IELTS Pro BD IELTS Pro BD IELTS Pro BD t&tTS Pro 8D—4€LTS Pro. BD_IELTS Pro BD IELTS Pro BD IELTS Pro BD IELTS Pro BD. IELTS Pro BD 18 REAL... TESTS With answer Reys IELTS Pro BD Edition --------------------------------------=----------------2 n-ne nmn nnn March---2025IELTS PRO BD Real Test 1 Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 01-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Radiocarbon Dating - The Profile of Nancy Athfield ‘A. Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that sione has been around many more years than your own lifetime, Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old aan object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating, This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an object’s age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia, Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia, These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, So Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modem methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. B. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her teain, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The teami-was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records anet historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place, Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use’ radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team condscted Yadiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records\thé-temains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The research ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athficld’s team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfield’s team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day D. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional, She didn’t start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low- paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didn’t know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athficld invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her ‘own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research, She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a rescarch institution. E, After college, Athfield’s career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific 2 1 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subject's diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She wwas seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athficld’s career was finally taking off, F, But Athfield’s interest in scientific laboratories wasn’t her only interest. She didn’t settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during, her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. G. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though matiy-did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to weological sciences in Cambodia Tn the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be avaliable /research skill, Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of ‘Angkor Wat. Questions 1-7, Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on you answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not Riven in the passage Nancy Athfield first discoveréd the aricient remains in Cambodia, ‘The remains found in the Cambodia was in good condition. Nancy took some time off from her regular work to do research in Cambodia. The Cambodia government asked Nancy to radiocarbon the remains. ‘The filmmakers aimed to find out how the Angkor was rebuilt Nancy initially doubted whether the royal family was hidden in Cambodia. Nancy disproved the possibility that the remains belonged to the Angkor royal family. Questions 8-13 Complete the flow-chart below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for answer sheet. Sh answer. Write your answers in boxes 8+13 on your The Career of Nancy Athfield During her mid-teens, Nancy wasn’t expected to attend 8 Willard Billy later helped Nancy to sind that she was intrested in sience Her PhD degree was researching when a kind 09... first Went into New Zealand, 2 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Heer research showed that the subject's 10......0:eemnes accounted for the fault in the earlier research. 1 She was a professional 11 before she went back to Cambodia in 2003, When she returned Cambodia, the lack of 12.. her research, 1 Then she compiled the 13, of the Cambodia radiocarbon dating of the ancients. . Was a barrier for 4 ‘After that, the lack of a detailed map of the geology of Cambodia became a hindrance of her research, 3 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Are Artists Liars? A Shortly before his death, Marlon Brando was working on a series of instructional videos about acting, to he called “Lying for a living”. On the surviving footage, Brando can he seen dispensing gnomic advice on his craft to a group of enthusiastic, if somewhat bemused, Hollywood stars, including Leonardo Di Caprio and Sean Penn. Brando also recruited random people from the Los Angeles street and persuaded them to improvise (the footage is said to include a memorable scene featuring two dwarves and a giant Samoan). “If you can lie, you can act.” Brando told Jod Kaftan, a writer for Rolling Stone and one of the few people to have viewed the footage. “Are you good at lying?” asked Kaftan, “Jesus.” said Brando, “I’m fabulous att” B Brando was not the first person to note that the line between an artist and a liar is a line one. If art is a kind of lying, then lying is a form of art, albeit of a lower order-as Oscar Wilde and Mark Twain have observed. Indeed, lying and artistic storytelling spring from a common neurological root-one that is exposed in the cases of psychiatric patients who suffer from a pafticular kind of impairment. Both liars and artists refuse to accept the tyranny of reality, Both carefully craft stories that are worthy of belief — 2 skill requiring intellectual sophistication, emotional sensitivity and physical self-control (liars are writers and performers of their own work). Such parallels are hafdly coincidental, as 1 discovered while researching my book on lying. c A case study published in 1985 by Antonio Damasio, a neurologist, tells the story of a middle-aged woman with brain damage caused by a series Of strokes. She retained cognitive abilities, including coherent speech, but what she actually, said was Yather unpredictable. Checking her knowledge of contemporary events, Damasio asked bér about the Falklands War. In the language of psychiatry, this woman was “confabulating”. Chronic confabulatfon is a rare type of memory problem that affects a small proportion of brain damaged people tn the literature it is defined as “the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted mentories abotit oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive”. Whereas amnesiacs makeertors of omission, there are gaps in their recollections they find impossible to fill — confabulators, make errors of commission: they make tilings up. Rather than forgetting, they are inventing. Confabulating patients are nearly always oblivious to their own condition, and will earnestly give absurdly implausible explanations of why they're in hospital, or talking to doctor. One patient, asked about his surgical sear, explained that during the Second World War he surprised a teenage girl who shot him three times in the head, killing him, only for surgery to bring him back to life. The same patient, when asked about his family, described how at various times they had died in his arms, or had been killed before his eyes. Others tell yet more fantastical tales, about trips to the ‘moon, fighting alongside Alexander in India or seeing Jestis on the Cross. Confabulators aren’t out to deceive. They engage in what Morris Moscovitch, a ncuropsychologist, calls “honest lying”. Uncertain and obscurely distressed by their uncertainty, they are seized by a “compulsion to narrate”: a deep-seated need to shape, order and explain what they do not understand. Chronic confabulators are often highly inventive at the verbal level, jamming together words in nonsensical but suggestive ways: one patient, ‘when asked what happened to Queen Marie Antoinette of France, answered that she had been “suicided” by her family. In a sense, these patients are like novelists, as described by Henry James: people on whom “nothing is wasted”. Unlike writers, however, they have little or no control over their own material D The wider significance of this condition is what it tells us about ourselves. Evidently, there is a gushing river of verbal creativity in the normal human mind, from which both artistic invention and lying are drawn, We are bom storytellers, spinning, narrative out of our experience and imagination, straining 4 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD against the leash that keeps us tethered to reality. This is a wonderful thing; itis what gives us out ability to conceive of alternative futures and different worlds. And it helps us to understand our own lives through the entertaining stories of others. But it can lead us into trouble, particularly when we try to persuade others that our inventions are real. Most of the time, as our stories bubble up to consciousness, ‘we exercise our cerebral censors, controlling which stories we tell, and to whom. Yet people lie for all sorts of reasons, including the fact that confabulating can be dangerously fun. E During a now-famous libel case in 1996, Jonathan Aitken, a former cabinet minister, recounted a tale to illustrate the horrors he endured after a national newspaper tainted his name. The case, which stretched on for more than two years, involved a series of claims made by the Guardian about Aitken’s relationships with Saudi arms dealers, including meetings he allegedly held with them on a trip to Paris while he was a government minister. Whitt amazed many in hindsight was the sheer superfluity of the lies Aitken told during his testimony. Aitken’s case collapsed in June 1997, when the defence finally found indisputable evidence about his Paris trip. Until then, Aitken’s charm, fluency and flair for theatrical displays of sincerity looked as if they might bring him victory, they revealed that not only was Aitken’s daughter not with him that day (when he was indeed door stepped), but also that the minister had simply got into his car and drove off, with no vehicle in pursuit. F Of course, unlike Aitken, actors, playwrights and novelists are-totJiterally attempting to deceive us, because the rules are laid out in advance: come to the theatre, oropeh this book, and we'll lie to you Perhaps this is why we fell it necessary to invent art in the fitst place: as a safe space into which our lies can be corralled, and channeled into something socially useful, Given the universal compulsion to tell stories, art is the best way to refine and enjoy the particularly.outlaidish or insight till ones, But that is not the whole story. The key way in which artistic “lies” differ from normal lies, and from the “honest lying” of chronic confabulators, is that they have a meafifig and resonance beyond their creator. The liar lies on behalf of himself; the artist tell ies on behalf of everyone. If writers have a compulsion to narrate, they compel themselves to find insights about(the human condition. Mario Vargas Llosa has written that novels “express a curious truth that can ofly Ke expressed in a furtive and veiled fashion, masquerading as ‘what it is not.” Artis a lie whose secret ingredient is truth, Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correet heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet List of Headings 4, Unsuccessful deceit Biological basis between liars and artists iii, How to lie in an artistic way iv. Confabulations and the exemplifiers ¥. The distinction between artists and common liars The fine line between liars and artists ‘The definition of confabulation . Creativity when people lie 14 Paragraph A 15 Paragraph B 16 Paragraph C ssseeeeersseeee 17 Paragraph D ssseseseesseeee 18 Paragraph E 19 Paragraph F 5 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Questions 20-21 Choose TWO letters, A- Write the correct letters in boxes 20-21 on your answer sheet, ‘Which TWO of the following statements about people suffering from confabulation are true? A. They have lost cognitive abilities B. They do not deliberately tell lie. They are normally aware of their condition ey do not have the impetus to explain what they do not understand. . They try to make up stories. C. D. E. Questions 22-23 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 22-23 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements about playwrights and novelists are true? ‘A. They give more meaning to the stories B. They tell lies for the benefit of themselves. C. They have nothing to do with the truth out there. D. We can be misled by them if not careful E, We know there are lies in the content. Questions 24-26 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS/strong> from the passage for each answer. ‘Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet AMM accused Jonathan Aitken, a former cabinet minister, who was selling and buying with 25 Aitken’s case collapsed inJune 1997, when the defence finally found indisputable evidence about his Paris trip. He was deemed to have his 26 They revealed that not only was Aitken’s daughter not with him thatdaypbut also that the minister had simply got into his car and drove off, with no vehicle in pursuit, 6 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 03 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. What is Meaning Why do we respond to words and symbols in the ways we do? Semantics, in general, is the subdivision of linguistics concemed with meaning. Semantics attempts the systematic study of the assignment of meanings to minimal meaning-bearing elements and the combination of these in the production of more complex meaningful expressions. Elementary word ‘groups may be combined in a relationship of content, forming thematic groups and semantic and lexical “fields”. For example, all the means of expressing the concept of joy in a given language constitute the lexical-semantic field “joy”. Because of the trained patterns of response, people listen more respectfully to the health advice of someone who has “MD” after his name than to that of someone who hasn’t. A “pattem of reactions”, then, is the sum of the ways we act in response to events, to words, and to symbols. Words and word meanings are one of the most important information cues used in speaking and understanding, as well as in reading. Indeed, a person’s life experience and cultural experience (even reading comic strips) are most relevant to the development of linguistic “meaning making” in any language, which is very important in the communication process. Words from a person’s native language and culture perspective can carry special associations. For‘instance,the Spanish words for hammock, tobacco, and potato are derived from Tamo words for these items. Therefore, when people's semantic habits are reasonably similar to those of most people afOund them, they are regarded as “normal” or perhaps “dull”. If their semantic habits are noticeably. different from those of others, they are regarded as “individualistic” or “original”, of, ifthe differences ate disapproved of or viewed with alarm, as “cra A definition states the meaning of a word using other words. It is clear that to define a word, as a dictionary does, is simply to explain the word with more words. However,defining words with more words usually gets people (especially childrett) at once into what mathematicians call an “infinite regress”, an infinite series of occurrences or concepts. For example, it can lead people into the kind of run-around that people sometimes encounter when they look up “impertinence” and find it defined as “impudence”, so they look up “impudénce” and find it defined as ““impertinence”. Yet—and here we ‘come to another common reaction pattem— people often act as if words can be explained fully with more words. To a person who asked for a definition of jazz, Louis Armstrong is said to have replied, “If you hhave to ask what jazz is, you'll never know”, proving himself to be an intuitive semanticist as well as a ‘great trumpet player. Semantics, then, seeks the “operational” definition instead of the dictionary Bridgman, the 1946 Nobel Prize winner and physicist, once wrote, “The true meaning of a term is to be found by observing what a ‘man does with it, not by what he says about it.” He made an enormous contribution to science by showing that the meaning of a scientific term lies in the operations, the things done, that establish its validity, rather than in verbal definitions. An example of operational definition of the term “weight” of an object, operationalized to a degree, would be the following: “weight is the numbers that appear when that object is placed on a weighing scale”, According to it, when one starts reading the numbers on the scale, it would more fully make an operational definition. But if people say—and revolutionists have started uprisings with just this statement “Man is bor free, but everywhere he is in chains!"—what operations could we perform to demonstrate its accuracy or inaccuracy? Next, iff this suggestion of “operationalism” is pulled outside the physical sciences where Bridgman applied it, what “operations” are people expected to perform as the result of both the language they use and the language other people use in communicating to them? Here is a personnel manager studying an 7 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD application form. He comes to the words “Education: Harvard University”, and drops the application form in the wastebasket (that’s the “operation”) because, as he would say if you asked him, “I don’t like Harvard men”. This is an instance of “meaning” at work—but it is not a meaning that can be found in dictionaries. So far as we know, human beings are the only creatures that have, over and above that biological equipment which we have in common with other creatures, the additional capacity for manufacturing symbols and systems of symbols. When we react to a flag, we are not reacting simply to a piece of cloth, but to the meaning with which it has been symbolically endowed. When we react to a word, we are not reacting to a set of sounds, but to the meaning with which that set of sounds has been symbolically endowed. As a matter of fact, how sound symbolism is processed in our brains has not yet been fully explained in the field. Simply put, the key point of semantics lies in, not the words definition, but our own semantic reactions, which occur when we respond to things the way they “should” be, rather than to the way they are. If a person was to tell a shockingly obscene story in Arabic or Hindustani or Swahili before an audience that ‘understood only English, no one would blush or be angry; the story would be neither shocking nor ‘obscene— indeed, it would not even be a story. Likewise, the value of a dollar bill is not in the bill, but in ‘our social agreement to accept it as a symbol of value. If that agreement were to break down through the collapse of our government, the dollar bill would become only a,scrap of paper. We do not understand a dollar bill by staring at it long and hard. We understand it by observing how people act with respect (o it We understand it by understanding the social mechanisms andthe Joyalties that keep it meaningful Therefore, semantics belongs to social studies and potentially underpins the integrity of the social Questions 27-31 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C oF D. Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sfeet. 27. What point is made in the first paragraph? A. The aim of education is to teach people to read. B. Semanties focuses on the definition of words C. Printed words only carry medning:to those who have received appropriate ways to respond. D. Writers should ensure their works satisfy a variety of reader 28. According to the second paragraph, people are judged by ‘A. their level of education, B. the closely-related people around them, C. how conventional their responses are. D. complex situations. 29. What point is made in the third paragraph? ‘A. Standard ways are incapable of defining words precisely, B. A dictionary often provides clear definitions of words, C. Infinite regress is a common occurrence in a dictionary. D. Mathematicians could define words accurately. 30. What does the writer suggest about Louis Armstrong? ‘A. Ile is a language expert. B. He demonstrated there are similarities between music and language. C. He provided insights into how words are defined. D. His good skill in music helped him do research in other fields. 8 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD 31. What does the writer intend to show with the example of the “personnel manager”? ‘A. The manager hates applicants from Harvard University, B. Meaning can be unique to one person, C. The manager has a bad memory of Harvard University D. People’s behaviour usually doesn’t agree with their words. Questions 32-35 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer No if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if itis impossible to say that the writer thinks about this 32 Some statements are incapable of being proved or disproved, 33 Meaning that is unique to an individual is less worthy of study than shared meanings. 34 Flags and words are both elicited responses. 35 A story can be entertaining without being understood. Questions 36-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, below. Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. 36 A comic strip 37 A dictionary 38 Bridgman 39 A story in a language the audiénce cannot understand 40 A dollar bill without publié acceptance ‘A. is meaningless B. can have a lasting effet off Human behaviour. C. is a symbol that has Jose.ts meaning, D. can be understood only in its social context. E. can provide only an inadequate definition of meaning. F reflects the variability of human behaviours. G. emphasizes the importance of analyzing how words were used H. suggests that certain types of behaviour cany more meaning than others. 9 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Test 1 Reading Anwwery 1. False 21.E 2. Not Given WA 3. Not Given 23.E 4. False 24, national newspaper 5. False 25, arms dealers 6. Not Given 26. victory 1. True 27.€ 8 university / college 28.C 9. rat 29.4 10. diet 30.€ 11, archaeologist 31.B 12. funding 32. Yes 13. database 33. Not Given 14. vi 34. Yes 18.1 35. No 16.1v 36.B 17. Vili 37.E 18.1 a81G 19.V 39.D 20.8 40. Ifyou score TIT you are highly unlikely to get an acceptable score under examination conditions and we recommend that you spend a lot of time improving your English before you take IELTS 18-26 you may get an acceptable score ‘under examination conditions but ‘we recommen that you think about having more practice or lessons before you take IELTS 27-40 you are likely to get an acceptable seore under ‘examination conditions but remember that different institutions will find different scores acceptable IELTS PRO BD 10 WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Real Test 2 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 01-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Cove Cave Resort Cove Cave Resort is often seen as @ form of nature-focused tourism and has developed into a key alternative attraction for visitors. Beyond offering the traditional resort experience, it has been proposed that management at Cove Cave Resort should emphasize best practices in environmental sustainability, incorporate educational and interpretive programs, and contribute both directly and indirectly to the protection of the natural and cultural surroundings. Cove Cave Resor is a large, ecotourism-oriented resort situated in a remote natural setting. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, the demand for eco-friendly, tranquil destinations with unique amenities has surged. Cove Cave Resort caters to this growing trend, encompassing approximately 150 hectares of pristine wildemess, The resort is separated from the mainland by a natural barrier, offering visitors a serene escape from the bustling city. Historically, the area was home to indigenous communities, but sadly, many were wiped out by diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox, and influenza by the late 19th ‘century, and the subsequent destruction of the ship (the Cambus ‘Walliee) because it contained dynamite, caused a large crater in the sandhills on Stradbroke Island. Eventually, the ocean breached the fragile land formation, and Stradbroke split into two separate islands. Cove/Caye Resort is established on one of the world’s few naturally occurring sand islands, which supports a'wide variety of plant ecosystems and is hhome to one of the largest remaining areas of the rare livistona rainforest on the Gold Coast. Much of the ‘mangrove and rainforest habitats, as well as the Melaleuca'Wetlands on both South Stradbroke Island and in Queensland, were cleared, drained, or filled to maké way for residential, industrial, agricultural, and urban development during the early 20thyeentury. By 1939, farmers and graziers abandoned South Stradbroke Island as the vegetation and soil were unsuitable for agricultural pursuits. Being located on an offshore islandptine re8ort is only accessible by means of water transportation. The resort provides hourly ferry servi¢e from the marina on the mainland to and from the island. Within the resort, transport modes includeswalking trails, bicycle tracks and the beach train, The reception area is the ‘counter of the shop which has not changed in 8 years at least. The accommodation is an octagonal These are large rooms that are clean but the equipment is tired and in some cases just working. Our ceiling fan only worked on high speed for example. Beds are hard but clean, there is television, radio, an old air conditioner and a small fridge. These "Bures” are right on top of each other and night noises do camry so be careful what you say and do. The only thing is the mosquitos but if you forget to bring ‘mosquito repellent they seil some on the island. South Stradbroke Island has a groundwater reserve located at the center of the island, which has a maximum height of 3 meters above sea level. The water supply is recharged by rainfall and is commonly referred to as an unconfined freshwater aquifer. Cove Cave Resort obtains its water supply by tapping into this aquifer and extracting it via a bore system, Some of the problems that have threatened the island’s freshwater supply include pollution, contamination, and over-consumption. To minimize these issues, all laundry activities are carried out on the mainland. The resort considers washing machines as ‘burdensome to the island’s freshwater supply, and the detergents contain high levels of phosphates, which are a major source of water pollution, The resort uses LPG-powered generation rather than a diesel- powered plant for its energy supply, supplemented by a wind turbine, which has reduced greenhouse emissions by 70% compared to diesel-cquivalent generation methods. Excess heat recovered from the ‘generator is used to heat the swimming pool. Hot water in the cabins and for some of the resort’s vehicles is solar-powered. Water-efficient fittings are also installed in showers and toilets. uw IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD We examined a case study of good management practice and a proactive sustainable tourism stance at an eco-resort. In three years of operation, Cove Cave Resort has won 23 international and national awards, including the 2001 Australian Tourism Award in the 4-Star Accommodation category. The resort has embraced and effectively implemented contemporary environmental management practices. It has been argued that the successful implementation of the principles of sustainability should promote long-term social, economic, and environmental benefits while ensuring and enhancing the prospects of continued viability for the tourism enterprise. Cove Cave Resort does not conform to the characteristics of the Resort Development Spectrum, as proposed by Prideaux (2000). According to Prideaux, the resort should be at least in Phase 3 of the model (the National Tourism Phase), which describes an integrated resort providing 3-4 star hotel-type accommodation. The primary tourist market in Phase 3 of the model consists mainly of interstate visitors. However, the number of interstate and international tourists visiting the resort is small, with the principal visitor markets comprising locals and residents from nearby towns and the Gold Coast region. The carrying capacity of Cove Cave Resort does not seem to be of any concern to the resort management, Given that itis a private commercial ecotourist enterprise, regulating the number of visitors to the resort to minimize damage done to the natural environment on South Stradbroke Island is not a binding constraint. However, the resort’s growth will eventually be constrained by its carrying capacity, and quantity control should be incorporated into the management strategy of the resort. Questions 1-5 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1, The Stradbroke became two islands A by intended destruction of the ship of the Cambus Wallace B by an explosion of dynamite on a ship and follewihg nature erosion C by the movement sandhills on Stradbroke Island D by the volcanic eruption on the island 2, Why are laundry activities for the resort éarried out on the mainland? A In order to obtain its water supply via.a bore system B In order to preserve the water and énti-pollution C In order to save the cost of installing Snerous washing machines D In order to reduce the level of phosphates in the water around 3. What is the major water supplier in South Stradbroke Island? A desalinating the seawater B collecting the rainfall C transporting from the mainland D boring groundwater 4, What is applied for heating water on Couran Cove Island Resort? A the LPG-power Ba diesel-powered plant C the wind power D the solar-power 2 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD 5. What does, as the managers of resorts believe, the prospective future focus on Amore awards for resort’s accommodation B sustainable administration and development in the long run C Economic and environmental benefits for the tourism enterprise D successful implementation of the Resort Development Spectrum Questions 6-10 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage. Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. ‘Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet. Being located away from the mainland, tourists can attain the resort only by 6. in a regular service. Within the resort, transports include trails for and the beach train. The on-island walking or tracks for both 7....... equipment is old-fashioned which is barely working such as the 8...... overhead, ‘There is television, radio, an old 9........ you can buy the repellant for 10... ifand a small fridge. Questions 11-13 Choose THREE correct letters among A-E. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. ‘What is true as to the contemporary situation of Couran Cove Istand Resort in the last paragraph? A. Couran Cove Island Resort goes for more eco-friendly practi¢es B. the accommodation standard only conforms to the ResortDevelpment Spectrum of Phase 3 C. Couran Cove Island esort should raise the accommodation Standard and build more facilities, D. the principal group visiting the resort is international tourists E. its carrying capacity will restrict the furure business’ expansion B IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Should space be explored by robots or by humans? A.The advisability of humans participating directly in space travel continues to cause many debates ‘There is no doubt that the presence of people on board a space vehicle makes its design much more complex and challenging, and produces a large increase in costs, since safety requirements are greatly increased, and the technology providing necessities for human passengers such as oxygen, food water must be guaranteed. Moreover, the systems required are bulky and costly, and their complexity increases for long-duration missions, Meanwhile, advances in electronics and computer science allow increasingly complex tasks to be entrusted to robots, and unmanned space probes are becoming lighter, smaller and ‘more convenient. B, However, experience has shown that the idea of humans in space is popular with the public. Humans can also be useful; there are many cases when only direct intervention by an astronaut or cosmonaut can correct the malfunetion of an automatic device. Astronauts and cosmonauts have proved that they can adapt to conditions of weightlessness and work in space without enountering too many problems, as was seen in the operations to repair and to upgrade the Hubble Space, Telescope. One human characteristic which is particularly precious in space missions, and whiclt so far Ys lacking in robots, is the ability to perform a great variety of tasks. In addition, robots are not goed at reacting to situations they have not been specifically prepared for. This is especially important‘in the’case of deep space missions. While, in the case of the Moon, itis possible for someone on Earth to ‘tele-operate'a robotic device such as a probe, as the two-way link time is only a couple of seconds, on Mars the two- way link time is several minutes, so sending instructions from Earth is more difficult C. Many of the promises of artificial intelligenge are still far from being fulfilled. The construction of ‘machines simulating human logical reasoning-moves towards ever more distant dates. The more the performance of computers improves)\the more we realise how difficult it is to build machines which display logical abilities. In the past it was ¢onfidently predicted that we would soon have fully automated factories in which all operations were performed without any human intervention, and forecasts of the complete substitution of workerS\by robots in many production areas were made. Today, these perspectives are being revised. It seems that all machines, even the smartest ones, must cooperate with humans. Rather than replacing humans, the present need appears to be for an intelligent machine capable of helping a human operator without replacing him or her. The word 'cobot,, from ‘collaborative robot’, has been invented to designate this type D.A similar trend is also apparent in the field of space exploration. Tasks which were in the past entrusted only to machines are now performed by human beings, sometimes with the aim of using simpler and less costly devices, sometimes to obtain better performance, In many cases, to involve a person in the control loop is a welcome simplification which may lower the cost of a mission without compromising safety. Many operations originally designed to be performed under completely automatic control can be performed more efficiently by astronauts, pethaps helped by their ‘cobots!. ‘The human-machine relationship must evolve towards a closer collaboration, E. One way this could happen is by adopting the Mars Outposts approach, proposed by the Planetary Society. This would involve sending a number of robotic research stations to Mars, equipped with permanent communications and navigational systems. They would perform research, and establish the infrastructure needed to prepare future landing sites for the exploration of Mars by humans. It has also been suggested that in the most difficult environments, as on Venus or Jupiter, robots could be controlled 4 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD by human beings located in spaceships which remain in orbit around the planet. In this case the link time for communication between humans and robots would be far less than it would be from Earth, F. But if space is to be more than a place to build automatic laboratories or set up industrial enterprises in the vicinity of our planet, the presence of humans is essential. They must learn how to voyage through space towards destinations which will be not only scientific bases but also places to live. If space is a frontier, that frontier must see the presence of people. So the aim for humankind in the future will be not just the exploration of space, but its colonisation, The result of exploring and living in space may be a deep change in the views which humankind has of itself. And this process is already under way. The images of Farth taken from the Moon in the Apollo programme have given humankind a new consciousness of its fragility, its smallness, and its unity. These impressions have triggered a realisation of the need to protect and preserve it, for itis the place in the solar system most suitable for US and above all itis the only place we have, at least for now. Questions 14-19 Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F, Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, Fix. in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet List of Headings i, Robots on Earth -a re-evaluation ii, The barriers to cooperation in space exploration iii, Some limitations of robots in space iv. Reduced expectations for space exploration, v. A general reconsideration of human/robot re§pohsibilities in space vi, Problems in using humans for space exploration vii, The danger to humans of intelligent machines viii, Space settlement and the development of greater self-awareness ix. Possible examples of cooperation in'space 14 Paragraph A sssesseessseeee 15 Paragraph B ssessssees 16 Paragraph C 17 Paragraph D 18 Paragraph E 19 Paragraph F Questions 20-21 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 20-21 on your answer sheet. According to the writer, which TWO predictions about artificial intelligence have not yet been fulfilled? A. Robots will work independently of humans. B. Robots will begin to oppose human interests, . Robots will be used to help humans perform tasks more ef D. Robots will think in the same way as humans. E, Robots will become too costly to use on space missions, 15 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Questions 22-26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet. Humans in space - the Mars Outposts approach and its implications One way of exploring space would be through collaboration between humans and robots. For example, when exploring the planet Mats, robots could be used to set up 22.........and do initial research before humans arrive. In other cases, humans and give orders to robots working on the surface of the planet. This would increase the spei with the robots. In such ways, robots might be used to work in space in commercial enterprises or 25....... However, the final aim of humankind may be the 26....... of space and this could in turn change people's attitudes towards Earth, could stay in orbiting 23. of 24, 16 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 3 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. The significant role of mother tongue language in education A ‘One consequence of population mobility is increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not a language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups scarch for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threatens the identity of the host society. Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the “problem” disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of society. B ‘The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school children) are respeeted, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the nation ate maximized. To waste the tesourees of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply)unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of children’s mother tongues in their educational development. c In fact, the research is very clear, When children vontinue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gaitt'a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted-during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous only one language doe’not trily know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility/in their thinking as a result of processing information through ‘two different languages. D The level of development of children’s mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e.g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Children’s knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other ‘when the educational environment permits children to access to both languages. E Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through children’s home language and 50% through the majority language, surely children’s won’t progress as far in the letter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject-matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on children’s development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops children’s speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (theit mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000) wv IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD F It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are leaning concepts and intellectual skills too, Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell the time in the majority language, they do not need to re-leam the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story and distinguishing fact from opinion. Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research. G Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to “pick up” conversational skills in the ‘majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood, Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their patents. By the time children become an adolescent chasm, Pupils frequently become alienated from the tultures of both home and school with predictable results Questions 27-30 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your ansWer sheet 27 What point is the writer making in the second paragraph? ‘A Some present studies on children’s mother tongues are misleading BA culturally rich education programme benefits some children more than others. C bilingual children can make a valuable contribution to the wealth of a country D The law on mother tongue use at sehodl should be strengthened. 28 Why does the writer refer to Something that Goethe said? Ato lend weight his argument B to contradict some research C to introduce a new concept D to update current thinking 29 The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their mother tongue ‘A they can teach older family members what they learn at school B they go on to do much better throughout their time at school C they can read stories about their cultural background D they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their peers. 30 Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching programmes? ‘A They worry that children will be slow to learn to read in either language B They think that children will confuse words in the two languages. € They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in their lessons D they fear that the programmes will usc up valuable time in the school day. 18 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Questions 31-35 Complete the summary using the list of words A-J below Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet ‘A Teachers B school C dislocation D rate E time F famil G communication Hype ability Jarea Bilingual children It was often recorded that Bilingual Children acquire the 31__. to converse in the majority language remarkably quickly. The fact that the mother tongue can disappear at a similar 32, is less well understood. This phenomenon depends to a certain extent, on the proposition of people with the same linguistic background that have settled in a particular 33, ; If this is limited, children are likely to lose the active use of their mother tongue. And thus no longer employ it even with 34 , although they may still understand it It follows that teenager children in these circumstances experience a sense of 35. in relation to all aspects of their lives. Questions 36-40 Do the following statements agree with the views of the wfitet in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts which the views)of the writer NOT GIVEN _ if itis impossible to say what thé writer thinks about this, 36. Less than half the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their Mother tongue 37. Research proves that learning the host country|language at school can have an adverse effect on a child’s mother tongue. 38. The foyer Program is to be accepted by the French education system. 39, Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual children. 40, Bilingual children can eventually apply comprehension strategies acquired in one language when reading in the other. 19 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD TEST 2 Reading Answery 01.8 2D 02.8 22. infrastructure 03. 23. spaceships 04.D 24, communication 05.8 25. laboratories 06. ferry 26. colonisation 07. bicycle 22.C 08. fan/ceiting fan 28.A 09. air conditioner 29.8 10. mosquitos/mosquito 30. 11. A, C, EIN ANY ORDER 311 12, A, C, EIN ANY ORDER 32.D 13. A, C, EIN ANY ORDER 36. Yes 37. NOTGIVEN 38.NO 39. NOT GIVEN 40, YES If you score TT you are highly unlikely to ‘get an acceptable score under examination conditions and we recommend that you spend a lot of time improving your English before you take IELTS 18-26 ‘you may get an a under examination conditions but we recommend that you think about having mote practice or lessons before you take IELTS 27-40 you are likely to get an ‘acceptable score under ‘examination conditions but remember that different institutions will find different scores acceptable IELTS PRO BD 20 WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD REAL TEST 3 Reading Passage 1 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 01-13 which are based on Reading Passage | below. The bridge that swayed. 1. When the London Millennium footbridge was opened in June 2000, it swayed alarmingly. This ‘generated huge public interest and the bridge became known as London's "wobbly bridge" 2. The Millennium Bridge is the first new bridge to access the river Thames in London since Tower Bridge opened in 1894, and itis the first ever designed for pedestrians only. The bridge links the City of London near St Pauls Cathedral with the Tate Modem art gallery on Bankside 3. The bridge opened initially on Saturday 10th June 2000. For the opening ceremony, a crowd of over 1,000 people had assembled on the south half of the bridge with a band in front. When they started to walk across with the band playing, there was immediately an unexpectedly pronounced lateral movement of the bridge deck. "It was a fine day and the bridge was on the route of a major organised walk for a noble cause,” one of the pedestrians recounted what he saw that day. “At first, it was still. Then it began to sway sideways, just slightly. Then, almost from one montent to.the Mext, when large groups of people were crossing, the wobble intensified, Everyone had to stop walking to retain balance and sometimes to hold on to the handrails for support”. Immediately, it wasdecided to limit the number of people on the bridge, and the bridge was dubbed the ‘wobbly’ bridge’by.the media who declared it another high-profile British Millennium Project failure. In order to fully, investigate and resolve the issue the decision was taken to close the bridge on 12th June 2000. 4, Arup, the leading member of the coffimitice in charge of the construction of the bridge, decided to tackle the issue head on. They immediately.undértook a fast-track research proje: the cure, The embarrassed engineers found the videotape that day which showed the centre span swaying about 3 inches sideways every second aitd the south span 2 inches every 1.25 seconds. Because there Was a significant wind blowing on the opening days (force 3-4) and the bridge had been decorated with large flags, the engineers first thought that winds might the exerting excessive force on the many large flags and banners, but it was rapidly concluded that wind buffering had not contributed significantly to vibration of the bridge. But after measurements were made in university laboratories of the effects of people walking on swaying platforms and after large-scale experiments with crowds of pedestrians were ‘conducted on the bridge itself, a new understanding and a new theory were developed, 5. The unexpected motion was the result of a natural human reaction to small lateral movements. It is well known that a suspension bridge has a tendency to sway when troops march over it in lockstep, which is why troops are required to break step when crossing such a bridge. “If we walk on a swaying surface we tend to compensate and stabilise ourselves by spreading our legs further apart but this increases the lateral push”. Pat Dallard, the engineer at Arup, says that you change the way you walk to match what the bridge is doing. It is an unconscious tendency for pedestrians to match their footsteps to the sway, thereby exacerbating it even more. “I's rather like walking on a rolling ship deck, you move one way and then the other to compensate for the roll.” The way people walk doesn't have to match exactly the natural frequency of the bridge as in resonance the interaction is more subtle. As the bridge moves, people adjust the way they walk in their own manner. The problem is that when there are enough people on the bridge the total sideways push can overcome the bridge's ability to absorb it. The movement becomes excessive and continues to increase until people begin to have difficulty in walking they may even have to hold on to the rails. 21 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD 6, Professor Funjino Yoz0 of Tokyo University, who studied the earth-resistant Toda Bridge in Japan, believes the horizontal forces caused by walking, running ot jumping could also in turn cause excessive dynamic vibration in the lateral direction in the bridge. He explains that as the structure began moving, pedestrians adjusted their gait to the same lateral rhythm as the bridge; the adjusted footsteps magnified the motion just like when four people all stand up in a small boat at the same time. As more pedestrian: locked into the same rhythm, the increasing oscillation led to the dramatic swaying captured on film until people stopped walking altogether, because they could not even keep upright. 7. In order to design a method of reducing the movements, an immediate research program was launched by the bridge's engineering designer Arup. It was decided that the force exerted by the pedestrians had to be quantified and related to the motion of the bridge. Although there are some descriptions of this phenomenon in existing literature, none of these actually quantifies the force. So there was no quantitative analytical way to design the bridge against this effect. ‘The efforts to solve the problem quickly got supported by a number of universities and research organisations. 8, The tests at the University of Southampton involved a person walking on the spot on a small shake table. The tests at Imperial College involved persons walking along a specially built, 7.2m- long platform, which could be driven laterally at different frequencies and amplitudes. These tests have their own limitations. While the Imperial College test platform was too shortthat nly seven or eight steps could be measured at one time, the "walking on the spot" test did not.aceurately replicate forward walking, although many footsteps could be observed using this method) Neither test could investigate any influence of other people in a crowd on the behaviour of the:individual tested. 9. The results of the laboratory tests provided inf&fination Which enabled the initial design of a retrofit to be progressed. However, unless the usage of the bridge was to be greatly restricted, only two generic ‘options to improve its performance were cofsidered feasible, The first was to increase the stiffness of the bridge to move all its lateral natural frequeticies out of the range that could be excited by the lateral footfall forces, and the second was to increase the damping of the bridge to reduce the resonant response. Questions 1-4 Choose FOUR letters, A-I. Write the correct letters in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. Which FOUR of the following could be seen on the day when the bridge opened to the public? A. the bridge moved vertically B. the bridge swayed from side to side C. the bridge swayed violently throughout the opening ceremony D. it was hard to keep balance on the bridge E. pedestrians walked in synchronised steps F. pedestrians lengthened their footsteps G. amusic band marched across the bridge H. the swaying rhythm varied to the portions of the bridge 1. Flags and banners kept still on the bridge Questions 5-10 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. To understand why the Millennium Bridge swayed, engineers of Arup studied the videotape taken on the day of the opening ceremony. In the beginning they thought of the forces of 5. might have 22 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD caused the movement because there were many flags and banners on the bridge that day. But quickly new understandings arose after a series of tests were conducted on how people walk on 6. floors, The tests showed people would place their legs 7. to keep balance when the floor is shaking. Pat Dallard even believes pedestrians may unknowingly adjust their 8, to match the sway of the bridge. Professor Fujino Yoro's study found that the vibration of a bridge could be caused by the 9 of people walking, running and jumping on it because the lateral rhythm of the sway could” make pedestrians adjust their walk and reach the same step until it is impossible to stand 10, Questions 11-13 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer: pec omaastet Problems ofthe test nL Not enough data collection 2 Not long enough 1B. Not like the real walking ekpétience 23 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. ‘Tasmanian Tiger A. Although it was called tiger, it looked like a dog with black stripes on its hack and it was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modem times. Yet, despite its fame for being one of the most fabled animals in the world, itis one of the least understood of Tasmania’s native animals. The scientific name for the Tasmanian tiger is Thylacine and it is believed that they have become extinct in the 20th century. B. Fossils of thylacines dating from about almost 12 million years ago have been dug up at various places in Victoria, South Australia and Westen Australia, They were widespread in Australia 7,000 years ago, but have probably been extinct on the continent for 2,000 yeats ago. This is believed to be ‘because of the introduction of dingoes around 8,000 years ago, Because of disease, thylacine numbers may have been declining in Tasmania at the time of European settlement 200 years ago, but the decline was certainly accelerated by the new arrivals. The last known Titsmanijin Tiger died in 1 lobar! Zoo in 193fi and the animal is officially classified as extinctTechnically, this means that it has not been officially sighted in the wild or captivity for 50 years. However, there are stil unsubstantiated sightings. C. Hans Naarding, whose study of animals had taken hinf around the world, was conducting a survey of a species of endangered migratory bird. The hat he sawethat night is now regarded as the most credible sighting recorded of thylacine whicttmany believe has been extinet for more than 70 years. D. “Ihad to work at night.” Naarding takeSup the story. “I was in the habit of intermittently shining a spotlight around, The beam fell on atvanimal in front of the vehicle, less than 10m away. Instead of risking movement by grabbing for a camera, I decided to register very carefully what I was seeing ‘The animal was about the sizeof a'small shepherd dog, a very healthy male in prime condition. What set it apart from a dog, thoughwas a slightly sloping hindquarter, with a fairly thick tail being a straight continuation of the backliné of the animal. It had 12 distinct stripes on its back, continuing, onto its butt, I knew perfectly well what I was seeing. As soon as I reached for the camera, it disappeared into the tea-tree undergrowth and serub.” E, The director of Tasmania’s National Parks at the time, Peter Morrow, decided in his wisdom to keep ‘Naarding’s sighting of the thylacine secret for two years. When the news finally broke, it was, accompanied by pandemonium. “I was besieged by television crews, including four to five from Japan, and others from the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand and South America,” said Naarding. F, Government and private search parties combed the region, but no further sightings were made, The tiger, as always, had escaped to its lair, a place many insist exists only in our imagination. But since then, the thylacine has staged something of a comeback, becoming part of Australian mythology. G. There have been more than 4,000 claimed sightings of the beast since it supposedly died out, and the average claims each year reported to authorities now number 150. Associate professor of zoology at the University of Tasmania, Randolph Rose, has said he dreams of seeing a thylacine, But Rose, who in his 35 years in Tasmanian academia has fielded countless reports of thylacine sightings, is now 24 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD convinced that his dream will go unfulfilled. H. “The consensus among conservationists is that usually; any animal with a population base of less than 1,000 is headed for extinction within 60 years,” says Rose. “Sixty years ago, there was only one thylacine that we know of, and that was in Hobart Zoo,” he says. 1. Dr. David Pemberton, curator of zoology at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, whose PhD thesis was on the thylacine, says that despite scientific thinking that 500 animals are required to sustain a population, the Florida panther is down to a dozen or so animals and, while it does have some inbreeding problems, is still ticking along. “T'l take a punt and say that, if we manage to find a thylacine in the scrub, it means that there are 50-plus animals out there.” J. After all, animals can be notoriously elusive. The strange fish is known as the coelacanth’ with its “proto-legs”, was thought to have died out along with the dinosaurs 700 million years ago until a specimen was dragged to the surface in a shark net off the south-east coast of South Africa in 1938. K. Wildlife biologist Nick Mooney has the unenviable task of investigating all “sightings” of the tiger totaling 4,000 since the mid-1980s, and averaging about 150 a year. It was Mooney who was first consulted late last month about the authenticity of digital photographic images purportedly taken by @ German tourist while on a recent bushwalk in the state. On face value, Mooney says, the account of the sighting, and the two photographs submitted as the proof_amount to one of the most convincing cases for the species” survival he has seen. L. And Mooney has seen it all - the mistakes, the hoaxes, thd illusions and the plausible accounts of sightings. Hoaxers aside, most people who report sightings end up believing they have been @ thylacine, and are themselves believable to the point they could pass a lie-detector test, according to Mooney. Others, having tabled a creditable report; then become utterly obsessed like the Tasmanian ‘who has registered 99 thylacine sightings to date, Mooney has seen individuals bankrupted by the obsession, and families destroyed, “It is a blind optimism that something is, rather than a cynicism that something isn’t,” Mooney/says. “If something crosses the road, it’s not a case of ‘I wonder what that was?” Rather, it is a caseof ‘that’s thylacine!” It isa bit like a gold prospector’s blind faith, “it has got to be there’.” M. However, Mooney treats all reports on face value. “I never try to embarrass people or make fools of them. But the fact that I don’t pack the car immediately they ring can often be taken as ridicule. Obsessive characters get irate that someone in my position is not out there when they think the thylacine is there.” N. But Hans Naarding, whose sighting of a striped animal two decades ago was the highlight of “a life of animal spotting”, remains bemused by the time and money people waste on tiger searches. He says resources would be better applied to save the Tasmanian devil, and helping migratory bird populations that are declining as a result of shrinking wetlands across Australia. 0. Could the thylacine still be out there? “Sure,” Naarding says. But he also says any discovery of surviving thylacines would be “rather pointless”. “How do you save a species from extinction? What could you do with it? If there are thylacines out there, they are better off right where they are.” 25, IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Questions 14-17 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. ‘Write your answers for questions 14-17 on your answer sheet, ‘The Tasmanian tiger, also called thylacine, resembles the look of a dog and has 14. ‘on its fur coat. Many fossils have been found, showing that thylacines had existed as early as 1S ceeccsssseesssvesseecsse Years ago. They lived throughout 16.....csssseee cece before disappearing from the mainland. And soon after the 17.....e.sseessoeessseesvoee Setters arrived the size of thylacine population in Tasmania shrunk at a higher speed, Questions 18-23 Look at the following statements (Questions 18-23) and the list of people below, ‘match each statement with the correct person A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter A, B, C or D for questions 18-23 on your answer sheet. NB. You may use any letter more than once. List of People A Hans Naarding B Randolph Rose C David Pemberton D Nick Mooney 18, His report of seeing a live thylacine in the wild attracted intemational interest. 19, Many eye-witnesses” reports are not trustworthy’ 20, It doesn’t require a certain number of animals to énsure the survival of a species. 21. There is no hope of finding a surviving Tasmaniai tiger. 22, Do not disturb them if there are any Tasmania tigers still living today. 23, The interpretation of evidence can be affected by people’s beliefs. Questions 24-26 Choose the correct letter A, B, Cor D. Write the correct letter for questions 24-26 on your answer sheet 24, Hans Naarding’s sighting has resulted in ‘A. government and organisations’ cooperative efforts to protect thylacine B. extensive interests to find a living thylacine. C. increase in the number of reports of thylacine worldwide. D. growth of popularity of thylacine in literature. 25. The example of the coelacanth is to illustrate 1. itlived in the same period with dinosaurs, 2. hos dinosaurs evolved legs. 3. some animals are difficult to catch in the wild 4, extinction of certain species can be mistaken. 26. Mooney believes that all sighting reports should be ‘A. given some credit as they claim even if they are untrue. B. acted upon immediately. C. viewed as equally untrustworthy. D, questioned and carefully investigated. 26 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. The Analysis of Fear Researchers are investigating the processes in the brain that give rise to fear in animals, The results may lead to new ways to treat human anxiety. Over the years, the majority of people acquire a range of skills for coping with frightening situations. They will attempt to placate a vexed teacher ot boss and will shout and run when chased by a hostile stranger. But some individuals become overwhelmed in circumstances others would consider only ‘minimally stressful: fear of ridicule might cause them to shake uncontrollably when called on to spe: 4 group, or terror of strangers might lead them to hide at home, unable to work or shop for groceries. Why do certain people fall prey to excessive fear? Ned H. Kalin and Steven B. Shelton at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are addressing this problem by identifying specific brain processes that regulate fear and its associated behaviors. Despite the availability of non-invasive computer imaging techniques, such information is still extremely difficult to obtain in humans. Hence, they have tured their attention to another primate, the rhesus monkey. These animals undergo many of the same physiological and psychological developmental stages that humans do, but in a more compressed time span, As we gain more insight into the nature and operation of neural circuits that modulate fear in monkeys, it should be possible to'pinpoint the brain processes that cause inordinate anxiety in people, and to devise new therapies to counteract it Effective interventions would be particularly valuable if they were applied at an early age>as growing evidence suggests overly fearful ‘youngsters are at high risk of later emotional distress, When they began their studies two decade8 agoyKalin and Shelton knew that they would first have to find ‘cues that elicit fear and identify behaviors that reflect different types of anxiety. With such information in hand, they could then proceed to determine the age at which monkeys begin to match defensive behaviors selectively to specific cues. Finally, by'determining the parts of the brain that reach maturity during the same time span, they could gain clies to the regions that underlie the regulation of fear and fear-related behavior. ‘The experiments were carried out at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Kalin and Shelton discerned varied behaviors by exposing monkeys between six and 12 months old to thee related situations. In the alone condition, an animal was separated from its mother and left by itself in a cage for ten minutes. In the no-eye-contact condition, a person stood motionless outside the cage and avoided looking at the solitary infant, In the stare condition, a person was again present and motionless but, assuming a neutral expression, peered directly at the animal. These positions are no more frightening than those that primates encounter frequently in the wild, ot those that human infants encounter every time they are left at a day- care center, In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted frequent gentle ‘coo’ calls made with pursed lips. More than 40 years ago it was deduced that when an infant monkey is separated from its ‘mother, it yearns to regain the closeness and security provided by nearness to the parent. These responses help to draw the mother's attention. In contrast, in the more frightening no-eye-contact situation, the monkeys reduced their Activity greatly and sometimes froze for extended periods of time, When an infant spots a potential predator, its goal shifts from attracting the mother to becoming inconspicuous. Inhibiting motion and freezing are common attempts to achieve this in many species. If the infant perceives that it has been detected, its aim shifts to warding off an attack. So the stare condition evoked a third set of responses. The ‘monkeys made several hostile gestures: barking (forcing air from the abdomen through the vocal cords to 27 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD emit a harsh, grow/ke sound) and staring back. Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones, such as fear grimaces, which look something like wary grins, or grinding of teeth. Having identified three categories of defensive behaviors, Kalin and Shelton set about determining when infant monkeys first begin to apply them effectively. Several lines of work had led them to surmise that the ability to make such choices emerges when an infant is around two months old. To establish the critical period of development, they examined four groups of infant monkeys ranging in age up to 12 weeks old. The babies were separated from their mothers, left to acclimatize to a cage, and then exposed to the alone, no-eye-contact and stare conditions. All sessions were videotaped for analysis. They found that the infants in the youngest group (no more than two weeks old) engaged in defensive behaviors.But they lacked some motor control and seemed to act randomly, as if they had not noticed the human beings that were present. Babies in the two intermediate-age groups had good motor control, but their actions seemed unrelated to the test condition. Only animals in the oldest group (nine- to 12-week olds) conducted themselves differently in each situation, and their reactions were both appropriate and identical to those of mature monkeys. This finding meant motor control was not the prime determinant of selective responding and that nine to 12 weeks is the critical age for the appearance of a monkeys ability to adaptively modulate its defensive activity to meet changing demands. Questions 27-30 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. 27.1n the first paragraph, the writer points out that A. fear and stress are different feelings B, most humans develop strategies for dealing with Fean C. business situations cause more fear than others. D. some people never experience fear 28, When discussing the use of rhesus monkeys as experimental subjects, the writer notes that A. they react mote quickly to fear-thaishumans, B. they are more influenced by. fear shan humans. C. their mental growth resembles that of humans D. their brains work more slowly than those of humans. 29, Which of the following did Kalin and Shelton outline as the second stage in their research project? A. the identification of expressions of anxiety in monkeys B. the identification of situations that arouse stress in monkeys Can analysis of brain development in monkeys D. the study of reactions to fear in monkeys of different ages 30. In the fourth paragraph, the writer notes that the three related situations A. reflect common experiences for infant humans and monkeys. B. highlight the similarities between monkey and human infant care. C. were predicted to cause monkeys more distress than human infants, D. were graded in terms of their potential effect on young monkeys. 28 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Questions 31 - 35 Look at the following responses of monkes (Questions 31-35) and the list of conditions below Match each response with the correct condition, A, B or C. Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet NB. You may use any letter more than onet List of Conditions A. the alone condition B. the no-eye-contact condition . the stare condition 31. aggressive facial expressions 32, prolonged stillness 33. a combination of contradictory signals, 34, appeals for maternal protection 35. the production of soft sounds Questions 36 - 40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER-{70m the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, Once they had identified three types of defensive befaviout, Kalin and Shelton grouped the monkeys according to theit 36.......0.5 in order to discovet precisely when they were able to respond appropriately to different fear-related cues. They videotaped theinfesults and found that monkeys as young as 37 svn Feacted t0 the cues but in a haphazard fashion. The researchers noted that they seemed to be unaware of the 38.........Who were aroufid them. Despite demonstrating 39 » the monkeys in the middle groups failed to react in ways corresponding to the experimental situation. The oldest group, however, reacted in the same way’as 40. and the researchers concluded that monkeys are capable of selective responding between ning'and2 weeks old 29 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Anwwery 0.8 02.D 03.5 04.11 05. wind(s) 06. swaying 07. Further apart 08. footsteps 09. Horizontal forces 10, upright 11. (engineer designer) Arup 12, Imperial College 13, University of Southampton 14, Black stripes 15, 12 million 36. age 16 Assan 3 Tyawadd IRA 38, Huma beings 19.D 39. Good! motor control 20.€ 40. Mature monkeys If you score TIT 18-26 27-40 you are highly unlikely to you may get an acceptable score | you are likely to get an get an acceptable score under _| under examination conditions but | acceptable score under examination conditions and we | we recommend that you think | examination conditions but recommend that you spend a lot | about having more practice or _| remember that different of time improving your English | lessons before you take IELTS | institutions will find before you take IELTS different scores acceptable 30 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD REAL TEST 4 Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 01-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Burgess Shale fossils Fauna vanished with a whimper, not a bang Some discoveries are so umusual it takes decades and sometimes even centuries to understand their fall significance. One such discovery is the fossil bed known as the ago. It was discovered in the Canadian Rockies over a century ago and was popularised in 1989 in a book, Wonderful Life, by Stephen Jay Gould an American palaeontologist. ‘The Burgess Shale fossils were created at a time when the future Canadian land mass was situated near the Earth’s equator. The creatures were preserved when an entire marine ecosystem was buried in mud that eventually hardened and became exposed hundreds of millions of years later in an outcrop of the Rocky Mountains. American palacontologist Charles Walcott, following reports of fabulous fossils finds by construction workers on Canadian railways who were digging in the mountains in the late 19 century, is said to have tripped over a block of shale in 1909 that revealed thé area’s remarkable supply of specimens. It has long been believed that the curious faunarthat lived there vanished in a series of extinction because the fossil record ends abruptly, but that no longer appears to be the case. ‘The Burgess Shale began to form soon after a period Of tinie known as the Cambrian explosion, when ‘most major groups of complex animals arose over'a surprisingly short period. Before 560m years ago, ‘most living things were either individual cellS or simple colonies of cells. Then, and for reasons that remain a mystery, life massively diversified anid became ever more complex as the rate of evolution increased. An unusual feature of the Burgess Shale is that it is one of the earliest fossil beds to contain, impressions of the soft body parts alongside the remains of bones and shells, which is highly unusual, Although the fossil bed was diseovéted on a mountain, these animals originally existed below an ocean, the bed of which was later pushed up to create the Rockies. Nobody knows exactly why they were so well preserved. One possibility is that the creatures were buried quickly and in conditions that were hostile to the bacteria that cause decomposition of soft body pars. ‘Those that first worked on the Burgess Shale, unearthing 65,000 specimens over a 14-year period up to 1924, assumed that the fossils came from extinet members of groups of animals in existence today. This tured out to be misleading because many of the creatures are so unusual that they are still difficult to classify. ‘One such example is Opabinia, a creature that grew to about Rem (3 inches), had five eyes, a body that ‘was a series of lobes, a tail in the shape of a fan and that ate using a long proboscis. The proboscis had a set of grasping claws on the end, with which it grabbed food and stuff it into its mouth. Nectocaris, ‘meanwhile, could be mistaken for a leech, with fins and tentacles. Weirdest of all was Hallucigenia, described by palacontologist Simon Conway Morris when he re-examined Walcott’s specimens in 1979, With its multiplicity of spines and tentacles, little about Hallucigenia made sense. Like an abstract painting, its orientation is a mystery at first, making it difficult to work out which way up it went, which hole food went into, and which hole food come out of 31 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Palacontologists had long thought that many of the Burgess Shale animals were examples of experiments in evolution. In other words, entirely new forms of life that did not survive or lead to other groups or species. Hallucigenia, ironically, tumed out to be the exception that proved the rule. It is now thought to be an ancestor of the modem group of arthropods, which includes everything from flies and butterflies to ccentipedes and crabs. Now another misconception has been quashed. Writing in Nature, Peter Van Roy of Yale University and his colleagues suggest that the sudden absence of such ctazy soft-bodied fossils does not indicate a mass extinction, but merely an end to the unusual local circumstances that caused the creatures to be preserved. In an area of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, Van Roy’s team of researchers have found another diverse (and sometimes bizarre) assemblage of soft-bodied organisms from a period after the Burgess Shale was formed. One discovery includes something that may be a stalked bamacle. This suggests that the evolution of such complex life went on uninterrupted. For its part, the Burgess Shale continues to produce an astonishing array of indefinable creatures faster than palaeontologists can examine them. The world still has plenty to learn about this wonderful life, QUESTIONS 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading P: In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write TRUE If the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN there is no information on this The Burgess Shale became widely knows tO the public because of Gould’s book. Charles Walcott had to get permission from Canadian authorities to gain access to the fossil site. The Burgess Shale includes impressions of soft and hard body patts. The Burgess Shale creatures were land animals. Researchers now believe that Halltcigenia is unrelated to any modem creature, QUESTIONS 6 -9 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. Burgess Shale Formation: - Burgess Shale was formed following a time called the 6.. Discovery and Investigation in the twentieth century: = discovered in 1909 - Charles Walcott learned of the fossil finds from people building a 7.....eee. ~ the first work on Burgess Shale was undertaken at the start ofthe century - a researcher looked at Burgess Shale findings again in 8. Recent theo - Peter Van Roy - believes that discoveries in Morocco show that the 9 of complex life forms continued 32 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD QUESTIONS 10-13 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer, ‘Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Burgess Shale Creatures Name Feature ‘Opabinia = five eyes = tail resembling a 10. - claws used to hold 1 Nectocaris ~Tooked like a 12 sssesen = fins ~ tentacles Hallucigenia spines used to 13 = tentacles 33 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 2 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Undoing our Emotions A. Three generations ago, 180 young women wrote essays describing why they wanted to join a convent (a religious community of nuns). Years later, a team of psychological researchers came across these autobiographies in the convent’s archives. The researchers were seeking material to confirm earlier studies hinting at a link between having a good vocabulary in youth and a low risk of Alzheimer’s disease in old age. What they found was even more amazing, ‘The researchers found that, although the young women were in their early twenties when they wrote their essays, the emotions expressed in these writings were predictive of how long they would live: those with upbeat autobiographies lived more than ten years longer than those whose language was more neutral. Deborah Danner, a psychologist at the University of Kentucky who spearheaded the study, noted that the results were particularly striking because all members of the convent lived similar lifestyles, eliminating many variables that normally make it difficult to interpret longevity studies. It was a phenomenal finding’, she says. ‘A researcher gets a finding like that maybe once inydlifetime.’ However, she points out that no one has been able to determine why positive emotions might have such life-extending effects. B. Barbara Fredrickson, Professor of Psychology at the UnivefsityJof Michigan, believes that part of the answer is the “undo effect’. According to this theor¥sspositive emotions help you live longer by shutting down the effects of negative ones. Fredfickson’s theory begins with the observation that negative emotions, like fear and stress, enfarite ‘our flight-or-fight response to very real threats, However, even when the emergency is gonestegative emotions produce lingering effects. Brooks Gump, a stress researcher at the State University»of New York, explains that one of these effects is excessive cardiovascular reactivity #Bchaviourally, Gump says, this reactivity is related to excessive vigilance: the state of being constantly of guard for potential dangers. Not only is it physically draining to live in a perpetual state of high vigilance, but high cardiovascular reactivity could be linked to increased chances of a heattattack. C. Fredrickson believes positive emotions work their magic by producing a rapid unwinding of pent-up tension, restoring the system tomormal. People who quickly bounce back from stress often speed the process by hamessing such emotions as amusement, interest, excitement, and happiness, she says. To test her theory, Fredrickson told a group of student volunteers that they had only a few minutes to prepare a speech that would be critiqued by experts. After letting the students get nervous about that, Fredrickson then told them they wouldn’t actually have to deliver their speeches. She monitored heart rates and blood pressure. Not surprisingly, all students got nervous about their speeches, but those who viewed the experiment with good-humored excitement saw their heart rates return to normal much more quickly than those who were angry about being fooled, In a second experiment, Fredrickson reported that even those who normally were slow to bounce back could be coached to recover more quickly by being told to view the experiment as a challenge, rather than a threat. D. Fredrickson believes that positive emotions make people more flexible and creative, Negative emotions, she says, give a heightened sense of detail that makes us hypersensitive to minute clues related to the source of a threat, But that also produces ‘tunnel vision” in which we ignore anything unrelated to the danger. Fredrickson speculated that just as positive emotions can undo the cardiovascular effects of negative ones, they may also reverse the attention-narrowing effects of negative feelings: broadening our perspectives. 34 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD E. To verify her theory, Fredrickson showed a group of students some film clips- some saw frightening clips, some saw humorous ones or peaceful ones. They then did a matching test in which they were shown a simple drawing and asked which of two other drawings it most resembled. The drawings were designed so that people would tend to give one answer if they focused on details, and another answer if they focused on the big picture, The results confirmed Fredrickson’s suspicion that positive emotions affect our perceptions. Students who had seen the humorous or peaceful clips were more likely to match objects according to broad impressions. F. This fits with the role that positive emotions might have played in early human tribes, Fredrickson says. Negative emotions provided focus, which was important for surviving in life-or-death situations, but the ability to feel positive emotions was of long-term value because it opened the mind to new ideas. Humour is a good example of this. She says: ‘The emotions are transient, but the resources are durable. If you building a friendship through being playful, that friendship is a lasting resource.’ So while the good feelings may pass, the friendship remains. On an individual level, Fredrickson’s theory also says that taking time to do things that make you feel happy isn’t simply self-indulgent. Not only are these emotions good for the individual, but they are also good for society. G. Other researchers are intrigued by Fredrickson’s findings. Susan Folkman, of the University of California, has spent two decades studying how people cope with long-term stresses such as bereavement, or caring for a chronically ill child. Contrary to-what\one might expect, she says, these people frequently experience positive emotions. ‘These émations.afen’t there by accident’, she adds. "Mother Nature doesn’t work that way, I think that they give a person time out from the intense stress to restore their resources and keep going. This is very;consistehit with Fredrickson’s work.” QUESTIONS 14-19 Reading Passage has seven sections, A-G. Buy bestselling books online Which section contains the following inférmation? Write the correct letter, A+G, in boxes 14-19.on Your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than dnée. 14, a conclusion that itis possible to train people to deal with anxiety conclusive evidence that lifespan can be influenced by emotions. in explanation of the way negative emotions affect what people concentrate on experiment that showed how a positive outlook can help people adjust to 17. a stressful situation faster than others 18. a discovery beyond what researchers were investigating 19, an experiment where the nature of a material seen by participants affected the way they performed atask 35, IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD QUESTIONS 20-23 Look at the following statements (Questions 20-23) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-D, ‘Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet, NB You may use any letter more than once. List of Researchers Deborah Danner Barbara Fredrickson Brooks Gump Susan Folkman same 20. People whose daily lives are stressful often have surprisingly positive emotions. 21. The body's reaction to a crisis may trigger a life-threatening event. 22, It is unusual to have a study group whose circumstances were very alike. 23. The reasons for a link between positive emotions and a longer life have not been established. QUESTIONS 24-26 Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. «24, In early tribes, negative emotions gave hunfanis the .......that they needed to deal with emergenci + 25, Fredrickson believes that a passing positive cthotion can lead to an enduring asset such as a which is useful in times «© come. ‘= 26, Fredrickson also believes that both individuals and .. Jbenefit from positive emotions. 36 IELTS PRO BD WhatsApp-01848361793IELTS PRO BD Reading Passage 3 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Children’s literature studies today Who studies children’s literature and what is it that they study? The answers to this question are complex and messy, because of the many confounding factors which exist in this field Firstly, unlike literature for adults. Children’s literature is not generally written by its own readers. Adults write for children, and thus adult perceptions of what children are and of what they could and should be become woven into the literature. Furthermore, some of those who study children’s literature (and those who write certain kinds of children’s books) are less interested in literary values than in the kinds of lessons it can teach- either in terms of creating better children or in terms of serving a particular curriculum, The issue of how a teacher ‘can use a children’s book is often contentious, but even outside the classroom, much material for children is still didactic. Thirdly, while almost all literature is currently promoted within a strong commercial matrix, children’s literature is often especially targeted for marketing initiatives.

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