrs. Ford," said Mrs. Everleigh, as she preceded her
to a great bow window, where there were two inviting rockers, with
hassocks to match, a pretty onyx table on which rested a small easel
supporting the photograph of a beautiful young girl, and, standing beside it,
a costly cut-glass vase filled with fresh forget-me-nots.

"What a lovely nook!" was Helen's involuntary tribute, as she sank into
the luxurious chair offered her. "And, oh, that view!" she added, with a
quick indrawn breath, as her glance fell upon the scene without, where,
between splendid great trees, all glorious in their brilliant fall attire of red,
yellow, and green, glimpses of the river, flashing in the sunlight, with the
darker hills beyond, made a picture that one could never forget.

"Yes, it is a scene of which I never tire," returned her hostess, as she took
the other rocker, and thoughtfully pushed a hassock nearer her guest.

"I hope, Mrs. Everleigh, I have not seemed intrusive in asking to come to
you?" Helen observed, after a moment or two, during which she sat silently
drinking in the beauty before her. "But your kindness to me that day in
church emboldened me to beg the favor."

"My dear, I am happy to have you come—I am glad to be helpful to any

one, as opportunity offers," the elder lady graciously replied.

Helen lifted a glance of surprise to her. She had not hinted that she was
unhappy, or needed help of any kind.

Mrs. Everleigh met her look with her winning smile.

"Your voice told me over the phone, dear, that you were in trouble," she
said. "Now, open your heart to me. What can I do for you?"

Her tone was so kind, her smile and manner so loving, Helen's forced
composure melted like wax in the sun, and a sudden flood of tears rendered
her utterly helpless to respond for the moment.

The strain and excitement of the last forty-eight hours had been very
great, and the loss of two nights' sleep, together with the relentless mental
vivisection to which she had since subjected herself, had robbed her of both
strength and self-control.

"Dear heart," gently entreated her companion, "let the bitterness all out;
then there will be room to pour in the balm and oil."

She leaned back in her chair, and sat silent, with bowed head and averted
eyes, until Helen's weeping ceased, and she began to regain something of
her customary self-possession.

"Dear Mrs. Everleigh," she at length said, as she lifted her tear-stained
face to her, "you have not attempted to question or comfort me, and yet it
seems to me you have been pouring peace into my heart every moment
since I came into this room; my trouble is the old puzzle regarding love and
hate."

"How is it a puzzle?"
 "All my life," Helen explained, "I have believed myself to be a good
woman, a devoted wife and mother, faithful to my duties, charitable,
conscientious, God-fearing, self-sacrificing to a fault, and absolutely loyal
to my friends. I believed all this to be love. When trouble came, I bore it
patiently, taking up my burdens with courage, and setting my face
steadfastly toward the work of regaining for myself and my child that of
which we had been cruelly robbed—home, position, and an honorable
name. I thought I had won, that the goal had been attained, that I had so
firmly established myself no taint of the past could touch me; and I believed
I was happy in what I had achieved, until I suddenly awoke to the fact that
all the fair fabric I had constructed and believed unassailable was only an
outward show, built upon pride and self-righteousness; until I began to
realize that I had all the time been possessed of a subconscious hate, the
hate that wishes people dead and powerless to cross your path again! Does
the picture appall you?"

Helen paused, almost breathless from inward emotion and rapid

speaking.

"My dear, you have uncovered all this in connection with yourself?"
gravely queried Mrs. Everleigh.

"Something has uncovered it," said Helen, with a bitter sigh.

"And what is the result of such searching introspection?"

"I feel like a whited sepulcher. I am appalled, shocked beyond measure

at myself," said Helen, with a gesture of repugnance.

"Do you think it was your real self who was nursing all the evil you have
portrayed?" gently inquired her companion.

Helen lifted a look of surprise to her.

"My real self?" she repeated, in perplexity.

"The real self is the purity—the innate consciousness that shrinks from
evil, and would be clothed upon with the garment of righteousness, of right
thinking and right living," said Mrs. Everleigh.

"Then the evil-thinking is the unreal self, and every one possesses a dual
nature? I recognize that—it is the old story of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
—but when one wakes up to find that even the good he thinks he has done
is evil, because of the worm at the core, it becomes a mocking paradox,"
said Helen bitterly.

"No, dear; not the good he thinks and has done," opposed her companion
gently, "for every good thought that has taken form in your consciousness,
every good deed that has been the outgrowth of that thought, belongs to
your true self, and nothing can rob you of it. Your efforts to conquer adverse
circumstances, your determination to achieve success in your profession—I
have recently heard Madam Ford sing, and have learned something of her
career," the lady smilingly interposed—"and an honorable name and
position for yourself and your child are all justifiable and praiseworthy. We
have a right to set our standards high and do our utmost, with right motives,
to attain them. But the undercurrent of bitterness, the sense of resentment,
self-pity, self-righteousness—the thinking that is continually arguing about
the faults and sins of the wrongdoer—everything that tends to self-
justification by the condemnation of another is all wrong, and must be put
out, if we hope ever to attain to our ideals, and know real peace of mind. It
matters not how fair our outward living may seem, if the thinking is
wrong."

"I began to realize something of this, that Sunday in church," said Helen.
"It seemed as if a wonderful searchlight had been turned upon my inner
self, revealing lurking demons I never dreamed I was harboring."

"Every one, sooner or later, must be sifted as wheat is sifted—must be

refined as gold is refined; the dross and the chaff must be cast out," said her
companion.

"Oh, tell me how!" Helen exclaimed. "One yearns to be pure in thought

as well as in deed, but the wrong-thinking seems to go on and on of itself.
How can it be conquered?"

"By putting self out of sight and giving loving service to others."
 "To those who have done us desperate wrong?" panted Helen, with an
inward shock.

"Even to those," said Mrs. Everleigh gently. "They need it most of all."

"Oh, you cannot mean that we should take them back into our hearts and
lives, and nourish and serve them again as if no wrong had been done, when
every law of God and man had been violated, every tendril of affection
ruthlessly trampled upon!" Helen's voice was almost inaudible as she
concluded.

Mrs. Everleigh did not immediately reply; she sat gravely thinking for
several minutes.

"Dear Mrs. Ford," she at length began, "we each have different problems
in life to solve, and it is difficult and perhaps unwise for one to say to
another what he or she would do under certain circumstances which had
never come into one's own experience. Loving service is that which best
promotes the welfare of the one served. What might be loving service and
helpful for one might be just the reverse for another. The wrongdoer must
suffer for his wrongdoing, else he would never recognize or repent his sin;
it would be doing irreparable injury to remove his punishment, restoring
joys he had forfeited, privileges he had trampled upon. That would be
encouraging sin. We are commanded to 'cast not our pearls before swine.'
We must not continue to shower blessings and favors indiscriminately upon
those who have shown themselves unappreciative and unworthy of past
benefits. Having cut themselves adrift, it is theirs to work out their own
salvation, and it is not our duty to again put ourselves in contact with the
error that has deliberately wronged and wounded us. And yet, there is
loving service that we can still render even these; we can think and speak
kindly of them, giving honor where honor is due, compassion instead of
condemnation for the errors that hold them in bondage. Such an attitude
cannot fail to crowd out and conquer the bitterness, self-pity, self-
righteousness, condemnation—everything that robs us of our peace. When
we attain to this we shall know that we have no partnership with hate."

"I begin to understand something of what love means," Helen said, in a

tone of awe. "I feel as if I were just beginning to see how to live. You surely
have helped me to empty myself of much of the evil that seemed to be
surging within me when I came here this afternoon. You have indeed
'poured in balm and oil,' and given me much food for thought."

She arose to leave as she spoke, holding out her hand, a look of grateful
appreciation in her eyes.

"Oh, I am not going to let you go yet! I have not said half I wish," cried
her hostess, clasping her extended hand, but forcing her gently back into her
chair; and Helen, eager to learn more from the wisdom that fell from her
lips, sank restfully down among her cushions again, and they talked on for
an hour longer.

"How glad I am you came to me, Mrs. Ford!" Mrs. Everleigh observed,
when she finally said she must go. "I hope to see you often after this—I
shall make it my way to do so, if you will allow me. I heard you sing at the
Wardsworths' shortly after we met in church, and I intended to be
introduced to you at that time, but you had left when I asked to be
presented. You have a great gift, and I am going to beg you to use it for me
some time."

"It will give me great pleasure to do so, Mrs. Everleigh. I would love to
show some appreciation of the good you have done me to-day," Helen
heartily responded, adding, as her eyes sought those of her companion: "It
is a privilege just to look into your peaceful face—one would think that no
blight or sorrow had ever touched you in——"

Mrs. Everleigh's hand closed over Helen's almost spasmodically, and her
lips whitened suddenly, as her glance sought the beautiful photograph
resting on the onyx table beside the vase of forget-me-nots.

"No blight—no sorrow!" she repeated, as she gently drew her visitor a
step nearer the likeness. "Oh, no one escapes the tragedies of this mortal
life, my dear—they pass none of us by. This is a likeness of my daughter. Is
she not beautiful? She was swept from my sight almost before I realized she
was in danger. It seemed as if a whirlwind caught her away, and—she was
all I had—the apple of my eye, the one darling of my heart. The blow left
me with this crown of snow," she went on, touching with tremulous fingers
the hair upon her forehead. "It broke my heart, crushed me to earth for the
time being, and the battle I had to fight was much the same that you are
fighting now. It is only step by step that we conquer in such experiences,
but if we are sincere—'honest in mind and intention'—if we keep our armor
on, and wield a merciless sword upon our secret foes, we must win in the
end."

Helen was very near weeping again as she listened to her. Surely, she
thought, the tragedies of earth pass no one by! Those in palace and hovel
meet on common ground in these great heart sorrows. She lifted the hand
she held, and softly laid her lips against it—she was powerless to speak one
word.

But Mrs. Everleigh quickly quelled her momentary emotion, and her
peaceful smile seemed like a benediction as she turned again to Helen.

"But she made my life very bright while she was here. I have beautiful
things to remember of her; I have very much to be grateful for," she said
bravely. "We must not forget to number our blessings, dear Mrs. Ford," she
continued gravely, "lest we drift back into the former bitterness and
darkness. You still have your lovely daughter, if you have had other trials—
I saw her also at the Wardsworths'—be thankful, and, in the light of that and
other blessings, forget the wrong and blight of the past."

They went downstairs together, Mrs. Everleigh accompanying her visitor

to the door and exacting a promise that she would come again in the near
future, for there was more she wished to say to her when the world seemed
brighter to her.

Helen went home with a sense of peace in her heart such as she had not
known for many weeks. She felt like a different person from what she had
been during the last forty-eight hours. She reviewed every step of her
interview with Mrs. Everleigh, analyzing her arguments, making a personal
application of them, and seeking to attain to a higher understanding of
them.

"Loving service for even those who have wronged us most!" This had
impressed her more deeply than anything else she had said, and as she
conned it o'er and o'er she came to see that to purify her own consciousness
of evil-thinking against John—he who had wronged her most, who had put
the worst possible humiliation and suffering upon her—would not only
release her from the intolerable bondage of mental discord which she had
suffered for years whenever he had come into her thought, but would also
be obeying the divine command: "Do unto others as ye would they should
do unto you."

She might never see or hear from John again—she hoped she would not;
he had said he would trouble her no more; but whether he did or not, she
knew that the bitterness of hate was past, and in its place there was dawning
a peace that comes to all those who realize and practice the greatest of all
virtues—"Charity, the love that thinketh no evil."

CHAPTER XVIII.

LOVING SERVICE.

When Helen entered the vestibule to the Grenoble, where she lived, on
her return from her visit to Mrs. Everleigh, she found Mrs. Harding, to
whom she had sent John the night before, in the vestibule, just about to ring
her bell, and knew instantly, from the woman's face, that something had
gone wrong.

"What is it?" she inquired, with quickened pulses.

"You sent a man—Mr. Williams—to me last night?"

"Yes." Helen was touched by the fact that John had taken pains to
conceal his identity by giving his middle name to the woman.

He had been taken ill in the night, Mrs. Harding told her, and she had
found him delirious in the morning. She had sent for a physician—Doctor
Wing—who seemed to think the case critical, and wanted him taken to
some hospital, where he could have better air, and a constant attendant; but,
Mrs. Harding explained, she felt she ought to come and talk with madam
before consenting to the move.

"That was right," observed Helen, who had been thinking rapidly while
the woman was talking. "I knew Mr.—Williams years ago in San Francisco,
and I am sure his friends would not wish him sent to a hospital. He told me
he intended to start for California to-day—he had his ticket—so his friends
will be looking for him next week."

"Well, marm, it is my opinion that he'll never see San Francisco again,"
said the woman, with a grave shake of her head.

"Oh!" cried Helen sharply; "is he as ill as that?"

Was John going to die, after all? She was shocked through and through
at the thought. No, he must not—he should not! She could never forgive
herself for the dreadful things she had thought and said the night before, if
he did.

Had her repentance come too late? Was she to have no opportunity to
prove the sincerity of her desire to put into practice the higher interpretation
of love to which she was beginning to awake?

"He's an awful sick man, marm," her companion replied.

"When will Doctor Wing go to see him again?"

"He said he'd drop in about six o'clock."

"Then I will be there at six, also; I wish to talk with Doctor Wing,"
Helen observed, and Mrs. Harding, anxious to get back to her charge, but
evidently relieved to have her responsibility shared, went her way.

When Helen had leased her apartment at the Grenoble, she had hired
another smaller suite of two rooms and bath, adjoining, and running at right
angles with it. These she had fitted up attractively as a studio, where she
gave her lessons and prepared for her social engagements, thus leaving her
apartment free for Dorrie to entertain her friends whenever she wished. At
her request, her landlord had cut a door between the suites, and this
arrangement had enabled her to go back and forth without being obliged to
pass through the public hall.

While talking with Mrs. Harding she had conceived a plan to meet
Doctor Wing's desire for better air and good care for his patient. She would
put a bed and other comforts in the larger room of the studio. Mrs. Harding
was a good, sensible, reliable woman, capable in every way—and she
would engage her and a trained nurse, if necessary, to take care of the
invalid. John should have every possible chance for his life that she could
give him, and perhaps this would blot out that dreadful suspicion he had
voiced that she had wished him out of the way.

She unfolded this plan to Doctor Wing when she went to Mrs. Harding's
to meet him, at six o'clock, and, the physician cordially approving it, in less
than three hours the sick man was transferred to Helen's cheerful, well-
ventilated rooms, with good Mrs. Harding as nurse and attendant.

The woman said she would prefer to take care of him alone; she believed
she could do it, and it would be much easier for her than to be subjected to
the red tape and rigid rules of a trained nurse. Helen seconded this
proposition, saying she, too, would do whatever she was able, and would
stand ready to provide a trained nurse at any moment, if the plan did not
work to Doctor Wing's entire satisfaction.

The physician gave his consent somewhat reluctantly, but said they
would try it for a day or two. He was somewhat at a loss to understand
Madam Ford's interest in the man, even though she had frankly explained
that she had known both him and his family when, years ago, she also had
lived in San Francisco.

However, it was no affair of his, only so far as it made better conditions

for his patient; the rooms she offered were certainly more desirable than a
cot in the public ward of a hospital would be, and madam, if she were doing
this simply because of a friendly interest in him and his far-off family, was a
rare woman, indeed.
 For two weeks it seemed a doubtful battle for the sick man, who was
delirious and entirely unconscious of his condition and surroundings; but at
the end of that time he began slowly to mend, although he manifested very
little interest in the fact, obediently submitting to whatever was done or
prescribed for him, but with a feeble air of protest that was discouraging to
those interested in him.

"He doesn't want to get well," Mrs. Harding told the physician, when he
came one morning and found his patient very weak and unresponsive to his
cheerful greeting.

"I know it, poor fellow!" he gravely replied. "But we will do the best we
can for him, although it looks as if that 'best' will not keep him here very
long."

"Where am I?" John asked his nurse a few days later. "Is this a hospital?"

"No, it is a small suite," she told him. "Some one who was not going to
occupy it for a while offered the use of it to Doctor Wing, so he brought you
here and engaged me to take care of you."

Helen had insisted that her agency in the matter was not to be known—at
least, not at present, and when John came to himself she withdrew from the
rooms altogether.

"A man does not like to be under obligations to a woman," she had said,
"and doubtless we shall soon hear from his friends, who will then assume
the care of him."

But John, as he slowly improved, in spite of his indifference to life,

appeared intuitively to realize that he was not wholly indebted to the good
doctor for the comforts he was enjoying. The rooms were handsomely
furnished; there were dainty and womanly touches all around him that
somehow suggested a familiar atmosphere; the bed linen and towels were
fine and heavy; a rich, warm-hued dressing robe and nice underwear had
been provided for him, and, with the artistic tray on which his food was
served, the pretty hand-painted china, and bright flowers in unique vases,
besides many luxuries to tempt his appetite, all betrayed a thoughtful
interest that strangers, or a strange doctor, would hardly bestow upon one so
destitute as himself.

He talked very little with either his physician or Mrs. Harding; asked no
questions, yet was always appreciative of any service rendered him. By the
end of four weeks he was able to sit up in a great easy-chair by a sunny
window, where he would remain as long as was permitted, sometimes
sitting with closed eyes, apparently thinking; at others manifesting a trifle
more interest than heretofore by studying the surrounding buildings and his
rooms.

He was now allowed to have a daily paper to look over, and Doctor
Wing tried to draw him out on current events and other subjects, now and
then telling a pleasant story or a piquant joke; but while John was always
most courteous in his bearing and conversation he could hardly be said to
be responsive to these efforts in his behalf.

One day there came a tap on the door leading into Helen's apartment.
John caught the sound, although the door of the room he was in was
partially closed. Mrs. Harding answered the summons, there followed a few
low-spoken words, and presently the woman returned, bearing in her hands
a basket of luscious fruit, a few fragrant flowers carelessly scattered over it.

"Where did you get it?" the man inquired, his face lighting with pleasure
at the attractive offering. It was the first really spontaneous sign of interest
he had manifested.

"A lady who lives in the next suite sent it in to you," Mrs. Harding
explained, as she laid a tempting peach, with a bunch of grapes, upon a
plate and passed it to him.

John sat suddenly erect, exhibiting an energy which betrayed to Mrs.

Harding that he possessed more strength than she had supposed. He flushed
a hot crimson, glanced alertly out of the window near him, then at the door
leading into the hall, through which the doctor usually entered. He next set
his plate upon a small table beside him, arose, and went to another window,
where he stood for several minutes, studying the surroundings outside.
 Presently he returned to his chair and his fruit, a wan smile curling his
lips, for between certain suspicions that had beset him of late and a rather
accurate bump of location he had gotten his bearings at last, and thought he
knew where he was.

"Mrs. Harding, this house is the Grenoble, is it not?" he quietly inquired,

as he began to pare his peach, but with hands that trembled in spite of his
efforts to conceal his excitement.

"Um—yes," she replied, with some reluctance.

"And Madam Ford lives in the adjoining suite, does she not? It was she
who sent me the fruit?"

"You know, Mrs. Harding, it was Madam Ford who sent me to you the
night I was taken ill," John resumed, in a matter-of-fact tone, without
appearing to observe her confusion. "I would be glad to see her again; will
you ask her if she will spare me a few moments?"

On receiving this message, Helen knew that she could no longer keep
out of sight; she had realized from the first that the truth would have to be
revealed sooner or later, and she went to him at once, greeting him
courteously, as if he had been simply an old acquaintance.

"Helen, you are responsible for my being here. Why did you do this?" he
exclaimed huskily, as the nurse left the room, closing the door after her.

"If this is what you wished to see me about I am not going to stay, for
you are not to get excited," Helen returned reprovingly; then she added
kindly: "There was simply nothing else to do."

"Yes, there was; you could have let them take me to some hospital,
where they would have put me to die, like any other beggar. Why didn't
you?" he demanded bitterly.

"Because, for one reason, Doctor Wing thought this the better plan for
you——"
 "But the expense of it!" he interposed, flushing hotly. "To say nothing
about the imposition on you."

"Oh, don't let that trouble you," said Helen calmly. "Of course, I wrote to
your uncle, telling him of your illness. I thought he would be wondering,
after sending you the ticket, why you did not put in an appearance at San
Francisco."

"Well, what did he say?"

"He wrote me to see that you were made comfortable, and sent me some
money."

"How much?"

"Fifty dollars," Helen confessed, rather reluctantly.

A cynical smile curled John Hungerford's lips.

"Fifty dollars! It has cost you many times that to provide for my needs,
and the care I have had, to say nothing about the doctor's bill," he faltered.
"Well"—with a reckless air—"I shall soon be where I will trouble no one,
and—I am glad of it."

"Why should you be glad of it?" Helen gravely asked.

"Because I do not wish to be a burden to any one. I've been a failure

from beginning to end, and I am weary of the race. Even if I were not, I
know my fate is settled, and it would be useless to try to change it."

"How do you know your fate is settled, as you express it?"

He held up a trembling, transparent hand.

"I have no blood; I have no strength, no courage, nothing to look

forward to," he said, in a hopeless tone.

"Don't you think it would be more brave if, instead of yielding to such
gloomy thoughts, you made an effort to get well?" Helen gently suggested.
 "What for? What have I to live for?" he cried, lifting agonized eyes to
her.

"For the sake of trying to live—right for a while," she gravely but very
kindly replied.

A wave of scarlet shot over his wan face, and his head fell upon his
breast.

"By Heaven, I wish I could!" he exclaimed, looking up, after a moment,

a ring of sincerity in his voice that Helen had never heard before.

"Then, John, why not make an honest effort for it?" And Helen's tone
was full of strength and encouragement.

"It is too late—I am not going to get well. I am sure the doctor thinks I
cannot," he wearily returned.

"Simply because you have no wish to, and will not try; your own attitude
is what is sending you to your doom. Don't let this inertia conquer you,
John; buckle on your courage, take a fresh grip on hope, and rise above this
weakness. There is hardly any situation in life so adverse that it cannot be
overcome if one will go to work the right way. Then, think of your talent—
it was a divine gift. Can you bear the thought of making no return for it—of
leaving absolutely nothing behind you to show that John Hungerford, who
was born with the soul of a great artist—you know, Monsieur Jacques told
you that—ever lived? Oh, rouse yourself; start out anew, and make your
mark in the world!"

Helen had spoken very earnestly, and it was evident that her words had
made a deep impression upon her listener, for it was with difficulty that he
preserved his composure.

"Do you think I can—now, after all the best of my life has been wasted?"
he breathed eagerly, but swallowing hard to keep back a sob that almost got
the better of him.
 "I am sure you can," she cheerily responded. "Make up your mind, first
of all, that you are going to get well; that will be half of the battle won; and,
with health and strength regained, the rest will be comparatively easy. I
wish——"

She paused suddenly, as if in doubt of the wisdom of what she had been
about to say.

"What do you wish?" he inquired, as he keenly searched her thoughtful

face.

"I wish you would allow me to bring a dear friend to see you—some one
whom I feel sure would be a great help to you."

"Who is this friend?" John demanded, almost sharply, and with suddenly
averted face.

"A Mrs. Everleigh—the purest, sweetest woman I have ever known."

"Oh!" A great fear seemed to vanish as the man breathed the one word;
but Helen, busy with her own thoughts, did not appear to heed him.

"Does she know——" he began again, after a moment, and then faltered,
a hot flush mounting to his forehead.

"She knows nothing, except that a Mr. Williams, whom I once knew in
California, has been very ill here at the Grenoble, and I, as a neighbor, have
been interested in him," Helen assured him.

During the four weeks of John's illness she had seen Mrs. Everleigh
three times; once her new friend had come to see her, and twice she had
been to her, and a strong affection had sprung up between them. Helen had
been so benefited and uplifted by the woman's higher thought and its
practical application to daily living, it had occurred to her that if she could
bring John under her influence he might be inspired to desire a new lease of
life, and to try to redeem his past.
 She had told her new friend of John, and of his sickness—had intimated,
as she said, that she had known him years ago in her old home, San
Francisco. She gave her some idea of his great talent, and how he had
wasted it; but she had not mentioned the fact that he had once been her
husband, and the author of her own troubles, or that he was under any
obligation to her for the care and comforts he had received during his
illness.

"Why do you wish me to meet this Mrs. Everleigh?" John inquired, after
silently considering the proposition for several moments.

"I want you to know this grand woman. She will do you good; she will
inspire you to take a different view—to have a better understanding—of life
and its obligations," was Helen's earnest response. "She will not preach to
you," she hastened to add, as she saw an uneasy look flit over his face. "She
is no officious missionary, going about trying to reform the world at large,
and I shall simply introduce her to you as a friend whom I thought it would
be pleasant for you to meet after being shut up here for so long, and——
Well, I am sure you will find her irresistible."

A smile, half of amusement, half of skepticism, curled her listener's pale

lips.

"You have certainly aroused my curiosity, and you may bring your friend
whenever you see fit," he observed, but more to please Helen than because
he felt any special desire to meet her paragon of excellence.

"Let me say you have a rare treat in store," she returned, adding, as he
manifested signs of weariness: "But you must not talk more now; try to rest
and think cheerful thoughts, and you will be stronger to-morrow."

She arose as she concluded, and, with a kindly good-by, quietly left the
room.
 CHAPTER XIX.

JOHN HUNGERFORD BEGINS LIFE ANEW.

John was not as well the following day, and the new impulse with which
Helen's visit of the previous day had inspired him seemed to have lost its
grip upon him, while all his former listlessness and indifference to life
returned.

Previous to her call, Helen had interviewed Doctor Wing regarding the
condition of his patient, and he had told her that, while the crisis appeared
to have been well passed, and there were indications that he might rally for
a time, he had grave doubts regarding his ultimate recovery; for, aside from
certain threatening conditions, the man was laboring under great mental
depression, and appeared to have no desire to live, which, of itself, was by
no means an encouraging phase. Consequently she had not been wholly
unprepared for John's own admission that he was glad he was not going to
get well.

But since her acquaintance with Mrs. Everleigh, Helen's views regarding
many things pertaining to life had radically changed. She did not believe
that John's case was hopeless, notwithstanding the unfavorable outlook, and
she resolved that he should be saved—he should have another chance to
prove himself a man, and a great artist, if there was any power that could
save him; and she felt assured there was.

She went immediately to her friend, to whom she explained the situation,
and Mrs. Everleigh promised to go to see "Mr. Williams" the following day.

She came late in the morning, when, refreshed by a good night's rest, he
was feeling much brighter and stronger than on the previous day. And the
moment he heard her speak, and looked into her eyes, he knew that all
Helen had said of her was true.

She was a brilliant as well as a beautiful woman, for, aside from having
been finely educated, she had always enjoyed rare social advantages. There
was also a merry vein in her nature, and she had not been many minutes in
his presence before John found himself laughing out spontaneously over her
vivid description of a ludicrous incident that had occurred on her way to the
Grenoble to see him. This set him immediately at his ease with her, and
they dropped into a free and interesting discussion of various topics that
lasted for nearly an hour.

When Mrs. Everleigh finally arose to go she observed, with charming

cordiality:

"I have enjoyed my call so much, Mr. Williams, I am coming again soon,
if you will allow me."

"You are very kind, Mrs. Everleigh, and I assure you it will give me
great pleasure to have you do so," he replied, with all the old-time courtesy
of the once elegant John Hungerford.

"And I will send my car around for you as soon as you feel strong
enough for a drive," the lady continued brightly. "You need to get out into
this crisp fall air, and before long you will feel like a new man; the world
will seem like a different place to you."

John's face fell suddenly. Until this moment he had not once thought of
himself since her coming.

"I fear that will never be," he said, in a spiritless tone. "There are strong
indications that before very long I may be in a different world from this."

"Who has dared to pass such sentence upon you, Mr. Williams?" gravely
questioned his companion. "Put that thought away from you at once; it is
your rightful heritage to be a strong, well man, and—you still have work to
do here." Then she smiled cheerily into his face as she held out her hand to
take leave of him, adding: "But we will talk more of that when I come
again." And she went away, leaving John with a sense of something new
having been born into his consciousness.

He walked to a window, and stood looking thoughtfully out over the

roofs and chimney pots, while a voice within him, that seemed almost
audible, repeated over and over: "It is your rightful heritage to be a strong,
well man; and you still have work to do here."

That same evening, the duties of the day being over, Helen went in to see
him again, and to inform him that she had received a second letter from his
uncle, Mr. Young, who had sent her another check for fifty dollars, which
she laid before him as she spoke.

He pushed it almost rudely from him.

"Keep it," he said, flushing sensitively; "I cannot take it."

She appeared to heed neither his act nor his words, but casually inquired,
while she observed that he looked better and brighter than when she last
saw him:

"Where is your painting outfit, John?"

"Sold at auction, I imagine," he replied; then continued, with painful

embarrassment: "I may as well tell you exactly how matters stand with me.
Marie left me—that is, we had a final falling out—more than three years
ago. She immediately broke camp, sold off everything—even my kit—and
cleared out; went West and got her bill from me, and I've drifted about ever
since. We didn't have a very happy time together, and I——"

"You need not tell me any more," Helen here abruptly interposed.
"Forget it, if you can."

"Oh, Helen," he burst forth, with exceeding bitterness, "I wish I could
forget it! I wish I could wake up to find these last ten years only a miserable
nightmare!"

"I think you are waking up from a very bad dream, John," she returned,
in a friendly tone. "You are looking decidedly better, and it rests a good deal
with yourself whether you continue to improve."

"Marie is dead—was killed, or, rather, fatally injured, and died in the
Mercy Hospital a few months ago," resumed John, not to be diverted from
what he had been saying. "I did not learn of it until it was all over, or I
would have gone to——"

"Yes, I know; I read of the accident," Helen again broke in upon him,
and somewhat startled to learn that he had been in New York at that time.

But she felt that she could not discuss that chapter of his life with him.
Her chief desire now was to start him upon the right road to redeem his
past, if that were possible; then leave him to work his own way to a more
prosperous future.

"Now, let there be no more looking back," she hastened to add; "do not
waste time in vain regrets over what is behind you, but keep your face
steadfastly toward the light of the new day that is dawning upon you. You
are really better—you are going to get well; you will take up your art again,
and you will do something worth while."

"Upon my soul, I wish I might!" he said, in a low, eager tone, and

secretly encouraged by her positive assertions.

"Then if you really wish it, suppose you begin at once," Helen proposed,
with inspiring energy. "Take some of this money your uncle has sent, get
what materials you need, and go to work, doing a little—what you are able
—every day. Make out a list of what you require, and I will place the order
for you; here are pencil and paper. I will come for the memorandum directly
after breakfast to-morrow morning, take it to Bronson's, have the things sent
up immediately, and you can make a beginning before the day is out."

She pushed some writing materials across the cable to him, and then
arose to go.

The man lifted a wondering glance to her.

"Helen, you are a marvel to me! You have put new life into me," he said,
with deep emotion. "I am simply overwhelmed by your goodness—I
wonder that your heart is not filled with bitter hatred for me."
 Helen flushed consciously at his words, and moved away to the mantel,
where she stood musing for a few minutes as she gazed down upon the
glowing logs in the fireplace below.

How she had struggled with the demon of hate no one save herself
would ever know. But she had finally conquered her foe. She knew she had,
from the simple fact that she experienced only the feeling of satisfaction in
knowing that John would get well—that she wanted him to get well; while
she firmly believed that he would be a better man in the future for the
helping hand she had given him and the interest she had manifested in him.
No, she no longer bore him the slightest ill will; instead of cherishing
antagonism and resentment, she had come to regard him as her "neighbor,"
a brother man, for whom she would do only as she would be done by; and,
having once attained this attitude, a great burden of self-condemnation had
rolled from her heart and left her at peace with him and the world.

"No, John, I have no hatred for you," she at length gravely observed, but
without turning toward him. "Once I—I could not have said this, but I have
learned, through bitter experience, that hate harms the hater rather than the
object of his hatred; that it corrodes, corrupts, and destroys him mentally,
morally, and spiritually; and to-day I can truly say that I only wish you well
—wish that you may grow strong, not only physically, but in every other
higher and better sense of the word, and make for yourself a name and place
in the world, that will compel all men to respect you. I know you can do it,
if you will."

As she ceased she turned abruptly, and, with a low-voiced good night,
slipped from the room before he could detain her.

The man sat motionless and absorbed in thought for a long time after she
had gone. Every word she had spoken had sunk deep into his
consciousness, and had shown him, directly and indirectly, not only what
she had overcome and suffered in her struggles with adverse circumstances,
but how she had won the greatest battle of all—the conquest over self. At
last he lifted his bowed head, and revealed a face all aglow with a new and
inspiring purpose; at the same time there was a look of keenest pain in his
eyes.
 "I will do it!" he breathed hoarsely. "But, good God, what a royal heart I
have trampled beneath my feet!"

*******

Three weeks later John Hungerford left the Grenoble apartments, a

comparatively well man.

Meantime, having, through Helen's energetic efforts, obtained the

necessary materials, he had labored industriously, and with a constantly
growing interest, at his easel, gaining flesh and strength each day, while
something seemed to be burning within him that he had never been
conscious of before.

What was it? he wondered, with almost a feeling of awe—this ever-

increasing energy of purpose, this resistless zeal, that was pushing him
forward and lifting him above anything he had ever aspired to in the years
long gone by?

Was it the soul of the great artist, in embryo, that at last was really
beginning to expand in its effort to burst its long-imprisoning shackles and
plume its wings for a lofty flight?

Mrs. Everleigh came to see him every few days, and her talks with him
opened up broader vistas of life and its obligations, and imbued him with
higher ideals and desires. She insisted upon his going out every day, and
frequently sent her car to take him out of the city for an invigorating drive
in the country.

All this—the cheerful thought, the better purpose and outlook, together
with the kind attentions of those interested in him—could not fail to
develop faith and hope, with better physical conditions, also, and his
improvement was rapid.

During this time he had completed two very attractive paintings, which,
through the influence of his physician, were placed in a leading art store,
and sold at a fair valuation—enough to enable him to begin business for