Electrical Machines

Laboratory Manual

2nd Year B.Tech.

Course Code: EE2P003

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 1

 Contents
Page No.
i. Title Page 0
ii. Contents 1
iii. Safety Rules 2
iv. Course Outline 3
v. Instructions to students 4
vi. Points For Maintaining Lab Records 5
vii. Electrical Symbols 6-8
viii. Laboratory Equipment Slip 9
ix. Undertaking 10
x. List of Experiments 11
xi. Familiarization with Lab. Equipments and Basic Measurements 12
xii. Experiments 13-45

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 2

 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

SAFETY RULES
1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Laboratories.
2. Electricity NEVER EXCUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling electrical
equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such contact may
subject you to electrical shock).
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a live point,
current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from electrical shock).
5. Avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an equipment/instrument and this may lead to an
accident particularly if the equipment happens to be rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tied firmly or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you move your
hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point and thereby subject
you to electrical shock)
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the body reduce
the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will be touching
the live parts in the circuit)
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per the
approved circuit diagram. You can use equipment issue slip available in Lab for this purpose.
11. Check power cords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs and do not defeat
the safety feature of these plugs by using underground plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such defective
leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect YOU and your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved by
the staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket.(To avoid shock in case you accidentally touch two
points at different potentials with your two hands)
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor heating up etc.),
switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.
18. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power to your
circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
19. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:
i. Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc. causing meters to fall down the
table.
ii. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections or while talking or listening
somebody.
STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL BE RECOVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL
WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A MANNER.

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 Observe the safety rules yourself and help your friends to observe.

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 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Course Outline
Course Instructors:

Course Contents:

Text Books:
1. Electrical Engg. Fundamentals by Del Toro
2. Electric Circuits by JW Nilsson
3. Basic Electrical Engineering by Nagrath and Kothari

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 5

 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Instruction to Student
 You are required to know the location of the emergency trip switch in the laboratory.
 You are required to be familiar with basic safety procedures for electrical shock.
 You are required to dress safely. No loose garments, nothing that impedes your ability to
work.
 During the lab class, it is required that one student of the group is always at the worktable,
once the experiment has started.
 It is required that you take explicit permission if you have to leave during the class.
 Reports are due every week at the beginning of the lab class hour as per form decided by
your instructor.
 Do not come to class carrying an infection take leave and make up your experiment.
 See to it that your laboratory partner knows your whereabouts. If you are unable to come
class for any reason, inform him/her.
 Any other instructions as and when issued by the lab staff or instructor.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 6

 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

POINTS FOR MAINTAINING LAB RECORDS

1. Maintain the contents properly giving experiment date & submission date clearly.
2. Draw the circuit diagram clearly using HB pencil.
3. Write the specification of machines (wherever required) & other devices (such as
Variac, Rheostat, Load box, Isolating Switch etc.) properly.
4. Use Pro-circle for drawing all meters & rotating machines.
5. Note down the range & type of meters used in circuit diagram.
6. Name different supply & their range clearly as mentioned below-
a) A.C supply should be clearly indicated by Ph. & N. with frequency.
b) D.C supply should be clearly indicated with polarity (+ & -).
c) 3 φ AC supply should be clearly indicated with proper phase sequence (R, Y, B
or L 1, L 2 L 3) and frequency.
7. Graph should be pasted at left gutter position.
8. Don’t fraction (whenever not required) the Axis when you draw the graph.
9. Resistor & Inductor should be drawn properly. (i.e., Inside two invisible parallel lines
should be clear).
10. All the calculation part should be on left side (plane side) of record.

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IITBBS, EM Lab Page 8
IITBBS, EM Lab Page 9
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

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 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT ISSUE SLIP

Group No.‐ Date:
Aim/Objective:

Circuit Diagram: (Use back side of this page)

Apparatus Required:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl. No. Instrument/Equipment Type Specification Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine Specification:
Sl. No. Machine Specification Quantity
1.

Sl. No. Roll No. Name Signature Signature of Instructor/T.A.

1.
2.
3. Signature of Staff
4.
5.

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 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Undertaking
I have read and understand the rules and procedures set forth for
the ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY.I agree to abide by these rules and
procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to
follow these rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the
laboratory and additional disciplinary action may be taken according to the
Institute policies.

Student’s Signature Date-

Name-
RollNo.-

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 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

List of Experiments
Cycle-1

1. Perform Scott connection on two single phase transformers.

2. Leakage Impedance of a Single phase three winding Transformer.
3. To study the power factor improvement of a 3‐Phase load by capacitor bank.
4. To draw the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram per phase of a Single phase Transformer by back
to back test.
5. To perform parallel operation of two single phase Transformer.

Cycle-2
6. To determine regulation of 3 phase alternator by synchronous impedance method using Open
‐Circuit &Short‐ Circuit test.
7. To determine Direct Axis & Quadrature Axis Synchronous Reactance of a 3‐Phase Alternator.
8. To determine regulation of 3‐Phase alternator by Zero Power Factor (ZPF) method.
9. To determine Negative sequence & zero sequence impedance of a Three phase Alternator.
10. To perform No load and Block rotor test of a 3‐ Induction motor and draw Circle diagram.

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 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Familiarization with Lab. Equipments and Basic Measurements

Laboratory Works:
In the first class, please note that: Your lab group has been formed. One/two table has been
assigned to each experiment, so check which table is meant for what experiment.

0.1 You should have the following with you:

➢ Report of previous class.
➢ Ensure that along with your report, you have rough lab note which contains the data original
signed by the instructor or the Lab technician in the previous class.
➢ Graph sheets.
➢ Pen/paper/graph sheet/pencil/calculator.
➢ The lab manual.
0.2 You should know the following:
➢ The experiment that you are about to conduct.
➢ The location of the experiment table.
➢ The location of the emergency trip switches.
➢ Basis safety procedures as given in the handout to you.
➢ Do not switch on the circuit/experiment until you get it checked once by Technician/ Research
Scholar / Instructor.
0.3 At the end of the class hour:
➢ Clean up your table.
➢ Switch of all equipment.
➢ Hand in all components issued to you for the lab session.
➢ See that the Instructor/Grad asst/Lab Technician have signed your data sheet of the experiment
done on that day.
Get your table checked by the technician before you leave.

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 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory
Experiment No- 1
SCOTT CONNECTION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Perform Scott connection on two single phase transformers.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl. No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 Ammeter MI 0–5 A 5 Nos

2 Voltmeter MI 0 – 600 V 1 No

3 Voltmeter MI 0 - 300 V 2 Nos

4 Load Box Resistive 4 kW, 250 V 2 Nos

5 3-Φ variac Iron core 10 A, 415 V 1 No

6 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Machines Required:
Sl.No Machine Specification Quantity
1. 1- Φ Transformer having 50% 3 kVA, 220/110 V 2 Nos
& 86.6% tapping.

THEORY:
Three phase to two-phase conversion or vice-versa is essential under the following circumstances.
(i) To supply power to two phase electric furnaces.
(ii) To supply power to two phase apparatus from a 3- source.
(iii) To interlink three phase system and two phase systems.
(iv) To supply power to three phase apparatus from a two-phase source.
The common type of connection which can achieve the above conversion is normally called Scott-connection. Two
single-phase transformers of identical rating with suitable tapping provided on both, are required for the Scott
connection. The two transformers used for this conversion must have the following tappings on their primary windings.
Transformer A – 50 percent tapping and is called the main transformer.
Transformer B- 86.6 percent tapping and is called the teasure transformer.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 A COM
COM
A
0–5A
0–5A

V
0 – 300 V

86.6 %
FUSE R
4 kW
Three 110 V RESISTIVE
Phase LOAD BOX
415 V 3-phase Y 220 V
Supply variac

B COM
A
TPST COM
A
SWITCH
0–5A
0–5A

V
V 0 – 300 V
0 – 600 V
50 %

4 kW
A RESISTIVE
110 V
LOAD BOX
220 V
0–5A

Fig- Circuit Diagram for Scott connection

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before switching on the supply set the 3-Φ variac at its minimum position and all load switches in off position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the 3- Variac for minimum voltage in output circuit.
3. Close the TPST switch and apply rated voltage across the primaries of the transformers.
4. Note down the no-load readings with I2T = I2M = 0.
5. Apply load on the teasure transformer and note down the readings.
6. Repeat step-6 for various load condition.
7. Similarly apply load and take reading for various load condition on the main transformers.
8. Apply load on both secondaries adjust equal loading for both secondaries, Record the readings of all the meters.
9. Repeat step-9 for various equal loading condition on the two secondaries.
10. Repeat step-9 for various unequal loading conditions on the two secondaries.

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 11. Switch off the load from both the secondaries and switch off the main supply.
12. With load circuit removed, connect the two secondary windings in series and observe the resultant voltage VR
= 2 V2T = = 2 V2M

OBSERVATION:
Table-1
Sl.No IR IY IB I2M I2T V2M V2T

No load condition

When load on main transformer

When load on teasure transformer

When equal load on main & teasure transformer

When unequal load on main & treasure transformer

Table-2
V2T V2M VR (Measured) VR calculated i.e. % Error

VR = 2 V2T = = 2 V2M

Data Processing and Analysis:

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 1. Draw the phasor diagrams at equal & unequal load conditions.

CALCULATIONS:

DISCUSSION:
1. Why is it essential that 86.6% tapping must be there in teasure transformer?
2. What tapping should be available on the main transformer and why?
3. What is the advantages and disadvantages of Scott connection over Open-Delta connection?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 18

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory
Experiment No- 02
LEAKAGE IMPEDANCE OF A SINGLE PHASE THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To measure the leakage impedance of a single phase three winding transformer.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity
1. Volt meter MI (0-75/150/300)V 1
(0-5)A 1
2. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
(0-15)A 1
3. Wattmeter UPF 5/10A,0-75/150/300V 1
4. 1-φ Autotransformer Iron Core 1
5 Connecting wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required
Machines Required:
Sl. No. Name of the machine Specification
1. Single Phase Three Winding Transformer 1.5kVA
Primary:-415V, 3.6A
Secondary:-230V,6.5A
Tertiary:-110V,13.64A
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0-5)A
AC

M L
A
C
V Tertiary
Winding

(0-300)V
V
Single ph AC
50Hz supply
230V Secondary
Winding (0-10)A
A
AC

Figure 1:- Circuit Diagram for measurement of leakage impedance (Zps)

Similarly circuit can be connected for Zpt and Zst.

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THEORY:
Generally, large power transformers have three windings. The third winding is known as a tertiary winding
which may be used for the following purposes:
1. To supply a load at a voltage different from the secondary voltage.
2. To provide a low impedance for the flow of certain abnormal currents, such a third harmonic currents.
3. To provide for the excitation of a regulating transformer.
While both the primary and secondary winding of a two winding transformer have the same KVA rating,
all the three windings of a three winding transformer may have different KVA ratings. The p.u. impedance in
the impedance diagram should therefore be expressed on a common KVA basis.
When one winding is left open, the three winding transformer behaves as two winding transformer and
standard short circuit tests can be used to evaluate per unit leakage impedances which are defined as follows:

Zps = per unit leakage impedance measured from primary with secondary shorted and tertiary
open.
Zpt = per unit leakage impedance measured from primary with tertiary shorted and secondary
open.
Zst = per unit leakage impedance measured from secondary with tertiary shorted and primary
open.
Let consider measurement of Zps, so the supply is given to primary, secondary is short circuited and tertiary is
open. Now the three winding transformer behave as two winding transformer with primary and secondary. The
equivalent circuit is like
R1 =Resistance of primary winding, Xl1 =Leakage reactance of primary winding
R2 =Resistance of secondary winding, Xl2 =Leakage reactance of secondary winding
R1 =Resistance of tertiary winding, Xl3 =Leakage reactance of tertiary winding
I0= magnetizing current. (It is 0.02% of rated current. so it can be neglected when finding equivalent circuit)
R1 Xl1 Xl3 R3
I1 I1'

Io Tertiary Winding
open circuit

Primary Winding Ro Xo Xl2 R2

Single ph, 50Hz supply I2
230V

Secondary Winding
Short circuited

I1 R1 Xl1 Xl2'=Xl2/K2 R2'=R2/K2 Req Xleq

I1'=I2*K2
I
Io

Primary Winding Primary Winding

Ro Xo
Single ph, 50Hz Single ph AC, 50Hz
supply supply
V

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 Let Zps, Zpt, and Zst are leakage impedance of the primary, secondary and tertiary windings referred to primary circuit.
Then from transformer theory, we have -

Zps = Zp + Zs/K2 …………... (a)

Zpt = Zp + Zt/K2 …………… (b)
Zst = Zs + Zt/K2 ……………..(c)

Where Zp, Zs, and Zt : the impedances of primary, secondary and tertiary. K=V2/V1
Solving these equations we find

Zp = ½ (Zps + Zpt - Zst) …….. (d)

Zs = ½ (Zps + Zst -Zpt) ……. . (e)
Zt = ½ (Zpt + Zst – Zps) …… (f)

These equations can be used to evaluate the per unit series impedances Zp, Zs, and Zt of three winding
transformer equivalent circuit from the per unit impedances Zps, Zpt and Zst which in turn are determined from
short circuit tests.

PRECAUTION:

1. Connection should be right and tight.

2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before switching on the supply, be sure that variable point of Variac should be at zero.
PROCEDURE:
Measurement of leakage impedances:-

These are obtained experimentally from three independent short circuit measurements. Experimental
procedure for the measurement of leakage impedances for a single phase three winding transformer. All impedances are
referred to same KVA base and to a same voltage base generally referred to primary circuit.

Measurement 1: Obtain leakage impedance Zps in p.u. measured in primary with secondary short
circuited and tertiary open.

Measurement 2: Obtain leakage impedance Z pt in p. u. measured in primary with tertiary short

circuited and secondary open.

Measurement 3: Obtain leakage impedance Z st in p. u. measured in secondary with tertiary short

circuited and primary open.

• Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(circuit for calculating Zps, similarly connect for other two cases).
• Give the supply to primary (Zps) through variac.
• Gradually increase the supply voltage by variac, so that rated current will flow through the short circuit side
(secondary side for Zps).
• Record the voltmeter and ammeter reading

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OBSERVATIONS:
Table 1
SL. NO. Winding Rated voltage Rated KVA
(Line to line KV) (Three phase)
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary

Table 2

Sl. No. Impedance to be Impedance measured Winding short Winding open Impedance(pu)
measured w.r.t winding circuited

1 Zps Primary Secondary tertiary

2 Zpt Primary tertiary secondary

3 Zst secondary tertiary primary

CALCULATIONS:
Z p s = (Reading of voltmeter in primary side)/ (Reading of ammeter in primary side)
Z pt = (Reading of voltmeter in primary side)/ (Reading of ammeter in primary side)
Z s t = (Reading of voltmeter in secondary side)/ (Reading of ammeter in secondary side)
Z s t measured is referred to secondary side so convert it to primary side. Then do the following calculation
Z p = (Z p s +Z pt- Z s t)/2
Zs = (Z p s +Z s t- Z pt)/2
Z t = (Z pt +Z st- Z p s)/2

Where Z p, Z s and Z t are the leakage impedances of the primary, secondary tertiary windings referred to primary
circuit.

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION:
1. What is leakage reactance?
2. What is the utility of a three phase three winding transformer?
3. What is the use of tertiary winding?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 22

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Experiment-03
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 3-Variac Iron core 10 A, 415V 1 No

2 Wattmeter LPF 5 A, 600 V,0.2 P.F 2 Nos

3 Voltmeter MI (0-600) V 1 No

4 Ammeter MI (0-10) A 2 Nos.

6 Wattmeter UPF 10 A, 600V 2 Nos

7 3-Ph.Capacitor Bank 440V,(0-40) Micro-Farad 01 No.

8 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Machines Required:
Sl.No Machine Specification Quantity
1. 3-ΦInduction Motor 3.7 kW / 5 HP , 1430 RPM 1 No
415 V, 7.8 A, Delta connection.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10A, 600V,
UPF WATTMETER
0 – 10 A
M L
A A
~ S1 S2

V 0 – 10 A
C
FUSE V
R
0-600V
3- phase
415 V , 50 Hz 3- phase
Supply 3-Phase
Variac Induction PULLEY
Y Motor

B
TPST
Switch - 1
C
V
M L

10A, 600V,
UPF WATTMETER TPST
Switch - 2

CAPACITOR
BANK

Circuit diagram for power factor improvement of 3-Ph Induction Motor

THEORY:
In power systems, wasted energy capacity, also known as poor power factor, is often overlooked. It can result in
poor reliability, safety problems and higher energy costs. The lower your power factor, the less economically your system
operates.

Power factor is the ratio between the real power and the apparent power drawn by an electrical load. Like all ratio
True Power (KW)
measurements it is a unit-less quantity and can be represented mathematically as P.F. = .
Apparent Power (KVA)
Where, PF is power factor, kW is the real power that actually does the work, KVA is the apparent power and KVAR (not
included in the equation) is the reactive power. In an inductive load, such as a motor, active power performs the work and
reactive power creates the electromagnetic field.
For the purely resistive circuit, the power factor is 1 (Perfect), because the reactive power equals to zero. Here, the
power triangle would look like a horizontal line, because the opposite (reactive power) side would have zero length.

For the purely inductive circuit, the power factor is 0, because true power equals zero. Here the power triangle
would look like a vertical line, because the adjacent (true power) side would have zero length.

The same could be said for a purely capacitive circuit. If there are no dissipative (resistive) components in the
circuit, then the true power must be equal to zero, making any power in the circuit purely reactive. The power triangle for
a purely capacitive circuit would again be a vertical line (pointing down instead of up as it was for the purely inductive
circuit.)
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 Power factor can be an important aspect to consider in an AC circuit, because any power factor less than 1 means
that the circuit’s wiring has to carry more current than what would be necessary with zero reactance in the circuit to
deliver the same amount of (true) power to the resistive load. The poor power factor makes for an inefficient power
delivery system. Poor power factor can be corrected, paradoxically, by adding another load to the circuit drawing an equal
and opposite amount of reactive power, to cancel out the effects of the load’s inductive reactance. Inductive reactance can
only be canceled by capacitive reactance, so we have to add a capacitor in parallel to our example circuit as the additional
load. The effect of these two opposing reactance in parallel is to bring the circuit’s total impedance equal to its total
resistance (to make the impedance phase angle equal, or at least closer, to zero).

Power factor measures how efficiently the current is being converted into real work with a low power factor, more
electrical current is required to provide the same amount of real power. All current causes dissipation in a distribution
system. These losses can be modeled as (Loss – I2*R), where R is the resistance. A power factor of 1 will result in the
most efficient loading of the supply’ a load with a power factor of 0.5 will result in higher losses in the distribution
system.

IC Reactive Power (VAR) Apparent Power (VA)

(S)
V
(Q)

φ2 φ1

I1
φ
IC
Active Power or Real
Power or True Power (W)
I2 (P)

[Phasor Diagram for Power factor improvement by Capacitor Bank] [Power Triangle]

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.

2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.

3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.

4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.

5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before switching on the supply set the 3-Φ variac at its minimum position.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep T.P.S.T.-2 open and T.P.S.T.-1 close to conduct Full-load test without capacitor Bank.
3. Keep both T.P.S.T.-2 and T.P.S.T.-1 close to conduct Full-load test with capacitor Bank.
4. Increase the load up to rated current with rated voltage for both cases.
5. Take the readings of the wattmeter’s in watt (W1 and W2) ammeter in ampere (I) and voltmeter in volt
(VL).
OBSERVATION:
For Full-Load Test Without Capacitor Bank

Sl.No. VL I1 I2 W1 W2 PL=W1+W2 Cos2

For Full-Load Test With Capacitor Bank

Sl.No. VL I1 I2 W1 W2 PL=W1+W2 Cos1

Data Processing and Analysis:

1. Using the data obtained, draw the circle diagram complete in all respect.

2. Compute (a) Max Power (b) Max Torque

(c) Starting torque and best power factor, utilizing the circle diagram.

CALCULATIONS:
W01 − W02 Wsc1 − Wsc2
tan0 = 3 tansc = 3
W01 + W02 Wsc1 + Wsc2

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION:
1. Is there any alternative method to improve power factor? Discuss about its advantages and disadvantages oas
compared to capacitor method?
2. What are the disadvantages of low power factor?
3. How to improve power factor in case it leads ?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 26

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory
Experiment No- 4
BACK TO BACK TEST OF TWO 1-Ø TRANSFORMER
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters, phasor diagram & efficiency of a given pair of 1-phase
Transformers by conducting Back to Back test (Sumpner's test).

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:

Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

01 Voltmeter MI (0 -150/300)V 02 Nos.

02 Ammeter MI 0 – 1A 01 No.
03 Wattmeter LPF 2A, 01 No.
300V,0.2P.F
04 Voltmeter MI 0 – 150V 01 No.
05 Ammeter MI 0 – 5A 01 No.
06 Wattmeter UPF 5A, 150V 01 No.
07 1 Variac Iron core 230 V, 10 A 02 Nos.

08 Connecting wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As Required

Machines Required:
Sl. No. Machine Specification Quantity
1. Single phase transformer 1kVA 02 Nos.
Primary:-230V, 4.3A
Secondary:-230V,4.3A

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 27

THEORY:
Two very simple tests are used to determine the equivalent circuit parameters and the power losses in
the transformer. These consist in measuring the input voltage, current, and power to the primary, first with the
secondary short circuited and then with secondary open circuited. The copper losses are determined from the
short circuit test. The core losses are determined from the open circuit test.

Stray load loss consists of the losses arising from the non-uniform current distribution in the copper and
the additional core losses produced in the iron by distortion of the magnetic flux by the load current. It is
difficult to determine such losses accurately by conventional no-load and short circuit load tests.

To obtain exact equivalent circuit and losses, the input and output parameters are directly measured
under different loading conditions. This is easy for small rating transformers. However for large transformers, it
is difficult and expensive to take direct measurements. A Back to Back Test is used in this case.

Back-to-Back test is also known as Sumpner's test/Heat run test. This test requires two identical
transformers. Primary winding of both the transformer are connected in parallel across same supply and the
Wattmeter connected in primaries reads the core losses (Iron losses) of both transformers. These are fed by
rated voltage at rated frequency. The secondary winding of both the transformers is connected in phase
opposition so that their potentials are in opposite to each other. By connecting so there would be no secondary
current flowing around the loop formed by the two secondary. By this test, the equivalent Circuit parameters,
efficiency, regulation & heating of both the T/F can be determined

This test facilitates the collection of data for open and short circuit test simultaneously. On secondary side a
low voltage just sufficient to flow the full load current is connected.

We can justify that the current is just twice the no load current. This means the wattmeter connected on the
primary side reads the total iron loses of both the transformers.

The iron loss of one transformer=1/2Wo

The copper loss of one transformer=1/2Wsc
The total losses of one transformer=1/2(W0+Wsc)
Why Back-to-back test is used in case of large transformers?
• The short circuit test is difficult to be applied, since applying a reduced voltage is very difficult and
unpractical.
• This test can simulate the loading conditions on the transformer without using real loads.
• A large transformer supplying large essential loads has usually a second identical transformer installed
in the same location for back-up, so using back-to-back transformer in this case is very practical.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 28

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2A, 300V, 05A , 75 V,
(0 – 1A) LPF WATTMETER UPF WATTMETER
(0- 5 )A
MI MI
M L TFR-1 L M
Io Isc
S/W

C V V C
Input
Input W0 WSC 1-φ,
Vo (0 – 300V) (0-300)V
1-φ, MI Vsc Vsc 230V,
230V, MI
(0 – 75) V AC
AC Input
MI
230V AC

S/W
Autotransformer 1 Autotransformer 2

TFR-2

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before switching on the supply, be sure that variable point of Variac should be at zero.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Circuit Test:

1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Switch-ON the supply keeping the polarity switch open and autotransformer 2 at zero position and apply
rated voltage to the primary winding by using the auto transformer 1. Now check the correctness of polarities of
the two transformers. If V2 = 0 then polarities of connected transformers are correct i.e. connections are back to
back and emf induced in secondaries are in phase opposition but if V2 = 2xKxV1, then secondary emfs are in
phase, in that case change the polarities of any one secondary winding.
3) Note the readings of Ammeter (Io), Voltmeter (Vo) & Wattmeter (Wo)

2. Short Circuit Test:

1) Keeping the primary supply as it, Switch-ON the supply and close the polarity switch.
2) Vary the autotransformer 2 till rated full load current flows through transformers.
3) Note the readings of Ammeter (Isc), Voltmeter (Vsc) & Wattmeter (Wsc) while doing so, the values Vo, Io and
Wo should not deviate from their earlier readings.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 29

OBSERVATIONS:-

SL Primary voltage Primary Primary Secondary voltage Secondary Secondary

No. current power Current power
(Vo) (Vsc)
(Io) Iron loss (Wo ) (Isc) Cu. Loss(Wsc )

CALCULATIONS:

Iron loss per transformer Wi = Wo / 2

Copper loss per transformer Wcu = Wsc / 2

Equivalent Circuit:

Phasor Diagram:
CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION:
1. Why two transformers, and that too identical are needed in this test ?
2. What are the advantages of the test ?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 30

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory
Experiment No- 05
PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To perform polarity test and parallel operation of two single-phase transformers.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipment:
Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 1- variac Iron Core 15A, 230V 1 No

2 1- transformer Iron Core 1KVA, 2 Nos

220V/220V

3 Voltmeter M.I. (0-300) V 2 Nos

4 Voltmeter M.I. (0-600) V 1 No

5 Ammeter M.I. (0-5) A 2 Nos

6 Ammeter M.I. (0-10) A 1 No

7 Resistive load 4 kW 1 No

8 SPST switch 230V, 15A 1 No

9 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5mm2 As required

THEORY:
Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the same instantaneous polarity. The relative
polarities of the primary and secondary terminals at any instant must be known per connecting windings of the same
transformer in parallel or series or for interconnecting two or more transformers in parallel or for connecting single-phase
transformers for polyphase transformation of voltages. Parallel operation of transformers is frequently necessary in the
power system network, which consist of a number of a number of transformers installed at generating stations, substations
etc. When operating two or more transformers in parallel, their satisfactory performance requires that the following
conditions must be satisfied.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 31

 (a) For single phase transformers.
1. The same polarity.
2. The same voltage ratio.
(b) For three phase transformers.
1. The same polarity.
2. Zero-relative phase displacement.
3. Same phase sequence.
4. Same voltage ratio.
In addition to the above essential requirements, the transformers to the operated in parallel should have the
following for better load sharing and operating power factor.
1. Equal per unit impedances.
2. Equal ratio of resistance to reactance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

T-1 0 – 5A

V 0 - 300 V
A

0 – 10A
1-PHASE
230 V , 50 Hz SPST SWITCH
SUPPLY
A

DPST T-2 R
0 – 5A
SWITCH LOAD
2 KW

V 0 - 300 V

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Ensure that the two secondaries have been connected properly as per the polarity.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 32

PROCEDURE:
1. Two winding of a transformer the two windings are connected in series across a voltmeter while one of the
winding is excited from a suitable ac voltage source when the transformer has a subtractive polarity the voltmeter
will read the difference of E1 & E2. If the voltmeter reads E1=E2,the polarity marking of one of the windings
must be interchanged
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the power supply and adjust the rated voltage across the circuit.
4. Adjust a particular load on the secondaries and note down the readings of all the meters.
5. Repeat step-3 for more readings.
6. Switch off the supply.
OBSERVATIONS :
Sl.No VL IL WL I1 W1 I2 W2

Data Processing and Analysis:

1. Plot graph – (1) I1 Vs IL & (2) I2 Vs IL

CONCLUSION :

DISCUSSION :
1. If two transformers of the same kVA ratings and transformation ratio but of different equivalent impedances are
connected in parallel which transformer will be loaded more?
2. What is meant by circulating current with regard to parallel operation of transformers? How much percentage of
circulating connects can be permitted for satisfactory parallel operation? How can it be minimized?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 33

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Experiment-06
REGULATION OF 3 Φ ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a) Perform no-load and short- circuit test on a 3-Φ alternator.
b) Measure the resistance of the stator winding of alternator.
c) Find out regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Type Specification Quantity

1 Ammeter MI (0-2.5) A 1 No
2 Ammeter MC (0-1000)mA 1 No

3 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1 No

4 Voltmeter MI (0-300 / 600)V 1 No

5 Tachometer Digital (0-5000)rpm 1

6 Connecting Wires & Patch Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Chord

Machines Required:
Sl.No Machine Specification Quantity
1 Set
D.C. Motor coupled with 3-Φ D.C. Shunt Motor :-1.1 Kw , 3000 RPM
1.
Alternator 220 V , 6.3 A , Excitation- 130 V/0.22 A
3-Φ Alternator :-1.1 kVA , 220/380 V,50 Hz
2.9/1.67 A ,3000 RPM ,
Excitation- 110 V/0.4 A

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 34

THEORY:
The regulation of Alternator is defined as “the rise in terminal voltage” when full-load is removed divided by rated
terminal voltage with speed and excitation of alternator remaining unchanged.

The synchronous impedance method of determining regulation is based on the simple equivalent circuit and phasor
diagram given in Fig-1.Inthis method the effect of armature reaction is expressed as a voltage drop, IaXar (Xar is commonly
called the armature reaction reactance).The leakage reactance and the armature reaction reactance combined together is
called the synchronous reactance of the machine, i.e XS = X1 + Xar
The corresponding per phase impedance Zs=Ra + jXs is called the synchronous impedance of the machine where Re
represents the effective resistance per phase. The determination of the synchronous impedance requires the knowledge of
open circuit and short circuit characteristics.
If the generator is short circuited the whole of the voltage E is absorbed in the synchronous impedance of the
machine, that is, E= Isc*Zs. Thus for a given field current, the ratio of the open circuit armature voltage to the short circuit
current gives the synchronous impedance of the machine. From the nature of open-circuit and short-circuit characteristics,
it is obvious that the value of synchronous reactance is not constant but decreases as the saturation sets in. Since Zs is
varying with excitation, for proper application the value of Zs is chosen corresponding to the rated value of field current.
However, for laboratory purposes Zs is chosen corresponding to the field current for the rated value of open circuit
voltage.
The experiment involves the determination of the following characteristics and parameters:
1. The open -circuit characteristic (the O.C.C).
2. The short-circuit characteristic (the S.C.C).
3. The effective resistance of the armature winding (Ra).

V OCC

Eo
SC current

SCC
Voltage

Isc

Field current

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 35

 The open circuit and short circuit characteristics of a 3-Φalternator is plotted on per phase basis. To find out the
synchronous impedance from these characteristics, open circuit voltage, (E0) and short circuit current (Isc,) corresponding
to a particular value of field current is obtained. Then, synchronous impedance per phase (Zs) is given by-

At higher values of field current, saturation occurs and the synchronous Impedance of the machine decreases. The
value of ‘Zs’ calculated for the unsaturated region of the O.C.C is called the unsaturated value of the synchronous
impedance. If ‘Ra’ is the effective resistance of the armature per phase, the synchronous reactance ‘Xs’ is given by-

If ‘V’ is the magnitude of the rated voltage of the machine whose regulation is to be calculated for a load current
‘I’ at a power factor angle (Φ) then the corresponding magnitude of the open circuit voltage ‘E0’ is given by-
E0= V + IZs

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L F A

A1
+ F1 R
V 0 – 300 V
600Ω, 1A Y
FUSE
DC SUPPLY M ALT.
220 Volt. B
N

- F2
DPST A2
SWITCH F1 F2

FUSE + A
DC SUPPLY 400Ω,
220 Volt. 1.2A (0 – 1) A

-
DPST
SWITCH

Fig- 1 Circuit Diagram for O.C Test on alternator

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 36

 3 point starter
L F A

A
A1 (0–5) A
+ F1 R

600Ω, 1A Y
FUSE
DC SUPPLY M ALT. B
220 Volt.
N

- F2
DPST A2
SWITCH F1 F2

FUSE + A
DC SUPPLY 400Ω,
220 Volt. 1.2A (0 – 1) A

-
DPST
SWITCH

Fig- 2 Circuit Diagram for S.C Test on alternator

+ A

+ 0 – 10 A R F1
70  , 5 A

FUSE + Y
DC SUPPLY V ALT.
220 Volt. B
0 – 300 V
N
- F2
DPST
SWITCH

Fig- 3 Circuit Diagram for armature resistance measurement of alternator

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before starting the dc shunt motor ensure that, the field rheostat of the motor is kept in minimum position.
7. Also field rheostat of alternator should be at minimum position (i.e –ve supply end).
PROCEDURE:
1. Open-Circuit characteristic:
1. Connect the alternator as shown in Fig-1.
2. The prime mover in this experiment is a D.C. shunt motor coupled with alternator. The speed of the alternator is
adjusted to rated speed by varying field resistance of DC shunt motor.
3. Adjust the speed of alternator to rated speed with No-load for each setting of the field current of alternator and
record the alternator terminal voltage.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 37

 4. Record readings [field current (If ) verses terminal voltage (Voc) of alternator] still open circuit voltage reaches
120% of the rated voltage of the machine in the observation table.

2. Short-Circuit characteristic:
1. Connect circuit diagram as in Fig-2, but short-circuit the armature terminals through an ammeter.
2. The current range of the instrument should be about 25-50 % more than the full load current of the alternator.
3. Starting with zero field current, increase the field current gradually and cautiously till rated current flows in the
armature and note down the readings( If versus Isc) in observation table
4. The speed of the set in this test also is to be maintained at the rated speed of the alternator.

3. Armature resistance measurement:

1. Connect the circuit as in Fig-3.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Note down the readings ammeter (I) and voltmeter (V) correctly in the observation table for different supply
voltages.
4. Switch OFF the power supply.

OBSERVATION:

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test Armature Resistance

Sl.
No. Mean Ra=
If Voc If Isc V I Radc Radc 1.2*Radc

Data Processing and Analysis:

1. Plot on the same graph sheet, the O.C.C (open circuit terminal voltage per phase versus the field current), and the
short-circuit characteristic (short-circuit armature current versus the field current).
2. Calculate the unsaturated value of the synchronous impedance (Zs), corresponding to rated armature short- circuit
current. Calculate the corresponding values of the synchronous reactance (Xs).
3. Calculate regulation of the alternator under the following conditions:
a) Full load current at unity power factor.
b) Full load current at 0.8 power factor lagging.
c) Full -load current at 0.8 power factor leading.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 38

CALCULATIONS:
Phasor diagram of an alternator at lagging power factor is as follows:

Regulation is found by the following expression.

where V is the terminal voltage and E0 is the induced voltage.For any load current I and phase angle Ф E0is the vector sum
of V, IRa and IXS.
E0 is estimated by the following methods.

For lagging power factor

For unity power factor

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 39

For leading power factor

CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:

1. What are the preconditions necessary for performing the Open Circuit characteristics test?
2. What is the power factor of alternator on Short Circuited condition?
3. Why is the short circuit characteristic of the alternator is a straight line? Up to what range of Short Circuit current,
the linearity of the characteristic is maintained?
4. What is the effect of power factor on armature reaction?
5. Why the synchronous reactance of Alternator is different at different values of field current?
6. Why it is necessary to separate the effect of armature reaction and leakage reactance of the Alternator?
7. What do you understand by effective resistance of Alternator and how can it measured in laboratory?
8. Why does the terminal voltage of an alternator change with load current? How does the load power factor effect
this voltage change?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 40

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Experiment No- 07
DIRECT AND QUADRATURE AXIS SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE OF ALTERNATOR
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Determination of the direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactance by slip test of synchronous
machine.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI 0-100V 1

2 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1

3 Rheostat Tubular 500Ω, 3A 1

4 3-Variac Iron core 415 V, 10 A 1 No

5 Tachometer Digital 0-2000rpm 1

6 Connecting wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Machines Required:
Sl. No. Machine Specification Quantity

1. D.C. Motor coupled with D.C. Shunt Motor :-6 HP , 1500 RPM 1 Set
3-Φ Alternator 220 V , 24 A , Excitation- 220 V/ 2 A
3-Φ Salient Pole Type Alternator :- 5 kVA,
415V,50Hz, Star, 7A,1500 RPM, 0.8 pf
Excitation- 220 V/2 A

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 41

THEORY:
From slip test the value of direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactance can be determined. The
synchronous machine is driven by a separate prime-mover (in this case dc motor) at a speed slightly different
from synchronous speed. The field winding is left open and positive sequence balanced voltage of reduced
magnitude (around 25% of rated value) and rated frequency is impressed across the armature terminals. Under
these conditions the relative velocity between the field poles and the rotating armature mmf wave is equal to the
difference between synchronous speed and the rotor speed, i.e. the slip speed. A small ac voltage across the
open field winding indicates that the field poles and rotating mmf wave are revolving in the same direction and
this is required in slip test. If field poles revolve in a direction opposite to the rotating mmf wave negative
sequence reactance would be measured.

At one instant when the peak of armature mm wave is in line with field pole or direct axis, the
reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum. At this instant the impressed terminal voltage per phase
divided by the corresponding armature current per phase gives d-axis synchronous reactance Xd.

After one quarter of slip cycle the peak of armature mmf wave acts on the inter polar or q-axis of the
magnetic circuit, and the reluctance offered by long air gap is maximum. At this instant the ratio of armature
terminal voltage per phase to the corresponding armature current per phase gives q-axis synchronous reactance
Xq.

FORMULAE USED:

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 42

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L F A

F1 F2
A1 N
+ F1 B

FUSE 500  , 3 A
DC SUPPLY M ALT.
220 Volt.
Y

R
- F2
DPST A2
SWITCH

3 phase
Variac

r
FUSE A
R
0 – 10 A
3 phase
Supply
Y y

V 0 – 300/600 V
B
b
TPST
SWITCH

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before switching on the supply, be sure that variable point of Variac should be at zero.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the field circuit open.
2. Set the speed of the alternator slightly less than the synchronous speed (1480 to 1490 rpm) by dc motor.
3. Apply reduced voltage (around 25% of rated value) to the armature terminals by the 3-phase
autotransformer.
4. Note down the maximum and minimum readings of the ammeter and voltmeter deflections.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 43

 OBSERVATIONS:-
Sl. No. Vph maximum/minimum I maximum/minimun Xd Xq

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION:
1. Will you get Xd and Xq in case of cylindrical rotor type alternator? If not why? Discuss.
2. What is the difference between synchronous reactance, leakage reactance and armature reactance? Do they
have any relation among themselves?
3. What is the salience factor of an alternator?

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 44

 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory
Experiment No- 08
REGULATION OF 3 Φ ALTERNATOR BY ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a) Perform open circuit and short circuit test on a 3-Φ alternator.
b) Perform load test on 3-Φ alternator with highly lagging load (Approximately zero power factor) when
rated voltage and rated current flowing in the starter winding.
c) Find out regulation of alternator by using zero power factor method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipment:
Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 Ammeter MC (0-1000) mA 1 No

2 Voltmeter MC (0-150)V 1 No

3 Voltmeter MI (0-150/300 / 600)V 1 No

4 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 1 No

5 Tachometer Digital (0-5000)rpm 1

6 TPST Switch Knife 16A 1

Connecting Wires & Patch

7 Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required
Chord

Machines Required:
Sl.No Machine Specification Quantity
1. D.C. Motor coupled with 3-Φ D.C. Shunt Motor :-3 kW , 1500 RPM 1 Set
Cylindrical Alternator 220 V , 18 A , Excitation- 120 V/ 0.8 A
3-Φ Alternator :- 2.4 kVA , 220/380 V,50 Hz
6.3/3.6A ,1500 RPM ,
Excitation- 110 V/0.75 A

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 45

THEORY:
Zero power factor saturation curve method is most reliable for determining the regulation of alternators because it
properly takes into account of the effect of armature leakage reactance drop and the saturation. The following
experimental data is needed to determine the regulation by this method.
1. Open circuit characteristic at rated speed of the alternator.
2. Field current corresponding to full load short circuit current.
3. Field current corresponding to full load, rated voltage, zero power factor.
4. AC resistance of the stator winding per phase of the alternator.

To plot zero power factor characteristic from the experimental data and to determine the regulation of the Alternator
proceed as follows:
Plotting of zero power factor characteristic

G
OCC
Air gap line
D

T P

C E
V

ZPF curve

D’
Voltage

P’
C’

O B Ifsc Ifzp
Field current

Fig-1 Zero power factor characteristic of alternator

➢ Draw the open circuit characteristic to proper scale and draw the air gap line as shown in Fig-1.
➢ Draw the field current, Ifsc corresponding to full load short circuit current (line OB).
➢ Draw the field current, Ifzp at rated voltage which corresponding to full load zero power factor, thus obtaining a
point P on the zero power factor, full load characteristic (line TP).
➢ From the point P draw a horizontal line PC representing the field current corresponding to full load short circuit
current i.e. PC=OB.
➢ From the point C draw a line CD parallel to air gap line.
➢ Join D and P. Now PCD is a triangle, which normally called as Potier triangle.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 46

Determination of leakage reactance
➢ Drop a perpendicular from the point D, meeting the line PC at the point E. then line ED represents the leakage
reactance drop, which is also called as Potier reactance drop (Ex).

Determination of Regulation

Air gap line

OCC

G Ifs
F
H
Ifg E
D

C
Ex
B
A
Eg
V
Voltage

Reference vector Ia
O
Field current

Fig-2 Determination of saturation effect

➢ Draw the current phasor, Ia as shown in Fig-2 horizontally, which is a reference phasor.
➢ Terminal voltage phasor, V is drawn at power factor angle Φ with respect to current (line OA).
➢ Add armature resistance drop IaRa (line AB) to the terminal voltage phasor V.
➢ Potier reactance drop, Ex is added in quadrature to the current phasor (line BC).
➢ Join O and C, line OC represents the internally generated emf, Eg.
➢ Phasors OA and OC are projected by arc to vertical line.
➢ Intercept DE shown by dotted horizontal line in Fig-2 represents the field current, Ifg corresponding to rated no
load voltage.
➢ The portion GH of the intercept FH represents the field current, Ifs which takes into account the effect of
saturation.

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 47

 U

T Ifs
Ifl

c
Ifs
O Ifg S

Fig-3 Phasor diagram for ZPF method

➢ Draw the field current Ifg horizontally (line OS) as shown in Fig-3.
➢ Add the field current Ifsc (line ST) at power factor angle Φ with the vertical as shown in Fig-3.
➢ Join OT and add the field current Ifs (line TU), thus giving a total field current Ifl.
➢ No load emf, Eo corresponding to field current Ifl is found out from the open circuit characteristic. Then
➢

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L F A

A1
+ F1 R
V
300Ω, 2A Y
FUSE
DC SUPPLY M ALT. 0 – 300 V
220 Volt. B
N

- F2
DPST A2
SWITCH F1 F2

FUSE + A
DC SUPPLY 400Ω,
220 Volt. 1.2A (0 – 1) A

-
DPST
SWITCH

Fig- 4 Circuit Diagram for O.C Test on alternator

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 48

 3 point starter
L F A

A
A1
+ F1 R 0–5A
300Ω, 2A Y
FUSE
DC SUPPLY M ALT. B
220 Volt.
N

- F2
DPST A2
SWITCH F1 F2

FUSE + A
DC SUPPLY 400Ω,
220 Volt. 1.2A (0 – 1) A

-
DPST
SWITCH

Fig- 5 Circuit Diagram for S.C Test on alternator

+ A

0 – 10 A R F1
70  , 5 A

FUSE + Y
V ALT.
B
0 – 300 V
N
F2
DPST
SWITCH

Fig- 6 Circuit Diagram for armature resistance measurement of alternator

3 point starter
L F A A

(0–5)A
V
A1 R
+ F1 (0–300) V
N
FUSE
DC SUPPLY 300Ω, 2A M ALT. Y
220 Volt.
B Highly
Inductive
- F2 Load
DPST A2
SWITCH F1 F2

FUSE + A
DC SUPPLY 400Ω,
220 Volt. 1.2A (0–1)A

-
DPST
SWITCH

Fig-7 Zero power factor, full load test on alternator

IITBBS, EM Lab Page 49

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before starting the dc shunt motor ensure that, the field rheostat of the motor is kept in minimum position.
7. Also field rheostat of alternator should be at minimum position (i.e –ve supply end).
PROCEDURE:
1. Open-Circuit characteristic:
5. Connect the alternator as shown in Fig-4.
6. The prime mover in this experiment is a D.C. shunt motor coupled with alternator. The speed of the alternator is
adjusted to rated speed by varying field resistance of DC shunt motor.
7. Adjust the speed of alternator to rated speed with No-load for each setting of the field current of alternator and
record the alternator terminal voltage.
8. Record readings [field current (If) verses terminal voltage (Voc) of alternator] still open circuit voltage reaches
120% of the rated voltage of the machine in the observation table-1.

2. Short-Circuit characteristic:
5. Connect circuit diagram as in Fig-5, but short-circuit the armature terminals through an ammeter.
6. The current range of the instrument should be about 25-50 % more than the full load current of the alternator.
7. Starting with zero field current, increase the field current gradually and cautiously till rated current flows in the
armature and note down the readings( If versus Isc) in observation table-1
8. The speed of the set in this test also is to be maintained at the rated speed of the alternator.

3. Armature resistance measurement:

1. Connect a DMM and find out the resistance of the stator winding of the alternator .
4. For zero power factor test:
1. Connect the circuit as in Fig-7.
2. Set the field Regulator rheostat of alternator, so that the field current of alternator is minimum.
3. Switch on the DC Supply and set the field voltage of DC Shunt Motor at it’s rated value.
4. Start the DC Shunt Motor with the help of starter and run it at rated speed of alternator.
5. Increase the field regulator rheostat of the alternator to obtain rated voltage.
6. Close the TPST Switch. Load the alternator gradually in steps and keep load current constant (may be at
50%,75%,100% of full load value) for each step variation.
7. Note down the terminal voltage across the load for each step variation.
8. Maintain the speed of the alternator at rated value throughout the experiment.
9. Decrease the load on the alternator gradually and side by side, reduce the field current of the alternator.
10. Switch off the dc supply to the field of the alternator and dc motor.

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OBSERVATION:
Table – 1 (OC & SC Test and Ra Measurement)

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test Armature Resistance

Sl.
No.
Mean Ra=
If Voc If Isc V I Radc Radc 1.2*Radc

Table – 1 (ZPF Test)

Sl. No. Stator Current Terminal voltage Field current

Data Processing and Analysis:

1. Plot on the same graph sheet, the O.C.C (open circuit terminal voltage per phase versus the field current), and the
short-circuit characteristic (short-circuit armature current versus the field current).
2. Calculate the unsaturated value of the synchronous impedance, and the value corresponding to rated current at
short circuit. Also calculate the corresponding values of the synchronous reactance.
3. Calculate regulation of the alternator under the following conditions:
d) Full load current at unity power factor.
e) Full load current at 0.8 power factor lagging.
f) Full -load current at 0.8 power factor leading.

CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:

1. What are the preconditions necessary for performing the Open Circuit characteristics test?
2. What is the power factor of alternator on Short Circuited condition?
3. Why is the Short Circuit characteristic a straight line? Up to what range of Short Circuit current the linearity is
maintained?
4. Why do you think ZPF method is more accurate method as compared to synchronous impedance method?
5. By which other methods can you load the alternator for watt less current?
6. Discuss how it enables to separate the armature reaction drop from the leakage reactance drop.
7. Write in brief construction of the Potier triangle.

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 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory

Experiment-09
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF 3 Φ ALTERNATOR
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a. To determine negative sequence impedance Z2 of a 3-Φ alternator.
b. To determine zero sequence impedance Z0 of a 3-Φ alternator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl. No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 Ammeter MI (0–5/10)A 2 No

2 Voltmeter MI (0–15/30/75) V 1 No
3 Voltmeter MI (0–150/300/600) V 1 No

4 Rheostat Tubular 500, 3A 1 No

70, 3A 1 No

5 1-Variac Iron core 230 V, 10 A 1 No

6 3-Variac Iron core 415 V, 10 A 1 No

7 Tachometer Digital (0-2000)rpm 1

8 Phase Sequence Indicator Analog 1

9 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Machines Required:
Sl. No Machine Specification Quantity
1. D.C. Motor coupled with 3-Φ D.C. Shunt Motor :-6 HP, 1500 RPM 1 Set
Alternator 220 V, 24 A, Excitation- 220V/ 2 A
3-Φ Alternator :- 5 kVA, 415V,50 Hz
7A, 1500RPM, 0.8 pf, Star connected
Excitation- 220 V/4 A

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THEORY:

Symmetrical components are mainly used for the resolution of unsymmetrical Phase currents or voltages in to a
set of components that possess certain symmetry features. The positive sequence components possess –three phase
symmetry having the phase sequences R1Y1B1 or A1B1C1; the negative sequences components possess three phase
symmetry having the phase sequences R2Y2B2 or A2C2B2; and the Zero sequences components (R0Y0B0 or A0B0C0)
have equal magnitudes and phases. The Impedance offered to these sequences components are called Positive, Negative
and Zero-sequence Impedances.

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POSITIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT
These are the components having equal in magnitude and having 1200 phase displacement. Its phase sequence is same as
that of the original phase sequence of network.
• Direction of rotation of rotor of synchronous generator is the reference in order to decide the sequence of power
system network.
• The sequence at which the system is working before fault is called as original sequence of network.
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT
These are the components having equal in magnitude and having 1200 phase displacement. Its phase sequence is opposite
to that of the original phase sequence of network.

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ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
These are the components having equal in magnitude and having no phase displacement. There is no need to compare
phase sequence.
Negative Sequence Impedance (Z2):
The negative sequence impedance of the alternator is the impedance offered by the alternator to flow of negative
sequence current. A set of negative sequence currents in the armature creates in the air gap a magnetic field that rotates at
synchronous speed in a direction opposite to the normal direction of rotation (i.e. normal direction of rotation is identical
to the direction of rotation of field created by positive sequence currents ). Thus the negative sequence magnetic field
rotates with twice the normal speed with respect to the rotor.
Test for Determining Z2:
The synchronous machine is driven at synchronous speed with help of prime mover. The machine is unexcited
and connected to a voltage source which is gradually increased till full load current flows. The terminals are so connected
that the direction of rotating field produced by the armature current is opposite to the direction of rotation of the pole
structure. It is important to keep the field winding short-circuited during the test. The negative sequence impedance Z2 =
V2 /I2.
Zero sequence impedance (Z2):
If zero-sequence currents are applied to the armature, there is no space fundamental m.m.f. Hence the reactance is
small and is hardly affected by the motion of the rotor. The zero sequence currents produces leakage fluxes (slot-leakage,
end-winding-leakage and differential leakage). Although very little flux is set up, and the zero-sequence reactance is the
lowest of the synchronous machine reactances.
Test for Determination of Z0:
The machine is driven at rated speed with field winding short-circuited. All phases are connected in series and a single
phase voltage applied across them. It may be sometimes more convenient to connect the phases in parallel. The series
connection is, however, preferred as the currents of the same magnitude and phase is flowing through all the three phases,
a condition which must be positively fulfilled while determining X0. For series connection
Z0= V0 / (3*I0)
Where, V0 = applied voltage across three phase winding in series
I0 = current flowing in three phase windings in series.
For parallel connection of armature winding Z0=V0/ (I0/3)
Where, V0 = applied voltage across three phase winding connected in parallel
I0 = current flowing in three phase windings connected in parallel. The zero sequence impedance is the
impedance offered to the flow of zero sequence current i.e. the voltage drop across any one phase (star connected) divided
by the current in each of the phase.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0–5A
3 point starter
A
L F A

F1 F2
A1 N
+ F1 B

FUSE 500  , 3 A
DC SUPPLY M ALT.
220 Volt.
Y

R
- F2
DPST A2
SWITCH

3 phase
Variac

r
FUSE A
R 0 – 10 A
3 phase
Supply
b

V 0 – 300/600 V
B
y
TPST
SWITCH

Fig1 Circuit Diagram for Negative sequence Impedance (Z2)

Fig- 2 Circuit Diagram for zero sequence Impedance (Z0).

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PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. While applying voltage the armature current should not exceed 7 A.
7. The short circuit current should be kept low in order to avoid undue heating of the field winding.

PROCEDURE:
1. For Negative Sequence Synchronous Impedance (Z2)
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-1.
2. Rotate the rotor at synchronous speed with field winding unexcited & short circuited.
3. Apply the balanced 3-ɸ voltage.
4. Note down the instrument readings in observation table-1.
5. Switch off the 3-ɸ supply & stop the machine.
2. For Zero Sequence Synchronous Impedance (Z0)
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2.
2. Rotate the rotor at synchronous speed with field winding unexcited & short circuited.
3. Apply the 1-ɸ voltage.
4. Note down the instrument readings in observation table-2.
5. Switch off the1-ɸ supply & stop the machine.

OBSERVATION:
Table-1 for Z2
Sl. No V I If Z2

Table-2 for Z0
Sl. No V I If Z0

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CALCULATIONS:

Z2 = V
3I

Z0 = 3V
I

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION:

1. Define positive, negative and zero sequence components for unbalanced power system.
2. Can zero sequence currents produce rotating field? Justify your answer.
3. Explain how double frequency current are produced in the rotor field when negative sequence currents are
impressed on armature.
4. Explain why X1& X2 are different in synchronous machine whereas they are equal in Transformer.
5. Explain how X2 is arithmetic sum of “Xd” and “Xq”.

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 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Electrical Machines Laboratory
Experiment No- 10
PERFORMANCE CURVE OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a. Perform no load and block rotor test on 3-Φ induction motor.
b. Using the data obtained above, draw the circle diagram complete in all respect.
c. Compute max power, max torque, starting torque and best power factor using the circle diagram.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl.No Instruments/Equipments Type Specification Quantity

1 Ammeter MI (0-5/10) A 1 No

2 Voltmeter MI (0-600) V 1 No

(0-150) V 1 No

3 3-Variac Iron core 10 A, 415V 1 No

4 Wattmeter LPF 5 A, 600 V,0.2PF 2 Nos

UPF 10 A, 125V 2 Nos

5 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Machines Required:
Sl.No Machine Specification Quantity

3-ΦInduction Motor 3.7 kW / 5 HP , 1430 RPM

1. 1 No
415 V, 7.8 A, Delta connection.

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THEORY:
Thecircle diagram is the graphical representation of the performance of the electrical machines (such as Induction
Motor, Alternator etc). The circle diagram is drawn using the data obtained from No-Load Test and short circuit Tests or,
in case of Induction motor, Block rotor tests. To find out the Induction motor parameters which affect the performance of
the Motor, we do both No-load Test and Block rotor test.
No-Load Test:
The no-load test of Induction machine, like the open circuit test on a transformer, gives information about exciting
current and rotational losses. The test is performed by applying balanced rated voltage at rated frequency on the stator
windings. The small power provided to the machine is due to core losses, friction and winding loses. The machine will
rotate at almost synchronous speed, which makes slip nearly zero.
The No-load power factor (cos0) = P0/ ( *V0*I0)

Where, P0 - Power consumed by the Induction motor at no load

I0 – No-load current drawn by the Induction motor

V0 – Line voltage supplied to Induction motor

I1
R10 X10

R2'

V1 R0 X0

I1

Equivalent Circuit diagram of Induction Motor

Block rotor Test:

The locked rotor test of Induction machine, like short circuit test on a transformer, provides the information about
leakage impedances and rotor resistance. Low voltage is applied to stator windings to circulate rated current in stator
winding of the motor by keeping rotor at standstill using brake drum arrangement. Measure the voltage and power per
phase. Since there is no rotation slip, s=1.
The short circuit power factor (cossc) =Psc/ ( *Vsc*Isc)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10A , 600V ,
LPF WATTMETER
M L
A
~
0 – 10A
C V
FUSE
R V 0- 600V
3 - phase
~
415 V,50 Hz 3- phase
Supply 3- Phase
Variac Induction
Y Motor

TPST
Switch
C
V
M L

10A , 600V,
LPF WATTMETER

Fig-1 Circuit diagram for No load test

10A , 125V ,
UPF WATTMETER
M L
A
~ S1 S2
0 – 10A
C V
FUSE
R V 0- 150V
3 - phase
~
415V,50 Hz 3-phase
Supply 3- Phase
Variac Induction PULLEY
Y Motor

B
TPST
Switch
C
V
M L

10A , 125V,
UPF WATTMETER

Fig-1 Circuit diagram for block rotor test

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
6. Before switching on the supply, be sure that variable point of Variac should be at zero.

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PROCEDURE:
1. No-load Test:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-1.
2. Ensure that the motor is unloaded and the 3- Variac is set at zero position.
3. Switch on the supply and increase the voltage gradually till the rated voltage of the motor.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters in observation table.
5. Switch off the a.c. supply to stop the motor.
2. Block Rotor Test:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2.
2. Readjust the 3- Variac at zero position.
3. Block the rotor by tightening the belt.
4. Switch on the a.c. supply and apply reduced voltage, so that the input current drawn by the motor under blocked
rotor condition is equal to the full load current of the motor.
5. Note down the readings of all the meters in observation table.
6. Switch off the a.c. supply.
7. Measure the resistance per phase of the stator winding.
3. Construction of Circle Diagram

Conduct No load test and blocked rotor test on the induction motor and find out the per phase values of no load
current I0, short circuit current ISC and the corresponding phase angles Φ0 and ΦSC. Also find short circuit current ISN
corresponding to normal supply voltage. With this data, the circle diagram can be drawn as follows.

1. With suitable scale, raw vector OA with length corresponding to I0 at an angle Φ0 from the vertical axis. Draw a
horizontal line AB.
2. Draw OS equal to ISN at an angle ΦSC and join AS.
3. Draw the perpendicular bisector to AS to meet the horizontal line AB at C.
4. With C as centre, draw a portion of circle passing through A and S. This forms the circle diagram which is the locus
of the input current.
5. From point S, draw a vertical line SL to meet the line AB.
6. Divide SL at point K so that SK : KL = rotor resistance : stator resistance.
7. For a given operating point P, draw a vertical line PEFGD as shown.
then PE = output power, EF = rotor copper loss, FG = stator copper loss, GD = constant loss (iron loss +
mechanical loss)
8. To find the operating points corresponding to maximum power and maximum torque, draw tangents to the circle
diagram parallel to the output line and torque line respectively. The points at which these tangents touch the circle
are respectively the maximum power point and maximum torque point.

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Efficiency line:
1. The output line AS is extended backwards to meet the X-axis at O′.
2. From any convenient point on the extended output line, draw a horizontal line QT so as to meet the vertical from O′.
Divide the line QT into 100 equal parts.
3. To find the efficiency corresponding to any operating point P, draw a line from O′ to the efficiency line through P to
meet the efficiency line at T1. Now QT1 is the efficiency.
Slip Line:
1. Draw line QR parallel to the torque line, meeting the vertical through A at R. Divide RQ into 100 equal parts.
2. To find the slip corresponding to any operating point P, draw a line from A to the slip line through P to meet the slip
line at R1. Now RR1 is the slip
Power Factor Curve:
1. Draw a quadrant of a circle with O as centre and any convenient radius. Divide OCm into
100 equal parts.
2. To find power factor corresponding to P, extend the line OP to meet the power factor curve at C′. Draw a horizontal
line C′C1 to meet the vertical axis at C1. Now OC1 represents power factor.

OBSERVATION:
No-load test Block rotor test

V0 I0 W01 W02 Vsc Isc Wsc1 Wsc2

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Data Processing and Analysis:
1. Using the data obtained, draw the circle diagram complete in all respect.

2. Compute (a) Max Power (b) Max Torque

(c) Starting torque and best power factor, utilizing the circle diagram.

CALCULATIONS:

W01 − W02 Wsc1 − Wsc2

tan0 = 3 tansc = 3
W01 + W02 Wsc1 + Wsc2

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION:

1. Why should there be a difference between D.C and A.C resistance?

2. Are the core losses and mechanical losses constant for all operating conditions? Comments your view.
3. How does core losses vary with voltage and why?
4. Did the blocked rotor loss vary exactly proportional to square of the current? Explain the deviations if any.
5. What are the possible errors due to the approximate equivalent circuit?

6. What will happen if one line of the supply is cut off (a) When the motor is supplying full load (b) When the motor
is at stand still.

7. Does the no-load current steadily decrease as the supply voltage is reduced? If not, explain why?

8. Why one wattmeter gives negative reading for No-load Test and Block rotor Test but, positive reading for rated
load condition?

9. Find out various losses occurring under full load condition, using the circle diagram.

10. Mark clearly the stable and unstable region on the circle diagram.

11.Why the no load power factor is quite small in case of 3- induction motor.

12.Discuss the fact that the input power factor of the motor increases with increase in load.

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