Appendixes

10.1128/9781555818012.app1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1128/9781555818012.app1 by Cochrane Colombia, Wiley Online Library on [31/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
APPENDIX 1
History of Immunopathology

A listing of the major events in the history of immunopathology (Table

A1.1) and a list of winners of the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine
whose field was immunology (Table A1.2) are given in this appendix.
Adaptive immunity was recognized in the ancient societies of China and
Egypt. Application of this phenomenon by introduction into lesions
scratched on the skin (“variolation”) or by inhalation into the nasal cavity
of smallpox organisms was practiced by the Chinese in about 1000 A.D.,
and artificial vaccination was introduced in England in 1798. In the late
1800s and early 1900s, many immune-mediated phenomena were de-
scribed. The cellular immune system was emphasized by Elie Metchnikoff,
and the humoral system was emphasized by Emil von Behring. Modern
immunology can be said to have begun in the late 1950s with the recogni-
tion of histocompatibility antigens, identification of the structure of anti-
bodies, and the study of immune mechanisms that cause disease. More re-
cently, the contributions of molecular biology and genetic engineering
have resulted in a breakthrough in our understanding of the molecular
mechanisms of antibody diversity and the nature of the T-cell receptor, as
well as how immune cells recognize and are activated by antigens.

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Table A1.1 A short history of immunopathologya

Event or discovery Location(s) or investigator Date

Fever Mesopotamia ca. 3000 B.C.
Recognition of adaptive immunity Egypt, China ca. 2000 B.C.
Anatomic identification of organs Hippocrates ca. 400 B.C.
Acquired resistance to poisons Mithridate Eupator, King of Pontus ca. 80 B.C.
Four cardinal signs of inflammation Celsus 25
“Snuff” variolation for smallpox Sung Dynasty, China ca. 1000
Renaissance of anatomy Andreas Vesalius 1540
Bursa of birds described Johann Christian Fabricius 1590
Peyer’s patches Johann Conrad Peyer 1690
Cowpox vaccination Edward Jenner 1798
Rheumatic endocarditis Jean-Baptiste Bouillard 1840
Tuberculous granulomas Karl Freiherr von Rokitansky 1855
Langhans giant cells Theodor Langhans 1868
Waldeyer’s ring Heinrich W. G. Waldeyer-Hartz 1870
Cellular pathology Rudolf Virchow 1880
Attenuated vaccines Louis Pasteur 1880
Phagocytosis Elie Metchnikoff 1882
Anti-snake venom Léon Calmette 1887
Neutralization (antitoxin) Emil von Behring 1890
Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test Robert Koch 1890
Bacteriolysis (antibody and complement) Jules Bordet 1894
Blood groups Karl Landsteiner 1900
Side-chain theory, tumor immunity, horror autotoxicus Paul Ehrlich 1900
Anaphylaxis Charles Richet and Paul Portier 1902
Arthus phenomenon Maurice Arthus 1903
Serum sickness Clemens von Pirquet and Bela Schick 1905
Organ transplantation Alexis Carrel 1905
Delayed-type hypersensitivity Clemens von Pirquet 1906
Immune surveillance of cancer Paul Ehrlich 1909
Viral cancer immunity Peyton Rous 1910
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Carl Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner 1921
Toxoid immunization Gaston Ramou 1923
Chemical mediators of inflammation T. Lewis 1925
Quantitative precipitin reaction Michael Heidelberger 1935
Gamma globulin Arne Tiselius and Elvin Kabat 1938
Yellow fever vaccine Max Theiler 1938
Rheumatoid factor E. Waaler 1940
Hemolytic disease of newborns (Rh) Karl Landsteiner, Philip Levine 1941
Immunofluorescence Albert Coons 1942
Concept of collagen disease Peter Klemperer 1942
Immune tolerance Peter Medawar and Macfarlane Burnet 1944
Passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity Merrill Chase 1945
Gel diffusion antibody tests Örjan Ouchterlony, Jacques Oudin 1946–1948
Agammaglobulinemia Ogden Bruton 1952
Cellular transfer of transplantation immunity Nicholas Mitchison 1953
Mechanism of immune complex disease Frank Dixon 1956
Autoimmune thyroiditis Ernest Witebsky and Deborah Doniach 1957
Histocompatibility antigens George Snell and Jean Dausset 1958
Structure of antibodies Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman 1959
Lymphocyte recirculation James Gowans 1959
Mitogenic activation of lymphocytes Peter Nowell 1961
Function of the thymus Jacques Miller and Robert Good 1961
Classification of immune mechanisms Philip Gell and Robin Coombs 1962

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Table A1.1 (continued)

Event or discovery Location(s) or investigator Date

Migration inhibitory factors John David and John Vaughn 1962
Mixed lymphocyte reaction Barbara Bain et al. 1963
Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin and lymphocyte activation Stewart Sell and Philip Gell 1964
Identification of T and B cells Henry Claman 1966
In vitro primary immune response Robert Mishell and Richard Dutton 1967
IgE as reaginic antibody Kunishige Ishizaka and Teruko Ishizaka 1967
Accessory cell role in immune response Donald Mosier 1968
Immune response genes Baruj Benacerraf and Hugh McDevitt 1969
Tolerance in T and B cells William Weigle and Jacques Chiller 1971
T-cell helper factors Richard Dutton and Anneliese Schimpl 1972
Idiotype network Niels Jerne 1974
Hybridoma (monoclonal antibodies) Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein 1975
Natural killer cells Rolf Kiessling and Ron Herberman 1975
MHC class-restricted T-cell cytotoxicity Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty 1975
Ig gene rearrangements Susumu Tonegawa 1978
CD4 and CD8 subsets of T cells E. L. Reinherz, P. C. Kung, and Stuart Schlossman 1979
Immunoglobulin structure Elvin Kabat, Gerald Edelman, and Rodney Porter 1980
Antigen-specific T-cell hybridoma John Kappler and Philippa Marrack 1981
Antigen-presenting B cells Robert Chestnut and Howard Grey 1981
Antigen processing
MHC class II Emil Unanue 1982
MHC class I Alan Townsend 1985
Lymphokine-activated killer cells Elizabeth Grimm 1982
T-cell receptor James Allison, Katherine Haskens, et al. 1982
Transgenic mice Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter 1982
B-cell antigen presentation Laurie Glimcher et al. 1982
Somatic generation of Ig variable regions Susumu Tonegawa 1983
Discovery of HIV Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo 1983
Dendritic cell antigen processing Ralph Steinman 1983
T-cell receptor gene Steven Hedrick, Mark Davis, and Tak Mak 1984
Thymic maturation of CD4CD8 cells Thomas Folks and Bonnie Mathieson 1984
Cell adhesion molecules Erkki Ruoslahti and T. A. Springer 1985
MHC binds antigenic peptides Soren Buus, Alessandro Sette, and Howard Grey 1986
Antibodies to T-cell receptor chains John Kappler and Philippa Marrack 1988
Class I MHC antigen binding site Pamela Bjorkman and Jack Strominger 1987
Endogenous superantigens and V genes Philippa Marrack, John Kappler, and Robson MacDonald 1988
RAG genes David Schatz, Marjorie Oettinger, and David Baltimore 1988
Thymic selection of T-cell receptor Hans von Boehmer 1988
Peripheral tolerance Jacques Miller, Ronald Schwartz, and Dennis Loh 1988
Th1 and Th2 cells Tim Mossman and Robert Coffman 1989
Ig and Ig in membrane Ig Walter Reth 1990
Peptide transporter proteins (TAP1 and TAP2) John Monaco, T. Spies, and Robert DeMars 1990
Immunopathology of AIDS David Ho, Jay Levy, Anthony Fauci, and others 1992
Molecular diagnosis of immunodeficiencies Rebecca Buckley, H. D. Ochs, Warren Leonard, et al. 1993
Cancer antigens Alexander Knuth and Thierry Boon 1993
Chemokines Tom Schall, Albert Zlotnik, and S. L. Kunkel 1994
T-cell receptor–antigen interactions Mark Davis and John Altman 1994
Role of TNF in rheumatoid arthritis Marc Feldman et al. 1994
Signal transduction (T cells) Paul Allen, Roger Perlmutter, and others 1995
Control of NK cell stimulation Lewis Lanier and Wayne Yokoyama 1995
IL-15 and immune memory Jonathan Sprent, Philippa Marrack, and John Kappler 1999
a
Abbreviations: Ig, immunoglobulin; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syn-
drome; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NK, natural killer; IL, interleukin.

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688 APPENDIX 1

Table A1.2 Nobel prizes in physiology or medicine awarded for research in immunology

Yr Recipient Country Discovery

1901 Emil von Behring Germany Antitoxins in serum
1905 Robert Koch Germany Cellular immunity (tuberculosis)
1908 Elie Metchnikoff Russia Phagocytosis
Paul Ehrlich Germany Antitoxins, side-chain theory
1913 Charles Richet France Anaphylaxis
1919 Jules Bordet Belgium Complement-mediated bacteriolysis
1930 Karl Landsteiner United States Human blood groups
1950 Philip Hench United States Cortisone treatment of rheumatoid diseases
Edward Kendall United States Cortisone treatment of rheumatoid diseases
Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland Cortisone treatment of rheumatoid diseases
1951 Max Theiler South Africa Yellow fever vaccine
1957 Daniel Bovet Switzerland Antihistamines
1960 Macfarlane Burnet Australia Acquired immunological tolerance
Peter Medawar Great Britain Acquired immunological tolerance
1972 Gerald Edelman United States Chemical structure of antibodies
Rodney Porter Great Britain Chemical structure of antibodies
1977 Rosalyn Yalow United States Radioimmunoassay for insulin
1980 George Snell United States Major histocompatibility complex
Jean Dausset France Major histocompatibility complex
Baruj Benacerraf United States Major histocompatibility complex
1984 Georges Köhler Germany Monoclonal antibody
Cesar Milstein Great Britain Monoclonal antibody
Niels Jerne Denmark Immune regulatory theories
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan and United States Immunoglobulin genes
1990 E. Donnall Thomas United States Bone marrow transplantation
Joseph Murray United States Renal transplantation
1996 Peter C. Doherty Australia Specificity of T-cell-mediated killing
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland Specificity of T-cell-mediated killing
1997 Stanley Prusiner United States Prions

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