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PEARSON
NEVER LEARNING

Daniel Norman • Dan Wolczuk

Introduction to Linear
Algebra for Science and
Engineering

Student Cheap-ass Edition

Taken from:
Introduction to Linear Algebra for Science and Engineering, Second Edition
by Daniel Norman and Dan Wolczuk
Cover Art: Courtesy of Pearson Learning Solutions.

Taken from:

Introduction to Linear Algebra for Science and Engineering, Second Edition

by Daniel Norman and Dan Wolczuk
Copyright© 2012, 1995 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published by Pearson
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without
permission in writing from the publisher.

This special edition published in cooperation with Pearson Learning Solutions.

All trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, and registered service marks are the
property of their respective owners and are used herein for identification purposes only.

Pearson Learning Solutions, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116
A Pearson Education Company
www.pearsoned.com

PEARSON
Contents

A Note to Students vi 2.3 Application to Spanning and Linear

A Note to Instructors viii Independence 91
Spanning Problems 91
Chapter 1 Euclidean Vector Spaces 1 Linear Independence Problems 95
Bases of Subspaces 97
1.1 Vectors in JR2 and JR3 1 2.4 Applications of Systems of Linear
The Vector Equation of a Line in JR2 5 Equations 102
Vectors and Lines in JR3 9 Resistor Circuits in Electricity 102
1.2 Vectors in JRll 14 Planar Trusses 105
Addition and Scalar Multiplication Linear Programming 107
of Vectors in JR11 15
Subspaces 16
Chapter 3 Matrices, Linear Mappings,
Spanning Sets and Linear Independence 18
and Inverses 115
Surfaces in Higher Dimensions 24
1.3 Length and Dot Products 28 3.1 Operations on Matrices 115
Length and Dot Products in JR2, and JR3 28 Equality, Addition, and Scalar Multiplication
Length and Dot Product in JR11 31 of Matrices 115
The Scalar Equation of Planes and The Transpose of a Matrix 120
Hyperplanes 34 An Introduction to Matrix Multiplication 121
1.4 Projections and Minimum Distance 40 Identity Matrix 126
Projections 40 Block Multiplication 127
The Perpendicular Part 43 3.2 Matrix Mappings and Linear
Some Properties of Projections 44 Mappings 131
Minimum Distance 44 Matrix Mappings 131
1.5 Cross-Products and Volumes 50 Linear Mappings 134
Cross-Products 50 Is Every Linear Mapping a Matrix Mapping? 136
The Length of the Cross-Product 52 Compositions and Linear Combinations of

Some Problems on Lines, Planes, Linear Mappings 139

and Distances 54 3.3 Geometrical Transformations 143
Rotations in the Plane 143
Rotation Through Angle e About the X -axis
Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations 63 3
in JR3 145
2.1 Systems of Linear Equations and 3.4 Special Subspaces for Systems and Mappings:
Elimination 63 Rank T heorem 150
The Matrix Representation of a System Solution Space and Nullspace 150
of Linear Equations 69 Solution Set of Ax = b 152
Row Echelon Form 73 Range of L and Columnspace of A 153
Consistent Systems and Unique Rowspace of A 156
Solutions 75 Bases for Row(A), Col(A), and Null(A) 157
Some Shortcuts and Some Bad Moves 76 A Summary of Facts About Rank 162
A Word Problem 77 3.5 Inverse Matrices and Inverse Mappings 165
A Remark on Computer Calculations 78 A Procedure for Finding the Inverse of a
2.2 Reduced Row Echelon Form, Rank, Matrix 167
and Homogeneous Systems 83 Some Facts About Square Matrices and Solutions of
Rank of a Matrix 85 Linear Systems 168
Homogeneous Linear Equations 86 Inverse Linear Mappings 170

iii
iv Contents

3.6 Elementary Matrices 175 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a

3.7 LU-Decomposition 181 Matrix 291
Solving Systems with the LU-Decomposition 185 Finding Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues 291
A Comment About Swapping Rows 187 6.2 Diagonalization 299
Some Applications of Diagonalization 303
Chapter 4 Vector Spaces 193 6.3 Powers of Matrices and the Markov
Process 307
4.1 Spaces of Polynomials 193
Systems of Linear Difference Equations 312
Addition and Scalar Multiplication of
The Power Method of Determining
Polynomials 193
Eigenvalues 312
4.2 Vector Spaces 197
6.4 Diagonalization and Differential
Vector Spaces 197
Equations 315
Subspaces 201
A Practical Solution Procedure 317
4.3 Bases and Dimensions 206
General Discussion 317
Bases 206
Obtaining a Basis from an Arbitrary
Finite Spanning Set 209 Chapter 7 Orthonormal Bases 321
Dimension 211 7.1 Orthonormal Bases and Orthogonal
Extending a Linearly Independent Matrices 321
Subset to a Basis 213 Orthonormal Bases 321
4.4 Coordinates with Respect to a Basis 218 Coordinates with Respect to an Orthonormal
4.5 General Linear Mappings 226 Basis 323
4.6 Matrix of a Linear Mapping 235 Change of Coordinates and Orthogonal
The Matrix of L with Respect to the Matrices 325
Basis B 235 A Note on Rotation Transformations and
Change of Coordinates and Linear Rotation of Axes in JR.2
329
Mappings 240 7.2 Projections and the Gram-Schmidt
4.7 Isomorphisms of Vector Spaces 246 Procedure 333
Projections onto a Subspace 333
Chapter 5 Determinants 255 The Gram-Schmidt Procedure 337
7.3 Method of Least Squares 342
5.1 Determinants in Terms of Cofactors 255 Overdetermined Systems 345
The 3 x 3 Case 256 7.4 Inner Product Spaces 348
5.2 Elementary Row Operations and the Inner Product Spaces 348
Determinant 264 7.5 Fourier Series 354
The Determinant and Invertibility 270 b

Determinant of a Product 270

The Inner Product J f(x)g(x) dx 354
a
5.3 Matrix Inverse by Cofactors and Fourier Series 355
Cramer's Rule 274
Cramer's Rule 276
Chapter 8 Symmetric Matrices and
5.4 Area, Volume, and the Determinant 280
Quadratic Forms 363
Area and the Determinant 280
The Determinant and Volume 283 8.1 Diagonalization of Symmetric
Matrices 363
The Principal Axis Theorem 366
Chapter 6 Eigenvectors and
8.2 Quadratic Forms 372
Diagonalization 289
Quadratic Forms 372
6.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 289 Classifications of Quadratic Forms 376
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a 8.3 Graphs of Quadratic Forms 380
Mapping 289 Graphs of Q(x) k in JR.3 385
=
 Contents v

8.4 Applications of Quadratic Forms 388 9.4 Eigenvectors in Complex Vector Spaces 417
Small Deformations 388 Complex Characteristic Roots of a Real
The Inertia Tensor 390 Matrix and a Real Canonical Form 418
The Case of a 2 x 2 Matrix 420
Chapter 9 Complex Vector Spaces 395 The Case of a 3 x 3 Matrix 422
9.5 Inner Products in Complex Vector Spaces 425
9.1 Complex Numbers 395 Properties of Complex Inner Products 426
The Arithmetic of Complex Numbers 395 The Cauchy-Schwarz and Triangle
The Complex Conjugate and Division 397 Inequalities 426
Roots of Polynomial Equations 398 Orthogonality in C" and Unitary Matrices 429
The Complex Plane 399
9.6 Hermitian Matrices and Unitary
Polar Form 399 Diagonalization 432
Powers and the Complex Exponential 402
n-th Roots 404 Appendix A Answers to Mid-Section
9.2 Systems with Complex Numbers 407 Exercises 439
Complex Numbers in Electrical Circuit
Equations 408
Appendix B Answers to Practice Problems
9.3 Vector Spaces over C 411
and Chapter Quizzes 465
Linear Mappings and Subspaces 413
Complex Multiplication as a Matrix
Mapping 415 Index 529
A Note to Students

Linear Algebra-What Is It?

Linear algebra is essentially the study of vectors, matrices, and linear mappings. Al­
though many pieces of linear algebra have been studied for many centuries, it did not
take its current form until the mid-twentieth century. It is now an extremely important
topic in mathematics because of its application to many different areas.
Most people who have learned linear algebra and calculus believe that the ideas
of elementary calculus (such as limit and integral) are more difficult than those of in­
troductory linear algebra and that most problems in calculus courses are harder than
those in linear algebra courses. So, at least by this comparison, linear algebra is not
hard. Still, some students find learning linear algebra difficult. I think two factors con­
tribute to the difficulty students have.
First, students do not see what linear algebra is good for. This is why it is important
to read the applications in the text; even if you do not understand them completely, they
will give you some sense of where linear algebra fits into the broader picture.
Second, some students mistakenly see mathematics as a collection of recipes for
solving standard problems and are uncomfortable with the fact that linear algebra is
"abstract" and includes a lot of "theory." There will be no long-term payoff in simply
memorizing these recipes, however; computers carry them out far faster and more ac­
curately than any human can. That being said, practising the procedures on specific
examples is often an important step toward much more important goals: understand­
ing the concepts used in linear algebra to formulate and solve problems and learning to
interpret the results of calculations. Such understanding requires us to come to terms
with some theory. In this text, many of our examples will be small. However, as you
work through these examples, keep in mind that when you apply these ideas later, you
may very well have a million variables and a million equations. For instance, Google's
PageRank system uses a matrix that has 25 billion columns and 25 billion rows; you
don't want to do that by hand! When you are solving computational problems, al­
ways try to observe how your work relates to the theory you have learned.
Mathematics is useful in so many areas because it is abstract: the same good idea
can unlock the problems of control engineers, civil engineers, physicists, social scien­
tists, and mathematicians only because the idea has been abstracted from a particular
setting. One technique solves many problems only because someone has established a
theory of how to deal with these kinds of problems. We use definitions to try to capture
important ideas, and we use theorems to summarize useful general facts about the kind
of problems we are studying. Proofs not only show us that a statement is true; they can
help us understand the statement, give us practice using important ideas, and make it
easier to learn a given subject. In particular, proofs show us how ideas are tied together
so we do not have to memorize too many disconnected facts.
Many of the concepts introduced in linear algebra are natural and easy, but some
may seem unnatural and "technical" to beginners. Do not avoid these apparently more
difficult ideas; use examples and theorems to see how these ideas are an essential
part of the story of linear algebra. By learning the "vocabulary" and "grammar" of
linear algebra, you will be equipping yourself with concepts and techniques that math­
ematicians, engineers, and scientists find invaluable for tackling an extraordinarily rich
variety of problems.

vi
 A Note to Students vii

Linear Algebra-Who Needs It?

Mathematicians

Linear algebra and its applications are a subject of continuing research. Linear algebra
is vital to mathematics because it provides essential ideas and tools in areas as diverse
as abstract algebra, differential equations, calculus of functions of several variables,
differential geometry, functional analysis, and numerical analysis.

Engineers

Suppose you become a control engineer and have to design or upgrade an automatic
control system. T he system may be controlling a manufacturing process or perhaps
an airplane landing system. You will probably start with a linear model of the sys­
tem, requiring linear algebra for its solution. To include feedback control, your system
must take account of many measurements (for the example of the airplane, position,
velocity, pitch, etc.), and it will have to assess this information very rapidly in order to
determine the correct control responses. A standard part of such a control system is a
Kalman-Bucy filter, which is not so much a piece of hardware as a piece of mathemat­
ical machinery for doing the required calculations. Linear algebra is an essential part
of the Kalman-Bucy filter.
If you become a structural engineer or a mechanical engineer, you may be con­
cerned with the problem of vibrations in structures or machinery. To understand the
problem, you will have to know about eigenvalues and eigenvectors and how they de­
termine the normal modes of oscillation. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are some of the
central topics in linear algebra.
An electrical engineer will need linear algebra to analyze circuits and systems; a
civil engineer will need linear algebra to determine internal forces in static structures
and to understand principal axes of strain.
In addition to these fairly specific uses, engineers will also find that they need
to know linear algebra to understand systems of differential equations and some as­
pects of the calculus of functions of two or more variables. Moreover, the ideas and
techniques of linear algebra are central to numerical techniques for solving problems
of heat and fluid flow, which are major concerns in mechanical engineering. And the
ideas of Jjnear algebra underjje advanced techniques such as Laplace transforms and
Fourier analysis.

Physicists

Linear algebra is important in physics, partly for the reasons described above. In addi­
tion, it is essential in applications such as the inertia tensor in general rotating motion.
Linear algebra is an absolutely essential tool in quantum physics (where, for exam­
ple, energy levels may be determined as eigenvalues of linear operators) and relativity
(where understanding change of coordinates is one of the central issues).

Life and Social Scientists

Input/output models, described by matrices, are often used in economics, and similar
ideas can be used in modelling populations where one needs to keep track of sub­
populations (generations, for example, or genotypes). In all sciences, statistical anal­
ysis of data is of great importance, and much of this analysis uses Jjnear algebra; for
example, the method of least squares (for regression) can be understood in terms of
projections in linear algebra.
viii A Note to Instructors

Managers

A manager in industry will have to make decisions about the best allocation of re­
sources: enormous amounts of computer time around the world are devoted to linear
programming algorithms that solve such allocation problems. The same sorts of tech­
niques used in these algorithms play a role in some areas of mine management. Linear
algebra is essential here as well.

So who needs linear algebra? Almost every mathematician, engineer, or scientist

will .find linear algebra an important and useful tool.

Will these applications be explained in this book?

Unfortunately, most of these applications require too much specialized background

to be included in a first-year linear algebra book. To give you an idea of how some of
these concepts are applied, a few interesting applications are briefly covered in sections
1.4, 1.5, 2.4, 5.4, 6.3, 6.4, 7.3, 7.5, 8.3, 8.4, and 9.2. You will get to see many more
applications of linear algebra in your future courses.

A Note to Instructors
Welcome to the second edition of Introduction to Linear Algebra for Science and
Engineering. It has been a pleasure to revise Daniel Norman's first edition for a new
generation of students and teachers. Over the past several years, I have read many
articles and spoken to many colleagues and students about the difficulties faced by
teachers and learners of linear algebra. In particular, it is well known that students typ­
ically find the computational problems easy but have great difficulty in understanding
the abstract concepts and the theory. Inspired by this research, I developed a pedagog­
ical approach that addresses the most common problems encountered when teaching
and learning linear algebra. I hope that you will find this approach to teaching linear
algebra as successful as I have.

Changes to the Second Edition

• Several worked-out examples have been added, as well as a variety of mid­
section exercises (discussed below).

• Vectors in JR.11 are now always represented as column vectors and are denoted
with the normal vector symbol 1. Vectors in general vector spaces are still
denoted in boldface.

• Some material has been reorganized to allow students to see important con­
cepts early and often, while also giving greater flexibility to instructors. For
example, the concepts of linear independence, spanning, and bases are now
introduced in Chapter 1 in JR.11, and students use these concepts in Chapters 2
and 3 so that they are very comfortable with them before being taught general
vector spaces.
 A Note to Instructors ix

• The material on complex numbers has been collected and placed in Chapter 9,
at the end of the text. However, if one desires, it can be distributed throughout
the text appropriately.

• There is a greater emphasis on teaching the mathematical language and using

mathematical notation.

• All-new figures clearly illustrate important concepts, examples, and applica­

tions.

• The text has been redesigned to improve readability.

Approach and Organization

Students typically have little trouble with computational questions, but they often
struggle with abstract concepts and proofs. This is problematic because computers
perform the computations in the vast majority of real-world applications of linear
algebra. Human users, meanwhile, must apply the theory to transform a given problem
into a linear algebra context, input the data properly, and interpret the result correctly.
The main goal of this book is to mix theory and computations throughout the
course. The benefits of this approach are as follows:

• It prevents students from mistaking linear algebra as very easy and very com­
putational early in the course and then becoming overwhelmed by abstract con­
cepts and theories later.

• It allows important linear algebra concepts to be developed and extended more

slowly.

• It encourages students to use computational problems to help understand the

theory of linear algebra rather than blindly memorize algorithms.

One example of this approach is our treatment of the concepts of spanning and
linear independence. They are both introduced in Section 1.2 in JR.n, where they can be
motivated in a geometrical context. They are then used again for matrices in Section
3.1 and polynomials in Section 4.1, before they are finally extended to general vector
spaces in Section 4.2.

The following are some other features of the text's organization:

• The idea of linear mappings is introduced early in a geometrical context and is

used to explain aspects of matrix multiplication, matrix inversion, and features
of systems of linear equations. Geometrical transformations provide intuitively
satisfying illustrations of important concepts.

• Topics are ordered to give students a chance to work with concepts in a simpler
setting before using them in a much more involved or abstract setting. For ex­
ample, before reaching the definition of a vector space in Section 4.2, students
will have seen the 10 vector space axioms and the concepts of linear indepen­
dence and spanning for three different vector spaces, and they will have had
some experience in working with bases and dimensions. Thus, instead of be­
ing bombarded with new concepts at the introduction of general vector spaces,
students will j ust be generalizing concepts with which they are already familiar.
x A Note to Instructors

Pedagogical Features
Since mathematics is best learned by doing, the following pedagogical elements are
included in the book.

• A selection of routine mid-section exercises is provided, with solutions in­

cluded in the back of the text. These allow students to use and test their under­
standing of one concept before moving on to other concepts in the section.

• Practice problems are provided for students at the end of each section. See "A
Note on the Exercises and Problems" below.

• Examples, theorems, and definitions are called out in the margins for easy
reference.

Applications
One of the difficulties in any linear algebra course is that the applications of linear
algebra are not so immediate or so intuitively appealing as those of elementary cal­
culus. Most convincing applications of linear algebra require a fairly lengthy buildup
of background that would be inappropriate in a linear algebra text. However, without
some of these applications, many students would find it difficult to remain motivated
to learn linear algebra. An additional difficulty is that the applications of linear alge­
bra are so varied that there is very little agreement on which applications should be
covered.
In this text we briefly discuss a few applications to give students some easy sam­
ples. Additional applications are provided on the Corripanion Website so that instruc­
tors who wish to cover some of them can pick and choose at their leisure without
increasing the size (and hence the cost) of the book.

List of Applications

• Minimum distance from a point to a plane (Section 1.4)

• Area and volume (Section 1.5, Section 5.4)

• Electrical circuits (Section 2.4, Section 9.2)

• Planar trusses (Section 2.4)

• Linear programming (Section 2.4)

• Magic squares (Chapter 4 Review)

• Markov processes (Section 6.3)

• Differential equations (Section 6.4)

• Curve of best fit (Section 7.3)

• Overdetermined systems (Section 7.3)

• Graphing quadratic forms (Section 8.3)

• Small deformations (Section 8.4)

• The inertia tensor (Section 8.4)

 A Note to Instructors xi

Computers
As explained in "A Note on the Exercises and Problems," which follows, some prob­
lems in the book require access to appropriate computer software. Students should
realize that the theory of linear algebra does not apply only to matrices of small size
with integer entries. However, since there are many ideas to be learned in linear alge­
bra, numerical methods are not discussed. Some numerical issues, such as accuracy
and efficiency, are addressed in notes and problems.

A No t e on the Exerc ises and Problems

Most sections contain mid-section exercises. These mid-section exercises have been
created to allow students to check their understanding of key concepts before continu­
ing on to new concepts in the section. Thus, when reading through a chapter, a student
should always complete each exercise before continuing to read the rest of the chapter.
At the end of each section, problems are divided into A, B, C, and D problems.
The A Problems are practice problems and are intended to provide a sufficient
variety and number of standard computational problems, as well as the odd theoretical
problem for students to master the techniques of the course; answers are provided at
the back of the text. Full solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual (sold
separately).
The B Problems are homework problems and essentially duplicates of the A prob­
lems with no answers provided, for instructors who want such exercises for homework.
In a few cases, the B problems are not exactly parallel to the A problems.
The C Problems require the use of a suitable computer program. These problems
are designed not only to help students familiarize themselves with using computer soft­
ware to solve linear algebra problems, but also to remind students that linear algebra
uses real numbers, not only integers or simple fractions.
The D Problems usually require students to work with general cases, to write
simple arguments, or to invent examples. These are important aspects of mastering
mathematical ideas, and all students should attempt at least some of these-and not
get discouraged if they make slow progress. With effort, most students will be able
to solve many of these problems and will benefit greatly in the understanding of the
concepts and connections in doing so.
In addition to the mid-section exercises and end-of-section problems, there is a
sample Chapter Quiz in the Chapter Review at the end of each chapter. Students should
be aware that their instructors may have a different idea of what constitutes an appro­
priate test on this material.
At the end of each chapter, there are some Further Problems; these are similar to
the D Problems and provide an extended investigation of certain ideas or applications
of linear algebra. Further Problems are intended for advanced students who wish to
challenge themselves and explore additional concepts.

Using This Text to Teach Linear Algebra

There are many different approaches to teaching linear algebra. Although we suggest
covering the chapters in order, the text has been written to try to accommodate two
main strategies.
xii A Note to Instructors

Early Vector Spaces

We believe that it is very beneficial to introduce general vector spaces immediately
after students have gained some experience in working with a few specific examples
of vector spaces. Students find it easier to generalize the concepts of spanning, linear
independence, bases, dimension, and linear mappings while the earlier specific cases
are still fresh in their minds. In addition, we feel that it can be unhelpful to students
to have determinants available too soon. Some students are far too eager to latch onto
mindless algorithms involving determinants (for example, to check linear indepen­
dence of three vectors in three-dimensional space) rather than actually come to terms
with the defining ideas. Finally, this allows eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonal­
ization to be highlighted near the end of the first course. If diagonalization is taught
too soon, its importance can be lost on students.

Early Determinants and Diagonalization

Some reviewers have commented that they want to be able to cover determinants and
diagonalization before abstract vector spaces and that in some introductory courses,
abstract vector spaces may not be covered at all. Thus, this text has been written so
that Chapters 5 and 6 may be taught prior to Chapter 4. (Note that all required in­
formation about subspaces, bases, and dimension for diagonalization of matrices over
JR is covered in Chapters 1, 2, and 3.) Moreover, there is a natural flow from matrix
inverses and elementary matrices at the end of Chapter 3 to determinants in Chapter 5.

A Course Outline
The following table indicates the sections in each chapter that we consider to be "cen­
tral material":

Chapter Central Material Optional Material

1 l , 2,3,4,5
2 1, 2, 3 4
3 1,2,3,4,5,6 7
4 l,2,3,4,5,6,7
5 1,2,3 4
6 1,2 3,4
7 1,2 3,4, 5
8 1,2 3,4
9 l , 2,3,4,5,6

Supplements
We are pleased to offer a variety of excellent supplements to students and instructors
using the Second Edition.
T he new Student Solutions Manual (ISBN: 978-0-321-80762-5), prepared by
the author of the second edition, contains full solutions to the Practice Problems and
Chapter Quizzes. It is available to students at low cost.
MyMathLab® Online Course (access code required) delivers proven results
in helping individual students succeed. It provides engaging experiences that person­
alize, stimulate, and measure learning for each student. And, it comes from a trusted
partner with educational expertise and an eye on the future. To learn more about how
 A Note to Instructors xiii

MyMathLab combines proven learning applications with powerful assessment, visit

www.mymathlab.com or contact your Pearson representative.
The new Instructor's Resource CD-ROM (ISBN: 978-0-321-80759-5) includes
the following valuable teaching tools:

• An Instructor's Solutions Manual for all exercises in the text: Practice

Problems, Homework Problems, Computer Problems, Conceptual Problems,
Chapter Quizzes, and Further Problems.

• A Test Bank with a large selection of questions for every chapter of the text.

• Customizable Beamer Presentations for each chapter.

• An Image Library that includes high-quality versions of the Figures, T heo­

rems, Corollaries, Lemmas, and Algorithms in the text.

Finally, the second edition is available as a CourseSmart eTextbook

(ISBN: 978-0-321-75005-1). CourseSmart goes beyond traditional expectations­
providing instant, online access to the textbook and course materials at a lower cost
for students (average savings of 60%). With instant access from any computer and the
ability to search the text, students will find the content they need quickly, no matter
where they are. And with online tools like highlighting and note taking, students can
save time and study efficiently.
Instructors can save time and hassle with a digital eTextbook that allows them
to search for the most relevant content at the very moment they need it. Whether it's
evaluating textbooks or creating lecture notes to help students with difficult concepts,
CourseSmart can make life a little easier. See all the benefits at www.coursesmart.com/
instructors or www.coursesmart.com/students.

Pearson's technology specialists work with faculty and campus course designers to
ensure that Pearson technology products, assessment tools, and online course materi­
als are tailored to meet your specific needs. This highly qualified team is dedicated to
helping schools take full advantage of a wide range of educational resources by assist­
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local Pearson Canada sales representative can provide you with more details about this
service program.

Acknowledgments
T hanks are expressed to:

Agnieszka Wolczuk: for her support, encouragement, help with editing, and tasty
snacks.
Mike La Croix: for all of the amazing figures in the text and for his assistance on
editing, formatting, and LaTeX'ing.
Stephen New, Martin Pei, Barbara Csima, Emilio Paredes: for proofreading and
their many valuable comments and suggestions.
Conrad Hewitt, Robert Andre, Uldis Celmins, C. T. Ng, and many other of my
colleagues who have taught me things about linear algebra and how to teach
it as well as providing many helpful suggestions for the text.
To all of the reviewers of the text, whose comments, corrections, and recommen­
dations have resulted in many positive improvements:
xiv A Note to Instructors

Robert Andre Dr. Alyssa Sankey

University of Waterloo University of New Brunswick

Luigi Bilotto
Manuele Santoprete
Vanier College
Wilfrid Laurier University

Dietrich Burbulla
University of Toronto Alistair Savage
University of Ottawa
Dr. Alistair Carr
Monash University Denis Sevee
John Abbott College
Gerald Cliff
University of Alberta
Mark Solomonovich
Antoine Khalil Grant MacEwan University
CEGEP Vanier
Dr. Pamini Thangarajah
Hadi Kharaghani
Mount Royal University
University of Lethbridge

Gregory Lewis Dr. Chris Tisdell

University of Ontario The University of New South Wales

Institute of Technology
Murat Tuncali
Eduardo Martinez-Pedroza Nipissing University
McMaster University
Brian Wetton
Dorette Pronk
University of British Columbia
Dalhousie University

T hanks also to the many anonymous reviewers of the manuscript.

Cathleen Sullivan, John Lewis, Patricia Ciardullo, and Sarah Lukaweski: For all
of their hard work in making the second edition of this text possible and for
their suggestions and editing.
In addition, I thank the team at Pearson Canada for their support during the
writing and production of this text.
Finally, a very special thank y ou to Daniel Norman and all those who contributed
to the first edition.

Dan Wolczuk
University of Waterloo
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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"Impossible to be a friend both of yours and of Godfrey's, is it?" he
sneered.
Her face flushed; now she was very angry. "Go or stay—anyhow I've
done with you!" She half-turned away, yet waited a moment still,
hoping that his mood would soften.
He leant forward towards her in entreaty. "Don't do it, Bernadette,
for God's sake! For your own sake, for the sake of all of us who love
you!"
"Who loves me in this house?" she asked sharply and scornfully. "Am
I so much to any of them? What am I to Godfrey, for instance? Does
Godfrey love me?" She was glad to give utterance to her great
excuse.
But his mind was not on excuses or palliation; they belonged to his
old feelings about her, and it was the new feeling which governed
him now. He stretched out his arm, caught one of her hands, and
drew her towards him almost roughly.
"I love you, Bernadette, I love you body and soul, I worship you!"
"Arthur!" she cried in amazement, shrinking, trying to draw back.
"When I see that man with you, and know what he wants, and
suspect—It drives me mad, I can't bear it. Oh, it's all damnable of
me, I know! I could have gone on all right as we were, and been
happy, but for this. But now, when I think of him, I——" With a
shiver he let go her hands and buried his face in his own again. His
shoulders shook as though with a sob, though no sound came.
She drew near to him now of her own accord, came and stood just
beside him, laying her hand gently on his shoulder. "Cousin Arthur,
Cousin Arthur!" she whispered. All her anger was gone; sorrow for
him swallowed it up. "You're making a mistake, you know, you are
really. You don't love me—not like that. You never did. You never felt
——"
He raised his head. "What's the use of talking about what I did do or
did feel? I know all that. It's what I do feel that's the question—what
I feel now!"
"Oh, but you can't have changed in four or five hours," she pleaded
gently, yet with a little smile. "That's absurd. You're mistaken about
yourself. It's just that you're angry about Oliver—angry and jealous.
And that makes you think you love me. But you never would! To
begin with, you're too loyal, too honest, too fond of—Oh, you'd
never do it!"
"I had never thought of you as—in that way. But when I saw him, he
made me do it. And then—yes, all of a sudden!" He turned his eyes
up to her, but imploring mercy rather than favour.
She pressed his shoulder affectionately. "Yes, I suppose it's possible
—it might be like that with a man," she said. "I suppose it might. I
never thought of it. But only just for a moment, Cousin Arthur! It's
not real with you. You'll get over it directly; you'll forget it, and think
of me in the old pleasant way you used, as being——" With another
little squeeze on his shoulder she laughed low—"Oh, all the
wonderful things I know you thought me!" She suddenly recollected
how she stood. She drew in her breath sharply, with a sound almost
like a sob. "Ah, no, you can never think like that of me again, can
you?"
He was silent for a moment, not looking up at her now, but straight
in front of him.
"Then—it's true?" he asked.
With a forlorn shake of her head she answered, "Yes, it's true. Since
you're like this, I can't keep it up any longer. It's all true. Oliver loves
me, and I love him, and all you suspected is—well, is going to be
true about us."
"If you'll only drop that, I swear I'll never breathe a word about—
about myself! I will forget! I'll go away till I have forgotten. I'll——"
"Oh, poor boy, I know you would. I should absolutely trust you. But
how am I to—drop that?" She smiled ruefully. "It's become just my
life." She suddenly lifted her hands above her head and cried in a
low but passionate voice, "Oh, I can't bear this! It's terrible. Don't be
so miserable, dear Arthur! I can't bear to see you!" She bent down
and kissed him on the forehead. "You who've been such a dear dear
friend and comrade to me—you who could have made me go on
enduring it all here if anybody could! But Oliver came—and look
what he's done to both of us!"
"You love him?"
"Oh, yes, yes, yes! Or how could all this be happening? You must
believe that. I didn't want you to know it—Yes, you were right, I was
trying to get you out of the way, I wasn't honest. But since things
have turned out like this, you must believe now, indeed you must."
For a full minute he sat silent and motionless. Then he reached up,
took her hand, and kissed it three—four—times. "God help me! Well,
I'll go to London to-morrow. I can't face him—or Godfrey. I should
let it all out in a minute. I can't think how you manage!"
To her too it looked very difficult to manage now. The revelation
made to Arthur seemed somehow to extend to the whole household.
She felt that everyone would be watching and pointing, even though
Arthur himself went away. She had grown fearful of being found out
—how quickly Arthur had found her out!—and dreaded her
husband's surly questions. More scenes might come—more scenes
not to be endured! A sudden resolve formed itself in her mind, born
of her fear of more detection, of more scenes, of more falling into
disgrace.
"I expect Barber will have gone to bed—it's past eleven," she said.
"But you can give him your orders in the morning. And—and I shan't
see you. Be happy, dear Cousin Arthur, and, oh, splendidly
successful! I'm sure you will! And now go to bed and sleep, poor
tired boy!"
"Oh, I can't sleep—not yet. This is good-bye?" His voice choked on
the word a little. He turned his chair round, and she gave her hands
into his.
"Yes, this must be good-bye—for the present at all events. Perhaps
some day, when all this is an old story, if you wish it——"
"Are you going away with him, or——?"
"Oh, going away! I must do that. You do see that, don't you? And
Oliver wouldn't have anything else. Try to think kindly and—and
pleasantly of me. Remember our good times, dear Arthur, not this—
this awful evening!"
"I've been such a fool—and now such a blackguard! Because now if
I could, I'd——"
"Hush, hush! Don't say things like that. They're not really true, and
they make you feel worse. We're just dear old friends parting for a
while, because we must."
"Perhaps I shall never see you again, Bernadette—and you've been
pretty nearly everything in my life since we've known one another."
"Dear Arthur, you must let me go now. I can't bear any more of it.
Oh, I am so desperately sorry, Arthur!" A tear rolled down her cheek.
"Never mind, Bernadette. It'll be all right about me. And—well, I
can't talk about you, but you needn't be afraid of my thinking
anything—anything unkind. Good-bye."
She drew her hands away, and he relinquished his hold on them
without resistance. There was no more to be said—no more to be
done. She stood where she was for a moment; he turned his chair
round to the table again, spread out his arms, and laid his face on
his hands. Just the same attitude in which she had found him! But
she knew that his distress was deeper. Despair and forlornness
succeeded to anger and fear; and, on the top of them, the poor boy
accused himself of disloyalty to his house, to his cousin, to herself.
He saw himself a blackguard as well as a fool.
She could not help speaking to him once again. "God bless you,
Cousin Arthur," she said very softly. But he did not move; he gave no
sign of hearing her. She turned and went very quietly out of the
room, leaving her poor pet in sad plight, her poor toy broken, behind
her.
It was more than she had bargained for, more than she could bear!
Silently and cautiously, but with swift and resolute steps, she passed
along the corridor to the hall, and mounted the stairs. She was bent
on shutting out the vision of Arthur from her sight.
CHAPTER XXII
 PRESSING BUSINESS
Oliver Wyse had finished his letters and was smoking a last cigar
before turning in. Barber had brought him whiskey and soda water,
and wished him good-night, adding that, in case Sir Oliver should
want anything in the night, he had put Wigram, his chauffeur, who
acted as valet also when his master was on a visit, in the small room
next the bathroom which Sir Oliver was to use. "He said he liked to
be within hail of you, Sir Oliver."
"Wigram's been with me in a lot of queer places, Barber. He's got
into the habit of expecting midnight alarms. In fact he was a sort of
bodyguard to begin with; then a valet; now he's mainly a chauffeur
—a very handy fellow! Well, thank you, Barber—Good-night."
The cigar was pleasant; so was the whiskey-and-soda; he felt
drowsily content. The situation caused no disturbance either in his
nerves or in his conscience. He was accustomed to critical positions
and rather liked them; to break or to observe rules and conventions
was entirely a question of expediency, to be settled as each case
arose—and this case was now abundantly settled. The only real
danger had lain in Bernadette herself; and she shewed no sign of
wavering. He had enjoyed the comedy of her wise counsel to Arthur,
though for his own part he cared little whether the boy went or
stayed; if need be, it could not be difficult to put him in his place.
A low light knock came on his door. A little surprised, but fancying it
must be the devoted Wigram come to have a last look at him, he
called, "Come in!" Bernadette darted in and shut the door
noiselessly. She held up a finger, enjoining silence, and walked
quickly across the room.
He threw his cigar into the grate, and advanced to meet her, smiling.
"I say—is this your 'tremendous caution'?" But then he perceived the
excitement under which she laboured. "What's the matter? Anything
gone wrong?"
"Yes, Arthur! He's found out! And I—somehow I couldn't deny it to
him."
He smiled at her kindly and tolerantly, yet with a gentle reproof. Her
courage was failing her again, it seemed. It was a good thing that he
had come back to Hilsey—to keep her up to the scratch.
"Well? Did he turn nasty? Never mind, I'll quiet him. Where is he?"
"No, no, please don't go near him. He's not nasty; he's all broken up.
Oliver, he says he's in love with me himself."
He smiled at that. "Coming on, the young cousin, isn't he? But I'm
not much surprised, Bernadette."
"He—he's upset me dreadfully. I didn't mean it to happen like this.
It's too much for me. My nerves——"
She spoke all the time in quick agitated whispers. Oliver walked to
the door, turned the key, and came back to her. He took one of her
hands in his. She looked up at him with tears in her eyes. "He has
been such a friend really. He trusted me so."
"Well, I suppose he'll take your advice now—your wise advice—and
pack himself off to-morrow morning. Breakfast in bed, and you
needn't see him."
"Judith will guess—I know she will. Oliver, I—I can't keep it up, with
you here—not even though Arthur goes. I'm afraid of Judith now—
even of Godfrey!"
"I'm certainly not going to leave you here, up against it, all by
yourself." She was not to be trusted alone now. She had been shewn
too vividly the side of the shield which it was his task to hide from
her eyes—a task to which he alone was equal. Left to herself, she
might go back on the whole thing, very likely!
"Take me away from it all now, won't you?" she asked.
"What now—to-night?" His eyes lit up humorously. "Sharp work, isn't
it? Rather difficult to get out of the house to-night without risking—
well, encounters! And you wouldn't like that."
"Can't you think of anything? I can't stand these next few days."
He considered a moment, marshalling plans in his quick-moving
mind. "Look here, can you be sure of waking up early in the
morning?"
"I wish I could be half as sure of going to sleep at all!"
"Well, get up at half-past five—Your servants won't be about then?—
pack what you want in a bag, leave it just inside your room, put on
your things, and meet me outside the hall-door just before six. We'll
go for a walk!"
"But the station? It's nearly three miles off! And there are no trains
——"
"Wait, wait! My man will fetch your bag—just a little risk there, not
much at that hour—hang my motor-coat over it, so that nobody can
see it isn't mine, and take it round to the garage with my traps. I
suppose the car'll be locked up, and he'll have to get the key from
somebody. He'll say that I'm suddenly called away, that I've walked
on ahead, and he's to pick me up at the east lodge. If you're seen,
you're just putting me on my way, don't you see? He'll give your
fellow at the garage a sovereign, and he won't be too curious!"
"Yes, yes, I see!" she whispered eagerly.
"Starting then, we can be in town in lots of time to catch the
afternoon train to Boulogne. I'll wire the yacht to meet us
somewhere else, instead of Southampton. Ostend, perhaps—that'd
do all right. Now how does that suit you?"
Her eyes sparkled again. "Why, it's splendid!" How difficulties
seemed to vanish under his sure decisive touch! It was by this gift,
more than any other, that he had won and held her.
"I've managed trickier businesses than this. It's all perfectly easy,
and with luck you won't be exposed to meeting any of them again."
"Thank heaven!" she murmured.
"But you'd better not stay here now. One can never be sure
somebody won't come nosing about." He kissed her lightly. "Go, be
quick, to your room. I'll go and wake up Wigram now, and tell him
what I want; you needn't bother about him—he's absolutely reliable.
Come along." He drew her across the room with him, unlocked the
door and opened it. "Don't make a noise! Just before six, in the
porch, remember!"
She nodded in silence and glided quickly along the passage, which
was dimly lighted by a single oil lamp; Godfrey would not hear of
installing modern illuminants at Hilsey. He gave her time to get to
her room, and then himself went in the other direction along the
corridor, and knocked on the door of the little room where the
faithful and reliable Wigram slept.
He was soon back—it did not take long to make Wigram understand
what was wanted of him—and sat down again at his writing-table.
Some of the letters had to be re-written, for he had dated them from
Hilsey, and that would not do now. He was smiling in a half-
impatient amusement over women and their whims. They were so
prone to expect to get all they wanted without paying the necessary
price, without the little drawbacks which could not be avoided. After
all, a woman couldn't reasonably expect to run away without causing
a bit of a rumpus, and some little distress to somebody! It was very
seldom in this world that either man or woman could get all they
wanted without putting somebody else's nose out of joint; if only
that were honestly acknowledged, there would be a great deal less
cant talked.
He raised his head from his work and paused, with his cigar half-way
to his mouth, to listen a moment to a slow heavy tread which came
along the passage from the top of the stairs and stopped at a door
on the opposite side, nearer to the stairs. Arthur Lisle coming to bed
—he had indicated his own room in passing, when he was playing
deputy-host and showing Oliver his quarters. A good thing he hadn't
come up a little sooner! He might have met Bernadette coming out
of a room which it was by no means the proper thing for her to have
been in. Another painful encounter that would have been! Again his
tolerant smile came; he was really a good-natured man; he liked
Arthur and was sorry for him, even while he was amused. To-night
the world was probably seeming quite at an end to that young fellow
—that young fool of a fellow. Whereas, in fact, he was just at the
beginning of all this sort of business!
"I suppose he wants my blood," he reflected. "That'd make him feel
a lot better. But he can't have it. I'm afraid he can't, really!"
Well, Arthur's was one of the sound and primitive reasons for
wanting a man's blood; nothing to quarrel with there! Only the thing
would not last, of course. Quite soon it would all be a memory, a bit
of experience. At least that would be so if the boy were—or
managed to grow into, to let life shape him into—a sensible fellow.
Many men went on being fools about women to the end. "Well, I
suppose some people would say that I'm being a fool now," he
added candidly. "Perhaps I am. Well, she's worth it." With a smile he
finished off his work, got himself to bed briskly, and was soon
asleep.
Sick at last of the dreary and musty room, Arthur had slouched
miserably to bed—though he was sure that he could not sleep. He
could not think either, at least hardly coherently. The ruin which had
swooped down on him was too overwhelming. And so quick! All in a
few hours! It seemed too great to understand, almost too great to
feel. It was, as it were, a devastation, a clean sweep of all the best
things in his life—his adoration for Bernadette, his loyalty to Godfrey,
the affection which had gathered in his heart for these his kinsfolk,
for this the home of his forefathers. A dull numb pain of the soul
afflicted him, such as a man might feel in the body as he comes to
consciousness after a stunning blow. The future seemed impossible
to face; he did not know how to set about the task of reconstructing
it. He was past anger, past resentment; he did not want Oliver
Wyse's blood now. Was he not now even as Oliver, save that Oliver
was successful? And Oliver owed no loyalty to the man he robbed. In
the extravagance of his despair he called himself the meanest of
men as well as the most miserable. "My God! my God!" he kept
muttering to himself, in his hopeless miserable desolation.
But he was young and very weary, exhausted with his suffering. He
had sworn to himself that sleep was impossible, but nature soon had
her way with him. Yet he struggled against sleep, for on it must
follow a bitter awakening.
When he did awake, it was broad daylight. From his bed, which
stood between the two windows of the room, he could see the
sunlight playing on the opposite wall to his right; to the left the wall
was still in shadow. It seemed that he must have pulled up the blind
of one window and not of the other, before he got into bed, though
he did not remember doing it. Indeed at the first awakening he
recollected nothing very distinctly. The memories of the night before
took a minute or two to acquire distinctness, to sort themselves out.
Presently he gave a low dull groan and turned on his side again,
refusing to face the morning—the future that awaited him
inexorably. But another memory came to him in a queer quick flash
—Judith's smile when she told him that Godfrey had taken to his
bed. With a muttered curse he drew his watch from under the pillow.
Half-past seven!
He raised himself on his elbow, his back turned to the light.
Everything became clear to memory now; and the end of it all was
that he had to go, and go quickly, as soon as he could, by the
earliest train possible. He did not want to see anybody; above all he
must not see Bernadette; he had promised her that, practically; nor
could he himself bear another meeting and another parting. Joe
Halliday and Wills and Mayne won the day—by the help of an
alliance most unlooked-for!
A voice spoke from the window to his right—where the blind was
pulled up and the fresh morning air blew in through the opened
sash. "So you're awake at last, Arthur!"
He rolled over on to his other elbow in surprise, blinking at the
strong light. Judith was sitting on the broad low seat beneath the
window. She wore a walking dress and out-of-door boots, but her
hair was only carelessly caught together; she wore no hat. She
smiled at him, but her eyes looked red and she held her
handkerchief tightly squeezed in one hand.
"Why, what are you doing here?" he demanded.
"Well, I've been crying—not that that's any use. I've been here
nearly half-an-hour. I meant to wake you, but you looked so awfully
tired. Besides, it was too late."
"Too late for what?"
"He's taken her away, Arthur."
He did not move; propped up on his elbow, he looked at her with a
morose steadfastness.
"I'm generally out before breakfast, you know, with Patsy. I didn't
sleep well last night, and I was earlier than usual. I was out by half-
past six, and went for a walk in the meadows. Coming back, I
passed the garage; Stokes was cleaning the car and I stopped to
speak to him about the new puppy—he's not very well. I noticed Sir
Oliver's car wasn't there, and he told me that Sir Oliver's man had
knocked him up and made him unlock the garage an hour before.
The man brought Sir Oliver's luggage from the house, Stokes said,
and told him that Sir Oliver had walked on ahead, and he was to
pick him up. Stokes asked where they were going, and the man said
home, he supposed, but Sir Oliver hadn't told him. The man was
rather short with him, Stokes said, and seemed in a hurry. I thought
it all sounded rather funny, especially Sir Oliver walking on ahead—at
six in the morning!—but I said nothing to Stokes, though I think he
thought it a bit queer too. So when I got back I went to Bernadette's
room. I didn't exactly suspect that she'd gone too, but I had a sort
of uneasy—well, I wanted to be quite sure, don't you know? I
opened the door quietly—a little way—and I saw that the room was
quite light. That told me directly; she can't bear a chink of light in
her room. So I went in. She wasn't there; she hadn't been to bed,
she'd only lain down on the outside. Most of the things on her
dressing-table were gone, and I couldn't see the dressing-bag that
always stood by her big hanging-cupboard. I thought I'd better
come and tell you. On the way I met Barber, just up, I suppose, in
his apron and shirt-sleeves. He told me that Sir Oliver had gone and
Wigram—his man, you know—too."
"But Stokes didn't see either of them?"
"No. They must have walked on together, and got into the car when
it came up. Only just then I remembered that I'd found the front
door unlocked and had meant to scold Barber for being so careless.
It had gone out of my head till then." She paused a moment. "Did
you see her last night? She wanted to see you—asked where you'd
gone, you know."
"Yes; she came to me in the smoking-room."
"Did she say anything that sounded like—like——?"
He waited a while before he answered the unfinished question. "She
said nothing about this morning."
"But did she say——?"
Arthur nodded his head.
"Oh then, it's quite clear!" said Judith.
"I didn't think she meant to go this morning. I was to go. We said
good-bye."
"She has gone, though. I'm sure of it. Well, I've thought she would
for some time past, so I don't quite see why I've been crying. How
could we help it? Could we give her what she wanted? Could
Godfrey? Could I? Could you? Margaret was the only chance, but
poor little Margaret's—well, Margaret! She wasn't enough to keep
her." She rose from her seat. "Well, I'll go, because you must get
up."
Arthur paid no heed. "I think it's because of me that she's gone this
morning," he said slowly.
"Why? Did you quarrel? Did you talk about—about Sir Oliver?"
"Yes, at first. Then I told her I was in love with her."
She raised her hands and let them fall in a gesture of despairing
irritation. "In love, in love! Oh, I've had enough of it for the present!
Get up, Arthur!"
"Yes, I'll get up—get up and clear out," he said in sullen bitterness.
"I'll go back to work; that's the best thing I can do. I meant to go
this morning, anyhow."
She had moved towards the door, but she stopped now, facing him,
between bed and door. "You mean that you're going away—now—
this morning?" He nodded his head. She waited a moment and then
smiled. "Oh, well, I think I'll come too. After all, it won't be very
lively here, will it?"
He started in surprise. "You go? You couldn't think of that, Judith?
Why, what's little Margaret to do? And Godfrey? Oh, you can't go!"
"Why can't I? I'm a Lisle, aren't I? I'm a Lisle, just as much as you
and Godfrey! Why aren't I to behave as a Lisle then—go to bed or
run away when things get difficult and uncomfortable? I rather wish
I had a real man to run away with—like Bernadette!"
"God help him if you had!" growled Arthur, to whom the insinuation
was not grateful.
"That's better! You have got a bit of a fight somewhere in you," she
mocked. "And anyhow—get up!"
"Well, I'm going to—if you'll clear out, and be——"
"And be damned to me? Yes, I know! You can say that as often as
you like, but you've got to help me to face this business. You've got
to be the Man of the Family!" She smiled rather scornfully. "It's the
least you can do, if you really did try to make love to Bernadette."
He flushed a little, but answered calmly: "As I don't suppose you'll
be able to think of anything to say more disagreeable than that, you
may as well go, and let me dress."
"Yes, I will." She turned to the door, smiling in a grim triumph. Just
as she went out, she looked over her shoulder and added, "You'll
have to tell Godfrey."
That gave him a chance. He cried after her, "You're in a funk too,
really!"
She smiled at him. "Didn't I say I was a Lisle—or half a one—like
you, Arthur?" She pulled the door to, with a bang, and he heard her
quick decisive steps retreating along the corridor.
The next moment Barber entered the room, bringing hot water. He
had seen Judith as she came out. Only another of the queer things
happening this morning! He wore an air of tremendously discreet
gravity. But Arthur guessed from his face that wonder and surmise,
speculation and gossip, were afloat in the house already.
He dressed quickly and went down to breakfast. Judith was there
alone; Margaret was having breakfast upstairs with the nurse, she
told him—out of the way of chattering tongues, her look added—as
she poured out coffee.
Barber came in with a telegram, and laid it by her. "The boy's
waiting, miss."
She read it. "No answer, Barber."
"Oh, I want to send a wire. Bring me a form, will you?" said Arthur.
When he had written his message, Judith rose and came round to
him, carrying his coffee in one hand and the telegram in the other;
she gave him the latter to read—"Don't expect me back. Shall write
you." There was no signature.
"What does she want to write about?"
"Oh, her things, I suppose. What did you say in your wire?"
"I said 'Awfully sorry can't come. Pressing family business.'"
"It is—very. I'm afraid I was rather disagreeable, Arthur."
He looked up at her with a rueful smile as he stirred his coffee.
"You're like a cold bath on a freezing morning—stinging but
hygienic."
There was a sudden choke in her voice as she answered: "I'd have
said and done anything rather than let you go. And if I've ruined
your play and your prospects, I can't help it." She walked quickly
away to the window and stood there a moment with her back
towards him. Then she returned to her place and ate a business-like
breakfast.
CHAPTER XXIII
 FACING THE SITUATION
The gods were laughing at him; so it seemed to Arthur Lisle. They
chose to chastise his folly and his sin by ridicule. He whom the
catastrophe—the intrigue and the flight—had broken was chosen to
break the news of it. He must put on a composed consolatory face,
preach fortitude, recommend patience under the inevitable. He was
plumped back into his old position of useful cousin, the friend of
both husband and wife. Judith was that too. Why should not she
carry the tidings? "No, you'll be more sympathetic," she insisted,
with the old touch of mockery governing her manner again. "I
should tell him too much of the truth most likely." So he must do it.
But this useful cousin seemed a very different sort of man from the
stricken sufferer, the jealous lover, of overnight. Indeed it was
pitiable for the forsaken jealous lover—denied even a departure from
the scene of his woes, condemned to dwell in the house so full of
her and yet so empty, the butt (so his sensitive fancy imagined) of
half the gossip and half the giggles of which to his ears Hilsey Manor
was already full. But the forsaken lover must sink himself in the
sympathetic kinsman—if he could; must wear his face and speak in
his tones. A monstrous hypocrisy! "Bernadette's run away, but, I'm
sorry to say, not with me, Godfrey." No, no, that was all wrong—that
was the truth. "Bernadette's left you for Oliver Wyse—unprincipled
woman and artful villain!" Was that right? Well, 'artful villain' was
right enough, surely? Perhaps 'deluded woman' would do for
Bernadette. "Brave woman and happy man!" the rude laughter of
the gods suggested. "If we'd either of us had half his grit, Godfrey!"
All sorts of things impossible to say the gods invented in their high
but disconcerting irony.
"Well, I'm in for it—here goes!" thought Arthur, as he requested
Barber to find out from Mrs. Gates—who had been acting as nurse
to her master as well as to his little girl—when Mr. Lisle could see
him.
Gossip and giggles there may have been somewhere, probably there
were, but not on the faces or in the demeanour of Barber and Mrs.
Gates. Pomp, funereal pomp! They seemed sure that Bernadette was
dead, and that her death was a suicide.
"I will ascertain immediately, sir," said Barber. He was really very
human over it all—a mixture of shockedness and curiosity,
condemnation and comprehension, outrage and excuse—for she
certainly had a way with her, Mrs. Lisle had. But his sense of
appropriateness overpowered them all—a result, no doubt, of the
ceremonial nature of his vocation.
Mrs. Gates's humanity was more on the ample surface of her ample
personality. She made no pretence of not understanding what had
happened, and even went a little further than that.
"Lor, sir, well there!" she whispered to Arthur. "I've 'ad my fears. Yes,
he can see you, poor gentleman! I've not said a word to 'im. And
poor Miss Margaret!" She was bent on getting every ounce out of
the situation. Arthur did not want to kill her—she was a good woman
—but it would have relieved his feelings to jab a penknife into one of
the wide margins around her vital parts. "Why is she so fat?" he
groaned inwardly and with no superficial relevance. But his instinct
was true; her corpulence did, in the most correct sense, aggravate
the present qualities of her emotions and demeanour.
And so, in varying forms, the thing was running all through the
house—and soon would run all through the village. Mrs. Lisle—Mrs.
Lisle of Hilsey! Portentous, horrible—and most exciting! It would run
to London soon. Mrs. Lisle of Hilsey was not such a personage there
—but still pretty well known. A good many people had been at that
party where the Potentates had met. One of them had abdicated
now and gone—well, perhaps only as far as Elba!
All the air was full of her, all the voices speaking her name in unison.
The sympathetic cousin had great difficulty in getting on the top of
the defeated lover when Arthur entered Godfrey's room. And even
anyhow—if one left out all the irony and all the complication—the
errand was not an easy or a grateful one. If Godfrey had gone to
bed sooner than witness a flirtation, what mightn't he do in face of
an elopement?
The invalid was sitting up in bed, supported by several pillows,
smoking a cigarette and reading yesterday's "Times." The
improvement in his temper, manifest from the moment when he took
to his bed, seemed to have been progressive. He made Arthur
welcome.
"And I hope you've not come to say good-bye?" he added. Arthur
had mentioned to him too the call to London and to work.
"No, I'm going to stay on a few days more, if you can put me up. I
say, Godfrey——"
"Delighted to keep you—especially when I'm on my back. I hope to
be up soon, though, very soon. Er—Wyse is staying on too, I
suppose?"
"He left this morning, early, by motor."
"Did he? Really?" He smothered his relief, but it was unmistakable.
"Rather sudden, wasn't it?"
"Yes, it was sudden. The fact is——"
"Why did he go? Is he coming back?"
"I don't know—well, I mean, he didn't say anything to me. No, he
won't be back."
"Oh, I suppose he told Bernadette about it. I thought I heard
somebody moving about the house. I'm a light sleeper, you know,
especially when I'm ill. About six o'clock, I think it was. I—I suppose
Bernadette's disappointed at his not staying longer?" The assumed
indifference of his question was contradicted by the eagerness of his
furtive glance. Arthur felt it on him; he flushed as he sat down by
the bedside, seeking so hard for a form of words, for an opening—
something enlightening without being brutal. Godfrey's eyes,
sharpened by his ill-will and suspicion, marked the flush and the
hesitation; he guessed there was something to tell. "Well?" he
added, peevish at getting no immediate answer.
"She—she's gone away too this morning, Godfrey—early—before we
were up."
A lean hand shot out from the bed and grasped his wrist. "Arthur?"
"Yes, old chap, I'm sorry to say—it's a bad business."
"You do mean——? Arthur, you do mean——?"
"Yes, she's gone with him." He could not look at Godfrey; his speech
was no more than a mutter. He felt the grasp on his wrist tighten, till
it hurt him.
"The damned villain! I knew it! The infernal villain, Arthur!" Godfrey
cried querulously.
Clearly an assent was required. Arthur's was inadequate. "Awfully
bad business! Try to—to be calm, old fellow, while I tell you about
it."
"Yes, yes, tell me!"
There was really nothing material left to tell, but Godfrey was greedy
for details; such as there were to tell or conjecture he extracted by
rapid questioning, even to the telegram which had come for Judith.
Not till the end did he relax his hold on Arthur's wrist and lean back
again on his pillows.
He lay silent like that for a long time, with Arthur silent beside him.
His rage against Oliver seemed spent almost in the moment of its
outburst; to his companion's relief he said nothing about
Bernadette's conduct. He lay pathetically quiet, looking tired now,
rather than angry or distressed. At last he gave a long sigh. "Well,
we know where we are now!" he said.
That piece of knowledge had come to more than one inmate of the
house in the last twelve hours.
"We must face the situation, Arthur. It's come to a crisis! I think I'm
equal to getting up and—and facing the situation."
"Well, you know, there's no particular use in your——"
"My feelings are—well, you can imagine them." ("More or less!"
threw in the gods, grimly chuckling.) "But I mustn't think of myself
only. There's Margaret and—and all of it. Yes, I shall get up. I shall
get up and sit in my chair, Arthur." He was silent again for a minute.
"It makes a great difference. I—I shall have to consider my course—
what's best in the interests of all of us. A terrible blow! It must be a
blow even to you, Arthur? You and she were such good friends,
weren't you? And she does this—she lets herself be seduced into
doing this!"
"Yes, of course, it's—it's a blow; but it's you and Margaret we've got
to think about."
"No, I don't forget you, I don't forget you!" ("If only he would!"
groaned Arthur.) "Well, I must consider my course. Where did you
say the telegram was sent from?"
"Winchester."
"I expect they stopped to breakfast there."
"Very likely." Arthur rose to his feet; he did not enjoy a
"reconstruction" of the flight. The afflicted husband made no protest
against his movement.
"Yes, leave me alone for a little while. I have to think—I must review
the position. Tell Judith I should like to see her in about an hour's
time, and—and go into matters."
Happy to escape, Arthur left him facing the situation, reviewing the
position, considering his course, and determining to get up—to get,
at any rate, into his arm-chair—the better to perform these
important operations. The messenger of catastrophe came away
with a strange impression of the effect of his tidings. After the first
outburst—itself rather peevish than passionate—came that idle,
almost morbid curiosity about details from which he himself
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