Module

The Teacher as a
Knower of Curricula 2

Module 2 describes the school curriculum in terms of its

definition, its nature and scope, which are needed by the
teacher as a knower. This module provides a wider perspective
for the teachers about the curriculum, in terms of curriculum
approach, curriculum development process, some curriculum
models and the foundations upon which curriculum is anchored.
Lesson
The School Curriculum: Definition, Nature and Scope
2.1

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

Define curriculum from different perspectives

Describe the nature and scope of curriculum

This is good for 2 weeks ( Feb 16-28, 2022)

Submit output on March 5, 2022

There seems to be confusion about what curriculum should really be. To

have a common understanding of what curriculum really is, this lesson will
present some definitions as given by authors. Likewise, you will find in this
lesson the description of the nature and scope of curriculum from several points
of view. This lesson will also explain how curriculum is being approached. It
further shows a development process as a concept and as process as applied to
school curriculum. Enjoy while learning!

Exercise 3: “My
Perspective”
Step 1: Interview at least 3 teachers and 3 “common tao” in your locality (face to
face or online). Ask them to define curriculum on their own perspective.

Step2: Create your own definition of curriculum out from the definition given by
the teachers and by the “common tao”. Use the table below.

Name – Grade Level

Assignment *for
teachers
Definition of Curriculum
(e.g. Juan Cruz – Grade
7)
My definition of Curriculum:
_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
What is/are their basis in defining the curriculum? Do they have the same
perspective of what curriculum is?

Oftentimes curriculum is taken in its narrow view as a listing of subjects to

be taught in schools or sometimes it is understood broadly as all experiences
that individuals undergo while in school. We cannot deny the fact that curriculum
should be clarified by teachers and other stakeholders.

Like many concepts in education, there seems to be no common definition

of ‘curriculum’. However, the word originates from the Latin word currere
referring to the oval track upon which Roman chariots raced.

Definition of Curriculum according to:

The New International Dictionary –the whole body of course in an

educational institution or by a department.

Oxford English Dictionary – courses taught in schools or universities.

Curriculum means different things to different people. Sometimes

educators equate curriculum with the syllabus while a few regard it as all the
teaching-learning experiences which the student encounters while in school.
Numerous definitions indicate dynamism which connotes diverse interpretations
as influenced by modes of thoughts, pedagogies, philosophies, political as well
as cultural perspectives. Here are some of them.

Some Definitions of Curriculum

Curriculum is a planned and guided set of learning experiences Daniel

and intended outcomes, formulated through the systematic Tanner, 1980
reconstruction of knowledge and experiences under the auspices
of the school, for the learners’ continuous and willful growth in
personal social competence.

It is written document that systematically describes goals Pratt, 1980

planned, objectives, content, learning activities, evaluation
procedures and so forth.

The contents of a subject, concepts and tasks to be acquired, Schubert,

planned activities, the desired learning outcomes and 1987
experiences, product of culture and an agenda to reform society
make up a curriculum.

A curriculum includes “all of the experiences that individual Hass, 1987

learners have in a program of education whose purpose is to
achieve broad goals and related specific objectives, which is
planned in terms of a framework of theory and research or past
and present professional practice.

It is a programme of activities (by teachers and pupils) designed Grundy, 1987

so that the pupils will attain so far as possible certain educational
and other schooling ends or objectives.

It is a plan that consists of learning opportunities for a specific Goodland and

time frame and place, a tool that aims to bring about behaviour Su, 1992
changes in students as a result of planned activities and includes
all learning experiences received by students with the guidance
of the school.

It provides answers to three questions: 1. What knowledge, skills Cronbeth,

and values are most worthwhile? 2. Why are they most 1992
worthwhile? 3. How should the young acquire them?

1. Robert Hutchins

✔ Views curriculum as a “permanent studies” where rules of grammar,

reading, rhetoric logic and math are emphasized.

✔ The 3Rs should be emphasized in basic education while Liberal

Education should be emphasized on college.

2. Arthur Bestor
Curriculum from Traditional Points of View
✔ Believes that the mission of the school should be intellectual training
which include Math, Science, History and Foreign Language

3. Philip Phenix

✔ Curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge which comes from

various disciplines.

4. Joseph Schwab
✔ The sole source of curriculum is a discipline, thus the subject areas
such as Science, Mathematics, Social Studies, English and many
 more. In college, academic discipline are labeled as humanities,
sciences, languages, mathematics among others. He coined the word
discipline as a ruling doctrine for curriculum development.
From a traditional view, curriculum is mostly written documents such as syllabus,
course of study, books and references where knowledge is found but is used
as a means to accomplish intended goals.

Curriculum from Progressive Points of View

1. John Dewey

✔ Believes that education is experiencing.

2. Holis Caswell & Kenn Campbell

✔ Viewed curriculum as all experiences children have under the

guidance of teachers.

3. Collin Marsh & George Willis

✔ Viewed curriculum as all the experiences in the classroom which are

planned and enacted by the teacher and also learned by the
students.

4. Othaniel Smith, William Stanley and Harlan Shore

✔ Sequence of potential experiences, set up in schools for the purpose
of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and
acting.
In its broadest terms, a progressive view of curriculum is the total
experiences of the individual.

SUMMARY:

CURRICULUM is what is taught in school, a set of subjects, a content, a

program of studies, a set of materials, a sequence of courses, a set of
performance objectives, everything that goes within the school. It is what is
taught inside and outside of the school directed by the teacher, everything
planned by school, a series of experiences undergone by learners in school or
what individual learner experiences as a result of school. In short, curriculum is
the total learning experiences of the learner under the guidance of the teacher.

Activity 3

A. Traditional or Progressive: What is your View of Curriculum?

 1. What is your own definition of a curriculum? Write down your answer in
the space provided.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you have a traditional view of a curriculum, a progressive view or both?

Explain your view based on your definition.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
B. Check the box if the definition is either Traditional (T), or Progressive
(P).

No Description (T) (P)

.

1 Teachers are required to teach the book from cover to cover

2 If the learners can memorize the content, then the curriculum is

best.

3 Children are given opportunity to play outdoors.

4 Parents send children to a military type of school with rigid

discipline

5 Teachers are reluctant to teach beyond the written curriculum.

6 Prerequisites to promotion for the next grade are skills in

reading, writing and arithmetic only.

7 Teachers provide varied experiences for the children.

8 Learning can only be achieved in schools.

9 It is the systematic arrangement of contents in the course

syllabus.

10 Co-curricular activities are planned for all to participate.

C. Self-Reflect
Pick up a daily newspaper and read today’s headline. Choose one and
reflect on this headline that relates to curriculum and to your becoming a
curricularist. Write your answer in at least two paragraphs.
 ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Great job! I know that you really learned our lesson. You can now
proceed to the next lesson which is about Approaches to the School
Curriculum.

YOU SUBMIT OUTPUT ON:

1. Exercise 3
2. Activity 3k

Module
The Teacher as a
Knower of Curricula 2
 Module 2 describes the school curriculum in terms of its
definition, its nature and scope, which are needed by the
teacher as a knower. This module provides a wider perspective
for the teachers about the curriculum, in terms of curriculum
approach, curriculum development process, some curriculum
models and the foundations upon which curriculum is anchored.

Lesson
Approaches to the School Curriculum
2.2

Desired Learning Outcomes:

Describe the different approaches to school curriculum
Explain by examples how the approaches clarify the definition of
curriculum
Reflect on how the three approaches interrelate with each other

Good day! Welcome to our new lesson. You will scholarly

introduce to the different approaches of curriculum. From the
various definitions, we realize that curriculum is viewed in
many ways. Let us look back and use the definitions as a way of
classifying how Curriculum is viewed. In this lesson, let us look
at the curriculum as either a Content, a Process or a Product to
fully understand the different perspectives of what curriculum
is all about. Prepare yourself to grasp new knowledge that
could impart your intellectual development. Enjoy while
learning.

Content Focus
Three Ways of Approaching a Curriculum

Curriculum can be approached or seen in three ways. It can be defined as a content, a

process or an outcome. If you examine the definitions provided by the experts in the field,
there are three ways of approaching a curriculum. First, is to approach it as content or a
body 0f knowledge to be transmitted. Second, is to approach it as a product or the learning
outcomes desired of learners. Third, is to approach it as a process or what actually happens
in the classroom when the curriculum is practiced.

1. Curriculum as a Content or Body of Knowledge

It is quite common for traditionalists to equate a curriculum to a topic outline, subject matter, or
concepts to be included in the syllabus or a book. For example, a primary school mathematics
curriculum consists of topics on addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, distance, weight and
many more. Another example is in secondary school science that involves the study of biological
science, physical science, environmental science and earth science. Textbooks tend begin with
biological science such are plants and animals’ physical science with the physical elements, force and
motion; earth science with the layers of the earth and environmental science with the interaction of
the biological and physical science and earth’s phenomena, Climate vegetation followed by
economic activities such as agriculture, mining: industries, urbanization and so forth. ‘
Exercise
If curriculum is equated as content, then the focus will be the body of knowledge to be
1 using appropriate teaching method. There can be a likelihood that teaching
transmitted to students
will be limited to the acquisition of facts, concepts and principles of the subject matter, however, the
content or subject matter can also be taken as a means to an end.

All curricula have content regardless of their design or models. The fund of knowledge is the
repository of accumulated discoveries and inventions of man from the explorations of the earth and
Activity 1
as products of research. In most educational setting, curriculum is anchored on a body of
knowledge or discipline.

There are four ways of presenting the content in the curriculum.

These are:

l. Topical Approach; where much content is based on knowledge, and experiences are included;

2. Concept Approach with fewer topics in clusters around major and sub-concepts and their
interaction, with relatedness emphasized;

3. Thematic Approach as a combination of concepts that develop conceptual structures, and

4. Modular Approach that leads to complete units of instruction.

Criteria in the Selection of Content

There are some suggested criteria in the selection of knowledge or subject matter. (Scheffer, 1970 in
Bilbao, et a1 2015)

1. Significance. Content should contribute to ideas, concepts, principles and generalization that
should attain the overall purpose of the curriculum. It is significant if content becomes the means of
developing cognitive, affective or psychomotor skills of the learner. As education is a way of
preserving culture, content will be significant when this will address the cultural context of the
learners.

2. Validity. The authenticity of the subject matter forms its validity. Knowledge becomes obsolete
with the fast-changing times. Thus there is a need for validity check and verification at a regular
interval, because content which may be valid in its original form may not continue to be valid in the
current times.

3. Utility. Usefulness of the content in the curriculum is relative to the learners who are going to use
these. Utility can be relative to time. It may have been useful in the past, but may not be useful now
or in the future. Questions like: Will I use this in my future job? Will it add meaning to my life as a
lifelong learner? Or will the subject matter be useful in solving current concerns?

4. Learnability. The complexity of the content should be within the range of experiences of the
learners. This is based on the psychological principles of learning. Appropriate organization of
content standards and sequencing of contents are two basic principles that would influence
learnability.

5. Feasibility. Can the subject content be learned within the time allowed, resources available,
expertise of the teachers and the nature of the learners? Are there contents of learning which can
be learned beyond the formal teaching-learning engagement? Are there opportunities provided to
learn these?
6. Interest. Will the learners take interest in the Content? Why? Are the contents meaningful? What
value will the contents have in the present and future life of the learners? Interest is one of the
driving forces for students to learn better.

The selection of the subject matter or content, aside from the seven criteria mentioned earlier, may
include the following guide.

Guide in the Selection of the Content in the Curriculum

1. Commonly used in the daily life

2. Appropriate to the maturity levels anti abilities of the learners
3. Valuable in meeting the needs and competencies of the future career
4. Related to other subject fields or discipline for complementation and integration
5. Important in the transfer of learning to other disciplines.

B A S I C S : Fundamental Principles for Curriculum Contents

Palma in 1952 proposed that the contents in the curriculum should be guided by Balance,
Articulation, Sequence, Integration and Continuity. However, in designing a curriculum contents
Hunkins and Ornstein (2018) added an important element which is Scope, hence from BASIC to
BASICS initials of Balance, Articulation, Sequence, Integration, Continuity.

● Balance. Content should be fairly distributed in depth and breadth. This will guarantee that
significant contents should be covered to avoid too much or too little of the contents
needed with in the time allocation.

● Articulation. As the content complexity progresses with the educational levels, vertically or
horizontally, across the same discipline smooth connections or bridging should be provided.
This will assure no gaps or overlaps in the content. Seamlessness in the content is desired
and can be assured if there is articulation in the curriculum. Thus, there is a need off team
among writers and implementers of curriculum.

● Sequence. The logical arrangement of the content refers to sequence or order. This can be
done vertically for deepening the content or horizontally for broadening the same content.
In both ways, the pattern usually is from easy-to complex, what 'is known to the unknown,
what is current to something in the future.

● Integration. Content in the curriculum does not stand alone or in isolation. It has some
ways of relatedness or connectedness to other contents. Contents should be infused in
other disciplines whenever possible. This will provide a wholistic or unified view of
curriculum instead of segmentation. Contents which can be integrated to other disciplines
acquire a higher premium than when isolated.
 ● Continuity. Content When viewed as a curriculum should continuously flow as it was
before, to where it is now, and where it will be in the future. It should be perennial. It
endures time. Content may not be in the same form and substance as seen in the past since
changes and developments in curriculum occur. Constant repetition, reinforcement and
enhancement of content are all elements of continuity.

● Scope. The breadth and depth of the curriculum content are vital in a curriculum. Scope
consists of all the contents, topics, learning experiences comprising the-curriculum. In
layman’s term scope refers to coverage. The scope shall consider the cognitive level,
affective domain and psychomotor skills in identifying the contents. Other factors will be
considered but caution is given to overloading of contents. “More contents is not always
better.”

2. Curriculum as a Process

We have seen that the curriculum can be approached as content. On the other hand, it can also be
approached as a process. Here, curriculum is not seen as a physical thing or a noun, but as a verb or
an action. It is the interaction among the teachers, students and content. As a process, curriculum
happens in the classroom as the questions asked by the teacher and the learning activities engaged
in by the students. It is an active process with emphasis on the context in which the processes occur.
Used in analogy of a recipe in a cookbook, a recipe is the content While the ways of cooking are the
process.

Curriculum as a process is seen as a scheme about the practice of teaching. It is not a package of
materials or a syllabus of content to be covered. The classroom is only part of the learning
environment where the teacher places action using the content to achieve an outcome.

Hence the process of teaching and learning becomes the central concern of teachers to emphasize
critical thinking, and heads-on, hands-on teaming and many others. '

As a process, curriculum links to the content. While content provides materials on what to teach, the
process provides curriculum on how to teach the content. When accomplished, the process will
result to various curriculum experiences for the learners. The intersection of the content and process
is called the Pedagogical Content Knowledge or PCK. It will address the question: If you have this
content, how will you teach it?

This section will not discuss in detail the different teaching strategies from where learning
experiences are derived. Rather, it will describe how the process as a descriptor of curriculum is
understood. The content is the substance of the curriculum; how the contents will be communicated
and learned will be addressed by the process.

To teachers, the process is very critical. This is the other side of the coin: instruction,
implementation, teaching. These three words connote the process in the curriculum. When
educators ask teachers: What curriculum are you using? Some of the answers will be: 1. Problem
based. 2. Hands-on, Minds-on 3. Cooperative Learning 4. Blended Curriculum 5. On-line 6. Case-
based and many more. These responses approach curriculum as a Process. These are the ways of
teaching, ways of managing the content, guiding learning, methods of teaching and learning and
strategies of teaching or delivery modes. In all of these, there are activities and actions that every
teacher and learner do together or learners are guided by the teacher. Some of the strategies are
time tested traditional methods while others are emerging delivery modes.

When curriculum is approached as a PROCESS, guiding principles are presented.

1. Curriculum process in the form of teaching methods or strategies are means to achieve the end.

2. There is no single best process or method. Its effectiveness will depend on the desired learning
outcomes, the learners, support materials and the teacher.

3. Curriculum process should stimulate the learners’ desire to develop the cognitive, affective,
psychomotor domains in each individual.

4. In the choice of methods, learning and teaching styles should be considered.

5. Every method or process should result to learning outcomes which can be described as cognitive,
affective and psychomotor.

6. Flexibility in the use of the process or methods should be considered. An effective process will
always result to learning outcomes.

7 Both teaching and learning are the two important processes in the implementation of the
curriculum.

3. Curriculum as a Product

Besides viewing curriculum as content that is to be transmitted, or process that gives action using
the content, it has also been viewed as a product. In other Words, product is what the students
desire to achieve as learning outcomes.

The product from the curriculum is a student equipped with the knowledge, skills and values to
function effectively and efficiently. The real purpose of education is to bring about significant
changes in students’ pattern of behavior. It is important that any statement of objectives or intended
outcomes of the school should be a statement of changes to take place in the students. Central to
the approach is the formulation of behavioral objectives stated as intended learning outcomes or
desired products so that content and teaching methods may be organized and the results evaluated.
Products of learning are operationalized as knowledge, skills, and values.

Curriculum product is expressed in the form of outcomes which are referred to as the achieved
learning outcomes. There may be several desired learning outcomes, but if the process is not
successful, then no learning outcomes will be achieved. These learned or achieved learning
outcomes are demonstrated by the person who has meaningful experiences in the curriculum. All of
these are result of planning, tent and processes in the curriculum.

Module Assessment (Submit this as your output)

 1. Explain the processes of:
1.1. Curriculum As Content;
1.2. Curriculum As an Approach; and
1.3. Curriculum as a Product
2. Have a research on the K-12 Curriculum, describe and take a
screen shot of the examples of the part of the curriculum showing B
A S I C S : Fundamental Principles for Curriculum Contents.

Congratulations! You may now proceed to

the next module!