(eBook PDF) Development Through Life: A

Psychosocial Approach 12th Edition pdf download

https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-development-through-
life-a-psychosocial-approach-12th-edition/

Download more ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) Development Through Life: A Psychosocial

Approach 13th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-development-through-
life-a-psychosocial-approach-13th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Life Span Development: A Topical Approach

4th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-life-span-development-a-
topical-approach-4th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Life Span Development A Topical Approach

3rd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-life-span-development-a-
topical-approach-3rd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Life Span Development A Topical Approach

2nd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-life-span-development-a-
topical-approach-2nd-edition/
(eBook PDF) A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development
10th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-topical-approach-to-
life-span-development-10th-edition-2/

(eBook PDF) A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development

10th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-topical-approach-to-
life-span-development-10th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Translational Medicine in CNS Drug

Development, Volume 29

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-translational-medicine-
in-cns-drug-development-volume-29/

A topical approach to life-span development 9th Edition

John W. Santrock - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/a-topical-approach-to-life-span-
development-ebook-pdf/

Human Development: A Life-Span View 7th Edition (eBook

PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/human-development-a-life-span-
view-7th-edition-ebook-pdf/
vi | Contents

Cognitive Behaviorism 41 Social Role Theory 48

Implications for Human Development 42 Implications for Human Development 49
Links to the Psychosocial Approach 42 Links to the Psychosocial Approach 49
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: ROLE STRAIN
COgNITIvE BEHAvIORAL THERApY 43 AND pARENTHOOD 50

Cultural Theory 44 Systems Theory 51

Cultural Continuity and Discontinuity 44 Characteristics of Open Systems 51
Individualism and Collectivism 45 Ecological Systems Theory 52
Implications for Human Development 46 Implications for Human Development 53
Links to the Psychosocial Approach 46 A Systems View of Families 53
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: IMpLICATIONS Links to the Psychosocial Approach 54
Of INDIvIDUALISM AND COLLECTIvISM fOR pARENTINg
Chapter Summary 55
pRACTICES 47

CHAPTER 3

psychosocial theory 61

The Rationale for Emphasizing The Central Process for Resolving the Psychosocial
Psychosocial Theory 61 Crisis 74
CASE STUDY: ERIK H. ERIKSON 62 Radius of Significant Relationships 74
Contexts of Development 76
Basic Concepts of Psychosocial Theory 63 Coping 77
Stages of Development 64 Prime Adaptive Ego Qualities 78
Developmental Tasks 69 Core Pathologies 79
Psychosocial Crisis 71
Psychosocial Crises of the Evaluation of Psychosocial Theory 80
Life Stages 71 Strengths 80
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: USINg Weaknesses 81
AUTOBIOgRApHICAL MEMORIES TO ExpLORE A Recap of Psychosocial Theory 82
pSYCHOSOCIAL STAgES Of LIfE 72 Chapter Summary 84

CHAPTER 4

the period of pregnancy and prenatal Development 87

CASE STUDY: ExpERIENCINg pREgNANCY 87 Gene X Environment Interactions and Behavior 96

Genetics and Intelligence 96
Genetics and Development 89
The Norm of Reaction 97
Chromosomes and Genes as Sources
of Genetic Information 89 Normal Fetal Development 98
The Principles of Heredity 90 Fertilization 99
Alleles 90 Twins 100
Genotype and Phenotype 90 Infertility and Alternative Means
Epigenetics 91 of Reproduction 100
Sex-Linked Characteristics 92 Ethical Considerations of ART 101
Genetic Sources of Individual Differences 93 AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: REpRODUCTIvE
Genetic Determinants of the Rate TECHNOLOgIES 102
and Sequence of Development 93 Adoption 103
Genetic Determinants of Individual Traits 93 Development in the First Trimester 104
Genetic Determinants of Abnormal Development 94 The Germinal Period 104
Genetic Technology and Psychosocial Evolution 95 The Embryonic Period 104
Ethical Considerations 96

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents | vii
The Fetal Period 105 Maternal Drug Use 118
Development in the Second Trimester 107 Environmental Toxins 121
Development in the Third Trimester 108 Mother’s Diet 121
Stress and Fetal Development 122
The Birth Process 109
Summary 122
Stages of Labor 109
Cesarean Delivery 110 The Cultural Context of Pregnancy
Infant Mortality 110 and Childbirth 123
Reactions to Pregnancy 123
The Mother, the Fetus, and the Psychosocial
Solicitude Versus Shame 123
Environment 111
Adequacy Versus Vulnerability 123
The Impact of the Fetus on the Pregnant Woman 111
Changes in Roles and Social Status 112 HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: COUvADE 124
Being Pregnant Changes a Woman’s Emotional Reactions to Childbirth 125
State 112 HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY:
TAEgYO (fETAL EDUCATION) 126
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE:
THE DOULA OR BIRTH COMpANION 113 Applied Topic: Abortion 127
Fathers’ Involvement During Pregnancy 114 What Is Abortion? 127
Fathers’ Involvement in Labor and Delivery 114 The Legal and Political Context
CASE STUDY: A fATHER’S RECOLLECTIONS ABOUT HIS of Abortion in the United States 128
DAUgHTER’S BIRTH 115 Statistics About Legal Abortions and the Women Who
The Impact of the Pregnant Have Them 129
Woman on the Fetus 116 The Psychosocial Impact of Abortion 129
The Impact of Poverty 116 CASE STUDY: KAREN AND DON 130
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: pSYCHOSOCIAL Men’s Reactions to Abortion 131
fACTORS LINKED TO pRETERM BIRTHS fOR AfRICAN
Chapter Summary 132
AMERICAN AND EUROpEAN AMERICAN WOMEN 117
Mother’s Age 118

CHAPTER 5

infancy (first 24 months) 137

CASE STUDY: A CLOSE LOOK AT A MOTHER-INfANT The Prefrontal Cortex and Infant Intelligence 157
INTERACTION 137 Communication 157
Language Perception 158
Newborns 139
Babbling 158
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: vERY SMALL Communication with Gestures 158
BABIES 140 Early Grammar Recognition 160
Developmental Tasks 142 First Words 160
The Development of Sensory/Perceptual and Motor Attachment 161
Functions 142 The Development of Attachment 161
Brain Development in Infancy 142 Stranger Anxiety 162
Sensory/Perceptual Development 144 Separation Anxiety 163
Motor Development 149 Formation of Attachments with Mother, Father,
Sensorimotor Intelligence: Processing, Organizing, and Others 163
and Using Information 151 Patterns of Attachment 164
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: THE DYNAMIC Parental Sensitivity and the Quality
DEvELOpMENT Of STEppINg 152 of Attachment 165
How Infants Process Their Experiences 152 AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: IS THERE A
Causal Schemes 154 SENSITIvE pERIOD fOR ATTACHMENT? 166
Understanding the Nature of Objects The Relevance of Attachment to Subsequent
and Creating Categories 155 Development 168

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii | Contents

Critique of the Attachment Paradigm 169 Establishing a Functional Rhythm in the Family 180
Emotional Development 170 Parents with Psychological Problems 181
Emotional Differentiation 170
The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Emotions as a Key to Understanding Meaning 171
Pathology 181
The Ability to Regulate Emotions 172
Hope 181
Temperament 172
Withdrawal 181
CASE STUDY: THE COTTON fAMILY 174
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: SENSITIvE CARE
How Caregivers Help Infants Manage
IN TWO CULTURES 182
Their Emotions 174
Emotions as a Channel for Adult-Infant Applied Topic: The Role of Parents 184
Communication 175 Safety and Nutrition 185
Safety 185
The Psychosocial Crisis: Trust Versus
Nutrition 185
Mistrust 177
Fostering Socioemotional
Trust 177
and Cognitive Development 186
Mistrust 178
Fathers’ and Mothers’ Parental Behaviors 186
The Central Process for Resolving the Crisis: Parents as Advocates 187
Mutuality with the Caregiver 179 The Importance of Social Support 188
Coordination, Mismatch,
Chapter Summary 189
and Repair of Interactions 179

CHAPTER 6

toddlerhood (Ages 2 to 4 Years) 193

AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: THE

CASE STUDY: ALICE WALKER gOES TO THE fAIR 193
ExpRESSION AND CONTROL Of ANgRY fEELINgS 216
Developmental Tasks 194 Self-Regulated Goal Attainment 221
Elaboration of Locomotion 195
Language Development 197 The Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy Versus Shame
Semiotic Thinking 197 and Doubt 222
Autonomy 222
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE:
Shame and Doubt 223
HOW THE BRAIN pROCESSES LANgUAgE 198
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: TOILET
Communicative Competence 198
TRAININg 224
Language Milestones in Toddlerhood 199
Language Development Beyond Toddlerhood 203 The Central Process: Imitation 225
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY:
The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
BILINgUALISM 204
Pathology 226
The Language Environment 204
Will 226
Fantasy Play 209
Compulsion 227
The Nature of Pretend Play 209
The Capacity for Pretense 210 The Impact of Poverty on Psychosocial
How Fantasy Play Changes During Development in Toddlerhood 228
Toddlerhood 210
Applied Topic: Child Care 229
Theoretical Views About the Contributions of Fantasy
The Impact of Child Care on Intelligence, Cognition,
Play to Development 212
and Academic Achievement 230
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: The Impact of Child Care on Social Competence 231
IMAgINARY COMpANIONS 213 Benefits Associated with Head Start 232
The Role of Play Companions 214 Directions for the Future of Child Care in the United
Self-Control 214 States 233
Control of Impulses 215
Chapter Summary 234

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents | ix
CHAPTER 7

early School Age (4 to 6 Years) 237

CASE STUDY: gLORIA REMEMBERS BEINg Culture and the Self-Theory 261
5 YEARS OLD 237 Self-Esteem 262
Self-Esteem and the Early-School-Age Child 263
Developmental Tasks 238
Peer Play 264
Gender Identification 239
Group Games 264
CASE STUDY: gENDER IDENTIfICATION IN EARLY Media Play 264
CHILDHOOD 239 Friendship Groups 266
A Framework for Thinking About
Gender Identity 240 The Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative Versus
Understanding Gender 241 Guilt 268
Gender-Role Standards and Sex Stereotypes 242 Initiative 268
Identification with Parents 243 Guilt 269
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: CHILDREN The Central Process: Identification 271
RAISED BY gAY OR LESBIAN pARENTS 244
Gender Preference 244 The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Early Moral Development 247 Pathology 272
Internalization 247 Purpose 272
Four Theoretical Perspectives on Moral Inhibition 273
Development 247 Applied Topic: School Readiness 274
CASE STUDY: EARLY LEARNINg ABOUT OBEDIENCE 252 What Do We Mean by Readiness? 274
Empathy, Caring, and Perspective Taking 252 Measuring Kindergarten Readiness 274
Parental Discipline 254 Risk Factors for School Readiness 275
The Impact of Violent Television and Video Games on Who Is Responsible for Meeting the Goal for School
Moral Development 255 Readiness? 276
Review of Influences on Moral Development 257 HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: SUppORTINg
Self-Theory 257 SCHOOL READINESS fOR YOUNg CHILDREN WITH
The Neuroscience of the Self 258 DISABILITIES 277
The Me and the I 259
Developmental Changes in the Self-Theory 260 Chapter Summary 278

CHAPTER 8

middle Childhood (6 to 12 Years) 281

CASE STUDY: RECOLLECTIONS Of CHILDHOOD Skill Learning 297

fRIENDS 281 AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: WHAT IS
INTELLIgENCE? 298
Developmental Tasks 283 Features of Skilled Learning 300
Friendship 283 Reading 301
Family Influences on Social Competence 283 Self-Evaluation 303
Three Contributions of Friendship to Social Feelings of Pride 303
Development 284
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: CROSS-NATIONAL
Loneliness 287
COMpARISONS Of MATHEMATICS ABILITY 304
Rejection 288
Self-Efficacy 304
Concrete Operations 289
CASE STUDY: BECCA 306
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: BULLYINg 290
Social Expectations 307
Conservation 292
Illusions of Incompetence and Competence 309
Classification Skills 294
Team Play 311
Computational Skills 295
Interdependence 311
Metacognition 296
Division of Labor 311

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x | Contents

Competition 312 The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Cooperation 312 Pathology 320
In-Group and Out-Group Attitudes 312 Competence 320
Team Play as a Context for Development 313 Inertia 321
The Psychosocial Crisis: Industry Versus Applied Topic: Violence in the Lives of
Inferiority 314 Children 321
Industry 314 Consequences of Exposure to Violence 322
Inferiority 315 Preventing Violence 323
The Central Process: Education 316 Chapter Summary 324
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: DISORDERS Of
CHILDHOOD THAT INTERfERE WITH SCHOOL SUCCESS 318

CHAPTER 9

early Adolescence (12 to 18 Years) 327

CASE STUDY: EvELYN CABRERA: BALANCINg AUTONOMY Membership in the Peer Group 361
AND CLOSENESS IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE 327 Cliques and Crowds 361
Group Boundaries and Norms 362
Developmental Tasks 329 Parents and Peers 363
Physical Maturation 329
The Psychosocial Crisis: Group Identity Versus
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: SLEEp LOSS IN
Alienation 365
ADOLESCENCE 330
Group Identity 365
CASE STUDY: JORDYN WIEBER: ONE Of THE U.S. fABULOUS Cognitive Processes That Support the Formation of
fIvE gOLD MEDAL gYMNASTS 331 Group Identity 366
Physical Changes in Girls 332 Four Types of Experiences That Build a Group
Physical Changes in Boys 334 Identity 367
Cultural Contexts of Puberty 335 Ethnic Group Identity 368
The Secular Growth Trend 335 Alienation 369
Individual Differences in Maturation Rate 336 The Contribution of Alienation to Group Identity and
Romantic and Sexual Relationships 337 Individual Identity 370
The Transition into Sexualized Relationships 337
Dating 338 The Central Process: Peer Pressure 370
First Intercourse 339 Affiliating with a Peer Group 371
Sexual Orientation 341 AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: gANgS 372
Problems and Conflicts Associated with Conflicts Between Belonging and Personal
Sexuality 342 Autonomy 372
Parenthood in Early Adolescence 344
The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Formal Operations 347
Pathology 374
Brain Development in Adolescence 347
Fidelity to Others 374
Piaget’s Theory of Formal Operational Thought 348
Dissociation 374
Six Characteristics of Formal Operational Thought 348
Factors That Promote Formal Operational Thought 349 Applied Topic: Adolescent Alcohol and Drug
Criticisms of the Concept of Formal Operational Use 375
Thought 351 Physical Effects of Alcohol 376
Emotional Development 352 Factors Associated with Alcohol Use 376
The Interplay of Emotion and Cognition 352 Cognitive Factors 376
The Diversity of Emotions in Adolescence 353 Motivation and Emotion 377
Eating Disorders 354 The Social Contexts of Alcohol Use 377
Depression 355
Chapter Summary 378
Delinquency 357
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: ADOLESCENT
SUICIDE 358

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents | xi
C H A P T E R 10

later Adolescence (18 to 24 Years) 381

CASE STUDY: gROWINg Up THROUgH DIvORCE: A COLLEgE The Psychosocial Crisis: Individual Identity
STUDENT’S INSIgHTS 381 Versus Identity Confusion 408
Individual Identity 408
Developmental Tasks 384 The Private and Public Faces of Identity 409
Autonomy from Parents 384 The Content and Evaluation Components of
Autonomy and Leaving Home 385 Identity 409
Autonomy and the College Experience 385 CASE STUDY: HOUSTON A. BAKER, JR. 410
Revision of Attachment to Parents 386 Identity Status 410
Autonomy and Self-Sufficiency 387 Identity Confusion 411
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: Developmental Progression 412
ATTACHMENT AND IDENTITY fORMATION 388 Identity Formation for Men and Women 412
Gender Identity 389
The Role of Culture 390 The Central Process: Role Experimentation 413
Reevaluating Gender Constancy 391 Psychosocial Moratorium 413
Reevaluating Earlier Gender-Role Standards and Individual Differences in Role Experimentation 414
Learning New Ones 391 CASE STUDY: TURNINg pOINTS IN THE IDENTITY
pROCESS 415
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY:
THIRD gENDERS 392 Role Experimentation and Ethnic Identity 416
Revising Childhood Identifications 394 The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Adding a Sexual Dimension to Gender Identity 394 Pathology 417
Integrating One’s Gender Identity 395 Fidelity to Values and Ideologies 417
Internalized Morality 397 Repudiation 418
New Cognitive Capacities 397
Stages of Moral Reasoning 397 Applied Topic: Dropping Out of College 418
Experiences That Promote Moral Reasoning 398 Financial Factors 418
A Maturing Moral Identity 399 HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: ETHNIC IDENTITY
Career Choice 400 AND ADJUSTMENT 419
Work Experiences in Early Adolescence 400 Academic Preparation 420
Factors Influencing Career Choice 401 Personal Factors 420
Career Decision Making 404 Characteristics of the College Environment 421
Phases of Career Decision Making 404 The Consequences of Dropping Out of College 422
Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy 407 Chapter Summary 423
The Impact of the Labor Market on Career Decision
Making 407

C H A P T E R 11

early Adulthood (24 to 34 years) 427

CASE STUDY: CHANgINg WORK TO RECApTURE LOvE Developmental Tasks 435

AND HAppINESS 427 Exploring Intimate Relationships 435
Readiness to Form Intimate Relationships 436
Expanding Theoretical Views of Adult Cohabitation 436
Development 429 Close Relationships Between Partners of the Same
Social Roles 429 Sex 438
Life Course 430 Readiness to Marry 440
Fulfillment Theories 432 Phases in the Selection of a Partner 440
Competence 432 CASE STUDY: THE BEST vALENTINE’S DAY 444
Self-Acceptance 433 Adjustment During the Early Years of Marriage 445
Self-Actualization 433 Childbearing 449

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xii | Contents

Fertility Rate 450 Loneliness 468

Decisions About Childbearing 450 Depression 469
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: THE Fragile Identity 469
REpRODUCTIvE CAREER Of THE gUSII 452 Sexual Disorders 470
Adjustment During Pregnancy and Childbearing 453 Situational Factors 470
The Dual Roles of Intimate Partner and Parent 453 Divergent Spheres of Interest 470
Nonmarital Childbearing 454 Enmeshment 470
Adoption 455 The Central Process: Mutuality Among Peers 471
The Decision Not to Have Children 455
Work 456 The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
The World of Work 456 Pathology 472
Poverty and Career Opportunities 459 Love 472
Career Phases and Individual Development 460 Exclusivity 473
Lifestyle 461 Applied Topic: Divorce 473
Pace of Life 461 Factors Contributing to Divorce 474
Social Network 462 Age at Marriage 474
Competing Role Demands 462 Socioeconomic Level 475
Health and Fitness 463 Socioemotional Development of the Partners 475
The Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy Versus Family History of Divorce 476
Isolation 465 Coping with Divorce 476
Intimacy 465 Attachment to a Former Spouse 476
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: ATTACHMENT Coping Strategies 477
STYLES AND RELATIONSHIp fORMATION 466 Chapter Summary 478
Intimacy in the Work Setting 467
Isolation 468
Social Anxiety 468

C H A P T E R 12

middle Adulthood (34 to 60 Years) 481

CASE STUDY: REINvENTINg fAMILY IN MIDDLE Developmental Stages of Families 499

ADULTHOOD 481 Caring for One’s Aging Parents 502
CASE STUDY: A DAUgHTER CARES fOR HER AILINg
Developmental Tasks 483
MOTHER 505
Managing a Career 483
Achieving New Levels of Competence in the World Managing the Household 505
of Work 483 HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: THE HINDU JOINT
Midlife Career Changes 487 fAMILY 506
The Impact of Joblessness 488 Managing Resources and Meeting Needs 507
Balancing Work and Family Life 490 Building Networks and Coalitions 507
Nurturing an Intimate Relationship 493 AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE:
Characteristics of the Partners 493 HOMELESSNESS 508
Partners’ Interpersonal Interactions 493 Remarriage and Blended families 510
Partners’ Commitment to Nurturing the Future of the One-Parent Families 511
Relationship 494 People Who Live Alone 512
CASE STUDY: THE STRUggLE fOR COMMITMENT TO The Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity Versus
gROWTH IN A vITAL MARRIAgE 495 Stagnation 512
Preserving Passion in a Long-Term Relationship 495 Generativity 513
Expanding Caring Relationships 496 Measuring Generativity 514
Parenting 496
CASE STUDY: MY LEADERSHIp JOURNEY 515
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: Stagnation 515
MENOpAUSE 497 Narcissism 516
Fathering 498 Depression 516

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents | xiii
The Central Process: Person–Environment Types of Discrimination 520
Interaction and Creativity 517 Sex Discrimination 520
Person–Environment Interaction 517 Race Discrimination 521
Creativity 518 Age Discrimination 521
Overview of Discrimination 521
The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Disparities in Income and the Occupational
Pathology 519
Structure 521
Care 519
How Discrimination Perpetuates Itself 522
Rejectivity 520
Psychosocial Analysis: Discrimination and Coping 523
Applied Topic: Discrimination in the
Chapter Summary 524
Workplace 520

C H A P T E R 13

later Adulthood (60 to 75 Years) 527

CASE STUDY: REfLECTIONS ON RETIREMENT 527 CASE STUDY: MORRIE SCHWARTZ REfLECTS ON HIS vIEWS
ABOUT DEATH 551
Developmental Tasks 529
Death Anxiety 552
Accepting One’s Life 529
The SOC Model 529 The Psychosocial Crisis: Integrity Versus
Life Goals and Life Satisfaction 529 Despair 553
CASE STUDY: gOAL ADJUSTMENT IN LATER Integrity 553
ADULTHOOD 531 Despair 554
Personality and Well-Being 532 Depression 554
Illness and Health 533 The Central Process: Introspection 554
Erikson on Accepting One’s Life 534
The U-Shaped Curve of Well-Being 534 The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Promoting Intellectual Vigor 534 Pathology 556
Problems in Defining and Studying Intelligence Wisdom 556
in Later Adulthood 535 Disdain 556
Memory 535 Applied Topic: Retirement 557
Solving Loosely Defined Problems 537 Income Loss 558
Patterns of Change in Different Mental Abilities 538 Adjustment to Retirement 559
The Interaction of Heredity and Environment on Benefits of Retirement 559
Mental Functioning 539 Difficulties with Retirement 559
Redirecting Energy to New Roles and Activities 540
CASE STUDY: ANNA QUINDLEN WRITES ABOUT RETIRINg
Grandparenthood 540
AS “STEppINg ASIDE” fOR THE NExT gENERATION Of
HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: WRITERS 560
INTERgENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIpS Retirement for Couples 561
IN vARIOUS ETHNIC gROUpS 544 The Future of Retirement 561
Widowhood 546
Leisure Activities 547 Chapter Summary 562
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: pATTERNS Of
ADApTATION DURINg WIDOWHOOD 548
Developing a Point of View About Death 550
Changing Perspectives About Death 550

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xiv | Contents

C H A P T E R 14

elderhood (75 until Death) 567

CASE STUDY: fRED HALE, SUpERCENTENARIAN 567 Immortality 592

HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: THE
The Longevity Revolution 568
RESpONSIBILITY Of NATIvE HAWAIIANS fOR THEIR
Secrets to Longevity 569
ANCESTORS’ REMAINS 593
The Gender Gap Among the Very Old 570
A New Psychosocial Stage: Elderhood 570 Extinction 594
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: ERIKSON ON
Developmental Tasks 571 COpINg WITH AgINg 595
Coping with the Physical Changes of Aging 571
Fitness 572 The Central Process: Social Support 595
Sleep and Rest 573 The Benefits of Social Support 595
Behavioral Slowing 574 The Dynamics of Social Support 596
Sensory Changes 575 The Social Support Network 597
Health, Illness, and Functional Independence 577 The Prime Adaptive Ego Quality and the Core
Developing a Psychohistorical Perspective 578 Pathology 598
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: Confidence 598
DEMENTIA 580 Diffidence 598
Traveling Uncharted Territory: Life Structures in
Elderhood 582 Applied Topic: Meeting the Needs of the Frail
Living Arrangements 584 Elderly 599
Defining Frailty 599
AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE: THE IMpACT
Supporting Optimal Functioning 600
Of gENTRIfICATION ON THE ELDERLY 588
The Role of the Community 601
CASE STUDY: MR. Z 589 The Role of Creative Action 602
Gender-Role Definitions 589
Romance and Sexuality 590 Chapter Summary 603

The Psychosocial Crisis: Immortality Versus

Extinction 592

C H A P T E R 15

understanding Death, Dying, and Bereavement 607

CASE STUDY: TOO LATE TO DIE YOUNg 607 HUMAN DEvELOpMENT AND DIvERSITY: THE AMISH WAY
Of DEATH 620
Mortality and Psychosocial Development 608
Bereavement 620
Definitions of Death 610 Bereavement and Coping with Stress 620
Advance Directives 610 Grief 622
Grief Work 622
The Process of Dying 611
Bereavement and Grief Among Older Widows and
Confronting One’s Death 611
Widowers 623
The Good Death 612
Five Patterns of Bereavement Among Widows and
Hospice Care 612
Widowers 623
Euthanasia 614
Factors That Affect the Distress of Survivors 624
Ethical Issues at the End of Life 615
Unacknowledged and Stigmatized Loss 625
Death-Related Rituals 617 AppLYINg THEORY AND RESEARCH TO LIfE:
Care of the Body 617 AMBIgUOUS LOSS 626
Care of the Spirit 618
Care of the Surviving Family, Friends, and Psychosocial Growth Through Bereavement 626
Community 618 Chapter Summary 628
Bereavement and Grief 619

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents | xv
APPEndix

the research process A-1

The Scientific Process A-1 Case Study A-8

The Positivist Approach to Research A-2 Interviews A-8
Scientific Observation A-2 Surveys and Tests A-9
The Qualitative Inquiry Approach to Research A-3 Experimentation A-10
Research Design A-4 Designs for Studying Development A-11
Sampling A-4 Retrospective Studies A-12
Random Samples A-4 Cross-Sectional Studies A-12
Stratified Samples A-4 Longitudinal Studies A-13
Matched Groups A-5 Cohort Sequential Studies A-13
Volunteer Samples A-5
Evaluating Existing Research A-14
The Qualitative Approach to Sampling A-5
Research Methods A-6 Ethics A-15
Observation A-6

Glossary G-1

References R-1

Name Index I-1

Subject Index I-13

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
preface
Preface

THE fIRST EDITION Of Development Through Life was pub- identity versus role confusion. Contemporary scholars are de-
lished in 1975. Since that time the science of human devel- scribing an ever more gradual transition out of adolescence
opment and changes in longevity have converged to create a into adulthood so that the period we call later adolescence
remarkable revision of our understanding of the life course is lasting well into the decade of the 20s. Research on educa-
including: new insights about the prenatal period and in- tional and occupational attainment, relationships with family,
fancy; new ideas about the transition from adolescence to and the formation of intimate bonds all point to the idea that
adulthood; recognition of diverse pathways through adult- the life commitments that used to be formed in the decade of
hood; and new views about aging. Insights about human de- the 20s are being forestalled for many young people into their
velopment have emerged in a vibrant research environment late 20s and30s. Studies of brain development lend support
with new approaches to research, greater inclusion of diverse to this view of a more gradual transition from adolescence
samples, both in the United States and internationally, and to adulthood as capacities for executive function become in-
new statistical techniques to manage multiple observations creasingly coordinated with other brain regions governing
and multiple variables. emotional reactions and responses to stress.
Today, the years of infancy and childhood comprise a Life expectancy in the United States has changed over the
smaller percentage of the life span than was the case in 1975. past 40 years so that today those who are already age 65 can
At the same time, researchers have looked in much greater expect to live an average of another 19 years. Those in the
detail at the prenatal stage as a dynamic period when learn- period of later life, which we call elderhood, are the fastest-
ing begins, the environment impacts the developmental tra- growing segment of the U.S. population. As the baby boom-
jectory, and conditions of pregnancy influence fetal growth. ers age, they will contribute to an even greater proportion
Research on infant development, particularly development of the population in elderhood. These elders will experience
in the first days and weeks of life, has flourished and resulted a period of life that is more active, more continuously in-
in a greater appreciation for the cognitive and sensory ca- formed about healthy lifestyle practices, and less constrained
pacities of the newborn. The expanding field of evolution- by traditional social scripts than ever before. At the same
ary psychology has shed new light on the adaptive capacities time, a new burst in commercialism is targeting older adults
of infants and the features of the parent-infant relationship and making them potentially vulnerable to exploitation and
that contribute to survival and long-term growth. There poor quality care.
is a growing consensus about what constitutes effective In the current edition of Development Through Life, we
or “good” parenting and the cascading impact of harsh or have included discussions about conditions of life in other
neglectful parenting. industrialized countries. In that regard, we have been trou-
The application of developmental systems theory has pro- bled to note many ways in which life in the United States,
vided many new insights into the way change occurs. We as exciting and promising as it is, does not compare favor-
view development as a product of the interaction of many ably. As you read, you will find that infant mortality, student
levels at once, each potentially altering the other. For exam- performance in math and science, teen pregnancies, school
ple, neuroimaging studies illustrate how various areas of the dropouts, children and adolescents who are victims of vio-
brain interact and influence each other as a person engages lent crime, children in poverty, children who experience
in cognitive tasks such as face recognition, problem solving, multiple parental transitions, adults who are homeless, and
and risk assessment. Studies of the genetic basis of behavior longevity are all less favorable in the United States than in
have shown that the same genotype can result in vulnerabil- many other countries. These comparisons lead us to urge
ity or resilience depending upon the nature of the parenting students and scholars in human development to address the
environment. challenges of how to continue to promote optimal develop-
In 1975, we offered a revision of Erikson’s theory by in- ment through the life span.
troducing two stages of adolescence, early adolescence with One of the troubling realities of the current historical
the psychosocial crisis of group identity versus alienation, period is extreme income inequality in the United States.
and later adolescence, with the psychosocial crisis of personal Despite the knowledge about effective interventions and best

xvi

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface | xvii

practices, greed among the very top segment of the popula- ●

Offers a hopeful outlook on the total life course, includ-
tion is preventing the level of investment in programs that ing positive psychological capacities such as hope, pur-
would improve many of the conditions mentioned above. pose, love, and caring.
From a psychosocial perspective, we see evidence of stagna- ●
Clarifies how a personal worldview develops within the
tion among the very wealthy that has serious implications for context of cultural influences and historical events.
future societal well-being. ●
Locates development within a framework of significant
relationships, emphasizing the simultaneous and comple-
mentary processes of autonomy and connection.

The Stage Approach

The text provides a thorough chronological introduction to The Life-Span Perspective
the study of human development from conception through
elderhood. We examine physical, intellectual, social, and When we wrote the first edition of Development Through
emotional growth in each of the 11 stages, emphasizing that Life, we had just completed graduate study, had two young
development results from the interdependence of these areas children, and were in the midst of early adulthood. Now, at
at every stage. This strategy gives attention to important de- the publication of the 12th edition, we are looking forward
velopmental themes that recur in different stages of life. For to the birth of our fourth grandchild; our three adult chil-
each life stage, the process of development is linked to inter- dren are all married, living in cities across the country and
nal conflicts, changing self-awareness, and a dynamic social thriving in their careers; and we are experiencing the chal-
environment. As a result, students gain a sense of a multidi- lenges of later adulthood.
mensional person, striving toward new levels of competence The psychosocial life-span perspective has been a valu-
and mastery, embedded in multiple contexts. able orienting framework for our scholarly work as well as
Scholars are actively pursuing new directions in each of our personal lives. It has provided insights into the birth
the life stages. Many new journals have emerged over the and parenting of our children and grandchildren; the deaths
past 10 years that offer insights into each and every topic of our parents; the successes, disappointments, and transi-
covered in this text. The selection of topics included in the tions of our work lives; and the conflicts and delights of our
text represents only a portion of the countless fascinating as- relationship as husband and wife. The themes of this book
pects of development in each period of life. If you are cap- have allowed us to anticipate and cope with the challenges
tivated by one or more of the life stages, and as your career of adult life and to remain resilient in the face of crises. We
directions become clarified, you will want to take additional hope that the ideas presented in this text will provide these
coursework in one or more of these periods. same benefits to you.
In addition to enhancing self-understanding, the life-span
perspective helps us understand the conflicts, opportunities,
Advantages of the Psychosocial and achievements of people who are at different stages than
Framework our own. The life-span perspective helps guide interactions
Psychosocial theory provides an organizing conceptual with others so they can be optimally sensitive, supportive,
framework, highlighting the continuous interaction and in- and facilitative for growth at each life stage.
tegration of individual competencies with the demands and
resources of culture. Development is viewed as a product of Effects of Cultural and
genetic, maturational, societal, and self-directed factors. The
psychosocial framework helps students think about how Historical Contexts
people make meaning of their experiences and how efforts The developing person exists in a changing cultural and his-
at meaning making change over the life span. Applying the torical context. Studying development over the course of life
psychosocial framework to an analysis of human develop- requires awareness of the ways societies change over time.
ment has the following advantages: Events since the 11th edition of Development Through Life
was published include
●
Helps to identify and emphasize themes and directions of
growth across the life span. ●
The rapid spread of social media, with reports that 93%
●
Helps readers assess the influence of experiences during of U.S. youth are online, including 5.6 million children
earlier life stages on later development. ages 12 and under who have Facebook accounts (Jones
●
Clarifies how one’s past, present, and expectations of the fu- and Fox, 2009; Krier, 2012). Recent estimates suggest
ture are systematically connected to the lives of people who that Facebook has somewhere between 500 million and
are older and younger, highlighting intergenerational trans- 1billion users. Research on the impact of social media
mission and the reciprocal influences of the generations. cannot possibly keep up with the expanding array of

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii | Preface

apps, websites, and new online experiences available to Introducing the Field:
appeal to every age, interest, and social demographic.
●
The wide acceptance of marriage equality in the Chapters 1 to 3
United States, including new state-level recognition of Chapter 1 describes the orientation and assumptions of the
same-sex marriages and a recent Supreme Court ruling text and introduces the life-span perspective. Chapter 2 in-
striking down the Defense of Marriage Act. This is a troduces the role of theory in human development and out-
major civil rights achievement of the 21st century. We lines significant ideas about change and growth from seven
believe that much of the research carried out by human theoretical perspectives. The presentation of each theory em-
development and family science scholars has helped phasizes its basic features, its implications for the study of
confirm the positive family environments of same-sex human development, and its links to the psychosocial frame-
couples. work. Chapter 3 introduces basic concepts of psychosocial
●
Growing evidence confirming global warming which theory, including an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses.
seems to be impacting weather, drought, changing wa- The chapter on the research process was shortened and
ter levels, erosion of land masses, and environments for moved to the appendix in response to user feedback.
arctic species. Concerns about global warming are being
translated into new policies aimed at reducing reliance on
fossil fuels, conservation, and international agreements The Latest on Fetal Development
regarding air and water pollution. and Genetics: Chapter 4
These are just a few examples of the contexts in which In Chapter 4, fetal development is presented, highlighting
development takes place that may dramatically alter peo- the bidirectional influences of the fetus and the pregnant
ple’s lived experiences. Nothing could be more fascinat- woman within her social and cultural environments. Con-
ing than trying to understand patterns of continuity and tinuing discoveries in the field of behavioral genetics have
change over the life course within the context of a changing been included in this revision. The chapter traces changes
environment. in physical and sensory development across the three tri-
mesters. We have emphasized research on the risks to fetal
development associated with a pregnant woman’s exposure
Effects of Poverty, Discrimination, to a wide range of substances, especially nicotine, alcohol,
and Other Forms of Societal caffeine, other drugs, and environmental toxins. Poverty is
discussed as a context that increases risks for suboptimal de-
Oppression velopment. This chapter includes a detailed description of
The number of children in the United States who lived in cultural differences in the way pregnancy and childbirth are
families with incomes below the poverty level in 2012 was conceptualized, providing a first model for considering the
more than 16 million or 22% of all children. This is an in- psychosocial process as it will unfold in subsequent chapters.
crease of 14% since 2010. Economic conditions for families
are deteriorating. The National Center for Children in Pov-
erty at Columbia University estimates that a family of four ac- Growth and Development
tually needs twice the income of the poverty level ($23,550 from Infancy to Elderhood:
a year) to cover basic expenses in 2012. Using this statistic,
the Center estimates that 45% of children live in low-income Chapters 5 to 14
families. The impact of poverty cascades through life from Chapters 5 through 14 trace basic patterns of normal growth
increased risks during the prenatal period through disrup- and development in infancy, toddlerhood, early school age,
tions in physical, cognitive, and emotional development in middle childhood, early adolescence, later adolescence, early
infancy, childhood, adolescence, and into adult life. adulthood, middle adulthood, later adulthood, and elder-
Numerous examples of the ways that poverty, discrimi- hood. In these chapters we consider how individuals orga-
nation, and various forms of societal oppression affect indi- nize and interpret their experience, noting changes in their
vidual development are interwoven throughout the text. At behavior, attitudes, worldview, and the coping strategies they
the same time, research on resilience illustrates the remark- use in the face of changing environmental demands.
able capacities for growth and adaptation at every period Each chapter begins with an examination of four or five
of life. of the critical developmental tasks of the stage. These tasks
reflect global aspects of development, including physical
maturation, sensory and motor competence, cognitive mat-
uration, emotional development, social relationships, and
Organization self-understanding. We consider the psychosocial crisis of
each stage in some detail. We also show how successfully
The following summarizes the basic organization of the text. resolving a crisis helps individuals develop a prime adaptive

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface | xix

ego quality and how unsuccessful resolution leads to core longitudinal studies have been integrated into the narrative.
pathology. Although most people grow developmentally— The following list highlights examples of the new material in
albeit with pain and struggle—others do not. People who each chapter.
acquire prime adaptive ego qualities are more likely to lead
active, flexible, agentic lives, and be resilient in the face of Chapter 1: The Development Through
stressors. People who acquire core pathologies are more Life Perspective
likely to lead withdrawn, guarded lives; they are more vul- Chapter opening case: Ruth Hamilton (1898–2008).
nerable to stressors resulting in greater risk of mental and Addition of a new basic assumption about diversity:
physical health problems. Diversity is a product of the biological, psychological,
and societal systems.
Illustrations of the ways the biological, psychologi-
Applied Topics at the End cal, and societal systems work by providing examples
of Each Chapter from the Ruth Hamilton case.
We conclude each chapter by applying research and theory to New emphasis is given to the topics of identity and
a topic of societal importance. These applied topics provide meaning making in the discussion of the psychologi-
an opportunity for students to link the research and theory cal system.
about normative developmental processes to the analysis of Discussion of the ways in which the societal system
pressing social concerns. Table 3.1 contains an overview of worked to constrain the role of women and how Ruth
the basic tasks, crises, and applied topics for each stage of life. Hamilton pushed against these constraints.
New definitions about the poverty threshold and the
Understanding Death, Dying, problems with the federal government’s definitions of
poverty.
and Bereavement: Chapter 15 Updates of the percentages of adults and children liv-
The book closes with a chapter that addresses end-of-life ing in poverty.
issues within a psychosocial framework. As with the devel- List of family characteristics that are associated with
opmental stage chapters, the topic illustrates the interaction negative academic and health outcomes for children
of the biological, psychological, and societal systems as they living in poverty.
contribute to the experiences of dying, grieving, and bereave-
New discussion of the Social Security system, includ-
ment. The chapter includes definitions of death, the process
ing how the government set the age of 65 as the time
of dying, death-related rituals, grief, and bereavement, in-
for a person to receive social security and how that
cluding a focus on the role of culture in shaping ideas about
has been changing.
death and expressions of grief. We conclude the chapter with
a discussion of the opportunities for psychosocial growth New population graphs showing how the percentages
that are a result of bereavement and the considerations of of people at different ages have changed over time
one’s own mortality. from 1900–2010.
New section on group differences in life expec-
tancy that highlights gender differences and racial
New to This Edition differences.
Reorganization of the section on factors that contrib-
ute to longevity including education, social integra-
The 12th edition has retained the basic structure and posi- tion, diet, and exercise.
tive developmental emphasis of previous editions. We con-
Increased integration of the topics of the biological,
tinue to strive to make the text clear, readable, and thought
psychological, and societal systems throughout the
provoking, while still capturing the complexities and novel
chapter.
concepts that make the study of human development so fas-
cinating. In this edition, each chapter begins with case ma-
terial that is intended to help bring important themes from Chapter 2: Major Theories for
the chapter into focus. References to the cases are spread Understanding Development
throughout the chapter, providing opportunities to apply Chapter opening case: Jack Manasky and his daughter
concepts to real-world examples. The chapters have been Marilyn.
rewritten with an effort to streamline and reorganize the At the end of the discussion of each theory, there are
material to ensure a clearer and more focused discussion. Case Analysis: Using What You Know questions refer-
The text has been completely updated. New research find- ring students back to the opening case.
ings, recent census data, updated results of ongoing stud- New discussion explaining the differences between
ies that collect data on new cohorts, and results of ongoing theory, research, and facts.

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xx | Preface

Reorganization of introduction with new sections on environmental conditions can alter the expression of
requirements of a theory and requirements of a theory genes.
of development. Revised discussion about the norm of reaction to show
For evolutionary theory, a section has been added the relationship between the genetic potential for in-
about the work of John and Stephanie Cacioppo on telligence and environmental conditions of adequate
the adaptive value of social connections. nutrition and malnutrition.
In cultural theory, increased discussion of enculturation Added discussion of the reactions of men to infertility
and culture carriers and the way parenting practices including a case vignette.
transmit cultural values. New data on assisted reproductive technologies from
In social role theory, there is an expanded discussion the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
of social identity. Updated international comparisons of infant mortality.
For systems theory, there is a more succinct definition Discussion of how disrupting a pregnant woman’s
of the concept of system; expanded discussion of the housing arrangements increases the risk of having a
characteristics of open systems; more detailed expla- preterm or low-birth-weight baby.
nation of the concept of adaptive self-organization; Update of live birthrates by age showing a decline in
expanded emphasis of ecological systems theory; the birthrate for those in the age range 15–19.
added discussion of Bronfenbrenner’s later work in
New research on damage to fetal brain structures
which he discusses the ways individuals influence
caused by alcohol use during pregnancy.
their environments.
Discussion of new study following children who had
New section entitled “A Systems View of Families”.
been prenatally exposed to methamphetamines.
Update on the state-level changes in the response of
Chapter 3: Psychosocial Theory
child welfare agencies to women who are using illegal
Explanation of how the textbook builds upon and ex- drugs during pregnancy.
pands upon Erikson’s psychosocial theory.
New discussion of the controversy concerning the
Insertion of the organizational chart that includes the treatment of depression during pregnancy.
major concepts of psychosocial theory for each life
More detailed discussion of exposure to environmen-
stage.
tal toxins including exposure to mercury.
Examples of how work on developmental tasks might
New examples from Australian cultures about the
vary from stage to stage including cross-cultural and
ways pregnancy is viewed.
generational differences.
Expanded discussion of the how the use of violence
Clarified and expanded discussion of the central pro-
by the anti-abortion movement has substantially re-
cess for resolving the psychosocial crises.
duced the number of licensed abortion clinics and
Explanation of how relationships are comprised of physicians willing to perform abortions.
complex networks of interacting members in the dis-
New data about the number of abortions and the
cussion of the radius of significant relationships.
characteristics of women who have abortions in the
United States .
Chapter 4: The Period of Pregnancy
and Prenatal Development
Chapter 5: Infancy (The First 24 Months)
New chapter opening case: Interview with a woman in
New chapter opening case: the interchange between
the 8th month of an unplanned pregnancy.
a mother and her 6-month-old infant that illustrates
Previews of the applied topic throughout the chapter infant meaning-making.
to help students see the connections between the ma-
In box about very small babies, new data have been
terial in the text and the applied topic of abortion.
added about survival rates and risks of chronic condi-
Expanded explanation of the work of Gregor Mendel tions for infants born between 22 and 25 weeks of
to help students understand how his discoveries con- gestational age. In addition, there is a new discussion
tinue to influence the field of genetics. of evidence-based early intervention programs.
New example to help explain how epigenetic marks Expanded discussion of research on prenatal and
are related to disease. infant taste that shapes flavor and food preferences.
New example using PTC gene (phenylthiocarbamide) Increased detail about the emergence of reaching and
to illustrate how genes contribute to individuality. grasping in the first 6 months of life.
New figure (Figure 4.5) that illustrates how the genes New discussion of individual differences in the
and the environment interact to show how different achievement of motor milestones.

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface | xxi

New table of motor milestones for 5 age periods in the In section on moral development, new cross-cultural
first 24 months. examples have been introduced.
Expanded definition of causal schemes. Update on the Supreme Court ruling regarding video
Expanded discussion of intersubjectivity as an impor- games as a protected form of free speech.
tant feature of early communication with gestures. Update of the recommendations from the American
New table of early communication milestones for 3, 6, Academy of Pediatrics regarding television viewing for
12, and 18 months. children.
Expanded discussion of how mutuality is established New research on the relationship of playing prosocial
through sensory and motor interactions and the ability video games and real-life prosocial behavior.
of caregivers to accurately read an infant’s signals. Elaborated discussion of how the brain processes in-
New discussion about the American Academy of Pedi- formation related to the self-concept.
atrics’ recommendations regarding breastfeeding. New research on the influence of family and school
environments on self-esteem. Updated information
Chapter 6: Toddlerhood (2 to 4 Years) about children’s media use.
Recommendations from the National Association for Added discussion of how media is integrated into
Sport and Physical Education about physical activity family life, including how much time parents spend
for toddlers. watching television with their children.
New table of language milestones from 24 months to New research about the social and cognitive benefit of
4 years. having good friends.
New discussion of pragmatics in the communicative New discussion of how “hard-to-manage” children
competence section. who have tendencies toward aggressiveness tend to
New section called “Where does time-out fit as a form find aggressive best friends who accentuate their
of discipline?” in the section on discipline strategies antisocial behavior.
and impulse control. New discussion of the social benefits of being involved
New discussion on research about the effects of harsh in both mixed-sex and same-sex play groups.
discipline in the section on discipline strategies and New discussion of how the psychosocial sense of
impulse control. initiative contributes to effective functioning in the
New discussion on the link between harsh parenting, school environment.
difficulties regulating impulse control in toddlerhood Added discussion of how the prime adaptive ego
and the development of internalizing and externaliz- quality—a sense of purpose—is a resource across
ing problems. the life span.
New examples of how families differ in the ways they Historical review about how the federal priority for
encourage talking about emotions and the links to access to early childhood education has developed
impulse control. since the 1960s.
Summary of findings about cognitive benefits based
on participation in Head Start or Early Head Start. Chapter 8: Middle Childhood (6 to 12)
Discussion of proposal by President Obama to create a New chapter opening case: College Students’
universal prekindergarten program. Recollections of Their Childhood Friends.
New discussion of the ways parents of securely
Chapter 7: Early School Age (4 to 6 Years) attached children enhance their children’s social
New chapter opening case: Gloria Remembers Being competence.
Five Years Old. In the discussion about intelligence, the addition of a
Expanded discussion of the theme that gender is a cross-cultural analysis indicating that ideas about and def-
product of the biological, psychological, and societal initions of intelligence differ from one society to the next.
systems. Updated cross-national research on mathematics
In the box on children raised by gay or lesbian par- ability based on research from 2011.
ents, new information about positive adjustment of In section on the self-fulfilling prophecy, expanded
children when their parents can live openly in their discussion of the research on the impact of erroneous
community without fear of threat. In addition, child’s expectations on student performance.
adjustment is based more on having a warm, open New Figure 8.15 illustrating the relationship of
relationship with parents rather than on parents’ parents’ gender-role beliefs and behavior to children’s
sexual orientation. beliefs and behaviors.

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xxii | Preface

Added presentation of cross-cultural research on the New discussion about how easy or difficult it is for
effects of parents’ expectations on school performance. teens to buy alcohol in their community.
Elaboration on the contributions of team membership
to development. Chapter 10: Later Adolescence (18–24)
Increased details about how teachers’ expectations New chapter opening case: Growing Up Through
about their students influence the kind of educational Divorce—A College Student’s Insights.
climate they create. In the section on autonomy from parents, new data on
Update on data about the millions of children who the percentage of 18 to 24 year-olds living in poverty
are exposed to violence in the form of direct physical and the extent of student loans and credit card debt
abuse, domestic violence in their home, and violent experienced by college students.
crime in their neighborhood or school, and the num- Discussion of immigrant youth and the role of culture
ber and kinds of violent crimes committed in public in shaping gender identity.
schools. New research on the sequence of milestones in the
formation of a sexual identity.
Chapter 9: Early Adolescence (12–18) New figure on factors influencing career choice.
New chapter opening case: Evelyn Cabrera— New discussion on the role of the family environment
Balancing Autonomy and Closeness . in supporting effective career decision making.
In box about sleep, there is a report of an interven- New discussion of career counseling and career
tion in which delaying the start time of school one- preparation.
half hour has benefits for sleep quality and reduced Results of a national survey about how students en-
depression. tering college assess their abilities in various areas of
New Case in physical development: Jordyn Wieber— study; one result is that female students feel that they
Gold Medal Gymnast. have less ability in math and science than their male
New discussion of sexuality that contrasts sexual peers.
arousal and sexual motivation. Expanded presentation to clarify the relationship
Elaboration of description of the variety of contexts between personal identity and self-concept.
in which adolescents experience romantic and sexual Expanded discussion of a developmental progression
relationships. in identity formation.
Presentation of new research on the risks associated In the box on ethnic identity, a new first-person
with disclosing minority sexual orientation. narrative about multiracial identity and report of the
New section on dating violence. study that found that people from multiracial
New figure demonstrating the neurological interplay backgrounds have greater acceptance of more
between emotion and cognition and an expanded nuanced identities.
discussion of this relationship. In the discussion of psychological moratorium, a new
New discussion of how new executive control leads to discussion of a “gap year.”
new ability to monitor and manage emotion. In the discussion of dropping out of college, an added
Added data about cyberbullying as part of the discus- factor that students may have unrealistic expectations
sion about delinquency. about their ability to do college work.
Biological, psychological, and societal analysis of risk
factors associated with delinquency. Chapter 11: Early Adulthood (24–34)
Expanded discussion of ethnic group identity detailing New chapter opening case: Changing Work to Recap-
how the ethnic identity of White children influences ture Love and Happiness.
their attitudes toward other ethnic groups. Expanded discussion of the factors that support stabil-
In the box on gangs, there are new definitions of types ity in gay and lesbian relationships.
of gangs including youth gangs and street gangs. New case, The Best Valentine’s Day, in the develop-
In the discussion of alienation, there is a new discus- mental task about exploring intimate relationships de-
sion about parental alienation (PA). scribes how a woman’s partner helped her change the
Expanded report by the National Institute on Alcohol way she feels about love.
Abuse and Alcoholism about the risks of underage Added explanation about the nature of constructive
drinking and its effects on brain functioning. conflict resolution in intimate couples.
New research about how teens assess the risks of New discussion of the growing gap between the qual-
binge drinking. ity of “good jobs” and “bad jobs.”

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface | xxiii

In the psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation, In the applied topic on discrimination an expanded
a new discussion on social anxiety. discussion that includes new reports of workplace
In the central process, mutuality among peers, an bullying and harassment.
explanation of John Gottman’s concept of emotional Discussion of two new approaches to coping with
attunement. discrimination—identity switching and identity
redefinition.

Chapter 12: Middle Adulthood (34–60)

New chapter opening case: Reinventing Family in
Middle Adulthood. Chapter 13: Later Adulthood (60–75)
New chapter opening case: Reflections on Retirement
Updated Table 12.1 about unemployment rates by
by an Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Women’s
ethnicity and educational attainment containing 2012
Studies.
data from U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2013 report.
Expanded analysis of two related coping strategies that
Expanded discussion in the section on balancing work
contribute to life satisfaction.
and family life that indicates when either partner is in
a work situation where there is a great deal of work Added explanation of personality as both stable in
pressure and role demands and little support from the relation to other people and changing over time.
boss or supervisor, there is more marital conflict, less New discussion of the U-shaped curve of feelings of
quality time with each other, and more conflict with well-being and age and explanations for this pattern.
adolescent children. Results of research about training strategies to improve
Expanded discussion that reports when couples have memory of older adults.
a shared view of one another as co-providers, they ex- In the developmental task of promoting intellectual
perience less stress associated with role overload and vigor, a new discussion about solving loosely defined
higher levels of marital satisfaction. problems.
New discussion about the importance of contin- New research about grandsons who reported on how
ued ego development and adaptive restructuring of their grandfathers helped them make meaning out of
personal identity for providing a core of personal fatherhood.
strengths in vital marriages. New research with grandmothers who reflected on
New discussion of the ways happy couples express love their experiences with breastfeeding and discussed
and affection for each other including some ways that their observations about how social norms about
men and women differ in how they express their love. breastfeeding have changed over time.
New discussion of co-parenting when parents are not New discussion of research about the benefits of vol-
living together but are both involved in raising their unteering for older adults.
children. Expanded discussion of the concept of integrity versus
New research about how the well-being of children despair linking it to themes from earlier life stages.
contributes to the sense of personal fulfillment for Introduction of the concept of coherence which has
parents. been linked to integrity in later life.
New research showing that adult children and their New discussion of research on the connection between
parents are more involved in each other’s lives than generativity in middle adulthood and integrity in later
was true 30 years ago. adulthood.
New research about patterns of daily life for people In the discussion of reminiscence, two new effective
who live alone. coping strategies are described.
New research that links feelings of generativity to en- New research on wisdom showing that older adults
vironmental values and behavior. make more use of multiple perspectives and compro-
New evidence linking stagnation, depression, and sui- mise than younger adults.
cide among middle adults. In the applied topic on retirement, a new section on
Extended discussion of career stagnation. income loss and factors that keep people in the labor
New discussion of how struggling with ideas about market at an advanced age.
meaningfulness can serve as a stimulus for new growth. New discussion of the idea of a psychological portfolio
New discussion of the archeological evidence regard- and a description of how different people construct
ing human creativity. their lives after retirement.
Linking the prime adaptive ego quality of care to care Discussion of both benefits and difficulties of retiremen.
work jobs. New section on retirement for couples.

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
effort to regain the maternal authority: as for the filial affection, her
soul—tanned, hardened, rendered rough and inaccessible, and with
all its best feelings irremediably blunted by the incidents of her
stormy life—her soul, we say, experienced but a slight pang at the
idea of having to renounce that devotedness which it is usually a
mother’s joy and delight to receive at the hands of a daughter.

No; the aim of this vile intriguing woman was merely the re-
establishment of her former ascendancy over her daughter,—by fair
means or by foul—by conciliation or intimidation—by ministering to
her vanity and her pride, or by working on her fears—by rendering
herself necessary to her, or by reducing her to subjection through a
course of studied despotism and tyranny. Her imagination pictured
the voluptuous and impassioned Perdita clinging to her young
husband as to something which had become necessary to her very
existence, and from which it were death to part; and she chuckled
within herself, as she muttered between her lips,—“The girl would
have this marriage; and it shall be made in my hands a means to
subdue her! For in her tenderest moments—when reading love in his
eyes, and looking love with her own,—when wrapt in Elysian dreams
and visions of ineffable bliss—then will I steal near her, and whisper
in her ear, ‘Perdita, you must yield to me in all things; or with a word
—a single word—will I betray you to that fond, confiding fool; I will
blast all your happiness, and he shall cast thee away from him as a
loathsome and polluted thing!’”

With such agreeable musings as these did Mrs. Fitzhardinge while

away the half-hour which the hackney-coach occupied in driving her
from the hotel to the British Embassy. It was now five o’clock in the
evening, and she fortunately found the chaplain’s clerk in an office to
which the gate-porter directed her to proceed. From the official to
whom she was thus referred, she learnt that Charles Hatfield and
Perdita Fitzhardinge were united in matrimonial bonds on the
previous day; and an inspection of the register, for which she paid a
small fee, enabled her to ascertain the address they had given as
their place of abode in the French capital.
Satisfied with these results, Mrs. Fitzhardinge returned to the
vehicle, and ordered the coachman to drive her to an hotel which
she named, and which was the one mentioned in the register. We
should observe that the old woman spoke French with fluency; and
thus she had no difficulty in making herself understood in the gay
city of Paris.
 CHAPTER CLV.
THE MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.

On arriving at the hotel indicated, Mrs. Fitzhardinge alighted, and

inquired of the porter whether Mr. and Mrs. Hatfield were residing
there. The man referred to a long list of names on a paper posted
against the wall; and, after running his eye down the column, turned
to the old woman with the laconic, but respectfully uttered
observation,—“Removed to No. 9, Rue Monthabor.”

To this new address did Mrs. Fitzhardinge repair, without pausing to

ask any further question; and on her arrival at the entrance to a
house of handsome appearance in the street named, she inquired
for Mr. and Mrs. Hatfield.

“Oh! it is all right,” said the porter. “I was told that if any persons
called to ask for Mrs. Hatfield, I was to direct them to the lady who
has taken the second floor.”

Mrs. Fitzhardinge was somewhat surprised by this ambiguous

answer: but it instantly struck her that Charles might have assumed
his title of Viscount Marston, and that the name of Hatfield would,
therefore, be unknown to the porter, had no particular instructions
been left with him. At all events, she was in too great a hurry to
remain bandying words with the man; and she accordingly hastened
to ascend to the second floor, which, we should observe by the way,
is the most fashionable in Parisian houses.
But as she mounted the staircase, it struck her that the porter, when
replying to her query, had made no mention of any gentleman at all,
but had plainly and clearly spoken of “the lady who has taken the
second floor.” The old woman was puzzled—indeed, bewildered by
the mystery which suddenly appeared to envelope her; and a certain
misgiving seized upon her mind, the nature of which she could not
precisely define.

On gaining the marble landing of the second floor, she rang the bell
at the door of the suite of apartments on that flat, and was
immediately admitted by Rosalie into a handsomely furnished
drawing-room.

“Whom shall I mention to mademoiselle?” inquired the French

lady’s-maid.

“Her mother,” was the response.

Rosalie withdrew; and Mrs. Fitzhardinge, seating herself upon an

elegant ottoman, cast her eyes around the splendid room.

“Perdita is well lodged, at all events,” she mused inwardly. “But

somehow or another, there is a mystery which I cannot comprehend.
The porter spoke of no gentleman—the maid was equally silent on
that head, and alluded to her mistress as mademoiselle12 and not as
madame. What can it mean?”

At this moment the door opened, and Perdita made her appearance
in a charming déshabillée; for she had been assisting to arrange her
effects in her newly-hired ready-furnished apartments.

The meeting between the mother and daughter was characterised

by nothing cordial—much less affectionate: there was no embracing
—not even a shaking of the hand, but only a mutual desire, hastily
evinced on either side, to receive explanations.

“Where is Charles?” demanded Mrs. Fitzhardinge.

“Gone,” was the laconic reply.

“Gone!” ejaculated the old woman, now manifesting the most

profound astonishment.

“Yes; gone—departed—never to return,” said Perdita, with some

degree of bitterness: then, in an altered tone, and with recovered
calmness, she asked, “But how have you managed respecting the
accusation——”

“Ah! then you have heard of that?” interrupted Mrs. Fitzhardinge,

with a subdued feeling of spite; for she thought that her daughter
took the matter very quietly. “I was taken back to London—
examined at the Marylebone Police-court—and discharged without
much difficulty. Now, in your turn, answer my next question—
wherefore has Charles left you?”

“In the first place,” said Perdita, “tell me how you discovered my
abode?”—and she fixed her large grey eyes in a searching manner
upon the old woman, as if to ascertain by that look the precise
extent of her mother’s knowledge relative to herself and Charles.

“That is speedily explained,” observed Mrs Fitzhardinge, who

instantly perceived that her daughter intended to reveal to her no
more than she was actually compelled to do, and it flashed to her
mind—she knew not why—that Perdita meant especially to throw a
veil over the fact of her marriage with Charles. Else, why had she
not immediately mentioned it?—why had she not hastened to satisfy
her that the alliance had indeed taken place? But if Perdita had a
motive in concealing that fact, then the knowledge of the secret
might sooner or later prove serviceable to Mrs. Fitzhardinge; and she
therefore resolved to feign ignorance. All these thoughts and
calculations swept through the old woman’s brain in a moment; and
she preserved the while the most steady composure of countenance.
“That is speedily explained,” she repeated. “I went to the Prefecture
of Police, and learnt your address.”
“But you knew not by what name to ask for me,” said Perdita, still
keeping her eyes fixed on her mother’s countenance.

“I inquired for you by the name of Fitzhardinge,” answered the old

woman, hazarding the falsehood; “and was referred to the hotel
where you and Charles had put up——”

“And on your calling there?” asked Perdita, impatiently.

“The porter laconically told me that you had removed hither,”

returned the old woman. “But what means the absence of Charles?
and has he not married you?”

“No,” responded Perdita, reading in her mother’s countenance more

intently—more searchingly than hitherto: “he has played a perfidious
part, and deserted me.”

“The villain!” ejaculated the old woman, affecting to give full

credence to the denial that the matrimonial alliance had taken place;
while, on the other hand, Perdita was completely deceived by her
mother’s profound duplicity.

“The adventures I have experienced,” said Perdita, “have been

numerous and exciting. When every thing was settled for the
ceremony to take place, the father of Charles suddenly appeared
upon the scene, and exposed me in a cruel manner to his son. In
fact, Mr. Hatfield proved himself to be well acquainted with all—
every thing—relating to you and me; and he unsparingly availed
himself of that knowledge. I retaliated—I convinced him that his
family affairs were no secret to me;—and then he again assumed
the part of one who triumphs in defeating the hopes of another; for
he produced unquestionable evidence to the fact that his son is
illegitimate, and entirely dependent upon him.”

“Ah!” ejaculated Mrs. Fitzhardinge, who now fancied that she read
the reason which had induced Perdita to conceal her marriage with
the young man. “Then, after all, your suitor is plain Charles Hatfield,
and not Viscount Marston?”

“Such is indeed the case, mother,” returned Perdita; “and I think you
will agree with me that I have had a fortunate escape.”

“I do congratulate you on that point,” answered the old woman, her

dissimulation continuing impenetrable. “But where have you
obtained the means to hire this handsome lodging?”

“You cannot suppose that I allowed Mr. Hatfield and his son to
depart without making ample provision for me!” exclaimed Perdita.
“No; I displayed a too intimate acquaintance with all their family
affairs to permit them thus to abandon me. Besides, the very secret
of the young man’s illegitimacy—a secret which the father revealed
in a moment of excitement, produced by the discussion that took
place between us—that secret——”

“I understand you, Perdita,” said Mrs. Fitzhardinge: “it was necessary

to purchase your silence respecting a matter that involved the good
name and the honour of Lady Georgiana Hatfield. Well, have you
made a profitable bargain for yourself?”

“A thousand pounds in ready money; and five hundred a year for

life, on condition that I return not to England,” was the response.

“Good!” ejaculated the old woman, her eyes glistening with delight.

“And I have adopted another name, for a variety of reasons,”

continued Perdita. “In the first place, having learnt from that hated
Mr. Hatfield of your arrest at Dover, and the nature of the charge
against you, I feared lest the whole thing should be blazoned in the
newspapers——”

“Well, well,” interrupted her mother: “I understand! The name of

Fitzhardinge would suit no longer. What is the new one?”
“I have taken that of Mortimer,” answered the daughter. “Laura
Mortimer sounds prettily, I think?”

“Then you have not even retained your Christian name?” said the old
woman, interrogatively.

“No; for it is so uncommon, that it could not fail to excite attention,

wherever whispered,” was the reply.

“In this case, I am to become Mrs. Mortimer?” continued the mother.

“Precisely so; and as a matter of course, you will take up your abode
with me.”

“You do not appear particularly unhappy at the loss of the young

man whom you fell so deeply in love with?” observed the old
woman, whom we must now denominate Mrs. Mortimer.

“That dream has passed—gone by—vanished!” returned Laura—for

by this Christian name is Perdita to be henceforth known; and as she
spoke, her voice assumed a deep and even menacing tone. “Yes—
that illusion is dissipated; and, if circumstances permit, I will have
vengeance where I used to think only of love.”

“To what circumstances do you allude?” demanded Mrs. Mortimer.

“Can you not understand my position—aye, and your own position

also?” exclaimed Laura. “At present we are dependent, to a certain
degree, upon Mr. Hatfield, and must adhere to the conditions he
imposed upon me: that is to say, we must reside on the continent so
long as the income allowed by him shall be indispensably necessary.
But the moment that I can carve out a new career of fortune for
myself, either by a brilliant marriage, or by enchaining some wealthy
individual in my silken meshes,—the instant that I find myself in a
condition to spurn the aid of Mr. Hatfield’s purse, and can command
treasures from another quarter,—then, mother, then,” added Laura,
emphatically, “will be the time for vengeance! For, think you,” she
continued, drawing herself proudly up to her full height, while her
nostrils dilated and her eyes flashed fire,—“think you that, if I have
loved as a woman, I will not likewise be avenged as a woman? Oh!
yes—yes; and welcome—most welcome will be that day when I shall
see myself independent of the purse of Mr. Hatfield, and able to
work out my vengeance after the manner of my own heart! To be
exposed by the father and discarded by the son—to have the mask
torn away from my countenance by the former, and be looked upon
with loathing and abhorrence by the latter,—oh, all this is enough to
drive me mad—mad! And if I retained a calm demeanour and a
stern composure of countenance in the presence of those men this
morning, it was only the triumph of an indomitable pride over
feelings wounded in the most sensitive point!”

“Vengeance, indeed, is a pleasing consummation,” said the old

woman: then, after an instant’s pause, she added, “And I also have
a vengeance to gratify.”

“You, mother!” ejaculated Laura, with unfeigned surprise.

“Yes. You remember the night that we called upon Percival? Well,
you may recollect how he spoke of a certain visitor who had been
with him——”

“Torrens—your husband,” observed Laura, quietly.

“The same. He was the murderer of Percival,” added Mrs. Mortimer,

her countenance assuming an expression so fiend-like, that it was
horrible to behold.

“How know you that?” demanded Laura, surprised.

“I am convinced of it,” returned her mother. “Listen! On that night

when we visited the miser, Torrens had been with him: indeed, he
had departed from the house only the moment before we knocked
at the door. You remember that Percival said so? Well—and you also
recollect that Torrens was represented to be poor and very
miserable? While we were engaged with Percival, the cash-box was
produced, and its contents were displayed. A man clambered up to
the window, and looked through the holes in the shutters. This was
proved at the police-office. We departed, and the miser was left
alone. The back gate was forced open—or, rather, the wood-work
was cut away in such a manner as to allow the bolt to be shot back
with the fingers—and the lock was picked with a piece of iron. All
this was done from the outside. Then, again, the stake whereby the
old man was killed was taken from a piece of waste ground at the
back of the house; and on the damp clayey soil the marks of boots
were discovered. The murder was therefore perpetrated by the man
whose footsteps were thus traced; and who could that man be but
Torrens? I have no doubt of the accuracy of my conjectures.”

“They are reasonable, at the least,” observed Laura. “But wherefore

do you trouble your head about him, when I require your assistance
here in a matter of importance?”

“One moment, and you shall explain your views when I have made
you acquainted with mine,” said Mrs. Mortimer. “Percival was a rich
man, and that cash-box contained a treasure in notes and gold.
Torrens has, no doubt, concealed himself somewhere in London;—a
man who has committed such a crime invariably regards the
metropolis itself as the safest hiding-place. My design is to ferret him
out, and compel him by menaces to surrender into my keeping the
treasure which he has obtained. You and I, Perdita—Laura, I mean—
will know how to spend those thousands; and it will give me
pleasure—unfeigned pleasure,” she added, with a fearful expression
of countenance, “to know that he has been plunged back again into
misery and want.”

“The project is a good one, mother,” said Laura; “and the money
would prove most welcome. Possessed of a few thousands of
pounds, I would at once act in complete independence of Mr.
Hatfield. But wherefore this bitter vengeance against the man who is
still your husband?”
“Because, when he was released from Newgate upwards of nineteen
years ago, when imprisoned there on suspicion of having murdered
a certain Sir Henry Courtenay,” said the old woman,—“when he was
set free, I tell you, I still languished a prisoner in that horrible gaol.
And he came not near me: he recognised me not—he loathed and
abhorred me; and I knew it! You, Laura, have felt how terrible it is
to be hated—shunned—forsaken by one on whom you have claims:
you are still smarting under the conduct of Charles Hatfield. Can you
not, then, comprehend how I should cherish feelings of bitterness
against that sneaking coward—that base wretch, who was a partner
in my iniquity, and who abandoned me to my fate, doubtless hoping
that a halter would end my days, and for ever rid him of me.”

“But you loved not that man, according to all I have ever heard you
say upon the subject,” returned Laura; “whereas,” she added, in a
tone of transitory softness, “I did—yes—I did love Charles Hatfield.”

“Granted the difference!” ejaculated Mrs. Mortimer; “and yet, even

making every possible allowance for that, there is still room enough
to admit the existence of my bitter hostility against Torrens. What!
was I not arrested the other day—dragged ignominiously back to
London—compelled to sleep in a prison; and forced to appear at the
bar of justice,—and all on account of his crime! He reaped the
benefit—I the inconvenience, the fear, the exposure, and the
disgrace! It is true that I never loved him—never even liked him;—
true, also, that ours was a marriage of convenience—both
suspecting, despising, and abhorring each other. From the very first,
then, I was his enemy; and ever since I have cherished an undying
animosity against him.”

“Well, mother, I shall not attempt to interfere with your vengeance

any more than you will seek to mar the progress of mine. You have
given me an explanation of your views; and it is now my turn to
speak. This morning,” continued Laura, “my hopes were suddenly
defeated, and my golden dreams dissipated by the appearance of
Mr. Hatfield. At half-past eleven o’clock, I found myself deserted by
him whom I had loved, and alone as it were in a strange city. I
instantly made up my mind not to yield to sorrow or give way to
grief; and when a woman, placed in such circumstances, will not
permit her tender feelings to get the better of her pride—when, in
fact, she takes refuge in that very pride against the poignancy of
sorrow—she necessarily conceives thoughts of vengeance. For the
pride which becomes her defence and her shield in such a case,
must be vindicated. I therefore determined to cherish this hope of
vengeance, and gratify that hope when the proper time shall come.
But, in the interval—and first of all—I must create a brilliant social
position for myself. On these matters I reflected seriously this
morning, so soon as Charles and his father had taken their
departure. Then, to a certain extent, I made a confidant of my
French lady’s-maid, who has already become deeply attached to me,
and in whom I speedily discovered a spirit of intrigue and a shrewd
disposition. At the same time, I told her nothing more than was
absolutely necessary to account for the abrupt departure of Charles
and my change of name; and even those explanations which I did
give her were not entirely true. In a word, I acted with caution,
while I secured her fidelity and devotion to my interests. Having thus
come to a certain understanding, as it were, we repaired to an
agency-office, kept by an Englishman, and made inquiries for
furnished apartments in a fashionable neighbourhood. The agent
conducted us hither: I inspected the suite—approved of it—paid a
half-year’s rent in advance—and removed into my new abode, where
you now find me, at about three o’clock this afternoon.”
“You have lost no time in settling yourself thus far, at all events,”
observed Mrs. Mortimer. “But proceed: you have more yet to explain
to me.”

“Only to observe that your aid is now required, mother, to help me

to that brilliant position which I am determined to reach, and the
attainment of which will render us independent for the remainder of
our days.”
“My aid and assistance you shall have, Laura—aye, and effectually
too,” returned the old woman, with difficulty concealing the joy and
triumph which she experienced on finding herself thus again
appealed to as a means to work out a grand design: “but a
fortnight’s delay will not prejudice your scheme. You will not lose
one particle of your beauty in that time: on the contrary, you will
recover your wonted hues of health—for your cheeks are somewhat
pale this evening, and there is a blueish tint around your eyes.
Doubtless,” she added, with a slightly malicious grin, “Charles
Hatfield was a husband to you in everything save the indissoluble
bonds!”

“No,” replied Laura, with an effrontery so cool, so complete, that,

had the old woman been questioning her daughter on suspicion only,
and not on a verified certainty, she would have been satisfied with
that laconic, but emphatic negative.

“Ah! then your maudlin sentimentalism did not render you altogether
pliant and docile to the impetuous passions of that handsome young
man?” she observed.

“Believing that we were to be married,” answered Laura, “I

necessarily refrained from compromising myself in his estimation.
But wherefore these questions, mother?”—and again the fine large
eyes of the young woman were fixed searchingly on Mrs. Mortimer’s
countenance.

“I had no particular motive in putting those queries,” was the

response, apparently delivered off hand, but in reality well weighed
and measured, as was every word that the artful old creature
uttered upon this occasion. “I was merely curious to learn whether
your prudence or your naturally voluptuous temperament had
prevailed in the strong wrestle that must have taken place between
those feelings, while you were travelling and dwelling alone with a
handsome young man whom you almost adored.”
“Not quite alone, mother,” exclaimed Laura, impatiently. “Rosalie was
with us.”

“Oh! the French lady’s maid, who is so shrewd in disposition, and

who manifests such an admirable capacity for intrigue!” cried the old
woman, unable to resist the opportunity of bantering her daughter a
little, in revenge for the cool insults which she herself had received
at the hands of that daughter during the last few days of their
sojourn in England.

“Mother, have you sought me out only to revive a certain bitterness

of feeling which you so recently studied to provoke between us!”
demanded Laura, her countenance flushing with indignation; and
when she had ceased speaking, she bit her under-lip with her pearly
teeth.

“No, no: we will not dispute,” said Mrs. Mortimer. “But you must
admit that I warned you not to dream of marriage with that Charles
Hatfield; and, had you followed my advice, and stayed in London,
you might have retained him as a lover——”

“Let us not talk of the past,” interrupted Laura, with an

imperiousness of manner which warned her mother not to provoke
her farther. “The present is assured, and we are at least
independent; but the future is before us—and there is the sphere in
which my hopes are soaring.”

“To return, then, to the point whence I ere now diverged,” resumed
Mrs. Mortimer, “I will repeat my assertion that one fortnight’s delay
will not mar your plans. On the contrary, you will obtain physical rest
after the fatigues of travelling, and mental composure after the
excitement of recent occurrences. Your charms will be enhanced,
and you will thereby become the more irresistible. This fortnight’s
interval I require for my own purposes, as just now explained to
you; and, whatever be the result of my search after Torrens, I
pledge myself that, if alive and in health, I will return to you in the
evening of the fourteenth day from the present date.”

“Agreed!” exclaimed Laura. “You purpose, therefore, to retrace your

way to London!”

“Such is my intention. A night’s rest will be sufficient to recruit my

strength,” continued Mrs. Mortimer; “and to-morrow morning I shall
depart.”

“Now let us thoroughly understand each other, and in no way act

without a previous constitution and agreement,” said Laura. “You are
about to return to the English metropolis, and it may happen that
you will encounter Charles Hatfield. It is my wish that you avoid him
—that you do not appear even to notice him; and, for the same
reasons which urge me to give you this recommendation, I must
request that you attempt no extortion with his father—that you will
not seek to render available or profitable the knowledge you possess
of the private affairs of that family. Were you to act contrary to my
wishes in this respect, you would only mar the projects which I have
formed to ensure the eventual gratification of my vengeance.”

“I have listened to you with attention,” said the old woman,

“because I would not irritate you by interruption. The counsel you
have given me was, however, quite unnecessary. My sole object in
visiting London is connected with Torrens; and were I to behold
Charles Hatfield at a distance, I should avoid him rather than throw
myself in his way. His father I know not even by sight. Besides,
according to the tacit understanding which appeared to establish
itself between you and me just now, we are mutually to forbear from
interfering in each other’s special affairs; and on this basis, good
feelings will permanently exist between us. On my return to Paris,
fourteen days hence, I shall devote myself to the object which you
have in view; and rest assured that, ere long, some wealthy,
amorous, and docile nobleman—English or French, no matter which
—shall be languishing at your feet.”
“Yes—it is for you to find out the individual to be enchained; and it
will then be for me to enchain him,” cried Laura, her countenance
lighting up with the glow of anticipated triumph.

The mother and daughter thus made their arrangements, and

settled their plans in an amicable fashion; and the former, after
passing the night at the handsome lodgings which Laura occupied,
set out in the morning on her journey back to London.

We must here pause, for a brief space, to explain the sentiments

and motives that respectively influenced these designing women
during the lengthy discourse above recorded.

We have already stated, that even before Mrs. Mortimer found

herself in the presence of her daughter, her suspicions and her
curiosity were excited by two or three mysterious though trivial
incidents that occurred; and she had not been many minutes in
Laura’s company, before she acquired the certainty that the young
woman intended to conceal the fact of her marriage with Charles
Hatfield. Mrs. Mortimer at first fancied that this desire arose from
shame on the part of Laura, whose pride might naturally revolt from
the idea of avowing that, in her eagerness to secure the hand of a
nobleman, she had only linked herself indissolubly to a simple
commoner, of illegitimate birth, and entirely dependent on his father.
But, as the conversation embraced ampler details, and exhibited
views more positive and minute, Mrs. Mortimer perceived that Laura
was not influenced by wounded pride and shame only in concealing
the fact of her marriage; but that, as she contemplated another
matrimonial alliance, as soon as an opportunity for an eligible match
should present itself she was unwilling to allow her mother to attain
the knowledge of a secret that would place her so completely in that
mother’s power.
And Mrs. Mortimer had accurately read the thoughts and motives
that were uppermost in Laura’s mind. For, imagining from the
observations made, and the questions put by her mother, that the
fact of her marriage with Charles Hatfield was indeed unknown to
the old woman, she resolved to cherish so important—so precious a
secret. Well aware of the despotic character and arbitrary disposition
of her parent, Laura chose to place herself as little as possible at the
mercy of one who sought to rule with a rod of iron, and who was
unscrupulous and resolute to a degree in adopting any means that
might establish her sway over those whom she aspired to controul.

“No—no,” thought Laura within herself: “my secret is safe—I am well

assured of that;—and my mother shall not penetrate it! The lips of
Rosalie, who alone could reveal it to her now, are sealed by rich
bribes. For such a secret in my mother’s keeping would reduce me to
the condition of her slave! I should not dare to contract another
marriage; because her exigences would be backed by a menace of
exposure, and a prosecution for bigamy: and by means of the
terrorism which she would thus exercise over me, I should become a
mere puppet in her hands—not daring to assert a will of my own!”

On the other hand, Mrs. Mortimer’s thoughts ran thus:—“Laura

believes me to be ignorant of her marriage, and my dissimulation
shall confirm her in that belief. Yes—I will act so as to lull her into
complete security on this point. It would be of no use to me now to
proclaim my knowledge of the fact that the marriage has taken
place; because, at present, she requires my services, and will be civil
and courteous to me of her own accord. But when once I shall have
helped her to a wealthy and titled husband, and when my aid shall
no longer be required, then she will re-assert her sway and attempt
to thrust me aside as a mere cypher! But she shall find herself
mistaken; and the secret that I thus treasure up must prove the
talisman to give me despotic controul over herself, her husband, her
household,—aye, and her purse! Yes—yes: she may marry now,
without any opposition from me. For, whereas in the former case her
marriage would indeed have reduced me to the condition of a
miserable dependant, a new alliance will invest me with the power of
a despot. Ah! daughter—daughter, you have at length over-reached
yourself.”

And such was indeed the case; for so well did Mrs. Mortimer play her
part of deep dissimulation, that Laura felt convinced her secret was
safe, and that the circumstance of her marriage was totally
unsuspected. And it was as much to confirm the young woman in
this belief, as for the purpose of slyly bantering her, that the mother
questioned her as to the point to which her connexion with Charles
Hatfield had reached, and astutely placed in juxta-position her
daughter’s prudence on the one hand, and voluptuousness of
temperament on the other. Thus Laura was completely duped, while
secretly triumphing in the belief that it was her parent who was
deceived!

We must, however, observe, that the two women, under present

circumstances, felt dependent on each other in many and important
respects; and this mutual necessity rendered them easy to come to
terms and settle their affairs upon an amicable basis.

On the one hand, Mrs. Mortimer relied upon her daughter for
pecuniary supplies; and this very circumstance prompted her to
undertake the journey to London in the hope of finding Torrens, and
extorting from him the treasure of which, as she believed, he had
plundered Percival. The possession of a few thousands of pounds,
added to her knowledge of Laura’s secret, would place her in a
condition of complete independence; and that independence she
would labour hard to achieve for herself. But she might fail—and
then she would again be compelled to fall back on the resources of
her daughter. Thus, for the present at least, she was in a state of
dependence—and it was by no means certain that her visit to
London would change her condition in this respect.

On the other hand, Laura was dependent on her mother for aid in
carrying out her ambitious views. Ignorant of the French language
as she was, she could not hope to succeed by herself alone; and, in
intrigues which required so much delicacy of management, she could
not rely solely on a lady’s-maid. The assistance of her mother was
therefore necessary; for she reflected that the astute old woman
who had succeeded in inducing Charles Hatfield to accompany her to
the lodgings in Suffolk-street, could not fall to lead some wealthy
and amorous noble within the influence of her daughter’s syren-
charms in the Rue Monthabor.

We have now explained the exact position in which these two

designing women were placed with regard to each other; and we
must request our readers to bear in mind all the observations which
we have just recorded, inasmuch as they afford a clue to the
motives of many transactions to be hereafter narrated.

For the history of Laura is, as it were, only just commenced; and the
most startling, exciting, and surprising incidents of her career have
yet to be told.

She was a woman of whom it may be well said, “We ne’er shall look
upon her like again!”

But the delineation of such a character as this Perdita—or Laura, as

we are henceforth to call her—has the advantage of throwing into
glorious contrast the virtues, amenities, and endearing qualities of
woman generally,—inasmuch as she is a grand and almost unique
exception, proving the rule which asserts the excellent qualities of
her sex.