PreCalculus With Limits_A Graphing Approach 3rd
Uploaded by
TUTORKIMPreCalculus With Limits_A Graphing Approach 3rd
Uploaded by
TUTORKIM12
12 Graphs
Graphs of
of
functions
functions
6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number
8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix
Complete Solutions Guide
PNEC,MCWUS FIINCTIONS AAID GRAPHS :
A GNAPHING APPNOACH
THIRD EDITION
PnE cALCuL#u *rru LrMrr s :
A GRAPHING APPROACH
THIRD EDITION
La rso nl Hostetl e r I Edwa rd s
Bmce H. Edwards
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Dianna L. Zook
Indiana University-
Purdue University at
Fort Wa5me, Indiana
HOUGITTON MITT'LIN COMPAIYY Boston New York
Editor-in-Chief: Jack Shira
Managing Editor: Cathy Cantin
Development Manager: Maureen Ross
Associate Editor: Laura Wheel
Assistant Editor: Carolyn Johnson
Supervisrng klitor: Karen Carter
Project Editor: Patty Bergin
Art Supervisor: Gary Crespo
Marketing Manager: Michael Busnach
Senior Manufacturing Coordinator: Sally Culler
Composition and Art Meridian Creative Group
Copyright @ 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Houghton Mifflin Company hereby grants you permission to reproduce the
Houghton Mifflin material contained in this work in classroom qtrantities, solely for
use with the accompanying Houghton Mifflin textbook. All reproductions must
include the Houghton Mifflin copyright notice, and no fee may be collected except
to cover the cost of duplication. If you wish to make any other use of this malerial,
including reproducing or transmitting the material or portions thereof in any form or
by anyblectronic or mechanical means, including any information storage or
retrieval systenL you must obtain prior written permission from Houghton Mfflin
Company unless such use is expressly permitted by federal copyright law.If you
wish to reproduce material acknowledging a rights holder other than Houghton
Mifflin Company, you must obtain permission from the rights holder. Address
inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mitrlin Company, 222Berkeley Street,
Boston, lg.f.AO?LL63764..
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 0-618-07412-0
456789-CRS-04
CONTENTS
Part I Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
and Practice Tests 1
Chapter P Prerequisites T
Chapter I Functions and Their Graphs 45
Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions 85
Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 742
Chapter 4 Thigonometric Functions 1,82
Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry 243
Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Thigonometry 289
Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 332
Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants 384
Chapter I Sequences, Series, and Probabitity 427
Chapter L0 Topics in Analytic Geometry 473
Chapter II Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions 531
Chapter 12 Limits and arr Introduction to Calculus 551
Solutions to Chapter Practice Tests 576
Part ll Solutions to Ghapter and Cumulative Tests 609
Part lll Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises 663
Chapter P Prerequisites 663
Chapter ! Functions and Their Graphs 707
Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions 743
Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 796
Chapter 4 Thigonometric Functions 833
Chapter 5 Analytic tigonometry 893
Chapter 6 Additional Topics in tigonometry 935
Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 974
Chapter I Matrices and Determinants 7023
Chapter I Sequences, Serios, and Probability L065
Chapter 10 Topics in Analytic Geomehy L103
Chapter II Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions !157
Chapter 12 Limits and an Introduction to Calculus 'j,r73
ltl
aaa
PREFACE
.
This Complete Solutions Guide is a supplement to Prccalculus Functions and Gmphs: A
Gmphing Approacft, Third Edition, and Prccalculus with Limits: A Gmphing Apptoach, Third Edition,
by Ron Larson, Robert P. Hostetler, and Bruce H. Edwards.
Solutions to the exercises in the text are given in tbree parts. Part I contains solutions to odd-
numbered Section and Review Exercisss, as well as summaries of the chapters and Practice Tests with
solutions. Part tr contains solutions to the Chapter and Cumulative Tests from the textbook. Part III
offers solutions to even-numbered Section and Roview Exercises.
\\is Complete Solutions Guide is the result of the efforts of Larson Texts, Inc. and Meridiari
Creadve Group. If you have any correctious or suggestions for improvi4g this guide, we would appreci-
ate hearing from you.
Bruce H. Edwards
358 Little Halt
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
[email protected]
Dienna L. Zook
Indiana University
Purdue University
Fort Wayne, IN 46805
[email protected]
1V
CHAPTER P
Prerequisites
SectionP.l. GraphicalRepresentationofData . . . . . . . . . .z
SectionP.Z GraphsofEquations .. , . . . . . . . . , . . . . .7
SectionP3 LingsinthgPlang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Section P.4 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically . .20
Section P.5 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically . 3L
ReviewBxercises . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .... . . . . .. .36
CHAPTER P
Prerequisites
Section P.L Graphical Representation of Data
I You should be able to plot potnts.
I You should know that the distance between (tr, yr) and (x2, y) in the plane is
4:ffi.
I You should know that the midpoint of the line segment joining (x1, )r) and (xr,y) is
("*".Ytty').
\z'zl'
I You should know the equation of a circle: (+ - h)2 + (y - k)' : P.
I You should be able to construct scatter plots, bar graphs and line graphs for a set of data.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1.. y 3.
5. A: (2,6), B: (-6, -2), C: (4, -4), D: (-3,2) 7. A:(0, 5), B:(-3, -6), C:(1 , -4.5), D:(-4,2)
9. (-3, 4) 1,1.. (-5, -5)
L3. r>0 + The point lies in Quadrant I or L5. x : -4 =+ x is negative =+ The point
in Quadrant IV. lies in Quadrant II or Quadrant III.
y < 0 + The point lies in Quadrant III or y > 0 + The point lies in Quadrant I or
in Quadrant IV. Quadrant II.
x > 0 and y < 0 ==+ (t, y) lies in x : -4 and y > 0 ===> (", y) lies in
Quadrant IV. Quadrant II.
.,
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ll . y < -5 ==+ y is negative =+ The point 19. Since (x, -y) is in Quadrant II, we know that
lies in either Quadrant III or Quadrant IV. x<0and -y>0. If -y>0,theny<0.
x< 0 =:=> The point lies in Quadrant II or in
Quadrant III.
y< 0 ==+ The point lies in Quadrant Itr or in
Quadrant IV.
x < 0 and y < 0 -+ (*, y) lies in Quadrant III.
21. If xy ) 0, then either x and y arc both 23;. The x-coordinates are increased by 2,and the
positive, or both negative. Hence, (x, y) y-coordinates are increased by 5: (0, l), (4,2), (1, 4).
lies in either Quadrant I or Quadrant III.
25. d: 15 - (-3)l :8 27. a=l-3_Zl= l_Sl :S
29. d =W : JW : -rE| +m = JT6 = 13.
31. (a) 33. (a)
(-4, l0)
a
(5,4)..'
a
o'11, l;
35. (a) 37. (a)
5
4
t54\
\-1,,i)
o'
3
o-- -o---1
!,
(-1,2)
Fr, 3) ,
-l
(b) d-
/r8,
t':-
lV'lq g 3
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39. (a) 41. (a)
8
(-36, -18) l8 36 54
(6.2,5.4',)
6 a\ -18
\\
-' - - -a (6, -45)
(-3.7,1.8)-
4
- -O'(1.25,3.6) \
o"2 -54
-72
246
-90
o) a:
:ffi :ffi
:ffi -@:6..m
l-36 +48 -18 -72\
(c)\16.2, 3.7, 5.4 +z U) - (1.25,j.6) (c) (=-'-):(6'-4s)
t
43. (a) The distance between (0,2) and (4,2) is 4. 45. (a) The distance between (- 1, 1) and (9, 1) is 10.
The distance betrv@n (4,2) and (4, 5) is 3. The distance between (9, l) and (9,4) is 3.
The distance betrreen (0,2) and (4, 5) is The distance betw@n (- 1, l) and (9, 4) is
:jG+s-fi-5. : './im: rc'
(b) 42+32:16+9:25:52 (b) 102 + 32 :109 - (rc\'
+ zom $520,000 + $740'000) _ (t9ea,
47. (rg/ge
a" $630,000), The sales in 1998 are $630,000.
\ 2 ' 2/
49. Find distances betw@n pairs of points.
4: :#
dz: - ..60
4- :6
(6)'+ (-B)2 -- (.60)'
Because dr' * dr' : d3', the triangle is a right triangle.
51.. Find distances betw@n pairs of points.
q: :.tm-A-26
dz: - -l{.+$l: ./$5
h: --tm:A-26
do: W=.F++8t =.,/63
Opposite sides have equal lengths ot2-f5 and JES, so the figure is a parallelogram.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s3. since x-m:
*t
!2 *' !^:
"'-Jm
and
Yt
?
2
we have:
2x^: xr * ,, 2y^: lt * yz
2x*-xr:xz 2y^-lt:lz
55. (x - 0)2 + (V - 0)t: 32 + t)z - 4z
57. (x - 2)2 + (y
(x-2)2+ (y+ l)2:16
59.
6L. 63. Center: (0,0)
Radius - 2
65. Center: (1, -3) 67. Centert (t,r)
Radius - 2 Radius :32
69. 71. The highest price was approximately $1.66, which
f, eo occured in 1996.
930
E20
&ro
tr
go
e -r0
E -ro
I -30
& -no
Month (l ++ January)
75. The point (65,83) represents an entrance exam score of
73.
#(too) - 166.677o fromt987 to rggg.
65.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
77. Corn: ffi fl00) - l8.757o - l97o 79.
jA 50
tr
Soybeans: # tloo) - 33.337o =
o
40
:
wheat' ffr (1oo) So.ovo
E
tr 30
(A
F 20
(Answers will vary.) o
()
E
ct
l0
er
f;EE +F E
g?PSPPSP
E
{Eg86tat E
El. (a) The savings decreased froml.2% to 3.g%.The decrease tt # 6.2
= 0.52 or 52%.
O) No.The trend lirnits the amount of funds available for capital impnovements and investnents
83. (a) Solve the equation C - 900: (b)
-237P + 66.Mt + 696.39: 900 >\tr
rm0
=e
ctl'E 800
-2.37P + 66.4t - 203.61 - 0 :8. 600
&"E
By the Quadratic Formula, 9;
<8 400
200
66.4r
t- 1989 1991 1993 1995
Year
_-66.Mrm
- 4.74
Hence, | - 3.50 and t - 24.53. Since 24.53 is not in the domain of C,
the average cost C exceeded $900 per day when / > 3.5 or the middle of L993.
85. Let (0, 0) represent the point of departure and let 87. (a) It appears that the number of artists elected
(100, 150) represent the destination. Then the alternates between 6 and 8 per year in the 1990s.
distance is given by If this pattern continues, 6, 7 or 8 would be
elected in 2001.
d-
(b) Since 1986 and 1987 were the first two years
: that artists were elected, there was a larger
= -ffi:So .fr - rgo.2gkm. number of artists chosen.
89. L997 sales are given by the midpoint:
(tgg' + 1118.7 + 1371.4) : (tggl ,t24s.05)
\z'21 'ge
The 1997 sales were approximately $1245 million.
91.4: :-,rffi:rc
dz: : jry42:3-n
q_ -ap--111p:-rc
Since d, : d3, the triangle is isosceles. True.
93. On the x-axis, y: 0
On the y-axis, x: 0
7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section P.2 Graphs of Equations
I You should be able to use the point-plotting method of graphing.
I You should be able to find r- and y-intercepts.
(a) Tio find the.r-intercepts, let y = 0 and solve for x.
(b) To find they-intercepts, letx = 0 and solve fory.
I You should know how to graph an equation with a graphing utility. You should be able to determine an apprG
priate viewing rectangle.
I You should be able to use the zoom and hace features of a graphing utility.
Solutions to (Xd-Numbered Exercises
1.y:G+4 3. y:4-l*-zl
(a) (0,2):
,_q
2: Jffi (a) (1,5): 5 i 4 - lt - zl
z=z/ s+4-r
Yes, the point rs on the graph. No, the point is not onthe gaph.
(b) (s,3): 3 :'t-,Ji4 O) ! 4 - lt.z - zl
(1.2, 3.2):3.2
t = _6- / tz ! +_ l_.81
yes, the point as on the graph.
3.2 ! + _ .a
3.2 +'tt 3.2 {
Yes, the point Ls on the graph.
5.b-y-3:O 7. th-**4y:g
(a) (r,2):2(r)-(z)-zLo tu) (r,*), (1)r(9 -(r)r++(i) 3o
-3+o +-l+f:e
No, the point r,r not on the graph. Yes, the point is on the graph.
(b) (1,-1): 2(1)-(-1) -3 z0 (al (z,L), @re) -Q)r++(\) zo
2+1 3-o / 2 - 4+2 - 0 ,/
Yes, the point is on the graph. Yes, the point is on the graph.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. Y: -2x + 3 11. Y:*-2x
1
x -1 0 I 2 2 x -l 0 I 2 3
v 5 3 I 0 -1 v 3 0 -1 0 3
-2 -l
13. y:3 l*-Zl 1.5. (a) y:I* - 3
x 0 I 2 3 4 x -2 -1 0 I 2
v I 2 3 2 I v
_z
2
_ll
4 -3 _ ll
4
_t 2
(c) y:-!*-3
x -2 -t 0 I 2
_ ll _z
v -:
2 4 -3 _13
4 2
Both graphs are lines. The first graph rises to
the right, whereas the second falls. Both pass
through (0, - 3).
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. y : I - x has intercepts (1,0) and (0, 1). lg. y : ffi has intercepts (+3,0) and (0,3).
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (0.
21. y:x3 -x* lhasay-interceptof (0, l)
and the points (1, l) and (-2, -5) are on the
graph. Matches (a)
23. y : -3x +2
v
27.y-* 3x 29. y-f +2
v v
31.. y -F
v
r23456
35. x:!2 I 37. y : x- 5
v 10
:
_--
i,,,,4,
=-J
Itttttltl
/
,/ -10
Intercepts: (0, - 5), (5, 0)
10 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39. y:3-l* 41. Y:x2-4x* 3
10 10
\I
\ \
t--,,,, a /f ,,,
Y
-10 -10
Intercepts: (6,0), (0, 3) Intercepts: (3, 0), (1,0), (0, 3)
43.Y:x(x-2)z 45. Jy- -4C
^l
x- I
10 to
I I I I I I I ll *l ,,,.,, tttttl
\_
-10 -10
Intercepts: (0, 0), (2, 0) Intercept (0, 0)
47. y: r'ffi 49. y:fi
10
10
/,,,,,,
V
rtttttttl I lt | | I
rrtttlrtl
-10
-10
Intercepts: (0, 0), (- 6, 0) Intercept (0, 0)
51. y:]x+5 53. Y : -* + lOx - 5
10 10
Both settings show
the line and its intercept.
lltf rrrl The first seffing is better. rrrrttltl
/ -10
-10
A
25
The second viewing
window is better
because it shows more
of the essential
features of the func-
\ tion.
-5
11 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
55. Y:4*-25 57. y : lrl + lx - l0l
RangeAMindow RangeAMindow
Xmin=-5 in=-30
Xmax=5 =30
Xscl=1 l=5
Ymin=-30 min=-10
Ymax=10 max=50
Yscl=5 scl=5
0
59. x2+y2:64 10
Y2:64-*
y:r@
Use: !r: F*z
lz:-ffi -10
6L. x2+y2:49 E
Y2:49-xz
y:rffi
Use: !t- Jffi
lz:-JW -E
63. !r:le- 8) 6s. !t: *t ro(f - l)l
lz:i*-z lz: 2(f - l)
The graphs are identical. The graphs are identical.
The Distributive Property is illusFated. The Associative Property of Multiplication is illusfiated.
67. y: -ffi 4
(a) (2, y) : (2, 1.73) _...-
(b) (x, 3) : (-4, 3) tl
-2
69.Y:rf-5x 5
(a) (-0.5, y) - (-0.5, 2.47)
(b) (x, -4) : (- I .65, -4) ,,,,,,11 ttttl
- (1, -4) or (x, -4) -E
\l
-5
12 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. (a) y : 225,000 - 20,Mt, 0 (b) *oj-
Window
X*o-o
Xr** : 8
Xr"r : I or-
Y-io : 60,000
60;OOO
Y*n - 230,000
Ir"t : 10,000
(c) lVhent = 5.8,y: 109,0(X).Algebraically,22l,O00 - 20,000(5.8): $109,000
(d) When t = 2.35,y : 178,(XX). Algebraically,225,@O - 2O,W(2.35) : $178,000.
73'(a)"n (b) Perimeter: 12 : 2x * 2w
12-2(x+r)
6:x*w
Thus,w-6-x.
Area: xw : x(6 - x) + A : x(6 - ")
(c) ':
(d) When w = 4.9,x = 1.1 andArea = 5.39 meters.
Algebraically, Area = 14, : (1.1X4.9) = 5.39 meters.
(e) The maximum area corresponds to the highest point on the graph, which appears to be (3,9).
Thus, x : 3 and w = 3, and the rectangle is a square.
75. (a) The y-intercept (0, 66.93) indicales the model's estimate of the life
expectancy in 1950 G: 0).
(b) y = 73.2 when t : 23.4O, which corresponds to 1973. Algebraically'
66.93 + t = -t3.2
I + 0.01t
66.93+t:73.2+0.732t
O.268t = 6.27
t:23.4
(c) 1948 corresponds tot = -2. Graphically, y : 66.26 when t - -/.Algebraically,
ffiiji =#:66.26yearc
(d) 2005 corresponds to f : 55:
66.93 + 55= 12r.93
/d'ooyears
1 + OoGt B:
f3 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
77. (a)
x l0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
v r07.3 26.6 l1.6 6.4 3.9 2.6 1.8 1.3 0.96 o.7l
(b) Fromthetable, x=45 wheny:4.8. (c) Whenx:85.5,y = l.10ohms.
Algebraically, (d) As the diameter increases, the resistance decreases.
P+-0.37=4.8
x-
lo,77o :5.L7
x-,
LO,77O = 5.17x2
2083.17 = x2
x = 45.6 mils
79. False. The line x : 0 has an infinite number of x-intercepts.
tl. Answers will vary.
Section P.3 Lines in the Plane
You should know the following important facts about lines.
I The graph of y : mx + b is a straight line. It is called a linearequation.
I The slope of the line through ("r, y,) and (*r,yJ is
m_lz-lt.
xz- xt
I (a) If m > 0, the line rises from left to right.
(b) lf m: 0, the line is horizontal.
(c) If m ( 0, the line falls from left to right.
(d) lf m is undefined, the line is vertical.
I Equations of Lines
(a) Slope-Intercept: y : mx * b
(b) Point-Slope: I - lr : m(x - rr)
(c) Two-Point: lz - lr("
JL-
! - lr - r,)L'
xz- xt'
(d) General: Ax+By* C:0
(e) Vertical: x:a
(f) Horizontal: y:b
I Given two distinct nonvertical lines
Li ! : ffirx * b, and I-, y : m* * b,
(a) L, is parallel to Lrif and only if m, - mzand br * br.
(b) L, is perpendicular to l2if and only if m, : - I /^r.
14 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
:
1.. (a) m ?. Since the slope is positive,
the line rises. Matches Ir. l0
8
(b) m is undefined. The line is vertical.
6
Matches Lr.
4
(c) m - -2. The line falls. Matches L,.
El0
5. Slope : :; 7. slope
rise
:-:--0 0
9. Slope
rise - 8
ffi run I run 2
-4 T
ll. slope --(- l-o) : to, : -l
- o -4-0 13. 6
-4 2
I
"
a-:\ 1"
I (-0, -r)
-2
Slope is undefined.
-12
15. Since m -
0, y does not change. Three points are 17 . Since m : 2, y increas es 2 for every unit increase
(0, 1), (3, 1), and (- 1, l). in r. Three points are ( - 4,6), (- 3, 8), (- 2, t0).
L9. Since m : tr, y increases I for every increas e of 2
in.r. Three points are (9, - 1), (11,0), (13, 1).
9+1 o,-'u, 25. 5x-y+3 -0
21. ffiLr:ffi: 23. ,t,:
..tt _6_3 -?3 Y:5x*3
l3
m4:4-o- mb:;:o:
ral z
4a
(a) Slope: m:5
2 -*r, t -
3ll
ntLt
L, and I, are parallel.
y-intercepfi (0, 3)
L, and I. ue perpendicular.
il
E
(b)
12
:2F'!t)
t,211'.6)
(-6,0)
-/.
(0,3) (0, -l)
(0, -l) -t
-4
15 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27.5x-2 -0 29.3y + 5 - 0
* :2s (a) y : -;
(a) Slope: undefined Slope: lrr - 0
No y-intercept y-intercept: (0, - i)
(b) (b)
31.7x*6y- 30:0 33. y+2-3(r-0)
y: -!* + 5 y:3x-2 =+ 3x -v-2-0
(a) Slope: m- -" v
y-intercept: (0, 5)
(b) r
r234
35. y-6: -2(x+ 3)
y:-2x - 2x+1l:0
39. x-6 41. y-!2:-3(t+l)
x-6-0 y : -3x
3x*1l:0
16 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. Since both points have x : - 8, the slope
is undefined.
x- -8 ==+ x* 8 -0
4
\ -4
\ \
, ;_, -2rl
47. v -;:*t.-2) 4s.y*3:Eft]G*#)
22 rorm
v: -it. - 2) +-2
I y*3: -g(r+*)
l3
y:-I*-X
y:-V*t + x*2y-3-0 30x+25y+18-0
6
3
\ \
\
\. \
-6
-1
- 0.6 : -o':-
xv
_T:_-l
5L. Y
-L
?'uk
I
- 1) 53.
5 -3
y-0.4(x-1)+0.6 -3x * 5y * 15 :0
y:0.4x+0.2 + 2x-5y +l-0 a -5 and b- -3are the x- and y-intercepts.
2
2
/ ,,,, -1
./
-2
-5
55.rv 2- i:1 x L Y
I | 2 '-- r
57. |
-6 -3
3x*2y-6-0 /3
-6x-b)-l
lzx+3y+2-0
17 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. Y:0.5x-3
10 I
,,,rrlrl
tltl
- ,/
-1 -1
The second setting shows the x and y intercepts more clearly.
61.(a) y:zx (b)y:-2x (c) y:Lx
_10
(b) and (c) are perpendicular.
63. (a) y:-TxI (b) y:-*r+3 (c) y:2x-4
(a) and (b) are parallel.
(c) is perpendicular to (a) and (b).
65. 4x-2Y:3 67. 3x * :7
4Y
y:2, -; Y: -!r. +l
slope: m : -i
Slope:m: 2 (a) y-3:-ik+3)
(a) y- l:2(x-2) y: _i. + e
y:2x-3 ==+ 2x-y-3:Q 6x*8y-3-0
(b) y - 3: tG *?)
(b) y- r: -;@-z) y:t*+H
96x-72Y+l27rQ
y:-:x*2
2
+ x*2y-4-0
69. x-!:4
Y:x-4
slope: m : I
(a) y- 6.8-l(x-2.5) (b) y- 6.8:-l(x-2.5)
Y:x*4'3 Y=-x*9'3
lOx-10y+43-0 l0r*lOy-93-0
18 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. Set the distance between (4, - l) and (x, y) equal to the distance between (-2,3) and (x, y).
(x - : (x + 2)z + (y - 3)'
4)2 + (y + I)'
x2- 8x*16+y2+2y+ I -**4x+4*y2-6y +9
-8x*2y*17-4x-6y+13
0- lzx-8y-4
0- 4(3x-2y- 1)
0-3x-2y-1
This line is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting (4, - l) and (-2, 3).
73. (a) m = I35. The sales are increasing 135 units per year.
(b) m = 0. There is no change in sales.
(c) m = -40. The sales are decreasing 4O units per year.
5. (a) Years Slope (b) (1,0.98), (11, y - 0.98 -
l'31 - 0-'98(*
-
7 1.35):
n1 1)
1988-1989 0.87 - 0.98 : -0.11 y:0.037(x-l)+0.98
1989-1990 1.04 -'0.87 - O.t7
y:O.O37x+0.943
199f1991 1.26 - 1.0[ : 0.22
(c) Between 1988 and 1998, the earnings per share
199l-1992 1.38 1.26 : 0.12 increased at a rate of $0.037 pr year.
1992-1993 1.47 1.38 : 0.09 (d) For zWL, y : 0.037(2001) 72.576 - 1.461, which
1993-1994 1.58 r.47 - 0.1 I is a reasonable prediction.
199+1995 1.74 1.58 : 0.16
1995-1996 1.48 1.74: -0.26
199G1997 l.7O - 1.48 : O.22
1997-1998 1.35 1.70 : - 0.35
Greatest increase: l99O-199I and 1996-1997
Greatest decrease: 1997 -1998
77. Slope : 3is" 79' (t,2540) m_ 125
Run
v-2540: r25(t - 1)
t2 2000
100 y v-2540: l25t - 125
V_ I25t + 2415
-lZy - -200,000
y : 16,666! tet - J.16 miles
81. (t,zo+00) m: -2000
V - 2O4Cf,^: -2000(t - t)
V-204O0:-2000t+2000
V -- - 2000t + Z24OO
l9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. The slope is m : - 10. This represents 85. The slope is m : 0.25. This represents the
the decrease in the ameunt of the loan increase in travel cost for each mile driven.
each week. Matches graph (b). Matches graph (a).
87. Using the points (0, 3Q) and (100, 212), we have 89. Using the points (1998, 28500) and (2000, 32900),
we have
l8o
m:2r2-32 -
100-0 100-_95 329W - 28500 4400
q
m:ro:z:22oo
F-32::(C-0)
) S-28500:22ffi(t-1998)
q
F -'=C + 32.
S-22ffit-4,367,100
)
When t - 2W3, g: 22W(2003) - 4,367,100
: 39,500
91. (a) Using the points (0, 875) and (5, 0), where
the first coordinate represents the year r and
the second coordinate represents the value %
we have
m:
0-875 :
5-0 -L75
V - -175t + 875,0< t<5. (c) t:0:V: :
-175(0) + 875 875
t 0 I 2 3 4 5 t- l:V: -175(l) + 875: 700
v 875 700 525 350 175 0 t - 2:V: -175(2) + 875 - 525
l:3:V:-175(3) + 875 : 350
f = 4:V: -175(4) + 875 - 175
t - 5:V: -175(5) +875-0
e3' (a) l'150r (b) R - 27t
'=i1lT,i;ll.
(c)' (d) 0- 10.25t- 36,500
36,500 : 10,25t
t- 3561 hours
=T:i':::+36'soo)
20 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
95. (a) y : 92.84t + 487.82 (answers will vary) 97. False.
The equation of the line joining (10, - 3) and
(b) For2000, t - 12andy - 1,601 (2, -9) is
corresponding to $1,601,000.
v*3 :#("- lo)
(c) The slope is the average increase
?
per year. y*3:i@-10)
32r
Y:T-T
For x: _12,y:|f_rrl _+
- - 19.5
.- -37
2
- - 18.5
99. The lind with slope - 4 is steeper. 101.. No, the slopes of perpendicular lines are negative
reciprocals of each other.
Section P.4 Solving Equations Algebraicatty and Graphicatly
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
t You should know how to solve linear equations.
axlb=O
I An identity is an equation whose solution consists of every real number in its domain.
I To solve an equation you can:
(a) Add or subtract the same quantity from both sides.
(b) Multiply or divide both sides by the same nonzero quantity.
I To solve an equation that can be simplified to a linear equation:
(a) Remove all symbols of grouping and all fractions.
(b) Combine like terms.
(c) Solve by algebra.
(d) Check the answer.
I A "solution" that does not satis$ the original equation is called an extaneous solution.
I You should be able to solve equations graphically.
I You should be able to solve a quadratic equation by factoring, if possible.
I You should be able to solve a quadratic equation of the form u2 = dby extracting square roots.
t You shoqld be able to solve a quadratic equation by completing the square.
I You should know and be able to use the Quadratic Formula: For ai * bx * c = 0, a * O,
x= _r;_.
-b+1@-4",
I You should be able to solve polynomials of higher degree by factoring.
t For equations involving radicals or fractional powers, raise both sides to the same power.
I For equations with fractions, multiply both sides by the least comglon denominator to clear the fractions.
I For equations involving absolute value, remember that the expression inside the absolute value can be positive
or negative.
I Always check for exhaneous solutions.
2l PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
54
l.;_ 3
zxx
54 54
(a)
m- euDzs
(b)
2(4) 4
:??i'
3
3-3 --::fJ
8
-i x: I
it a solution. x: 4 is not a solution.
rrn\ 54
\v, 2@)- ;u is undefined.
54
(d)
2(w- u4-? 3
x:0 is not a solution. -6+3
x: iI it not a solution.
3.5-
1
,^-4 ,Jm
5. -3-4
xf z 6
(a) 3.#!+ (a)'t- J-*a*
6
32+
19
x : -1is":r;r: 7*o
so'Iution
(b) 3 ' (-2)
-ll
t:3 + is undefined
+ o
(b)'4':l;
- -2 is not a solution
x
(c) 3 ,1? :-
o+2
9*o
3
x -- 0 is not a solution
!*o
2
'\ ffi+32+
(c)
6
x:0isnotasolution
(d)
\/
I Z+
3+ 5 +2 T*o
6
22 x : 2I is not a solution
--.1
7
/,{\
(o) @ *32+
x-5isnotasolution 6
4:4
x: 32 is a solution
7. 2(x - l) - fus - 2 is an identity by the Distributive Property. It is true for all real values of x.
9. * - U* 5 = (x - 4)' - ll is anidentitysince(x - 4r' - lI = * - 8x + 16 - ll - * - 8x * 5.
I4x
11. 3 +r_, =;;isconditional.Therearerealvaluesofrforwhichtheequationisnottrue.
PART I: SolutionS to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. Method 1:
3*
83-! -4 rs. +.*:. -,
9x - 32x -(?) .-(;) -4(x) -^G)
24
-4
-23x : 96 5x*2-4x-2
. _96 x: -4
23
y, : lz:4
Metho d2: Graph
* - +and
in the
same viewing window. These lines
intersect at x - -4.r73g - -#
100-4u _5u*6 +6
17. 1{, + sY - it, + 24) - o 19.
34
- 4(i) k + 24): 4(o)
t ('m:3 o"\: ,r(s": u\+ 12(6)
a,d)r, + s)
6(e+5) (z+24)-0 \ t \4t
6z* 30- z-24:O 4(100 - 4u):3(5u + 6) +72
5z: -6 400 - l6u: llu * 18 + 72
<'-
6 -31u -- -310
5
u: l0
5r-4
JJ'U 2 l1 f--t-
10
2I. 23.
5x*4 3 x-3 x*3 *-g
3(5x-4):2(5x+4) (x+3)+(*-3)_ 10
15x - 12: lOx * 8 *-g *-g
5x:20 2x:10
x:4 x:5
25.
2x*l
8r
b-l -4 27. !+
x +_o
x-)
1(bc - l) 8x(b + l) - -4(2x + I)(?* - 1) l(x-5) +2x -0
I4x-7 l6x2 - 8x - -16* + 4 3x-5-0
6x - 11 3x:5
*_
J+
11
x:; 5J
6
29. _+ -;: I
rk - 3) x -'3
3+4(x-3)-x
3*4x-12:x
3x:9
x:3 A check reveals that x : 3 is an extraneous solution, so there is no solution.
23 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31.y=a-5
Lety=0:0:.r-5 +.r:5 + (5,0) r-intercept
Letx:0:y:0-5 + y=-5 + (0,-5) y-intercept
33.Y:*+x-2
Lety:0: (l+ x-2) =(.r*2)(x- 1)=0 1 a:-),1 a (-1,0),(1,0) r-inrercepts
Letx:0: y:G +0_2=_2 e (0,_2) y_intercept
35. y = ,.rtl,
I*t y :0: 0: xJiTZ :=+ = O, -2 + (0,0), (-2,0)
.itr x-intercepts
Let x :0: y- oj6 + 2- 0 + (0,0) y-intercept
37. y:lx-21-4
Irty=9. lt-21-!,- 0 =+ l*-21-4 + x:-2,6 + (-2,0),(6,0) x-intercepts
I*t x :0: l0 - 2l - 4 = l-21 - !, - 2 - 4 : -2 : ! ==e (9, -2) y-intercept
39.xy-2y-x*1:0
I-ety- 0: -r*1:0:> r:1 (1,0) x-intercept
Letx:O:-2y*1=0 + y:l =- (O,i) y-intercept
41. y:12-4x 43. Y:x2-2.5x-6 4s.y:+-+-
12-4x:0 x2-2.5x-6-0
x+2
_i_ x- I _1_0
12:4x (r - a)(x + 1.s) - 0 s
3:x x : 4, -1.5
5(x+2) 3(*-1) ls-0
2x:2
4 4
,rrlrr.. x:l
\
a a I a a a tla
ttl taaa
-4
\
\
-E
J 2
-2
47. 1
(3, 0)
ttl tl / tl
/
-4
y:0-2(x- l)-4-2x-2-4-2x-6 + 2x:6 + x:3
A PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
49, 6
(lo, o)
ttl \ tl
-6
\
1l=0=20-(3x-10)=20-3xf10:30-31 4 Ja:30 + r:10
51. 27-4x-12 20
-4x: -15 \
x:E
27-4x-12:0 \ I
Y:15 - 4x - 0 -2
x : 3.75: f;
53. - 3) : l}(x + 2)
25(x l0 4
25x-75: lzx+24- 10
I3x-89-0
r:t?
: 25(x - 3)
y r2(x + 2) + 10 : 0
-1
x - 6.846
-- 3x I
ss. l0
7+i6-2): aaa
2
6xxl
T-r=:10*;
442 /
7x 2l /
-:-
42 -14
x:6
3x I.
y:;+/J--2) 1o:o
r:6.0
25 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
)v 24 34
57.-=-10-- 59.xrz
, ^--:5
5x x-2
3(* - 2) - a(* + 2) - s(x + 2)(* -
lrta:10(3x) -To,l 2)
3x-6-4x- 8:5(x2-4)
2x2:30x-72 0- 5x2*x-6
2x2-30x+72-0 0-k-l)(sx+6)
x2-15x*36:0
(x-3X"- 12) -0 x:1r-95
x:3112
2x
v: x*2 x-2 -5-0
v:1, r0 + - 24
to
.r l
\-1
\'-l
l.,
\
-10
a
_t
x - 1.0, -1.2
x - ,1,' ,,
61.3(x+3):5(l-1) I 6
3x*9 -5 -5x- I I
8x : -5
x: -g5 ../
y:3(x+3)-5(1 -")+1-0 I -2
x -- -0.625
2x3-x2- 18x+9-0 65. f-2n3+l x*2 -3
63. 67.
x - -3.0, 0.5, 3.0 f-2x3 l-0
30 x: -0.717, 2.107 x*2 3-0
A x : - 1.333
2
-20
V \
\
v
-3
\
2
-5
69. - 3l - 4
lx 4 7l.y:2-x
lx - 3l - 4 - 0 \ \ Y:2x-1
x : -1,7 2-x:2x-l
\./
3:3x
-6 x:1r): Z I :1
(r, v) : (1, 1)
26 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. x - y : -4 +y : x * 4 75.Y:9-2x 77. !: 4 - xz
x2 - y : -2 +y : x2 + 2 Y:x-3 Y:2x-1
x2+2-x+4 (4, 1) (r, y) - (1.M9,1.898),
x2-x-2-0 10 (- 3 .Mg, -7.899)
k-2)(x+1):o 6 (t.449,1.898)
x: 2r! : 6 aaaaaaall
.\
x:-lry:3
,/
(2,6), (- 1, 3) -10
79. y:2f 81. 6f +3x:0 83. *-zx-8-o
y:f-2* 3x(2x*1)-0 (x- 4@+2) -0
(r, y) : (0, 0), (2,8), (-2,8) 3x:0 or 2x* 1- 0 x-4:O or x*2: 0
x:0 or x: -2 I
x:4 or x: -2
85. 3*5x-2f-0 w. *+4x- t2
(3-rxl +b) -0 * + 4x - tz: 0
3-x 0 or I *2x -0 (x+6Xx-2): 0
x:3 or
I
x- -, x*ur,:-: x-2-0
:: x:2
89. *:7 91. (x - L2)2:18 93. (?n - l)' : 18
x:rJj x - 12: +1.fr b-1:r-/i8'-r3.,n
- t2.65 x- 12 + 30 2x-fi-.n+l
x -, 16.24 or : '1 .76 x:rl0+t
x - 2.62 or -, - I.62
95. k-7)':(x+3)2 97. x2+4x-32 gg. * + 6x * 2 - 0
x-7-+(x+3) x2+4x*4_32+4 f+6x--z
x-7:x* 3impossible (x+2)':36 * + 6x * 32: -2 + 32
x - 7 : -(x + 3) =+ b : 4 x+2:t6 (x+3)':7
+x-2 x- -2 t6 x * 3: IJj
x- -8,4 x:-3+Jj
n PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
101.9x2-l8x*3-0 103. -x2*2x+2-0 105. x2 + 8x - 4 - 0
xz- b+l:o
3 x: -b+rm
2a x: -brm
f-7x--1- 2a
3 -2+m
2(- r)
f -:-+12:-l*5 p
+ 2.,fr
_8t@
-2 r +-fr 2(r)
(x - l)' -2 -2
3
x-1: -J1 -8 r4. 6
2
t *Vtt : -4+26
x:l *fi3
107.4*+l6x*15-0 1.09. *-2x- l-0 LLl. (x + 3)3 - 81
_b+ffi f-zx-l x*3:+9'
x: zt x*3-9 or x*3_ *9
*-2x*12:1+12
_-rctm 2(4)
(x-r)':2 x-6 or x--I2
_-rc+ -rc x-1:I-,n
8 x:1+ O
^l35
- -z 2' 2'
1.13. x2-x-f:o 115. 4xa - l8x2 - 0
z*(z*-e):o
x2 - x *i:+.i :0 ?-* r:0
x:* 3fi
===>
( t)':3 2x2-9:0
\*-it
===>
Z
t: rJj
x:r* 6
x:t. a,t- a
2E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ll7. f - gl-0 ll9.5x3 +30**45x_Q l2l. x3 3*-x*3 -0
(*,+9)(x+3Xr-3)-0 5x(** 6x + 9) - 0 *(*-3) (x-3)-0
xz + 9 - 0 No real solution. Sx(x*3)':0 (.r-3)(*'-1)-0
5X:0 ==+ X:0 (x-3Xx+lXt-1)-0
x*3-0 :+ x:-3 x*3-0 ==+ x--3 x-3-0 + x:3
x-3 -0 =+ x:3 '
x* 1-0 + x: -l
x- l-0 =+ x:1
t?8. /-4*+3:o 125. 4#-65f*16:o
(* -3)(* - l): o (4* - LXf - 16) = e
('+ Jl)(' - Jt)@ + t)(r- l) =o (2x+ L)(zx - lXx+4)(x--4):0
xi{3=g + t:-Ji ?-x*I:O + *=-*,
x--fr=O + ,:Jj ?-x-l=O + ,=i
.x*l=Q + x:-l x1.4=0 + x:-4
x-L:Q + x=I x-4:0 + x:4
IR
r27. *+9*15=o
rt 129.2x+g.fr-5=o
l + 8r+ lsf :o (z-fi- tX"urJ+S) :o
(1 +30(1 t5r)=a Ji:L + x:i
1 * 3r = 0 =+ ,: -! ({r: -5 isnotpossible.)
1 * 5r : 0 + r= -] Note: You can see graphically that there is only one
solution.
rrr. $- -!,-o
to t:f,. FI-3x=l
jE-tO=4 Ft:3x*I
r-10:16 r*l:g*+ex+t
x=26 o:9**5x
0=x(9x*5)
l:0
:
9x * 5 0 +, : -*,exhaneous
1.35.6- jE-5:l 137. (x - S)zlt- 16
"lC- 1+ F x-5-+l6stz
(nY.:,: x-5:+U
::P,'**_s x - 69, -59
4-2.F
2-ffi
4-x-5
9:x
29 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
1.39. 3x(x - l)r/z + 2(x
- l)t/z - 0
(x - l)t/213x + 2(x - l)l : O
(x-t)t/2(5x-2)-0
(x-l)r/z-0 ==+ x-l-0 + x-l
5x - 2 : 0 ==+ x : ] which is exfianeous.
r4r.T:x
20-x:i2
Q-*+x-2O
0-(x+5Xx-4)
x*5-0 -> x: -5
X_4:0 ==+ X:4
143. 1- t :3
' tll
, - x(x * l),
x(x * 1); : x(x * 1X3)
+I
;*l-x:3x(x*1)
1-3f*3x
0- 3*+3x- 1; a=3, b-3, c=, -l
x_ -l t 2(3) _ -3 x, -,El
6
r45. , =' I tll. lu - t1:5
';+,
2x_r=5:+ x:3
.--,\r/* fr"l/l)
(2x)(x)= (2")f1)
'--,\21 -er -l) : s ::+ x: -2
?-*=6rx
- x- 6=0
?.*
(2r+3)(x-2):O
2xi3:0 + ,= -1 'z
x_2:0 + x:2
149. lrl=*1'x-3
x=f*x-3 OR -x=*lx-3
*-3=O *+2x-3=0
x=t.,6 (r-lXx*3)=g
X-t=0 =+ x-l
xl3=0 + x=-3
Onlyx =.fr,and.r= ,: --frandr: lareextraneous.Notethat
the gaph of y= p * x-3aresolutionstotheoriginalequation.
- 3 - lrl has twor-int€rce,pts.
30 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
151. !:f -2*-3x
(a) 5 (c)0:.f-2*-3x
rrrr,,,f trtrl
Q:x(x*lXi-3)
x:0
V x* 1=Q :+ x: -1
-7
x-3-0 + x= 3
(b) x-intercepts: (- 1, 0), (0, 0), (3, 0)
153. y: ffi-x
(a) : (c) Q: ffi-x
x:ffi
r * - llx - 30
f - llx + 30:
Q
-6
(r-5Xt-6):Q
X-5:Q :=+ X-5
X-6:0 ==+ X:6
(b) x-intercepts: (5,0), (6, 0)
r4
155. Y::-
- x x- I
I
(a) 2a (c) 0-'-
r4 I
J e= L -i;-' 4x - x(x -r)
r
\
ata
Q:x-l-4x-f*x
Q : -*-b- I
-21
o- f +2x+ 1
0-(x* r)'
(b) x-intercept: (- l, 0) x* 1:Q + x: -l
157.y:1"+11 -2
(a) t (c) Q: lr + 1l - 2
) - lr + ll
\ / x* 1-/ or -(x+1)-/
Y -1
x- I or -x- l-)
-x:3
x:-3
(b) x-intercept (1, 0), (-3,0)
31 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
159. (a) The point of intersection represents the 161.. P : 40 ffi,O 1y
moment when the per capita utilizations of
nectarines and cucumbers are equal. (a) 4s
(b) -0.37t + 6.88 : O.27t + 4.42
2.46 : 0.64t
|: 3.84375 or during 1993
1o,(xto,@o
(c)
(b) lf p : L2.95, then x : 7,3U,025 books
Intersection point: (3.84375, 5 .4578I)
163. False, they could have an infinite number of intersections.
Section P.5 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically
I You should know the properties of inequalities.
(a) Transitive a < b andD < c implies c < c.
(b) Addition: a <b 4 c < b + d.
andc < dimplies a
(c) AddingorSubtactingaConstant a * c<b + cif acb.
(d) Multiplying or Dividing by a Constanu For a < b,
l. Ifc> 0, then ac < bc
cc
^a9.!.
2. If c <0,then ac > U" >L.
^rA9cc
I You should know that
,,
lxl =IIxifx>O
r__r [_r ifx<0.
I You should be able to solve absolute value inequalities.
(a) lrl < a if if -a
and only < x < a.
(U) fxl>aif andonlyifr< -a or x>a.
I You should be able to solve polynomial inequalities.
(a) Find the critical numbers.
1. Values that make the expression zero
2. Values that make the expression undefined
(b) Test one value in each interval on the real number line resulting from the critical numbers.
(c) Determine the solution interrrals.
I You should be able to solve rational and other types of inequalities.
32 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solufions to (Xd-Numbercd hroblems
l.r<3 3. -3<x34
Matches (d). Matchas (c).
5.(a).r=3 (b)x=-3
s(3) - o
129 5(-3) - rz] o
3>o -27t0
Yes,r = 3isasolution No,r = -3isnotasolution.
(c) r: , ,0,
' =,
s(il - t29 o s(|) - r29 o
lro -Z*o
Yes,r : I isasolution. No,* =|isnotasolution.
3-x
7. - l
z
(a) r:o (b) x-..fr
?3-02
-r <i< I -1 - $_2
i? 3_- r
z
"l 'l
- 1 < 0.382
-1i ?z
z
I
Yes, x : # is a solution.
No, x : 0 is not a solution.
(c) x: I (d)r:5
?3
-f i=r1Z "t
-l t: 1_J.l
2
,l ,l "l 'l
-1 < I -l < -1
Yes,x:lisasolution. No, x : 5 is not a solution.
9. -10r < 40 11.4(x+ l)<?n+3 13. l<2x+3<9
-#t- ro)
' -#(40) 4x + 4<2x + 3 -2<2x<6
x> -4 2x<-l -1< x<3
-4-31-r
r *<-l 'ffi>r
-l 0t23
-i
r t t I t t >r
-2-l0l
.r--7, 9
15.-8<l-3(x-z)<t3
15
r7. -0.=;.0 ,-i._r.,,i_,
-8 <I -3x1. 6 < 13 _12<Zx_3<Lz
-8S -3r+7 <13 _g<Zx<ts
-15<-3.r<6 g 15
5>x> -2+-2<x<5 -r'*'T
#+-*;.-r+.f+r
-2-f 0 | 2 t 1 5
33 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
19. 6x'> 12 21. 5 - Zfr>I 23. -g
x>2 -2x> -4 -8
10 x32 -t < r < I
10 10
ttrltlttt I FFFFFFFI
rFlr r I lr | |
-10
-10 -t0
25. Using the graph, (a) y 3
Algebraically, (a) y ttl ,/,,,.,
b-3
b {
/
x -5
-23 x S 4and(b) y > 0forx < 4
27. Usingthegraph,(a) 0 < y S 3for 6
Algebraically,(a) 0<y<3 (b) y20
O< -|r +2s3 -tg +Z>O
\ _ --
-zs-fust z>tp -3
\
4>x>-2 42x -2
29. l5rl > r0 31. lx - 7l < 6
10
5x< -10 or 5x> -6 <.r -7 <6
x<-Z or x>2 1<x<13
.<.+-|+-r-$+' t 13
44-tor23-fffi'
33. lr + L4l + 3 35. f l- ?nl
l" + l4l -5
x+14 -6
x >r> -2
3
rt
-35 -28
I I t t 0I 7trr
4l -14 -7
-2<x
't t t I I l'..-t
1-l 0 | 2 3
Y PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37. y : l.r - 3l Algebraically,
(a) y 32
\ lx - tlsz
-2<x - 3
I Sx< 5
O) y24
(a) Graphically,y s 2forl S.r S 5 lx- 3l>a
and@)y>4forx<-lux>7 x-3<-4 or x-324
r< -1 x>7
39. The midpoint of the interval [-3, 3] is 0. The interval represents all real numbers.r no more than 3 unis from 0.
lx - 0l<3
I'l<3
41. The graph shows all real numbers at least 3 units from 7.
lr-71>3
43. All real numbers within 10 units of 12
lx - l2l< l0
45. (x + 2)2 <25 47. f + 4x * 4>9
* + 4x * 4<2s f+4x-5>o
*+4x-21 <o (x+s)(x- 1)>0
, (r+7)(x- 3)<0 Criticalnumbers: x: -5,x: I
Critical numbrs: x : -7, x : 3 Test intervals:(-oo, -5), (-5, 1), (1,
-)
Test intervals: (-o, -7), (-7,3), (3, oo) Test: Is (x + 5Xx - l) > 0?
Test: Is (r + 7)(x - 3) < 0? Solution sefi (-o, -5] u [1, rc)
Solution set (-7 ,3) t
-6-5-4-3-2-t 0 l 2
-73
--r-tl I t t tlt->r
49. - 4x>0
x3 51. Y:-f *2x* 3
x(x * 2)(x - 2) > 0 6
Critical number: x : 0, r -- +2
Test intervals: (-oo, -2), (-2,0), (0, 2), (2, oo)
Test: Is x(x + 2)(x -
t. rl
2) > 0? I I
Solution sefi f-2,0] u 12, *) -2
(a) Y<0whenx<-l or x73.
(b) y>3when0<x<2.
35 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s3. y:}t' -l*
0
lllt|- /,,.
I -t
(a) y 20 when -2 < x 30,2S.r.
(b) y<6when x34.
t
55. ^ -r>0
x
s7. ry
x*l - 2<o
|-f x+6-2(x+l)
x
>o ff<o
4-x
Critical numbersi x : 0, r : * I x*1 <0
Test intervals: (-e - 1), (-1,0), (0, l), (1, o) Critical numbers: x = -l,x - 4
1-12 , Test intervals: (-o, - 1), (- I ,4), (4, rc)
Test Is3>0?
x
Test lr?<o?
x*l
Solution sefi (-oo, - 1) U (0, l)
r
Solution sefi (-oo, - l) U (4, o)
1-l 0r2 .r
-2-r 0 l 2 3 4 5
59. y:
' x-2
7x
61. y:4f++
t
!
0
-, \ =*
-1 -2
(a) yS0when03x<2. (a) y)lwhenx3-2 or x22.
(b) y>6when2<x34. Thiscanalsobeexpressedas lxl>2.
O) y < 2for all real numbers x.
This can also be expre.ssed as -€ < r < @.
63. F 65. 4F* 67. ltGm
Need x-5 Domain: all real x Need 6x + 15
v75 6x
Domain: [5, m) x
Domain, [-i,*)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
69. (a), (b) 2€0
o
ir. lryl=r
o
lh- 68.51 < 2.7
5oo -2.7
65.8
150
h lies in the interval [65.8, 7l.zf
(c) For y
(d) The model is not accurate. The data is not
linear. Other factors include muscle strength,
height, physical condition, etc.
73. (a) If t: 2, il : 33O vibrations per second. 75. False.If - l0 1 x 1 8, then 10
(b) lfu:600,t:3.6mm. -x 2 -8.
(c) rf 200
(d) If r < 3, then u
77. (a) The polynomial is zero at x : aand x: b.
(b)
Interval Sign of Sign of Sign of
(*-") (r-b) product
(- *, o) +
(a, b) +
(b, *) + + +
(c) The zeros of a polynomiai are the only places
where a polynomial can change signs.
Review for Chapter P
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Quadrant IV Quadrant tr
-2
-2
4
4
-E
-10
5.x
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7. (a) g. (-3, g), (1, 5)
G r20
E
tr
E rro
o
€ roo
tr
g90
ct
$80
@c o=ol('rtu1 \o
sgsssggsg
Year
(b) The number of patents increases from 1990 to
1996.
d-
,tm':fi -5
11.4_ :rffi:ffi
dz: :'rm: "./lB5
q: : .164 {l :.m5
drr*drr:drr:370
Midpoint:
/-tz +4s- 7\: /
e 4, - l)
9
l--,t )
^(-12,5) 6
'.'3\
-e ; t..
(-4, -1) '
15. (a) Using the midpoint to estimate 1997 revenues,
!
(tggl tggg 329-5 ! 375.2\: (tsst,3s2.3s)
\2'21
Revenues were approximately 352.35 million in 1997
(b) The estimate is fairly accurate: Error: 352.35 349.4 : 2.95 million
(-o + I :-,-)
\ 2 'z)
17. center, - e,z)
Radius'+ =l-ffi: G
Circle: k - 3)2 + (y - 2)' : 65
38 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
19.
x -l 0 1 2 3
v 4 o -2 -2 o
31. 10
33. t
,/,4,,t
,,,,4 tfttrr
/\ V
/
Intercepts: Intercepts: (0, 0), (*2",fr , O)
(6, o), (2,0), (0, - 12)
35. t 37,, 10
./
\ J
I I I | | r rr
w
:
-1 -2
Intercepts: (0, 0), (-3, 0) Intercept: (0, 5)
2-2
m=8:Gt=Tt-0
0 s/2 - I :3/? : 3
39. 41. m: s 3/2 7/2 7
39 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. (-4.5, 6), (2.1,3) 45. (-2,5), (0, t), (1, 1) are collinear.
t|'- 3-6 30 _5 t-5 _ 1-5
"2 2.L (-4.5)--3-
6.6 66 l1 o-(-2) I (-2)
t-5 _-4
3(t- 5) : -8
3t-15:-8
3t:7
,:7 3
47. The line through (1 , -4) and (5, 10) is: 49. (a) y* l:I@-2)
y* 4-H(x- 1)
4y+4*x-2
4y - x: -6
y* 4 -!f.
z -
t) (b) Three additional points:
2y*8:7(x-l) (2 + 4,-l + 1) : (6,0)
2y+ 8 -'7x-7 (6 + 4,0 + l) : (10, l)
7x-2Y:15 (to + 4,t + t): (t4,2)
For (r, 3) to be on this line also, it must satisfy (other answers possible)
-
the equation 7x 2y : 15.
7(t)-2(3):ls
7t:21
Thus, t : 3.
51. (a) y+5:1(*-0) 53. (a) y+s : -l('- *)
2y+10:3x y+5:-r+*
2y-3x:-10 5y + 25 : -5x * I
(b) Three additional points: 5x*5Y: -24
(0 + 2,-5 + 3): (2,-2) (b) Three additional points:
(2+2,-2+3'):(4, 1) (** 1, -5 t) : (9, -o)
(4+2, I +3):(6,4) (g*1,-6-l) :(*,-z)
(other answers possible) (S* !,-7 l) :(f,-s)
(other answers possible)
55. (a) y-6- 0(x+2) 57. (a) m is undefined means that the line is vertical.
y-6:o x:10
!:6 (b) Three additional points: (10,0), (10, l), (10, 2)
(b) Three additional points: (other answers possible)
(0, 6), (1, 6), (2,6)
(other answers possible)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. (a) )f 1: #r-2\:O(x-2)=0=+y= -1 (slo,pe=0) (b)
(b)
63. (a) y-e:ffir* r) :l* * l) :7.?=+y :?r..+ tu)
-l
-2
-3
-4
-5
65. 5x - 4y :8 + y : Jt - 2and* : 1 67. x : 4 is a vertical line; the slope is not defined.
(a) Parallel slope: m: i (a) Parallel line: x : -6
y-(-2): ik - 3) O) Perpendicular slope: m = O
4y+8:5x-15 Perpendicular line:
Q:5r-4y-23 y-2:0(x+6):Q=+y-/
(b) Perpendicular slope: m = -3 3
y- (-2): -3e - 3)
5y*10:-4x*12 aa
4x*5Y-2:0
2 -3
\ ,, ,./,,
-3
4l PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
)--9x4
69.14+*=10
x-l 71. 3x-l --83 3x*l
,
:-_4 Sx(3r + l) - 4(3x - 1) = 3(3r - lX3.r + l)
x- L n* +9x- l?-x+ 4= 3(9f - l)
2= -4(x- L) nf -3xt 4=ZT* - 3
2--4xt4 -3x :_J
4x:2 j
I x-: l
l=,
73. -x+Y:3 75. y : x2 * 8 : (r - 8)(r - 1)
- 9x
Let x = 0: y : 3. y-intercept: (0, 3) Irt x : 0: y : 8. y-intercept: (0, 8)
Let 1l : 0: x : -3. x-intercePt: (- 3' 0) Irt ) : 0: x = l, 8. r-intercepts: (1,0), (8, 0)
77.y:-lx+51 -2 79. 2
1
-.1
ata
\
-6
I
Solutioni x = 2.2
y-intercepfi (0, - 7)
No x-intercepts
81. 10 83. g
t V
I
-2 -.3
Solution: x- -1.301 Solutions: x: t.3ffi,x= 0.338
E5.3xt5y=-7 g7.x2*2y=14
-x-Zy=J 3x*4y:1
From second equation, x = -2y - 3. Then From equation 2, y = I(t - 3x). Then
3(-zy - 3) + 5y =7 *'+z(l)1t - 3x) = 14
-y-9=-7 ,'+i-|x=14
y= -2andx= -2(-2) - l: | 2x2-3x-?il =0
Intersection pornt (1, -2) (?-x - 9)(x t 3) = 9
,:1,*y:i(r_3(B)) =_?
x--3+y=*(r-3(-3)) :;
Intersection points: (- g,
il, €, -+)
42 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
89. 6x - 3* 91. (x + 4)' : 18 93.*-I2r+30:0
0:3x2*6x x * 4 - +Ji8 f - l2x: -30
Q:3x(x-2) x - -4 t 3,n x2 - lzx + 36: -30 + 36
3x=0 ==+ x:0 (x-6)2:6
x-2-0 :=+ x:2
x-6-l',re
x:6IJ6
95. ?.x2t9x-J:o n.x2-4x-10:0 gg.3f -26x2t16x=0
(?-x-I)(x+5):0 ,_++-F_Y@l ,(3rr-26r+16):Q
-- 2
,:L,-5 Alr-z)(*-8):o
_q+.Jsa x: orlrS
2
=2t -fr
101. 5f - l?-f :O 103. 'F4:3
f(5x-12):g (Jr+a1'=(3)2
-f :0 or 5x-12:O x*4=9
.r:0 or x=t l:5
tos. .ffi + -F7-z = z
(W31':(z- F)?
?s+3-{-+F.rx-2
.r*l=-+GZ
(.r+1)2=(-+ffi)2
*+u+l=16(x-2\
*-l+x*33=o
(.r-3Xx-ll):9
x = 3,extraneous or .r: 11, extran@us
No solution. (You can veri$ that the gaph of y : ffi + Fz, - 2 lies above the r-axis.)
107. (x - l)'tc - 25 = 0
(x-I)z/t=25
(x-l)2=25t
.r- 1: *..8
x:l+125
x=126 or x=-124
43 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
, o --=:1'
t\
1(x). ,(t -:tJtl :0 111.
---' @-4)'
4-@-o',
r -+:Q
)t !2:x-4
I
1:5, 4t2:x
5t:1 x=6 or x:2
t:=)
1
113. lr- 5l r l0 115. l* - 3l: ?x
x - 5: -10 x-5: l0 *-3-b OR f -3=-?-x
x:-5 x: 15 f-b-3:Q *+2x-3:Q
(x - 3)(x + 1) - 0 (x + 3Xx - 1) - 0
x:3 or x- -l x--3 or x:l
The only solutions to the original equation are x : 3
or.r: l. (x: -3 and x: -l areextraneous.)
ll7. 8r - 3 119. -2 l2l. lx - 2l<l
b -9 -l < - 2<I
x
x 9>x lcx<3
-l 0r23456789r0
I
-3 S x which can be written as (1, 3).
l-,-l I t t lr.t t t-t l-t
-6-30369 0r234
'l
r?3. l, - :1. 1
2
rr r t l-+-+-'F--t--t"
-3 -2-r 0 | 2 3 4 5
33
3 3 or x-r>,
x-r<-,
rS0 or x23
t25. 4|,3 - bl s 16 127. x2 ' 2x>3
13 -bl s 4 x2-2x-3>0
(r-3)(x+1)>0
-4 (-o, - 1), (- 1, 3), (3, o)
Test intervals:
-7 x23 or xS -1
Zz x (-o, -1lu[3,oo)
-IsY1l tl, l,' l--+--.+.-.+.-.r' I lt r
-3 -2-t 0 | 2 3 4 5
I
2
t
U PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
129. .f - 16r > o 11. 11.o
3-x
x('-a)(x+4)>0 x=5,x=3
Critical numbers; O,4, -4.
vals,weobtain -4 < x < 0or.r z 4
- inter-
----
Testing the four "nucarnumbers:
T^^.
Testintervals: (-oo,3),(3,5),(5'oo)
-t-i-+--+-{+' Test, Ir"d.0t
-1-20246
Solution sef (-rc,3) U (5, o)
'*-l-fT'
133. g'tl-4so
x-3
j-,-----,-*-q*,
-o 5 ro E m E
3x+8-4(x-3).0
x-3
4=o
x-j
4=o
x-3
Critical numbers: x = 3,20. Testing the three intervals, we obtain x 2. ?-O or x< 3.
135. (20.8 - *)ttuea < (zo.a + ,r)' t3z. True. For example, xz + yz : 1
=
43O.W < Area 3 435.24 squareinches
139. They are the same. A point (a, 0) is an.r-intercept if it is a solution point of the egeation. In other words, a is a
zero of the equation.
CHAPTER 1
Functions and Their Graphs
Section 1.1 Functions . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .46
Section 1.2 GraphsofFunctions . . . . .. . . . . o . . . . . . . . . .52
Section 13 Shifting,Reflecting,andStretchingGraphs . .. ... . . .58
Section 1.4 CombinationsofFunctions , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .g
Section 1.5 InvgrsgFunctions . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
I
Review Exercises a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a a ,-t
Practice Test
45
CHAPTER 1
Functions and Their Graphs
Section 1.1 Functions
I Given a set or an equation, you should be able to deterrrine if it represens a function.
I Given a function, you should be able to do the following.
(a) Find the domain.
(b) Evaluate it at specific values.
Solutions to Odd.Numbered E:rercises
1. Yes, it does represent a function. Each domain value is marched with only one range valrre.
3. No, il does not represent a furrction. The domain values are each marched with three range values.
5. Yes, it does represent a function. Each input value is marched with only one output value.
7. No, it does not represent a furrction. The input values of 10 and 7 are each marched with rwo output values.
9. (a) Each element of A is marched with exactly one element of B, so it does refsent a fimction.
(b) The element 1 in A is marched with two elements, -2 and I of B, so it does not repme.sent a function.
(c) Each elerne,nt of A is matched with exactly one element of B, so it does represent a function.
(d) The element 2 of A is not marched to any element of B, so it does not r€present a function.
11. Each are functions. For each year there corresponds one and only one circulation.
13.*tf :4 + y:+-R 15.**y=4:=+ y:4-*
Thus, y is not a function of .r. For instance, the Thus, y rs a function of r
values y = 2 afr -2 both correspond to r = 0.
17.2x+3y:4 + y:lt+-?e;) 19. y2:f - I + y-I{TI
Thus, y is a function of x. Thus, y is not a function of x. For instance, the
values y : fi and -6both correspond to x : 2.
21. y: la -rl Ttrisisafunctionofr. 23. x= 4doesnotrepresentyasafunctionofx.All
values ofy correspond tox : 4.
K
' 47 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
n'f@)=?-x-3
(a),f(1)=2(r)-3=-1
(b),f(-3):2(-3) - 3: -9
(c)"f(x - l) = 2(x - L) - 3- 2r - 5
29. h(t)=P-zt 3r. f(y)=3- 6
(a)h(2)=22-2(2)=0 (a)f(4):J-.8=I
(b) h(l.s) = (1.s)2 -2(r.s) = -0.75 O)/(0.25) =J-.M =2.5
(c) h(x+2):(x+2)2 -2(x+2):* +Zx (d fla*) = I - -R=3-zlxl
33 q(x) 35. f(x): kl
*-g
(a) q(o) -19 (a) r(2,: l3l: I,
' o2-9 t-
2
(b) q(3\:
' +
32-g
is undefined. (b) /( -2):4r:
-z
-r
q(y+3):+: l
(c) ' (y*3)'-g :
y2+6y
(c) f(*'):Y:1, x*0
x<o
tb +1:'
r(,): {y
37. 39. f(x)-*-3
2, r>0
(a) f(-l) - 2(-1) + I : -l x -2 -1 0 I 2
(b)/(0):2(0) +2-2 f (*) I -2 -3 -2 I
(c)f(2):2(2)+2-6
41. h(t) : ,lr + 3l 43. f(r): [L(t,i.-2)2,
::'
x<o
x>0
t -5 -4 -3 -2 -t x -2 *l 0 I 2
h(t) I T
0 t2 I 9
2
f(x) 5 2 4 I 0
45. l5-3x=0 .- rt-l-Jr-.
a7-f(r)=?=o J
3x=15 7x-4=o
x=5 3x=4
x=34
49. * - 9: o 51./(r): ffi-0
*:g x2-16:o
x:*3 x2:16
x: *4
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. f(r) : g(x) 55. f(*) : g(x)
*:x*2 'E+1:x*1
* - x- 2- 0 6:x
(x+1)(x-2)-0 3x: f
x: -1 or x:2 0-*-3x
0- x(x- 3)
x:0 or x:3
4
57. f(*): 5f * 2x - I 59. h(t) --
t
Since/(x) is a polynomial, the domain is Domain: All real numbers except t : 0
all real numbers x.
61.80)= ffi 63. f(x): :R
Domain: y - 10>0 Domain:1 - * >0
y2l0 *- l so
-l x<l
<
65.s(x)-l-
x x*2
1
67. f(s) s-4
Domain: All real numbers except
Domain: ^r - I
numbers s
r:0, x:-2.
: 71. f(*) : ;2
Gg. f(*) #. Domain: all x * o.
t(-2,4), (-1, 1), (o, o), (1, 1), (2,4)\
73. f@: ffi
{(- z,o), (- l, l), (o, .E), (r , 6), (z,z)},
75. By plotting the points, we have a parabola, so g(.r) = cf. Since (-4, -32) is on the gaph, we have
-32 = g 6 : -2. Thus, sG) = -2f .
"(-4\2
77. Since the function is undefined at 0, we have r(x) = 9. Sin (-8, -4) is on the graph, we have
"
-+ = 4=+c
-E
= 32. Thus, ,(r\ =2.
x
79. f(x) : 2x 81. f(r)-* -x*l
h * 2c
f(* + c) - 2(* + c) - f(2 + h) : (z + h), - (z + h) + I
f(x +") -f(*): (U+Zc)-b:2c -4+4h+h2-2-h+l
:h2+3h+3
ry:U-z,c+o f(z):(2)r-2+l:3
f(2 + h) - flz): h2 + 3h
fQ+h)_-fA):tu+3, h+o
h
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. f(x) :f
f(x + c) : * f + 3fc + 3xc2 * c3
(x * c)3
f(, + t) - fln _ @3 +.3*c + ?!c2 + c3) - -x3
c(l*+3xc*c')
c
:3x2+3xc*c2, c*0
W. A: rrr2, C : 2nr
C
2r
A: zrlIcY
^ _e
|
4n
\2nl
89.Area:A-*Un : |1s;1s) : "2
t\
\
t-, \
91.. (a) Height,; Width Volume, V
I vt - 2(r) rl24*2(1)l':484
2 24 - 2(2) 2124-2(2)f2:800
3 24 - 2(3) 3124-2(3)f':e72
4 24 - 2(4) 4124-2(4)f':1024
5 24 - 2(s) sl24 - z(s)f': e80
6 24 - 2(6) 6124-2(6)f':864
The volume is maximum when x : 4.
(b) 1200
ll=x(24-2x)2
Domain:0<x<12
(c) : 324;Y(10) : 160
"tnl
(d) v(e) : e(24 - 2(e))' : e(36) : 324
Y(10) : 10(24 - 2(t0))2 : 10(16) : 160
50 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
93. A = jlUase)(heigh$ -
I
1xy.
95. (a) V - (length)(widthXheight) : yxz
Since (0, y) , (2,1) and (r, 0) all lie on the same line, But,y + 4x- l08,ory-108 4x.
the slopes between any pair of points are equal. Thus,v- (108 -4x)x2.
12__1-0 (b) SinceY_ 108 - 4x
2-O- ',2-x 4x
1-y- 2-x x
Domain: 0
y-1 2-x x-2 (c) 12,OO0
A_
1 ll x \_ x2
Thereftl re,
Y:7\.u1 2x-4
The domain is x
(d) The highest point on the graph occurs at
x - 18. The dimensions that maximize the
volume are 18 x 18 x 36 inches.
97. (a) Cost - variable costs * fixed costs
C- I2.30x + 98,000
(b) Revenue - price per unit x number of units
R - Il .98x
(c) Profit-Revenue-Cost
'P
- L7 .98x - (12.30x + 98,000)
P-5.68r-98,000
99. (a) R- (rate)(number of people)
[8 - o.o5(n 8o)]n
_ (12 - 24On n2
0.05 n)n - 20
(b)
n 90 100 ll0 r20 130 140 150
R(n) 675 700 7t5 720 7ts 700 675
The revenue increases, and then decreases. The maximum revenue occurs when n : 120.
(c) 7N
eo Lt
6EO
The maximum occurs at n : 120.
51 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
101. (a) o) 30002+h2:d2
h2:42-30002
h- m,d> 3ooo
(d) When fl = 10,000, fu : 9539.4feet.
Algebraically,h- @:m
: 9539.4 feet
103. False. The range of/(x) is [- 1,
-). 105. No. The element 3 in A has two images in B, z and v.
lw. An advantage of function notation is that it gives a name to the relationship so it can easily be
referenced. When evaluating a function, you see both the input and output values.
11L. y
113. Center: (-8, -5)
3
Radius ,
'4
(x - (- s))' + (y - (-s))' : f+)'
\41
(x+g)'+(y+ s)':*
115. Endpoints of dimeter: (6, -5), ( -2,7)
-' ;5
(u + 7\
center,
\ 2,7):(2'r)
Radiust : -ffi
-&
(" - Z)'+ (y - l)2:52
52 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 1.2 Graphs of Functions
I You should be able to determine the domain and range of a function from its graph.
t You should be able to use the vertical line test for functions.
I You should be able to determine when a function is constant, increasing, or decreasing.
I You should be able to find relative maximum and minimum values of a function.
I You should know that/is
(a) odd if/(-x) = -f(r).
(b) Even if/(-x) : f(r).
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l..g(x):1-xz 3. f(*): F 5. ,f(r) : +l* - zl
. Domain: All real numbers Domain: (-m, - l] u [1, oo) Domain: All real numbers
Range: (-oo, 1] Range: [0, *) o]
Range, [0,
7. f(r) - Zxz + 3
\ I
-3
Domain: All real numbers Domain: .r - I
Range: [3, oo] Range: [0, oo)
rr. f(x) l" + 3 |
Domain: All real numbers
Range: [0, oo) /
:
-9
13. y:tr t.t L5. x-yT:l + y:I-.F.
A vertical line intersects the graph just once, so y is y is not a function of x. Graph
a function of x.
!r- Fand !z: -F-.
17. *-2xy-1 19. f(*) : 1,*
A vertical line intersects the graph just once, so y is (a) fis increasing on (-oo, oo).
a function of x. Solve for y and gaph
(b) Since/(-.r) : -f(*),/is odd.
x2 + 1
Y: 2*
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
2l.f(*)=f 3f+2 23 . f(*) - 3xa - 6xz
(a) /is increasing on (-oo, 0) and (2, *). (a) 4
is decreasing on (0,2).
"f
(b) /(-x) + -f(*) lltl lltl
f(-*) + f(x)
VV
is neither odd nor even.
"f -4
(b) Increasing on (- 1, 0) and (1, *)
Decreasing on (-oo, - 1) and (0, l)
(c) Since/(-x) : f(x),/is even.
25. f(x) - */3 2:'1. f(*): *-ffi
(a) (a) 9
w
lllllltr
-3
(b) Increasing on (0, oo) (b) Increasing on (-2, q)
Decreasing on (- @, 0) Decreasing on ( -3, -2)
(c) f (- r) : (- x)zts - i2/3 :1(x) (c) /(-x) + -f(*)
==>
The function is even. f(-x) + f(*)
,f is neither odd nor even.
29. f(x) : lr + ll + lx - ll
(a) I (b) Increasing on (1, *), constant on (- t, 1),
\ decreasing on (- @, - 1)
\ / (c) /(-x)
: [,i"'ll,ll,i-'],n *,)l
-2
: lx - ll + l" + 1l : f(x)
=+ The function is even.
31. f(*) : x2 - 6x y:2x3+3x2-l2x 35. h(r): (x - Dfi
Relative minimum: (1, -7) Relative minimum: (0.33, -0.38)
Relative minimum: (3, -9)
1 Relative maximum: (-2, 20) Relative maximum: (-2, 20)
aaa
20 3
-10
V A VI \-//
-E -1
((0, 0) is not a relative maximum
because it occurs at the endpoint of
the domain [0, oo).)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37. f(x) : x2 - 4x - 5 39. f(x) : x3 8x
(a) v (a)
-2
-4
-6
-8
l0
Minimum: (2, -9) Maximum: Approximately (- 2, 9)
(b) 12
Minimum: Approximately (2, -9)
ttta
(b) 12
J tl
. _12
Minimum: (2, -9) -12
(c) Answers are the same
Maximum: (- 1 .63,8.71)
Minimum: (1.63, -8.71)
(c) The answers are similar.
41. f(x) : (r - 4)'tt
(a) v (b) 8
\ g
:
4
Minimum: (4,0)
Minimum: (4,0)
(c) The answers are the same.
43. f(x) :1
lx+3, x<o
4s. f(x): tF
)c 0
t 3 - x, x>0 lJ4-x x 0
4
1
, ,/ \
/ \ -1
-2
55 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
47. f(_t): ,;,), 3 4e' s(-x)::?1
)1r;, ,l'-x)
+ f(t) + -f(t) - -s(x)
"f
is neither even nor odd. I is odd.
51./(-x) =(-r)./r-TTF: -x-J-l-i2= -f(*) 53. g(-s) =4(-s)2/3- 4s2/t =g(")
The function is odd. The function is even.
ss. (-7,+) 57. (4,9)
(a) If/is even, another point ir (1 ,4). (a) It f is even, another point is ( - 4,9).
(b) Itfis odd, another point ir (1 , -4). (b) It fis odd, another point is (- 4, -9)'
59. (*, - y) 61. f(x) : 5, even
(a) lt f is even, another point is ( - x, -y).
(b) Itfis odd, another point is (- x,y).
llra
63. f(x) - 3x - 2, neither even nor odd 65. h(r) : x2 - 4,even
6 2
.t
l
/
\ /
I
-€ -6
67. f(x) : F, neither even nor odd 69. f(x) - lr + 21, neither even nor odd
/
\
-1 -1
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
3, x<0 f* * 73. f(*) - 4 - x>0
7l.f(x)=.|3, 0<x52, 4>x
lz* - 1, x>2 (-oo,4]
Neither even nor odd
J
/
-1
r234
75.flx)-i2-9>0 77. t@: I - f >o
*>g r>f
x23 or x3-3 -1 axll
[3, m) or (-m, -3] [- 1, 1]
79. f(x): m, >o 81.. /(x) : -(1 + lrl)
x*2 f(*) is never greater
than 0.
x
l-2, *) f(r)
83. s(x) : z(ix [id) 85. (a) Let x and y be the length and width of the
rectangle. Then 100 : h + 2y ory : 50 - x.
Thus, the area is A : ry : x(50 - r).
E
(b)
t'1'/
-1
Domain: (-oo, @)
Range: 10,2)
Sawtooth pattern (c) The maximum area is 625 m2 when
x : y : 25 m. That is, the rectangle is a
square.
57 PART I: Solutions to Qdd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
87. (a) The second model is correct. For instance, g!). h = top
- bottom
cr(r): l.os- o.38tt-(l - l)ll : (-f *4x- 1) -z
:-**4x-3,1(x(3
: 1.05 - 0.3g[in : 1.05.
(b) "F
The cost of an l8-minute 45-second call is
clraS)
: cz(18.75) = r.05 - 0.38[[-(l8.zs - t)]l
: 1.05 - 0.38[[-17.7s]l = 1.05 - 0.38(- 18)
= 1.05 + 0.38(18) = $7.89
91. h: top-bottom 93. L= right- left
:(4x-*)-x =Lf-o
=?-x-*,osx<2 $F,osy<+
95. (a) y : 1.473f * r6.4llx2 + 31.242x- 95.195
(b) Domain: [0,7]
(c) ;?
O
-200
(d) Most accurate: 1992fetror = -84.5 - (-86.57) :2.O7lf
Leastaccurate. 1gg1 [error = -66.7 - (-78.89) = l2.I9Lf
(e) Yes, the deficit would decrease as .x incrcases because of the positive ri coefficient.
9/. False. The domain of/(x) : -E is the set of all real numbers.
gg. f(x) = oz,*r7*' * au-r!-r + .'' + arf * arx
f(-r): az,,*r(-x)h*t + au-r?x)h-t + "' * ar(--r)3 + ar(-.r)
: -tzn*tP*'- ou-r*-l - ' " - af - arx: -f(x)
Thereforc, /(x) is odd.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l0L. "f
is an even function.
(a) (x) =
-f (*) is even because (b) g (x) : f (- r) is even because
s(-r) : -f(-r) = -f(*) : s(").
S
(-x) : f(- (-t)) : f(x) : f(-x) : I (x).
g
(c) g (x) : f(x) - 2 is even because (d) S (x) _ -f (x - 2) is neither even nor odd because
s (-x) : f(-x) - 2 : f(x) - 2 : I (x). s (-x) : -f (- x - Z): -f(*+ Z) * g (r) nor -g (x).
103. No, ," + y' = 25 does not represent x as a function of y. For instance, (- 3, 4) and (3, 4)'both lie on the graph.
105. (a)
(b)
(+)'*e)' frj
109. f(*): - x+3
-xz 111. f(r) : -lxlx + 1l
(a) /(a) : -(4)'- 4 + 3: -17 (a) /( -4): -ir-4)l- 4 + rl :2(3):6
(b) /(-z): -(-2)'- (-2) + 3: I (b) /(10) : -*go)llo + 1l : -5(11) : -55
(c) f(* - 2): -(' - 2)' - (* - 2) + 3 (c) /( -?): -r(-?)l-3 * 1l : +(+) : +
-(t'- 4x + 4) - x + 2 + 3
_ -x2 + 3x * I
113. f(*)-5 *6x-x2
f(6+h) -s +6(6 +h) (0+t)z: J+ 36 + 6h - (30 + Izh + h2): 'h2 - 6h + 5
f(6):J+6(6) -62:J
f@+a-I(a: (-h, - 6h + s) - 5 h(-h - 6) _
-h - 6,h + o
h h
Section 1.3 Shifting, Reflecting, and Stretching Graphs
t You strould know the graphs of the most commonly used functions in algebra, and be able to repoduce them
on your graphing utility.
(a) Constant function: f(r) = c (b) Identity function: f(x) = ,
(c) Absolutevaluefunction: /(r) = lrl (d) Squarermtfunction: flx) = 1Q
(e) Squaring function: f(x) = * (D Cubing fuirction: f(x) = f
...CONTIIITJED_
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
.{ONTINUED-
I You should know how the graph of a function is changed by vertical and horizonal shifls.
I You should know how the graph of a function is changed by reflection.
I You should know how the graph of a furrction is changed by nomigid tansformations,like stetches and
slrir*s.
I You should know how the graph of a function is changed by a sequence of Eansformations.
13. (a) y:f(*)+2 (c) r:f('-2)
(0, l)
-c0NTIlnJF'nl-
,
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
_CONTINUED_
(d) y:f(* +3) (e) y : 2f(*) (f) y:f(-*)
3
(1,2) (-4,2)
2
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -l
(0, -l)
15. Vertical shrink of y : x: | : L, 17. Constant function: !: 7
19. Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift one unit 21. Horizontal shift of y : l"l i y : lx + 2l
upwardofy- -frt g: I fi
23. Vertical shift one unit downward of y -* 25. Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift one unit
y:f-l upward
Y: I -x3
27. y : ,fr + Z is/(x) shifted up two units. 29. y : Fisl(x) shifted right two units.
31. y : z.,,fr is a vertical stretch of/(x) by 2. 33. y : lx + 2l is /(x) shifted left two units.
35. y : - lrl is f(x) reflected in the x-axis. 37'' y : I lrl is a vertical shrink of/(x).
39. g(t) - 4 -f is obtained from f(*) by a reflection 41,. h(r) :I(x + 2)3 is obtained from f(*) by a left
in the x-axis followed by a vertical shift upward of shift of two units and a vertical shrink by a factor
four units. of i.
43. p(x) : t t + 2 is obtained from f(*) by a vertical 45. f(r) - f 3x2
shrink, followed by a vertical shift of two units
upward.
t,
l^
\
/
4
M
s(x):f(x+2): (x+2)3 3(x+ 2)2isa
horizontal shift 2 units to left
h(r) : Lftu;)
: i@t 3*r)is a vertical shrink.
61 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
:, f
reflection in the x-axis and vertical shrink
reflection in the y-axis
:l \ ;nJ
VM
-4
49. The graph of g is obtained from that of/by first negating.,f, and then shifting vertically one unit upward:
sG) -- -.f + 3* + r.
51.. (a) : xz
f(*) 53. (a) /(x) : x2
(b) s (x) : 12 - x2 is obtained from by a f (b) g (x) - 2 (" + 5)2 is obtained from f by a
reflection in the x-axis followed by a vertical horizontal shift to the left 5 units, a reflection
shift upward 12 units. in the x-axis, and a vertical shift upward 2
units.
(c) v
(c)
-2 -l
I
-t
4
-5
4
-7
(d) g(x) : 12 - f(*)
(d) g(x) - 2 - f(* + s)
-) (a) /(x) : x2
Jt. 57. (a) f(r) : x3
(b) g (x) - 3 + 2(x - 4)'is obtained from f by a (b) g (x) : x3 + 7 is obtained from f by a vertical
horizontal shift 4 units to the right, a vertical shift upward 7 units.
stretch of 2, and a vertical shift upward 3 units. (c)
(c) v
4
3
-l I 234567
(d) g(;) : f(x) + 7
(d) g (;) : 3+2f(x-4)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. (a)/(r) : x3 61. (a) /(x) : x3
(b) g (x) : (r - +
2 is obtained from f by a
1)3 (b) g (x) : 3(x - 2)t is obtained from f by a
horizontal shift I unit to the right, and a horizontal shift 2 units to the right followed
vertical shift upward 2 units. by a vertical stretch of 3.
(c) v (c) v
(d) s(x) : f(x - 1) + 2 (d) s(x) : 3f(* - 2)
(a) : lrl
/(x) 65. (a) /(x) = lrl
(b) g (x) : - l"l - 2 is obtained from f by a (b) s(r): -lx + 4l + Sisobtainedfromf bya
reflection in the x-axis, followed by a vertical horizontal shift 4 units to the left, a reflection
shift 2 units downward. in the x-axis, followed by a vertical shift 8 units
(c) upward.
y
(c)
4-3-2-l t234 l0
8
-2
6
-10 -t -6 -4 -2
(d) g(x) : -f(*) - 2
(d) s(x) : -f(* + 4) + 8
67. (a) /(x) : l"l 69. (a)/(x): 6
(b) s @) : -21* - I I is obtained from f by a (b) g(x) : Jm f
is obtained from by a
horizontal shift I unit to the right, a vertical horizontal shift 9 units to the right.
stretch of 2, followed by a reflection in the
(c) y
x-axis.
(c)
-2
4
-6
-8
-10
(d) g(x):f(x -9) I
(d) s(x) : -2f(* - 1)
v
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7r. (a) /(") 73. (a) f(A -6
(b) g (x) _ am -
2 is obtained from by a f (b) g(x) : 4-.F, is obtained from f by a
reflection in the y-axis, a horizontal shift 7 to horizontal shift I unit to the right, followed by
the right, followed by a vertical shift 2 units a vertical stretch of 4 units.
downward. Equivalently, use a horizontal shift (c) v
left 7 units, a reflection in the y-axis, and a
vertical shift down 2 units.
(c)
(d) g(x) :4f(x - l)
(d) g(x) - f(7 - x) - 2
75. (a) P(t) - 80 + 2Ox - 0.5x2,0< x<20 (b) P(x) is shifted downward by a vertical shift
of -2500.
P(x)- -2420 * 20x - 0.5x2,0<x<20
(c) P(x) is changed by a horizontal stretch.
1oo/- '''\ roo/
P(x): 80 '"\ os(aY
+' 2ol-I-\
- 80 + O.2x - 0.00005x2
77. F(t):20.46+O.Mt2,0 79. (a) For each time / there corresponds one and
t - 0 corresponds to 1980 only one temperature Z.
(a) F is obtained from f(t) -
P by a vertical shrink (b) f(4) - 60o, r(15) - 72"
of 0.04 followed by a vertical shift 20.46 units (c) All the temperature changes would be one hour
upward. later.
(d) The temperature would be decreased by one
635
degree.
EE,O
F Fozs
:o20
e.e 15
iE.-tr5ro
(b) G(t): #;': 20.46+ o.o4(r + 1o),
-10
G (0) - F (10) corresponds to 1990.
.g PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
El. False./(.r) : .r2 is fiansformed to g(r) = -[(x - 6)' + 3]. But, s(- t) = -52 + 28.
83. y:x?willlooklike y=f,butflatterin -1< x < I,andsteeperforx < -l andx > 1.
y = f will look like y = .t', butflatter in - 1 < x < 1, and steeper for x < - 1 and x > 1.
4 4
lF lF
-4 -4
85. y: (r+ l)' 87. f (x) : x3(x - 6), 89. /(x) x3(x - 6)3
270 100
ll
-50 -7W
91.. x-5 93. Domain: all x
95. Y:9- 4x 97. Y: -x3 3 99. y:5 - 2l3tl - 5 - 6l"l
v v
Section 1.4 Combinations of Functions
I Given two functions,/and g, you should be able to fomr the following functions (if defined):
1. Sum: (f + dG) = fl.r) + s(.r)
2. Differencet (/- g)(r) =7@) - s(x)
3. hoduct (fd@) = f(x)s@)
4. Quotienn (fls)G) = f(x)/s@), s(x) + O
5. Composition of/with g: (f o g)(x) = f@(x))
6. Compositionof gwithf, (s = sC@))
"i@)
65 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. f(r):x* l,g(t):x- 1
(a) (7 + sxx) : f(x) + s(r) : (x + l) + (x - l) - 2x
(b) (f - sX') : f(x) - s(x) : (x + l) (' - 1) - 2
(c) (/sxr) : f(x) . g(x) : (r + 1)(t - l) - * - I
,,\
(d) l'/,f\,, f(*) x* I
\s/(,):;l;:,_r,x*r
(e) Domain: all x * 1.
3.f(r):f,g(x):1-x
(a) (f+gXx):f(x)+s(')-*+ (1 -x)-f -x* I
(b) (f sxx):f(x)-sk)-* (1 -x)-**x-1
(c) Us)@):f(x) 'g(x):*(I -x)-*-x3
"\ /'f\ k)
(d) fl') : xz # I
r ',:;G)
\;l _ , x,x
(e) Domain: all x # 1.
7. f(*) : :
:,s(x) )
(a) (f +gxx) :f(x)+s(x) ::.):+
- -' -
I +
(f -gXx) : f(x) - s(x) - x*x2 |
(b)
(c) (/gXx) : f(x) ' g(x) : :
i(*) *
(d) (f)" :H:#:::x,x*o
(e) Domain: .r + 0.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9.
1. L.
13. Ud@):f(a)s@):(4'+ l)(4-4) -0 ls. (f),', :{lL:
g(s)
52+1
J-;-:26
r7. (f - dQt) : lQt) - sQt): l(zt), + ll - (Zt - 4) : 4F - 2t+5
19. Vd(-St) - f(-sr)g(-sr) : t(- 5t)z + llt(-st) - 4l
: (25P+ 1X-5t-4)- -r2SF t00P-5t-4
(/)t -t):ft-,| +.r : P *,,,t *
21.
\g/\ / set)-(-t)2
-t-4 -t-4"t -4
23.
N
4
25. I
-1
o
: tr*, S@) - x - l, (f + gXx) :rx- 3
: *, s@) - gX"):*-zrc
fr
27. f(x) 29. f(*) -2x,(1 +
5
f+ s-
\ I lr+s
v
7
f
-5 -5
v
3r. f(x): 3x, g(x): -*, U + gXr) : 3x - t
r0
For 0 < x S 2, f(x) confiibutes more to the magnitude.
t\ For x
,.y \r
-10 ^
33. /(x) : 3x * 2, S@) : - rm, (1 + gXx) : 3x * Z - ffi
f(r) : 3x * 2 contnbutes more to the magnitude in both intervals.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35./(x):f,S(x):x- I
(a) (f o s)(x) : /(g(x)) : f(x - l) : (x - r)'
(b) (s : :
"/Xx) sfk)) se) - f -I
37. f(x) : * 5,g(") - 5 - x
3x
(a) (f
"gXx):/(g(x)) --f(5-x):3(s -x) +s:20-3x
(b) (s o/Xx) : sffk)) : s(3x + 5) - 5 (3x + 5) : -3x
They are not equal.
41. (a) (f " sxx) : : f(3x + 1)
fG@D o) I
They are not equal.
: l(3x + 1) 3 - x - I //
(b) (g o,f)(r) : s(f(x)) : s(*t - 3) //
:t(*'-3) +l -x-8 /
-4
43. (a) (f o gXr) = /k(x))
(g
"/)(t)
: s(/(x))
--
:
f(f) :
s@2/3):
(fyzrt-f
(*/1e - f
(b)
I j 3
They are equal.
-l
45. (a) (f " gXt) : /(g(t)) : f(4 - t) : 5(4 - x) + 4 - vt - 5x
k "/Xr) : sfk)) : s(5x + a) - 4 - (5x + a) : -5x
(b) No, (f "sxr) + (g "/)(r) because24 - 5x * -5r.
(c)
x fG(")) g 0ft))
0 24 0
I l9 -5
2 t4 -10
3 9 -15
68 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
(b) No, (f "sxr) + k "/Xr) because m. *x* 1
(c)
x fG6)) s( "))
0 I I
-2 6 -1
3 fr 4
49. (a) V"d@):"f(g(")) =f(Lt - 1) = l(X- 1) + 3l =l2x+21:zlx+ Ll
k ."f)(') : s(flr)): s(l' + l;) - 2lx + 3l - 1,
(b) No, (f "d6) + k "/Xr) because2lx + 1l + zlx + 31 1
(c)
x fG@) sfi'))
-1 0 3
0 2 5
I 4 7
51. (a) ("f +g)(3):f(3\ +g(3):2tI=3 s3. (a) U"dQ)=flGQD=f(2)-0
or (f)o :'8::,=o o) k "f)(2): swD= g(e) = 4
55. (a) (f"f)(3) = f(f(3)) : f(2) : o
(b) (f .,f)(4) = f(f(4)) = f(4) : 4
57. Letf(r): landg(.r) = ?s j l,then U" dQ) : h(x).Thisisnotauniquesolution.Forexample,if
f(*) = (x + l)2 andg(x) = 2x, then ("f .S)k) : h(x) as well.
59.Letf(x)= 6 andg(x) -*- 4,then 61. Let/(x) =L/xandg(x) =.r*2,then
f"exr) : n(i.Thisanswerisnotunique (f"g)(") = h(x).Again,thisisnotaunique
Other possibilities may be: solution. Other possibilities may be:
f(x) = XR and g(r) : *or I
f(x)= lF nd g(r): 4- f or f6)=fiana B@)= x'
fG\ : lE g(r) : (4 _ *)3
^r.n
or/(x)=**as(.r)=rfl
63. Letf(x) :* + 2x and g(x) : x * 4.Then (/"gxr) = h(x).(Answer is not unique.)
69 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. (a) Thedomainofflx) = -E isx>0. 67. (a) Thedomainof/(x) =!isall x*o.
x
(b) The domain of g(r) = f + I is all real
numbers. (b) The domain of g(r) = r* 3 is all real
(c) (,f "gXr) =/kk) : fl* + 1) : .E +1 numbers'
Thedomain of f ogisallrealnumbers. (c) Thedomainof (f .gX.r) =f(x + f) = *i,
tll x * -3.
69. (a) The domain of/(r) :# t, all r * 0. 71. f(x) = 3x - 4
l*l
(b) The domain of g (x) = x - I is all real f@ + D - f@ _l?(x + D - a) - Qx - a)
numbers. hh
3x*3h-4-3x*4
(c) The domain of (f " gXx) : f(x - l) : a::2
tx - 1l
isallx+1. 3h
h
_3,h+o
4
73. f(x): I - x2 75. f(x) - r
f(*+1-fu) - It-(x+tizl-lt-xzl 4 4 4x-4(x+h)
h
f(*+h)-f(r) x*h x x(x+h)
1-x2-2xh-h2- I *x2 hhh
-zxh - 7rz _4r-4x-4h.1
h x(x+h) h
(-?*-- qh : _2x _ h,h + o _4( .1
- _
h x(x+h) il
-4
:.(*+h)'h+o
77. f(x) = .Fl
fk + n) - f,n-- OiW - @T ..W + 6n
h h J2(x+h)+l+J2x+L
_ Iz(x + h) + rl- lb +.Il
hLffiT+@T)
,
:'2h--
hLJb+2h+t+Jb+rJ
- h+0
JE+T,
70 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
79. (a) r(i: R(x) + B(x) :1* + *f El. !r: -0.587P + 7.66It + 1M.905
(b) sP lz: I6-579t + 245.M4
T
h: 1.836t + 21.921
B
(c) B(x) contributes more to f@) at higher speeds.
83. (A o tXr) gives the area of the circle as a 85. (a) (C
"r)(0
: C(x(t))
firnction of time.
: 6o(5or) + 750
(Aor)(t):A(r(t))
: 3000r + 750
: 4(0.6r)
C o r represerrts the cost after r production
: n{0.6t)2 : 0.367112 hours.
(b) 'ofg
10
3,000
The cost increases to $15,000 when |: 4.75
hours.
87. g(f(x)) : g(x - 500,000) : 0.03(x - 500,000)
represents 3 percent of the amount over $500,000.
89. 9q 50
oooooooooo
OOOeTOOOO
lt7
10 10
50
v
t
lfl lr:0.57x*35.6
v2 lz: -1.29x + 33.3
ro
Both data sets appear to be linear.
The difference between circulations is increasing.
7l PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
91. True. (f " SXr) : "fk(") )
is only defined if g (x) is the domain of I
93. The product of an odd function and an even function is odd. Letl(x) be even, g (r) odd and ft (r) = 1(r)g (r)
theirproduct. Then h(-r) :,f(-t)s(- x) : f(x)(- g(x)) = -/(x)g(x) : -h(x)- Thus, h is odd.
es. /(.x) : iVQ) +/(-x)l + LV@) - f(-,)l
: g(x) + h(r)
where I is even and h is odd by Exercise 94.
97. (0, - 5), (1, - 5), (2, -7) (other answers possible) sg. (A,o), ( - .Eq, o), (0, fr)
(other answers possible)
&',-
tol. y - (-D
8-^- (-2) / 103. y
oi
-(- 1) : 32!l)( . - tr)
-iffi(x-(-4))
y+2:10(x+4) v*1 :*G-1):-??('-l)
y-10x-38-0 6
lly + 11 - -30x + 45
30x * llY - 34:0
los. f(2) : 1 and f(-4)- - 3. Thus, for 107. f(2): 1 and f(-4): -3. Thus,
g (x) : f(x - 4),8(6) :f(2): land g (x) : f(x) + 4 satisfies S(2) : 5 and
8(0) : f(-4)
: -3. seq-1.
109. f(2) - If(- 4) : - 3. Thus, S (x) :
and zf(x)
satisfies g(2) - 2 and geq- -6.
,3
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 1..5 fnverse Functions
I TWo functions/and g are inverses of each other if/fu(r)) : x for every r in the domain of g and g(/(x)) =x
for every.r in the domain ofl
I Be able to find the inverse of a function, if it edsts.
1. Replaceflx) with y.
2. Interchange.r andy.
3. Solve fory. If this equation represents y as a function of x, then you have foundf t(x). If this equation
does not represent y as a function of r, then/does not have an inverse function.
I A function/has an inverse function if and only if no horimntal line crosses the graph of/at more than one
point.
I A function/has an inverse function if and only if /is one-to-one.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. The inverse is a line through (- l, 0). 3. The inverse is half a parahla starting at (1, 0).
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (a).
S. ft(t) :;: I 7.f'(r):x-10
t(f-t(r)) : f(x - 10) : (x - l0) + l0 : x
fv'(")):r(;) :r(;) :x f '(/(r) =f-t(r * t0) : (x + l0) l0 : x
fr(/(r)):f'(sr):? -x
g.f-t(t):t:1
2
tff-'(')):r(+) l)+1:x
f-t(f(*)) : f-'(x + :x
11. f'(r) - f 13. (a) flsft)) :/f:) :2e\:-r+x
tu,,-t\Z) --\Zl
f(f'(")):f(f): W:x
f-'(f(*)) : f-r(1fr): (#)' : x s(f@)) : g(Lt) :7 : x
o)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
rs. (a) /(g(,)) : r(?) : r(?) + 1- x 17. (a) /(g(')) : f(fi\ : (:fr)' :x
+
s(/(x)) : s(f): W : x
* 1) -
(5x 1) - 1:
sff(x)) - s(5x 5
x (b) 1
(b)
Reflections in the line y : x
(b) 10
I
Reflections in the
f liney:x
o
2r. (a) f(s(t)) :f(tffi):1 (iC))3: I (l -x) :x
s(f(x)) :g(1 -x3):ffi:W-x
(b)
Reflections in the line y : x
\
h
I
-4
:/\-"( _2r+6\ 2x+6
23. (a) f(sk) ) 7 )-
sv6)) :8( -"'-r) : _z(-l*-tl+o - -7x-6+6 :T:X
'7x
(b) x 2 0 -2 -4 -6
f(r) -10 -3 4 l1 18
x -10 -3 4 1l r8
g(x) 2 0 -2 -4 -6
Note that the entries in the tables are the same except that the rows are interchanged.
74 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
(b)
x -3 -2 -t 0 I
f(x) -22 -3 4 5 6
x -22 -3 4 5 6
sG) -3 -2 -1 0 I
Note that the entries in the tables are the same except that the rows are interchanged.
27. (a) fGG)) =/(8 + *r): -JGF12) --T = -J7: *(-1) = r
[Sincex < O, -E = -rJ
s (f@)) : 8(- .,FE) : 8 + [- .,F6]2 -- 8 + (x - 8) : x
(b)
x 8 9 t2 t7 24
f(r) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
x 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
s6) 8 9 t2 l7 24
Note that the entries in the tables are the same except that the rows are interchanged.
29. Since no horizontal line crosses the graph of 31. Since some horizontal lines cross the graph of
.,f at more than one point,/has an inverse. /twice,/does not have an inverse.
6 3
\
,\-
\
-2 -1
33. No, because some horizontal lines intersect the 35. Yes, because no horizontal lines intersect the
graph more than once, ft does not have an inverse. graph at more than one point, / has an inverse.
6 E
,4, \ ',,
r\ |
-2 o
75 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37 . f does not pass the horizontal line test, so "f has no 39. g passes the horizontal line test, so g has an
inverse. inverse.
1tl
I
I
I
, , I r ,J, | | r
rtlll rrltt
I
r
-1
41. h(*'): lx + al lt - al f(x):?-x-3 6
t y=b-3
x:2y-3 ,^z
-4 7
rltll
x
y:-g /
-2
2
/
-E
f'(*)-x*32
h does not pass the horizontal line test, so h does Reflections in the line y :JC
not have an inverse.
45. f(*) : f 1 {1. f(x): J*
y:f tl-, y:fi
x:!5 -6 rltll
l/ = x: ,6
v-fi y:* o
f-'(*): fi
-4
f t(") : f, x)o
Reflections in the line Y : x :
Reflections in the line Y x
f(x): .,R,osrs f(x): ffi
J-
49. 2 51. 1
y:.JGt y::F
x:ffi x::F
4
rrrr/
_6
/
x2-4-y2 f:y-l
Y2:4-x2 y=f+1 -4
Y:-Jffi ft(t):f+l
f-'(r):',R,03x32 Reflections in the line y : x
Reflections in the line Y : x
76 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. f(*) : x! 4
55. f(*) - x4
\ y:x4
4
v--X-o llttt
\ 6
x:la
__4 Y: Tfi
^ v \ / is not one-to-one.
-4
Q:4 This does not represent y as a function of x.
/does not have an inverse.
v--x4
f -t(*) :!
x
Reflections in the line y : x
s7. 3x *4
f(*) - ) 6
59. f(r) - (x + 3)', x) -3, y ) 0
3x*4 y: (r+ 3)r, a)-3, y20
4 x:(y+3)r,y>_3,;)0
J5-e
v
/
x-: 3v*4 6:y+ 3 ,y>-3,.r>0
) -€ y: fi - 3, x)0, yz -3
5x:3y+4 is one-to-one.
"f
5x-4-3y This is a function of x, so.,;f has an inverse.
(5r- 4)/3:y
f-'(*): fi-3,x>o
"f
f-r(*)-5x:4
,3
is one-to-one and has an inverse.
l
-
-6
L
61. h(x) =
F
ir not one-to-one, and does not have an inverse. For example, ft(l) : h(-l) = 4.
63. f(*): 6
y: 6
+
+ 3,
,/ffi, )2-:,x20
z
3 ==+ x2
x2-:, y2o
-:,z yZO
/
6
'/
r
x2-2y*3,x)0, y2-i I -€
2
Y:+' r)0, v> -:
is
"f one to one.
This is a function of r, so/has an inverse.
fr(r) =+. x)0
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. S(x) - x? - x4 67. f(r) : ax, * b,a + 0
The graph fails the horizontal line test, Y=ax*b
so I does not have an inverse. I is not one-to-one. x:ay+b
x-b:ay
v: k- b)/"
,f is one-to-one and has an inverse,,f -t(t) : x-b
69. If we let/(x) : (x - 2)', a) 2, then/has an 71. If we let/(x) :
lx + 21, x2 -2, then/has an
inverse. [Note: we could also let r < 2.] inverse. [Note: we could also let x < -2.f
f(*)- (x-2\', x)2, y20 : lx + 21, x2 -2
f(*)
y:(x-2)',x)2,y20 f(r):x+2 when x2-2
x- (y-2)', x)0, y22 y:x*2,x2-2,y20
.JC-Y-2, x)0, Y22 x:y+2,.r)0, y2-2
{*+Z:!, x)0, y22 x-2:!, x)0, y2-2
Thus,f-'(x)- fi+2, r>0. Thus,f-t(r):x-2,x20'
73. x x f-'(*) v
+
^*) +a
-2 -4 -4 -2 a
a
a
I
a
-2 -2 -1
I
-1 .t-
I
I 2 2 I
-l
3 3 3 3
3*
75.f(*):x3*x*1 77. g(x) -
x2+l
5 1
,,)
+ a
\
-3 -4
The graph of the inverse relation is an inverse The gaph of the inverse relation is not an inverse
function since it satisfies the vertical line test. function since it does not satisfy the vertical line test.
"f-t(r) = 8(r + 3), g(r) = t',
In Exercises Tgrtl,and 8it,/(.r) = l" - 3, g-r(x) = !fx.
7e. (fr "g-'Xl) =;r(s-r(t)) =f-'(Vr):8(VT + l) = 8(1 + = sz
g)
Sl. (y-r ";-tx6) =f.t(f-t (6)) =f1(8[O + r]) :St(72):8(72 + 3):6gp
78 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. (.f . g)(r) = fkGD : f(f): *r, - 3. Now find the inverse of (/. gxx) = |t' - ::
y=if_3
,=*yr_3
x+3=iyt
8(xt3)-Ye
YEG+3)=y
U"d-'@):211ffi
Note: (f "8)-r - g-r of-r
In Exercbes 85 and illrf(x't = .r * 4, f-r(x) = r - 4, g(x) = 13 - 5, g-t(r) =
#.
E5. 1s-r "ftXr) = g-t7-t4)) : g-,(x - 4) =
ft - t) + 5 = " 1 I
22
87. (f "dG) =fG@D=fl2x - 5) = (b- S) + 4=b- tNowfindtheinverseof (/.sxx) =?_x- L:
Y=b-l
x=2y-L
x*l=2y
.rfl
v=-T
(f 's)-t(t) =
:* I
'2
(/
- t(r) : (8- I tXr);
Note that " S)- "f see Exercise 94.
89. (a) y:8 *O.75x (b) 3
x:8 *0.75y
x- 8:0.75y
r-8 : y
0.75 0
y:
t=
f-r(r): =j
0.75
(c) If l0 units are prduced, then y : 8 + 0.75(10) - $15.50.
x : hourly wage (d) If the hourly wage is $22.2S,then
y = numberof unitsproduced 22.25 - g = 19 units.
Y = --
OJS -S
79 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
91. (a) Yes,/-r exists because for each value of/(t), there corresponds a unique value oft.
O) "f -t indicates the year / corresponds to the total value of new car sales.
(c) f-L(a56.2) : 5 (or 1995)
(d) No, in this case the function/ would not be one-to-one.f(a) =
"f(8)
: 430.0.
93. True. If (0, D) is the y-intercept of/, then (b, 0) is the x-intercept of;-t.
95. If/ is one-to-one, then/-r exists. If/ is'odd, then/(*x) : -f(x). Consider/(x) =y ef -rb): x. Then
f-t(-y) : "f-t(-"f(r) = f-t(f(-x)) = -x = -f -t(y). Thus,/-r is odd.
e7. (f+ sx-(-z)) : (f + dQ) : f(2) + sQ) : 3 + (-L) = z
sg. Vde?3)) = fsx3) :"f(3)s(3) = (13X0) :0
10L. Y : lzx 103. Y:x3+7
x:I2y x:y3+7
y:Ex I
Y3:x-7
f-'(*) : i* v:1F1
f-r(*): 1F1
Review Exercises for Chapter L
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. (a) Not a function.20 is assigned two different 3. l6x -f = g
values.
(b) Function
- r6x
),4
y: +26
(c) Function
y is not a function of x. Some.r-values corespond
(d) Not a function. No value is assigned to 30, to two y-values.
Forexample,.r: I correspondstoy - zand
y:-2.
5. y:-F 7. f(*) : * +I
Each .r value, x 31, corresponds to only one (a)f(2):22+1:J
y value so y is a function of x.
(b) /(-4): (-+), + I : 17
(c) f(iz): (P)z + I - sa + I
(d) -f(*) : -(* + l) : -* - I
9. f(*) - k - 1)(r + 2) is defined for all real numbers. 4
Domain: (-oo, oo)
\ /
\ /
4
80 PART I: Solutions to O,dd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
1.L. f(*): ffi 6
Domain: 25 -f >0
,rr(,
(s +x)(5
-x)>0
Criticalnumbers: x: *5
Test intervals: (-m, -5), (-5, 5), (5, oo) -€
Solution sefi [-5, 5]
1.3.S(s):-
t,:, t 6
3s-9 3(s 3)
Domain: All real numbers except s : 3 L
)
-8
15. (a) C(x) = 16,fi)0 * 5.35.r
(b) P(x): R(x) - c(") = 8.2ox - [16,000 - 5.35x] :2.85x - 16,000
1.7. Domain: all real numbers 19. Domain: 36 - x2 > 0+x2 S 36==+ -6 < x < 6
Range:ally <3 Range:O < y<6
21. (a) ,-: (b) y is a function of x
\ /
-€
23. (a) 3x*Y2:2 (b) Y is not a function of x
Y2:2 3x
y:x.-ffi
6
-/ -6
25. f(x) : x3 3x 4
,,,,4 ,l. ,
V
-4
Increasing on (-m, - 1) and (1, *). Decreasing on (- 1, 1).
81 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. f(x): xm 10
Increasing on (0, *)
-2
29. f(x)_ (*' - 4)'.Relative minimums at ( -2,0) 31. h(*) : 4x3 - f . Relative maximum (3,27)
and (2, O). Relative maximum at (0, 16).
20
ltttttl tlttrrl
-18
4
ft* + s ,x
33. /(x) - I x-4 ,x
-l
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
35. /(-x) = ((-r), - 8)t = (x2 - B)2 = /(.x)./is even.
37. s6) = lxl + 3isobtainedfrom/(r) = lrl byaverticalshift3unitsupwards.g(.r) = f(x) +3
39. 41. 43.
-l
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
5-4-3 -2-l r2345
-2
3
-4
82 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ss. (f - sX4) : f(4) - s@)
: t3 - 2(4)l a
: -5 -2
:-7
s7. (fh)(I) - f(1)ft(1) : (3 - 2(1)X3(L)z + 2) s9. (h :
" dQ) h(s7))
: (l)(5) - 5 : h(J1)
: 3(-n)' + z
:23
61.. lr: 0.380P + 3-754t + 16.896
lz: O.I46P + 0.302t + 23.231
63. f(*): 6x + f-t(*) : L{ 65. /(x) : x * 7 +f-t(t) : x+ 7
67. (a) f(*) : ** - 3 (b) I
y:)x-3 I
llf f ,r"/, trttt
x:iy-j
I
x* 3:iy
2(x+ 3):Y -to
ft(r)-b+6
(c)f'(/(r)):f'(L,- 3)
='.G:;;1.'
:x
f(f '(r)) : f(2x + 6)
:tex+6) 3
3
::.3
69. (a) f(x): ffi (b) 6
y:ffi :(mi12- 1
X:.lffi rr..t.rl
, :x*1-2
x2: y * 1, x
:x
*- 1:y f-t:f(xz-l)
f-t(*) - f - l, x>0
-6
:W
- Jxz-xforr
l^
Note: The inverse must have
a restricted domain.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. f(*) : ,+,
73. f(*) : 4x3 3
!:4x3 3
t-jt
J12 x:4yt 3
x*3-4y3
*:Lt2 x*3 :y3
lb-v 4
f -'(*) : l2x
f-'(*) :
75. f(*): ffi 77. True. f-t(*) : xrln, n odd
y: ffi,x2 -10,y
x: ..'ffiry
x2=y+10
x2-lo:y
f-t(*): x2 - l0'x
79. The vertical line x: c is not a function because it
does not pass the Vertical Line Test. All other lines are functions.
84 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 1 Practice Test
1. Use a graphing utility to graph the equation y = 4/* - 5. Approximate any
r-intercepts of the graph.
2. Use a graphing utility to graph the equation y = lx - 3l + 2. Approximale any
x-intercepts of the graph.
3. Graph 3x - 5y: 15 by hand. 4. Graph y: .ffiby hand.
5. Solve 5x*4=7x-8. 6. Solvef-s=i* t.
Z.
3x*l
Solve;ffi
2
= , fanhicdlV andanalyticallv.
t. Solve (x - 3'12 * 4: (.r + l)2 graphically and analytically.
9. Find an equation for the line passing through the points (3, -2) and (4, -5).
Use a graphing utility to sketch a graph of the line.
10. Find an equation of the line that passes through'the point (- 1, 5) and has slope
-3. Use a graphing utility to sketch a graph of the line.
11. Does the equation { + f: 16 representy as a function ofx?
12. Evaluate the tunction/(r) =F - 2l/(, - 2) at the points
l: 0, x:2, andr = 4.
13. Find the domain of the tunction f(x) : 5/(f - L6)-
14. Find the domain of the tunction g(i = JF1.
15. Use a graphing utility to sketch the graph of the function/(x) : 3 - .# and
determine if the function is even, odd, or neither.
16. Use a graphing utility to approximate any relative minimum or maximum val-
ues of the function y = 4 - x * f.
17. Compare the graph of,f(.r) -f - 3 with the graph of y=
"r'
1$. Compare the graph offlx) : .,FZ with the graph of y : '16.
19. Find g of itf(x) : J-x andg(x) = f - z.What is the domain of g o/?
20. Find,f/g if f(r) = 3.f and g(x) : 16 -f .What is the domain of f/s?
21. Show that/(x) = 3x * 1 and g(x) =
+are inverse functions algebraically
and graphically.
22. Find the inverse of/(r) : F7, 0<x ( 3. Graph/andf I in the same
viewing rectangle.
CHAPTER 2
Polynomial and Rational Functions
Section2.l QuadraticFunctions .....E6
Section 22 Degree
Polynomial Functions of Higher ..... . 93
Section 23 Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions . . . . l0l
Secdon2.4 ComplexNumbers .....110
Section 25 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra . . .ll3
Section 2.6 Rational Functions andAsymptotes . .119
Scction 2.7 Graphs of Rational Functions . . .123
ReviewExercises .....n1
PracticeTest ...141
E5
CHAPTER 2
Polynomial and Rational Functions
Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions
You should know the following facts about parabolas.
I f(x) = af + bx * c, o # 0,isaquadraticfunction,anditsgraphisaparabola.
I If a > 0, the parabolaopens upward and the vertex is the minimum point. If c < 0, the parabola opens down-
ward and the vertex is the maximum point.
I The vertex is(-b/2a,f(-b/h)).
I To find ther-intercepts (if any), solve
af+bx*c=0.
I The standard fomr of the equation of a parabola is
.f(x)=a(x-h)2+k
where c * 0.
(a) The vertex is (ft, &).
(b) The axis is the vertical line x = Ir.
Solutions to Odd-Numbercd Exerrcises
1. ,f(x) = (x - 2)2 opens upward and has 3. fl") - i2 - 2 opens upward and has
vertex (2,0). Matches graph (g). vertex (0, -2). Marches graph (b).
5.,f(r) = !, - (, - 2)': -(r -
2)2 4+ 7. f(x) : * + lopensupwardandhas
opens downward and has vertex (2,4). vertex (0,3). Matches graph (e).
Matches graph (f).
g. (a) y:L* (b) y : -trf
a
rtlll
-6
atltl
\
\
-r -7
Vertical shrink Vertical shrink and reflection in the r-axis
@)y=|* (d)y=-3.f
7 1
tltll rrttl
t\
-1 -7
Vertical stretch Vertical stretch and reflection in the x-axis
E6
E7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
11. (a) y: (x- l)' (b) y: (x+ r)2
7
\
ltt\,
-7
-1
Horizontal shift one unit to the right Horizontal shift one unit to the left.
(c) y:(x-3)' (d) y: (x+ 3)'
7 7
la
tl
-1
Horizontal shift three units to the right Horizontal shift three units to the left
13. f(x) : 25 - * t5. /(x) : +* - 4
Vertex: (0, 25) Vertex: (0, - 4)
Intercepts: (-5,0), (0,25), (5,0) Intercepts: (+ zfi,,o), (0, - 4)
17. f(x): (x + 4)' - 3 1.9. h(x)-f-8x*16:(*-4)'
Vertex: (- 4, -3) Vertex: (4,0)
Intercepts: (0, 13), + -fr,0) Intercepts: (0, 16), (4, 0)
(
- 4
20
l6
t2
4812
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Nuinbered Exercises and Practice Tests
21. f(x) : xz - x +; :('-L)'*l 23.f(r): -f *2x+5: -(x-\2+e
Vertex: (1, r) Vertex: (1,6)
Intercepts: (0, i) Intercepts: (f -ft, O), (0,5), (t + ,ft,0)
25. h(x):4*-4x+21 :- L(*
T\4 - l)'
2l + 20 27. f(*): -(* * 2x - 3) : -(x + t)2 + +
vertex: (L,zo) Vertex: (- 1, 4)
Intercept: (0, 21) Intercepts: (-3, 0), (0, 3), (1, 0)
f
5
,,,, \,,,,,
I -5
\
-8
29. g(x) -* + 8x * 11 : (r + 4)' - s 31. f(x) - 2* - L6x + 31
Vertex: (-4, -5) :2(x-4)'-1
Intercepts: (-416,0), (0, tt; Vertex: (4, - l)
Intercepts: (+ * L-fr,0), (0,31)
\lV
4E
\
aattl
ll
-o
-12
33. s(x) : L@' * 4x - 2) : Le * 4x + 4 6) 35. (1, 0) is the vertex.
:L@+z1z-3 f(*) : a(x - l)2 + o - o(* - l)'
Vertex: (- 2, -3) Since the graph passes through the point (0, l)
Intercepts: (
-2 r &,0), (0, - 1) we have:
t,/
1:a(0-l)'
1:A
,.
V
\ l)'
fl*): l(x - l)2: (x -
tl ttll
-1
89 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37, (- 1,4) is the vertex. 3lg. (-2,5) is the vertex.
f(x)=a(x+t)z++ f@ = aG + 2)2 + 5
since the graph passes through the point (1,0)
we have Since the graph passes through the point
(0,9), we have:
0= a(l + t)z + 4
o=4a*4 9:a(0+2)2+5
-L=a 4=4a
Ttrus, /(x) = -(x + 1)2 + 4. Note that (-3, O) is |=a
ontheparabola. f@)= l(x+2)2 +5: (x+2)2 +5
41. (3,4) is the vertex. 43. (-2, -2) is the vertex
flr): a(x - 3)z + 4 f@) = a(x+2)2 -2
point Since the graph passes through (- 1' 0)'
since the graph passas
------ the
-- through --- r----- 0 : o(-L + z1z -
(1,2), weiave:'
o:a-2 '
2:a(l-3)r+4
2:a
-z=4a Thus, /(x) : 2(x + 2)r.- Z
r
-;=a
,@: -iA - 3)2 +4
45.(2,-i)is.thever!ex. 47.y=f-16 o=*-t6
f(x):"G-i)'-l x_inrercepts:(*4,0) f=r6
Since the graph passes through (-2,4),
+=a(-2-])'-l ,=*4
t::9la"FZ)'
19
a=#
rhus, /(r) : ii(' -,)' - i
49.y:f -4x-5 0:i2-4x-5 Sl. y:f -4x 0- *-4x
r-intercepts: (5, 0), (- l, 0) Q - (x - 5Xx + l) 4
0-x(x-4)
x:5 x: r:0orx:4
,, ,L,
0r I
V
ttl
-4
x-interceptsr (0,0), (4,0)
53.y:?.*-7x-3O O:2*-7x-30 55.y: -i1*-6x-7) x-interceprs:
(- 1,0), (7, o)
l:3::;t
E
5
-20
r | ,l ,lrl 2. o- -it*-6x-7)
.J x-intercepts: ,rrrl 12 0-f-6x-7
(-i2, o), (6,0) I \ - 7)
-lo -4
l: lJ,r'x"
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
57. f(x) : k - (- 1)l(r - 3) opens upward se r(*) *\kq o'ens uPward
:(r+lXx-3)
-x2-2x-3 :II
:?-**7x*3
r*l+
8k) 3) oPens downward
s(x) : -(?* * 7x * 3) opens downward
: -L:[:; _ -?*-7x-3
: -f +2x+ 3
Note: f(x) : a(x + 1)(r - 3) has x-intercepts Note:f(x) : a(x + 3)(b + 1) has x-intercepts
(- 1, 0) and (3, 0) for all real numbers c+ 0. (-3,0) and ?r,0) for all real numbers a + O.
61. Let x : the first number and y : the second 63. Let x be the first number and y be the second number.
number. Then the sum is Then x * 2y - 24 ==+ x : 24 - 2Y.
x*y:110 + y:110-x. The product is P - *! : (24 - 2y)y : 24y - 2y'-
The product is P(x) : ry - x(110 - x) - 110x - *.
Completing the squ&re,
P(x): -f + 110x ': -1',:1+36) +72
: -(* - 110x + 3025 3025)
- -2(Y - 6\2 + 72'
: -[(r - 5S;z - 3025]
The maximum value of the product P occurs at the
: -(x - 55)2 + 3O2S vertex of the parabola and equals 72. This happens
when Y :6 and x : 24 - 2(6) :' L2.
The maximum value of the product occurs at the
vertex of P(r) and is 3025. This happens when
x:y:55.
65. 2x+2Y:100
Y:50-x
(a) A(x) : ry: x(50 - r) (c) The area is maximum (625 square fee$ when
Domain:0<x<50 x: y: 25. The rectangle has dimensions
25 ft x 25 ft. Algebraically, you have:
(b) A(r): -(* - 50x)
: -(f - 50x + 625) + 625
: -(x - 2S7z + 625
A(r) is a maximum of 625 when x : 25.
9r PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
67. (a) (b) Radius of semicircular ends of track: r :b
distance around two semicircular parts of track:
d- 2rrr: r1i): ry
(c) Distance traveled around track in one lap: (d) Area of rectangular region:
d-ry*2x-2W
nrY:2W-2x A:ry:.(ry)
Y::--- -
200 2x
I
:4200x - 2*)
7T
(e)
: _1\f
I
2000
_ loox)
7T-
)
: -1W - t00x + 2500 - 2500)
7T'
o : -\r- 5o;z +
5ooo
71 7l
The area is maximum when x :50 and
20o - 2(s0):- 100 The area is maximum when x :50 and
y:
7r Tf
v:_ zw_- z6A__ 100
69.C- 800- lOx +0.25* 71. P : - 0.000?* + l4Dx - 250,000
The minimum cost occurs at the vertex. The vertex of this parabola is at
b (- 10) b
--: -wl:;:20 10
r'r:--:--- ?n r40
2(-0.0002)
r40
0.0004
C(20) : 700 is the minimum cost. : 350,000 units
Graphically, you could graph Thus, the maximum profit is attained at a sales level
- -
C 800 10x + 0.25* in the window of 350,000 units.
[0, +o] x [0, 1000] and find the vertex (20,700).
73. y: -!^*
tz
+ zx + 4
(a) 2g
(d) You can solve this part graphically by finding
the x-intercept of the graph:
x - 25.856.
Algebraically,
o- -**+b+4
TZ
0 -* - - 48 (Multiply both sides by - 12.)
24x
(b) When x- 0,y - 4feet.
. -(-24) *
(c) The vertex occurs at 2(r)
b2
x - 2_r/rz):
t2' :-:24TfrT 24 x. I6.,fr
:12+8fi
2
The mCIrimum height is
Using the positive value for x, we have
I
y:-i(rz)r+2(r2)+4 x: 12 + 86 : 25.86 feet.
: 16 feet.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
75. V - 0.77* - I.32x - 9.31, 5 < x 3 40
(a) 12oo (b) Y(16) : L66.69 board feet
(c) 500 : 0.7'l* - t.32x - 9.31
0-0.77*-L.32x-509.31
Using the Quadratic Formula and selecting the posi-
o
tive value for x, we have x -
26.6 inches in diameter.
Or, use a graphing utility.
77. (a) (c) For 1960, C(10) : 4038 cigarettes per person.
The annual consumption per smoker was
: 97[2per smoker per year.
The daily consumption per smoker was
9702
365
- 26.6cigarettes per smoker per day.
(b) Using a graphing utility, the maximum is
approximately 4242 cigarettes at | : 18.3, or
1968. Yes, the warnings on cigarette packages
seemed to have an effect.
79. True 8L. Model (a) is preferable. a
opens upward and profits are increasing for r to the
-r2* - I - 0
right of the vertex,
1212: -1 impossible
t>-&
83.y:3x- 10:ir+ 1 85. y:f +2x-1: -2x+15
l2x-40-x+4 x3*4x=16:0
llx-4 (x-2)(*+2*+8)-0
x:4 x:2
The graphs intersect at (4,2). The graphs intersect at (2, IL).
87.y'- f - 9 89. *+y2-6x*8y:0
Y:TF (* - 6x + 9) + 0' + 8y + 16) - 9 + 16
No, y is not a function of x. (t - 3)2 + (y + 4)2 : 25 Circle
y is not a function of r.
93 P*R,T I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree
I You should know the following basic principles about polynomials.
I f(x): a/ + an-r*-r +...+ or* + arxl aoisapolynomialfunctionofdegreen
I If/isofodddegreeand
(a) an> 0, then
l.f(x) -)€asx+@.
2. f(x)+ -@ as x -+ -oo.
(b) an<0,then
l. f(x) -) -oo asx+ @.
2. f(x) -) @ asx+ -€.
I lflis ofevendegree and
(a) a,> 0, then
l. f(x) + @ as r-> oo.
2. f(x)-+ @ as.r+ -@.
O) a, < 0, then
l. f(x) -) -a asr-) @.
2. f(x) -> -@ asr+ -@.
I The following are equivalent for a polynomial function.
(a) .r : a is a zero of a function.
(b) r = a is a solution of the polynomial equation/(.r) : 0.
(c) (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial.
(d) (a, 0) is an r-intercept of the graph ofl
I A polynomial of degree z has at most n distinct zeros.
I Iflis a polynomial function such that a < b andf(a\ + f(b), then/takes on every value benveen f(a) andf(b)
in the interval [a, D].
I If you can find a value where a polynomial is positive and another value where it is iegative, then there is at
Ieast one real zero between the values.
Solutions to Odd-Numbercd Exercises
1. f(x) - -2x + 3 is a line with y-intercept (0, 3). Matches graph (0.
3. f(x) : -2.f - 5x is a parabola with x-intercepts (0,0) and (-i, O) and opens downward. Matches graph (c).
5. flx) : -iy'- t 3.* has intercepts (0,0) and (*zJT,0). Marches graph (e).
7. f(*) : f + 2.f has intercepts (0,0) and (-2,O). Matches Craph (C).
94 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9-y:f
(a) /(x) :
Horizontal shift two units to the right Vertical shift two units downward
(c) /(x) : -if (d) f(x):(x-2)3-Z
Reflection in the r-axis and a vertical shrink Horizontal shift two units to the right and a vertical
shift two units downward
11,. y:x4
(a) f(x) : (r + 5)n o) f@)-f-s
t v
Horizontal shift five units to the left Vertical shift five units downward
(c) /(x) - !, - f (d) f(x):t(x- t)o
Reflection in the x-axis and then a vertical Horizontal shift one unit to the right and a vertical
shift fotu units upward shrink
95 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. /(x) :3f - 9x * l; s@) :3f 15. /(.r) : -(# - +f + 16r); sk) - -/l
I V ./\
r
[l
t \,
-E -20
r7.flx):?-*- 3x* I 19. g(x) -5-lx-3*
Degree: 2 A"grnt 2
Irading coefficient 2 Le^ing coefficienc -3
The degree is even and the leading coefficient The degree is even and the leading coefficient
is positive. The graph rises to the left and right. is negative. The gaph falls to the left and right.
21. f(x): -2.1f +4f -2 23.f(r)-g-be +4*-5f
Degree:5 Degree: 3
Leading coefficient -2.1 I-eading coefficient -5
is odd and the leading coefficient
.isthe l:*o"
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient
negative. The graph nses
rises to me left and
the ten rail to
ana ralls
.' is negative. The graph rises o the left and falls
to the right'
right.
2s. h(t) = -?e - sr + 3) 27. f(x) = * - 25
Degree:2 - (x+5Xr-5)
Leading coefficient -f x= t5
The degree is even and the leading coefficient is
negative. The graph falls to the left and right.
29. h(t)-P-6t+9 31. /(x) =*+x-2
:(t-3)z =(x*2)(x-L)
t:3 x: -2,1
33. f(t)- t3 - 4P + 4t 3s. /(x) =p *i -:
:t(t-Z)z I
t: O,2 =a**5x_3)
z'
,=-s+JWTJ- s fr
2 ,=2
= 0.5414, -5.5414
37. (a) (c) f(.)::tfrr-_t;ii
-7
atltll
-r 4* -m:z+
2
Jr
[/
-to
(b) x - 3.732,0.268
96 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39. (a) 6 41. (a) 4
I
tl \
\ t
l ta
t
tlll
-2 -1
(b) f : *1 o) x : 0, I .414, -1.4L4
1. I
:;t4 (c) f(r)-f *x3 6x
(c) sG) -; :x(f+*-6)
: I, + 1)(r - I)(P + 1) : x(* + 3)(f - 2)
;(t
t:X,l x:0rt O
43. (a) 45. (a)
r
5 130
rr.l lrrr
,
-45 -10
(b) 2.236, -2.236 O) x:4,5,-5
(c) : 2f - ?* - 40
flx)
:2(*+a)(r+ 6)('-
x: *'B
6) (c)/(r)
:l:l;;Tij;
:(x-5Xx+5Xx-4)
x : !5,4
47. (a) l2 49. 4
[/ lV
-1 4
(b) x-intercepts: (0, 0), (i, O) Relative maximum: (0, 1)
(c)y:4f-20**25x Relative minimums: (1.225, -3.5), (-l .225, -3.5)
Q :4f-20**25x
0- x(zx-5)'
r:0or x:],
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. 53. f(x) : (x - OXx - 12)
f(x)-*-Izx
Note: f(r) : a(x - 0)(x - 12) : ax(x - 12)
has zeros 0 and 12 for all nonzero real numbers a.
Relative maximum: (-0.324, 6.218)
Relative minimum: (0.324, 5.7 82)
55. f(x): (x - 2)(x - (-6)) 57. f(x): (x - 0)[x - (-a)][x - (-3)]
: (x-Z)(, +6) : x(x + 4)(r + 3)
-f*4x-t2 -,f+7*+t2x
Note: f(*) : a(x - 2)(x + 6) has zeros 2 and -6
Note: f(r) : ax(x + a)(x + 3) has zeros 0, -4, -3
for all nonzero real numbers a.
for all nonzero real numbers cl.
59. f(x): (x - 0@ + 3Xr - 3Xr - 0) 6r. f(x): ['- (r + .,8)] h - (r J3)l
: (x _ 4)(* _ e)x : [{'- r) 6][r'- 1) + {t]
-x4-4f-g**36x : (x - t)2 - (,fr)'
Note: f(x) : a(f - 4f - 9* + 36x) has these -f-2x+t 3
zeros for all nonzero real numbers 4. :f-b-2
Note: f(x) -- o@ - bc - 2) has these zeros for all
nonzero real numbers a.
63. f(x): ('- Dl, - (+ * .,6)]h - Q -.,6)] 65. (a) The degree of f is odd and the leading coefficient
: ('- z)16 - 4) .,f][f' - 4) + 6] is 1. The graph falls to the left and rises to the
: (r - 2)l(, - 4), - sl right.
(b) f(*) : x3 - 9x : x(* - 9) - x(x - 3Xr + 3)
-i3 lDr'2*27x-22
- 2)l(, - -
zeros: 0, 3, -3
Note: f(*) - a(x 4), 5l has these
(c), (d)
zeros for all nonzero real numbers 4.
67. (a) The degree of f is even and the leading coeffi- 69. (a) The degree of f is odd and the leading coeffi-
cient is i. The graph rises to the left and to the cient is 1. The graph falls to the left and rises to
right. the right.
(b) f(t) : iQ, - 2t + 15) has no real zeros. (b) f(*) -f 3* : *(* - 3); zeros: 0, 3
(c)' (d) v (c), (d) v
98 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. (a) The degree of f is odd and the leading coeffi- 73. (a) The degree of f is odd and the leading coeffi-
cient is 3. The graph falls to the left and rises to cient is - l. The graph rises to the left and falls
the right. to the right.
(b) /(x) - 3x3 15l.F + l8x : - 5x + 6)
3x(xz (b) f(*): -x3 - 5f - *(-r - 5)
: 3x(x - 2)(x - 3) zeros: 0, - 5
(c)' (d) v zeros: 0,2,3 (c)' (d) v
75. (a) The degree of f is odd and the leading coeffi- 77. (a) The degree of g,is even (4) and the leading
cient is 1. The graph falls to the left and rises to coefficient is -i. The graph falls to the left and
the right. to the right.
(b) f(*) - *(x - 4); zeros:O,4 (b) sQ\ - -IQ - 2)r(t + 2): zeros: 2, -2
(c)' (d) v (c) v
79. f(r) -f 3f+3 (c)
x YI x YI x YI
(a) 5
- 0.9 - 0. r59 1.3 o.r27 2.5 -o.t25
- 0.89 - 0.w979 2.5r - 0.087
..,l \/V
0.0813 1.31
- 0.88 - 0.0047 r.32 o.07277 2.52 - 0.0482
- 0.87 - 0.0708 r.33 0.04594 2.53 - 0.0084
-3
- 0.86 - 0. r45r4 r.34 0.0193 2.54 0.03226
The function has three zeros. They are - 0.85 - 0.2r838 1.35 - 0.0071 2.55 0.07388
in the intervals (- l, 0), (1,2) and (2,3).
- 0.84 -0.2905 r.36 - 0.0333 2.56 0.rlg2
(b) - 0.879 , 1.347 ,2.532
81.. g(x) -3t'*4x3 3 (c)
x YI x YI
(a)
- 1.6 0.2768 0.75 - 0.3633
| | | ll r 1,,,, - 1.59 0.09515 0.76 -0.v+32
- r.58 - 0.08 12 0.77 - 0.1193
L - r.57 -0.2524 0.78 0.00866
-5
- 1.56 - 0.4184 0.79 0. 14066
The function has two zeros. They are - 1.55 -0.5795 0.80 0.2768
in the intervals (- 2, - 1) and (0, 1).
- r.54 -0.7356 0.81 o.4t7t7
(b) - 1.585 , O.',179
I
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. /(x) : -1 8s. f(t) : IQ, - 4t + 2I)
1
ttt lll
-3
Horizontal line
87. 35 89' -io laaa
10
A
I
-5
/l -150
/\
No symmetry Symmetric about the y-axis
Two x-intercepts Two x-intercepts
91. f(x) - f - 4x : x(x + 2)(x - 2) s@): +(x + I)2(x - 3)(b - e)
Symmetric to origtn Three x-intercepts
Three x-intercepts No symmetry
6 11
rrtlr.A taatta
! allttl
l.,/
U
-o -0
95. (a) and (b) Height, x Length and Width Voluma, V
1 36 - 2(r) 1[36 - 2(L)f2 : l1s6
2 36 '2(2) 2136 - 2(2)f' :zug
3 36 - 2(3) 3[36 -2(3)f':2700
4 3f - 2(4) 4136-2(4)f':3136
5 36 - 2(s) s[36 - 2(s\]2:3380
6 36 - 2(6) 6136-2(6)f':34s6
7 36 - 2(7) 7136-2(7)f2:3388
(c) Volume : length x width x height (d) 3800
Because the box is made from a square, length : width.
Thus:
: (length)'* height
Volume
: (36 - b)r*
Domain: 0 o
-36
18>x x : 6 when V(x) is maximum.
100 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
97. The point of diminishing returns (where the graph 99. (a) y : 0.003y' - 0.024f + 0.020/y' + 0. rr3x
changes from curving upward to curving down- o2
(b)
ward) occurs when x : 2W. The point is (200,
160) which conesponds to spending $2,000,000
on advertising to obtain a revenue of $160 million.
(c) The constant term should be zcro. Yes, the
model has zer) as its constant term.
101. False. A fourth degree polynomial can have at most three turning points.
103. /(x) = f; f(r) is even.
(a) s@) : f(x) + 2 (b) g(r) : f(x + 2)
Vertical shift two units upward Horizontal shift two units to the left
g(-x):r;;o.*r, Neither odd nor even
: g(x)
Even
(c) s(x) : f(-x) = (-r)o - x4 (d) s(x) : -f(x): -x4
Reflection in the y-axis Reflection in the x-axis
The graph looks the same. Even
Even
(e) s(x) : A*i : **o (f) g(x):tf@):tf
Vertical shrink Vertical shrink
Even Even
(g) s(x) : f(x3/4) : (f /u) -f (h) s(x) : u"fl6) : f(f(x)) : f(f) : f(f)4 - xt6
odd Even
10s. (s - /X3) : g(3) - f(3) : 8(3), - tt4(3) 3J rw. (f),-r s)
:72 39: 33
10e. (s "r(0) : sk(o)) : s(- 3) = 8(- 3)2 = 72
101 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
LLl. 2* - x
?*-x-l
(b+1)('-1)
lu+t lzx+1
r
Lr h=
x21 or ;l"T;= 'l
-i
rr rl-'+-----J r>'
-2-l 0t2
113. lr + 8l I 15
l"+ 8l T6
x* 8 L6 or x*8
x2 8 or v1-24
-80
115. Vertex: (0, - 8) ll7. Vertex: (- 5, -2)
f(*) : a(x - o)t- 8-a*-8 f(*): o(, + -25)2
Point: (5,9) + 9-o(5)'-8 Point: (0, 3) =:+ 3 : a(O + 5)2 - 2
17 : 25a 5 :25a
a: t7
T5 a=I
f(*):**-8 f(r): *(' + s), - z
Section 2.3 Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions
You should know the following basic techniques and principles of polynomial division.
I The Division Algorithm (.ong Division of Polynomials)
I Synthetic Division
I /(/c) is equal to the rcmainder of/(r) divided by (x - ft).
I : -
f(k) 0 if and only if (x &) is a factor off(x).
I TheRational TsoTest
I TheUpperandLowerBoundRule
102 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
4
L. !z:4 + +
x-l
3. !z:x-2+
x+z
_4(x-D+a _(x-z)(x+z)++
x-1 x*2
4x-4+4 : *-+++
x- 1 x*2
4xf
x- 1 x*2
:/r :)t
10 11
\-_ ar
h ,/)
-2 -17
5. Yr:f -4x*+
t'+1
:(f - 4x)(* + t) + +x I
*+1
_f+f-+f-qx++x
*+l
tl.r/\
v,l, , ,
: 'f3,f
p*t:lt -a
2r + 4 * 3x+l
7. x*3 g. 4x*5) 4f - 7* Ltx+5
4x+12
@)-r?# llr
(4x + 12) -(-rN - $n
0 4x +5
(ar + 5)
z*+lox*12 :?-x+4 0
x*3
4f - 7* - llx + 5
4x*5 -*-3r*l
103 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7 3x +5
1.1. x*zW 13. 2**0x*1) 6x3+l}r2 + x +8
-Qx+A) (6f+ 0f +3x)
l1 L0*-b +8
Go* *0x +s)
7x*3 11
b +3
x*2 -- x+2
6f + to* *x*8 :3x*5
z*+1 -2x--3
2f+l
15. x2+2x*4
f-b+3) f+ ox3+i* *ox + I -ffi_rr2xt4+ffi
xa+3f +l A zx-ll
(xa-?-f+3*)
2f +of *ox
(2f -4* +6x)
4* 6x + I
(4f 8x + 12)
2x 11
2x
17. *-2x* 1 19. 4 -10 12
-(h3-4f + b) 128
l1x +5 220 58
2x3-4x2-15x+5 :zx-tly 3x3 I0r2 + lZx - 22
:3f+2r+20+ 58
^, L7x - 5
x-4 x-4
(x - r)'
21. 3 7 -1 26
18 75 222
62574 248 90 -t6 0
6f+7f-x+26 :6f*25x+74+ 248 9x3 1812 - I6x * 32 :9*-L6
x-3 x-3 x-2
25. -g 27. -t 4t6 -23 - 15
-2 -7 15
I -8 64 4 t4 -30 0
f+512 4x3 + l6f -23x- 15
:4**I4x-30
x*8 -i2-Bx*64 xf,
,l
29. f(*) - f -* - l4x * 11, k: 4 31. f(*) : x3 + 3* - 2x - 14, k - O
O lt 3 -2 -14
412-8 o 2+3-n 6
3-23 3+ o 3rtr
f(*):(r-4)(f*3x-2)+3 f(*) : G - O)V + (: + {z)x + 3-nl - 8
f(4):(0x26)+3:3 A,A: (oX4 + 6.n) 8: -8
104 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33. I {3 -6 -t2 -4
4-4.16 10-z-fr 4
4 -2-4-n -2-z.,fr 0
f(r) :- I + A)l+* - (z * +-,5)x - (z * z.fr\
G
f(r {3): e
35. - 4f
/(x) 13x * l0
(a)l l4 0 -13 l0 (b) -2
44 -9
44 -9 I : /(t) 4-8 3 4 : f(-2)
(c) t 40 -13 l0 (d) 8 40 -13 l0
2 I -6 32 256 t9M
-r2 4 : fe) 32 243 1954 : /(S)
37. h(*) :3f+5*-lOx*1
(a) (b) + -10 1
9 4296 2
8
3
L4 32 97 : f(3) -8
5
3
: /(+)
(c) -2 5 -10 I (d) -5 5 -10 1
-6 2 16 -15 50 -2W
-1 -8 r7 :f(-z) -10 40 -r99:f(-5)
39. 2 41. t -15 27 -10
1-7 10
12-30 2-t4200
f-7x*6:(r-2)(*+2x-3) 2; rsy' * 27x - lo
: (x - 2)(, + 3Xx - 1) :G-iltz*-r4x+zo)
Zeros: 2, -3, 1 :(/z--lXr-2)(x-5)
Zeros: i,2,5
43. -2 2 -2 -4
-204
l0-20
f+z*-b-4-(x+2)(f-2)
:(x+\(x+fi)(*-O)
Zeros: -2,O,-A
10s PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. (a) -z 4l'1. (a) 5
-10
-10 8
t2 -8
2 -1 0 1-320
(b) Remaining factor: (2r - l) (b) * - 3x * 2: (x - Z)(x - t),
(c) f(*) : (x + 2)(* - L)(?* - l) Remaining factors: (x - 2), (r - l)
(d) Real zeros: -2, 1,, (c) f(*) : (x - sX' + a)(x - 2)(* - 1)
(e) (d) Real zeros: 5, - 4,2, I
I v
(e)
I
(v Errr.
-3
V -200
49. (a) -t (b) 6x * 42 Remaining factor (or 6(x + Z))
(c) f(*): (u+ lX3x -z)(n+7)
Note: Use*(Or + 42) : x + 7
(d) Real zeros: -t,!, -l
(e)
51. f(r)-f +3*-x- 3 53. f(*) : ?-f - I7f + 35; * 9x - 45
Possible rational zeros: t l, t3 Possible rational zeros: tl, t3, t5, t9, t15, *45,
kros shown on graph: -3, - l, I
rt,t,,+],r2,+f ,r+
krosshown of graph: - 1, t, 3, 5
55. f(r) - f+*-4x-4 57. f(x) :-4f+L5/-8r-3
(a) Possible rational zeros: t l, !2, !4 (a) Possible rational zerosr tl , lrt, ti, tl, r|,, t3
(b) 1 (b) 10
rr.n .lrrl
il
t\ J-7 -6
(c) -2, - 1, 2 on graph (c) -1, l, 3 on graph
106 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. f(*) - -b4 + I3;l - 2t* + 2x + 8 61. f(*):6f -*-l3x* 8
(a) Possible rational zeros: (a) Possible rational zeros:
+1, + 1, !2, !4, +8 r*, r+, *.t, r?,r 1, r!3, !2,r8, t4, +8
(b) 16 (b) 15
ll rl
v
-E -1
(c) Realzeros: ,,#
(c) -+, 1, 2,4 on graph
lfg: k - r)(6* * 5x - 8); Use euadratic
Formuh]
63. *-23-22-4-o 65. f - 13* - l2x - 0
Possible rational zeros: t l, !2, !4 x(x3-l3x-12):Q
-1 1 -l 0 -2 -4 :tH:
-l 2 -24
Possibreratio
^r:;'H:and tlz. Using12-e
are * l, +2, t3, !4, t6 a
-2 -4 graphing utility or synthetic division, you find
that the zeros are 0, - l, -3,4.
{ - z3 - 2z - 4 - (z + l)(z - 2)(z' + z) - 0
The only real zeros are - I and 2. You can verify this
by graphing the functionf(z) - /t - z3 - 2z - 4.
67. 2f-lIf-6**@x+32-0 69. f(r) :x3-2*-5x*10
Using a graphing utility, you can see that there are (a) Zeros:2,2.236, -2.236
three zeros. Using synthetic division, you can verify
that these zeros arc -2, -!,4.
(b) 2lr -2 -5 l0
2 0 -10 x:2isazero
I 0 -5 0
f(*):(x-2)(*-s)
:(x-\(x+-6)G- {s)
71. h(t) +3
-2t2-7t+2
(a) zeros: -2,3.',132,0.269
(b) -2 r-2-72
-2 8 -2 t--2isazero
I -4 1 0
h(t): (r + 2)(P - 4t + t)
: (r + Db - (a + z)l[r + (a - i]
107 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. h(x) - f - 7f + 10t' + L4* - 24x 75. f(x) - x4 - 4f + 15
(a) h(x) : x(xa - 7f + lo* + r4x - 24)
From the calculator we have x - 0,3, 4
(a) 4 r-400 r5
and x : !.L.4I4. 400 0
I .0 0 t5
10 T4 -24
4 is an upper bound.
-t2 -6 24
(b) -1
l-55 -5
- 1 is a lower bound.
f(x):x(x-3Xx-4)(f-2)
: x(x - 3Xx - 4G - ,fi)(* + fi\
The exact roots are x: 0, 3, 4, tfi,.
77.f(x)-f-4f+l&-16 7s P(x):lxT:lr'l
(a) s 1-40 t6 -16
55 25 205
115 4t 189 :
iQx + 3)(bc - 3Xx + z)(x - 2)
5 is an upper bound. The zeros are *| and t2.
(b) -3 -4 016 -t6
-3 2r -63 t4r
1-72r -47 r25
-3 is a lower bound.
El' n'):!1;:-;':;.r) 83. f(x)-f - l:(x-l)(*
Rational zeros: I (r : l)
*x*1)
Irrational zeros: 0
: It*@* - r) \4x - 1)l Matches (d).
: !1+x - r)(* - l)
: !1+x - l)(x + lXx - l)
The zeros are I and t 1.
85. f(x) - f - x: x(x + l)(x - l)
Rational zeros: 3 (t : 0, t 1)
Inational zeros: 0
Matches O).
108 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
87. (a) 35
10
(b) R - 0.01 326ts - 0.06765P + 1.2306t + 16.6770
(c)
t -2 -l 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7
R 13.86 15.21 t6.78 18.10 19.08 t9.39 2r.62 23.07 vt.4l 26.48
Modcl 13.84 15.37 16.68 17.85 18.97 20.12 21.37 22.90 vr.49 26.52
(d) 12 -0.06765 1.2306 16.6770
o.l59l2 1.09764 27.9389
.0\326 0.09147 2.3282 M.6159
R(12) : !,!,.$2. No. The model will turn sharply upward.
E9. (a) K- 15- (b) V : I . w . h : (15 - b)(g - Lr)x
: x(9 - b)(r5 - b)
Since length, width, and height cannot be negative,
H
x we have 0 < x <l tot the domain.
(d) 56: x(9-?n)(15-2;-)
56:135x-48y'+4f
0-4f-48y'+135x-56
The zeros of this polynomial ariet, l, and 8.
.r cannot equal 8 since it is not in the domain of V.
[The length cannot equal - I and the width cannot
equal -7. The product of (8X- 1X-7) :
56 so it
The volume is maximum when x - t.82. showed up as an extran@us solution.]
Thedimensions are: length : 15 - 2(L.82): 11.36
width -9-2(I.82):5.36
height-x:1.82
t.82 cm x 5.36 cm x 11.36 cm
109 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9l- y: -5.05x3 + 3857x - 38,411.25,13 <x < 18
(a) 270o (b) The second air-fuel ration of 16.89 can be obtained
by finding the second point where the curves y and
lr : 2400 intersect.
It
o
(c) Solve -5.05x3 + 3857x - 38,411.25 : ?f[N or -5.05.f * 3857x - 4O,8I1.25: 0. By synthetic division,
15 -5.05 0 3857 -40811.25
-75.75 -tt36.25 N8tt.25
-5.05 -75.75 n20.75 0
(d) The positive zero of the quadratic -5.051 - 75.75x + ZlZOi.lS can be found by the Quadratic Forrrula.
x : 7 5.7 5 J Q 5.7 5)' - 4(-5.05) (2720.7 5)
16.89
2(-s.os)
93. False, -# ir a root of,r: 95. t -92 45 184 4 -48
2-4509248
64 -90 184 96
True.
yl. P -r+3 99. You can check polynomial division by multiplying
f-2 the quotient by the divisor. This should yield the
original dividend if the multiplication was per-
i3n - Ubt
formed correctly.
-P+sr
-P+l*
3f-6
3f-6
0
Hence,
x3n-3P+5f-6 :fn-f+3.
f-2
101. (a) (f " sxx) : f(f + l) 103. (a) (f " g)(x) : f(4x + *)
:2(f+l)-5 :4;4; 1
-2*-3
(b) (g "/)(r) : s(?-x - 5) (b) (g"/)(,) : ,(*) : -(*) + (*)'
:(2I-5)r+1
4x* I
-4f-20x+26 *
105. f(r) - (" - lXr + 3Xx - 8)
:x3-6.y'-l9x+24
[answer not unique]
'w
r(*):f-?.ry--\'.9
-*-4x*1
[answer not unique]
f10 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 2.4 Complex Numbers
t You should know how to work with complex numbers.
I Operations on complex numbers
(a) Addition: (a + bi) + (c + di) : (a + c) + (b + Ai
O) Subnaction: (a + bi) (c + di) : (a - c) + @' At
(c) Multiplication: (a + bi)(c + di) : (ac - bA + @d + bc)i
a * b=i .' - di. : b=4., bc - ad'
+
(d) Division: - ="l !
c*di c*di c-di c2'+d2- 4*Oz'
I The complex conjugate of a + bi is a - b!,
(a+bi)(a-bi):a2+b2
t The additive inverse of a + bi is -a - bi.
I The multiplicative inverse of a * bi is
a-bi
a2 + b'z'
I jqt: fii for a>0.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. a*bi:-9+4i 3. (a- l)+(b+ 3)f :5+8t
a: -9 a- l:J =+ a:6
"b-4 b+3:8 + b:5
s.4+ffi-4+5t 7. lz:12+ot 9. -5t + P 5t - 1 - -1 - 5t
tt. Gnnz: -75
19. l3i - (I4 - 7i) : 13t - 14 +'li : -I4 + 20i
2r. -e+*\+€**) : -i-|i*i*t;
: -6- 915.,10,22,
6, f?t 6t
:* +ti
23. (1.6 + 3.2i) + (-5.8 + 4.3i): -4.2 + 7.5i
2s. R. rq- (St( .frr): fri2:(2,fr)t_l): _26
27. (.40)'z : (.,/|O;;' : roiz : -lo 29. (l +tX3 -2i):3-2i +3i -2P
:3+i+2
-5 +i
111 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31. 6(5 - 2i') = 3Oi - LzP = 30i * L2 = L2 | 3Oi
tg. (-fu+ Jio;XJr+ - Jio, = 14 - roiz = 14 | ro = ?A
35. (4+5i)2: 16+4p1i+ZSP - 16* 4Oi-25
=-9*40i
y. Raq: .f6i -f6i: 6i2 = -6 (Note: ..,E0- f,-o +./(--O(S)
39. (4+3i)(4- 3t: 16+9-25 4r. (-o - ..,6;X-6 + ,Bi): 36 +s :4r
43. (22i)(-22i) : 484
4s. (r ..f-ib + F): (s -fri)(t + Oi) - s * 2:11
6 6 . --::
,_ ::;
+i. -i -6i : ---
-6i = -o,
, , -t -;-r' I
4 4 4+5i 4(4+5i) t6+20i 16.20.
-7.
4-5i 4-5i 4+5i t6+25 4L 4t'41-
2+i z+i 2+i +++t+P:---=-:=i=a
-
tr.:-----:=:------
3+4i 3 4
2-i 2-i 2+i 4+I 5 5 5
E.6-7i
55.._ 6-7i -i -6i-7 =-i-or
-
i i -i I
55- 1 I | -9+40i
--- (4 - Si)z L6 - 4Oi + 25F -9 - 4Oi -9 + 40,
_-g+40/i_-g+4oi=_g *N,
81 + 1600 1681 1681 t68l'
-57. -_2
E-
l+i r-r
3 2(L-i)-3(l+r)
(l+,)(l-t 59. _6j3 + P = _6i2i + P
: -6(-t)r+ (-l)
_z_2i_3 _3i =6i-l
l+l
__l_5, =-1 *6i
2
I
.---t
5.
22'
61. -s,s = -Spqi et(ffi)' : (s.,fa;)' = sr(Jr)';'
: -5(-lX-1)t = rzsb,n) -i)
: -5i : -glS-f3i
65.+:I:+.i-+:*:
l" -l -l I -l- I
i 67.4+3i 69.0+6i:6i
tt2 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71.4-5i 73. -6 'TT"
'+
4t
3t
-3-2-r i;;;-
Rral
lxis zl
-2 r{-
-3
4 -74-5-4-14-r 123
-5 -2
-6
4 -3
-4
-5
75. The complex number 0 is in the Mandelbrot Set since for c : 0, the corresponding Mandelbrot sequence is 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, . . . which is bounded.
77. The complex number |;, it in the Mandelbrot Set since for c : |;, ttte corresponding Mandelbrot sequence is
Li, -I * ii, -t + Ii, -* + Ei,=# + ffii, -ffi,*r"n + ffii
which is bounded. Or in decimal form
0.5i, -0.25 + 0.5i, -0.1875 + O.25i, -0.02734 + O.406.25i,
-o.L&29r + 0.477783i, -0.201285 + 0.343009t.
79. The complex number I is not in the Mandelbrot Set since for c : L,the corresponding Mandelb,rot sequence is
I, 2, 5, 26, 677, 458,330 which is unbounded.
81. (2)3 = 8
(- r * -fzi\' : (- r)' + 3(-D2{-.ni * t(- D(fri)' * (-nl'
: -l + l{gi - gi2 + 3{3it
=-rrl{lt+g-3{3i
=$
(-r - {zi\'= (-r)3 + 3(-1),( - 6t + 3(-rX - $i)'({i'
= -[ - l-Bi - giz - 3.{3i3
=-[-l{zi +g+3{3i
=$
The three numbers arc cube roots of 8.
83. (a) -5 +2i
z1 (b) z1 : l6i+9
zz:3 - 4i zz: 20 - lOt
l_1-1_ 1 - I l_l-1_ I _ I
z z1- rr- 5a2;- 34i z z1 z2 9+l6i 20-10t
_(3-4i)+(s+2i) _(20-lot+(e+16t
(s +2i)(3-4i) (e+ r6i)(20- 10,
8 -2i
:13-r4i :6 29+6i
z- 23 r4il8 + 2r\
8-2i\8+z'/ z-- 340+230ilZg-6r\
zg+6t \2g-6t)
:66i : J.llg - o.glli llz0 + 463oi :
-212 68 - 877
12.816 + s:ngi
113 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
85. True. (-|B+ - (-;ft), * L4: 36 +6+ t4: 56
87. (a) in - (;c;to - I ro : I 89. (a + bi)(a - bi) : a2 * abi - abi - b2i2 : a2 + b2
(b) izs : (f^)(t): (flu(t : l(t : i which is a real number
(c) i5o : (t*xtt) - (;a)"(- 1) - 1(- 1) - - I
(d) f7 - (PXt') : (to)tu(t'X;) : 1(- lxt : -i
91.2x * 3y: J
3Y=-2x+5
y:-2rr+tr Slope:-f
(a) Parallelline: y -3: -3tr- (-e)l @) perpendicularline: y -3:3tr- (-S)]
3y-9: -2.x- L6 2y-6:3xt24
3y | 2x: -7 2y - 3x:3O
93.Y:x2+2x-8
Lety:O:x2 +2x- 8= (.r* aX*-2) =O=+r - -4,2.x-intacepts: (-4,0),(2,0)
Letx = 0:Y = -3.Y-intercept (0, -8)
94. y: Itl - t
Let y = 0: lxl = I +x: tl. r-intercepts: (1,0), (- 1,0)
Let x : 0: y - - 1. y-intercept: (0, - l)
Section 2.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Atgebra
I You should know that if/is a polynomial of degree n > 0, then/ has at least one zero in the complex number
system. (Fundamental Theonem of Algebra)
I You should know that if a t bi is a complex zsro of apolynomial/, with real coefficients, then a - bi is also
acomplex znooff.
I You should knorr the difference between a factor that is ineducible over the rationals (such as I - D and a
factor Orat is ineducible over the reals (such as.f + g).
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. f(x) : x(x - 6)2 : x(x - 6)(x - 6) 3. g(x) : (r - 2)(* + 4)3
The three zeros are r : 0, x - 6, and x : :
6.
The four zeros are x 2, x - - 4, x : - 4,and
x: -4.
5.,f(x) = (rf 6Xr+;Xr-;) 7. f(x): (r- 2)(x+ 3 - 5,X.r+ 3 +5t
Thethreezerosare x: -6,)c= -i,andr: i. Thethreezeros arelc:2,x: -3 * 5i,and
x=-3-5i.
tt4 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. f(x) - f - 4* * x - 4 : *(x - 4) + I@ - a) ll. f(x) - x4 + 4* * 4 : (* + z)2
: (x - 4)(* + 1) zeros: 4, li zeros: x.-D,t, + -frt
The only real z.ero of/(x) is x : This corespondsQ,. f(r) has no real zeros and the graph of/(x) has no
to the x-intercept of (4, 0) on the gaph. x-intercepts.
13. h(x)-f -4x*
4r jffi
1
h has no rational zeros. By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros are x: :2 !, fi.
h(x):h-Q*J3)l h-Q J3)l :(*-2 #)(,-2+ fi)
15. f(*)-*-r?,;'+26
/ has no rational zeros. By the Quadratic flormula,
'7'r(*) :t::;r -s,)
the zeros are The zeros of /(x) are x - *5i.
x: 12r :6* fr.
f(*) : h - (o + {to)]h - (o - .,m)]
:("-6-.,m)G-6+-m)
re' r(x) 2l.f(z):22-22+2
:L--11" + e) "f
has no rational zeros. By the Quadratic Formula,
: (x + 3)(x - 3)(x + 3tXx - 3i) t' m
: the zeros are z:2 - 1t i.
The zeros of/(x) are x - +3 and x x.3i. 2
f(z):k-(1 +;)lle-(1 ,l
:(z-l i)(z-l+t)
23. f(t) :f 3P - l1t + t25 25. f(x): l6is - 20 - 4x * 15
Possible rational zeros: tl, t5, !25, !L25
IV
r25
-5 40 -t25
1 -8 25 I
-5
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of The gaph reveals one zero at x : -1.
t G - loo : !.
P -gr + 25 aret -8 2
4 3i.
-- | 16 -20 -4 15
The zeros of f(t) are t : -5 and | : 4 + 3i. -r2 24 - 15
f(t): lt - (-s)ltt - (4 + 3t)l[t - (4 3t)] 16 -32 20 0
: (r + 5)(r - 4 - 3txr - 4 + 3r) By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of
t6f - 32x + 20 : 4(4f - 8.r * 5) are
x:
8+ffi :1 *r'I
The zeros of/(x) are r : -tr and x: I *Lri.
. i)(' - I . ;,)(' -, - ti)
'u('
115 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. f(x) : f + l1;z + 9 29. s@) - f - 4f + Bf - l6x + 16
:(f+r)(f+e) Possible rational zeros: t l, *2, !4, t8, t 16
: (t + t)(r - tXr + 3tXx - 3t) 1 *4 8 -16 t6
The zeros of/(x) are x : ti and x : t3i. 2 -4 8 -16
-24-8
208
1040
s@):
[ - il?o-.'rtro.-20
The zeros of g are 2,2, and Izi.
31. f(x) : ?-xa + 5.f + 4* * 5x + 2 33. (a) f(*) -* - l4x + 46.By the euadratic
Formula
14*
x: -7 t 8. sl
\ / The zeros areT + ..fr andT 6.
\./
-5
: (*-7 ..fr)(.-7 + A
The gaph reveals one zero at x : -2 and x : -12' (c) x-interceptr, (Z + 6,0) ana (z -fr,0)
5452 (d)
-2 e
-4 -2 -4 -2
21210
I
2 2
0 -l
Thezeros of 2* + 2:2(* + l) are x: *i.
The zeros of f(x) are - 2, -*,, -,i.
f(*): (x + z)(u + tXr - ,Xr + r)
35. (a) : f + l4x + 44. By the Quadratic Formula,
f (*)
x: =-7* 6
The zeros are -'l + ..fr and 7 $.
(c) x-intercepts: (-t + 6,0),( -7 .6,0) (d) 6
V -8
116 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37. (a) f (r) : x3 lx * 150
1 39.(a) f(x)-f +25,/'2+lM
: (x + 6)(* - 6x + 25). : (* + e)(* + t6)
Use the Quadratic Formula to find the zeros of The zeros are !3i, *4i.
f-6x*25: (b) /(x) : (* + e)(* + 16)
x: 6T :3!.4i. = (x + 3tXr - 3i)(r + ai)(x - 4i)
(c) No x-intercepts
The zeros are - 6,3 +- 4i.
4i, and 3
(d)
(b) f(*): (x + 6Xr - 3 + atXx - 3 - 4i)
(c) r-intercept: (- 6, 0)
(d)
,C
/ -3@
4t'f'c):[;- 43' r(x) 4+ t
lih'ix+st : [' - ?f.--o ;]?;
:f-f*25x-25 -f l0l2*33x-34
Note: f(x) : a(f - * * 25x 25), - Note: f(r) : a(f Lory' *
33x -
34), where a is
where a is any nonzero real number, has the zero, any nonzero real numbet has these zeros.
I and t5i.
45. f(x) : (x - t)(t + tXx - 6tXx + 6t) 47. If I + -fri is a zero, so is its conjugate I fii.
r(x) - -Ei>
: [:'],: ; L;,f':; ;,
=r:]y:,.'
Note: f(r) : a(f + 37* + 36), where a is an'
nonzero real number, has the zeros ti and *6i
:f+8x3+9*-10x*100
Note: f(*) : a(f + 8x3 + 9* - 10x * 100),
where a is any nonzero real number, has these zeros.
49.f(*)-f-6*-7 51. f(*) - f - 2i 3* + t?.x' 18
(a) f(*) : (* - t)(f + 1) (a) f(*\ : (* - 6)(f - 2x + 3)
(b) f(*):G- Ji)(r+{t)W+ 1) (b) f(*): (' + fiXx - '.fr)t* - 2x + 3)
(c) f(*) : (' - Ji)(* + Ji)@ + ,X' -t (c) f(x) :
('+ fi)(,-
JG)(*- 1
OilG- I + Oil
tt7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. /(x) : 2x3 + 3* + 50x + 75 Alternate Solution
Since 5i is a,zeto, so is -5i. Since x: t5t are zeros of/(x),
(x + 5tXx - 5t) - f + 25 is a factor of
35075 f(x). By long division we have:
10r -50 + 15r -75 b+ 3
f + ox * zs
2f + O* * 50x
3*+ 0x*75
3f+ 0x*75
0 0
The of b + 3 is x : f f(x) : (* + 25)(?n + 3) and the zeros of
Thus,
zero -1,. The zeros of +5iand x: -1,.
f au;ex:
arex: -I2andx: t5i.
55. s@) : x3 - 7* - x * 87. Since 5 + 2iis a zero, 57. h(r): 3f - 4* + 8x * 8. Since I . .friis a
sois5 -2i. zero, so is I + -,8i.
-7 -l 87
-4 8 8
5+2i -14+6i -97 3 l{tt -to - z-fri -8
-2+2i -15 + 6i 3 -l t{ti -2 - Z-,6i
5 -2i -2+2i -15 + 6i l+,fri 3 -l l-frt -2 - Z-fri
5 -2i 15 -6i 3 + 1".fri 2 + 2{3i
The zero of x + 3 is x : -3. The zero of 3x + 2 is x = -?.
f 5 ! The zeros of h are .r : -I, t t -,6i.
The zeros of are - 3, 2i.
59. h(*) : - l4f + l8x -
8x3 g. Since
|(t ','i) 61. (a) The root feature yields the real roots
is a zero,so is |(t + {si). I and 2, and the complex roots
-3 + l.4l4i.
i0 {si) | s -r4 t8 -9 (b) By synthetic diviSion,
4-+{si -15+3'.,Bt g
-10 - +{sr 3 + 3-fri
i(r + ..Bi) - l0 - +...fri 3 + g-fri
4++$r -3 l-Bi
The zeroof 8r 6isx :?.-
The zeros of h are x -- 1,L0 t '
.fri).
Thecomplexroots of * * 6x* ll are
X: -6tm A. t=
: -3T..t2i.
llE PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
63. (a) The root feature yields the real root 0.75, 65. -l6P*48t:64, 0<s13
and the complex roots 0.5 + 1.118i.
-I6P + 48t - 64: Q
(b) By synthetic division,
J-
-48 t .,M,i
I4 8 -32
-14 18 -9
Since the roots are imaginary, the ball never will
6 -6 9
reach a height of 64 fggt You can verify this graphi-
cally by observing that y, = - l6P + 48t and
lz : 64 do not intersect.
The complex roots of 8x2 - 8x * 12 arc
' 8+m2(g) 1.'6.
:r= 2''
67. False, a third degree polynomial must have at least 69. f(*)-x4-4f +k
one real zeto. (a) /has four real zeros for 0
(b) /has two real zeros each of multiplicity 2 for
k - a: f(x) - f - 4* * 4 : (* - 2)2.
(c) /has two real zeros and two complex zeros if
k
(d) /has four complex zeros if k
- {ui)(, + JEi) - f + b
7r. f(*): G
73.f(x)-*-7x- 8: (*-n+f) 8 -3
:G-r)',-=o
Vertex, (1, -+)
f(*):(r-8)(r+l)
Intercepts: (8, 0), (- l, 0), (0, - 8)
75. f(*):6f +5x-6-(3x-2)(X+ 3)
Intercepts: (3, o), (-Z,o), (0, - 6)
f(*):6*+5x-6
:6(* +t'+ffi)-6-H
:6(x+t)'+S
Vertex' (- t, -#)
77. L2 - (-7 + 5t) + (-2 + 3t) : 17 - 2i 79. (-3 8r), - ! + 48r + (-8t)t
-9+48r-@
: -55 + 48i
119 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 2.6 Rational Functions and Asymptotes
I You should know the following basic facts about rational functions.
(a) Afunctionof theform/(r) : P(x)/Q@),Q@) + 0,whereP(x)and Q@)nepolynomials,iscalleda
rational function.
(b) The domain of a rational function is the set of all real numbers except those which make the denominator
?ErO.
(c) If/(x) = P(x)/Q@) isinreducedform,andaisavaluesuchthat e@) = 0,thentheline.r: aisaverti-
otf.f(x)+a or/(.r)+-o as.r-+4.
cal asymptote of the graph
(d) Theliney - bisahorizontalasymptoteof thegraphof/ifflx)[email protected]+
-oo.
:ffi: whereP(r) arne@)havencicommon
", *:[]
l. If n < rz, then the x-axis (y = 0) is a horizontal asymptote.
2. If n = m,then y: ?isahorizontalasymptote.
om
3. lf n > rn, then there are no horizontal asymptotes.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. f(*):*
(a) x fl*) x f(*) x f(*) x f(*)
0.5 -2 1.5 2 5 0.25 -5 - 0.167
0.9 -10 1.1 10 10 0.1 -10 - 0.0909
0.gg - 100 1.01 100 100 0.m - 100 - 0.0099
0.999 - 1000 1.001 1000 r000 0.m - 1000 - 0.001
(b) The zero of the denominator is x :
l, so.r = 1 is a vertical asymptote. The degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator so the x-axis, or y :
0 is a horizontal asymptote.
(c) The domain is all real numbers except.r : 1.
?r
3. .f(r) : ---:::-
|r-rl
(a) x f(*) x f(*) x f(*) x f(*)
0.5 3 1.5 9 5 3.75 -5 -2.5
0.9 27 l.l 33 l0 3.33 -10 -2.727
0.99 297 1.01 303 100 3.08 - 100 -2.970
0.999 2997 1.001 3003 1000 3.003 - 1000 -2.997
(b) The zero of : l, so r : 1 is a vertical asymptote. Since/(x) + 3 as
the denominator is.x
x-t @andflx) +-3 asr+ -oo,bothy = 3 andy: -3 arehorizontalasymptot€s.
(c) The domain is all real numbers exceptr = 1.
120 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5. f(*) : ,t*
x2-l
(a) x flr) x fl*) x f(*) x fl*)
0.5 -1 1.5 5.4 5 3.r25 -5 3.t25
0.9 -12.79 1.1 17.29 10 3.03 -10 3.03
0.99 -148.79 1.01 r52.3 100 3.0m - 100 3.0003
0.999 - 1498 1.001 1502.3 1000 3 - 1000 3
(b) The zerosof thedenominator arex = tl sobothx = l andx: -l ateverticalasymptotes.
Since the degree of the numerator equals the degree of the denominator, y : ? :3 is a horizontal asymptote.
(c) The domain is all real numbers exceptx = tl.
).
f(x):;fu. : 4x*l
7. e. f(x)
T
Vertical asymptote: x : -2 Vertical asymptote: x: 0
Horizontalasymptote: y:0 Horizontalasymptote: y:4
Matches gaph (a) Marches gaPh (c)
11./(x):= 13. f(x) :+
r
Vertical asymptote:x -- 4 (a) Domain: all real numbrs except r : 0
Horizontal asymptote: y : I (b) Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Matches graph (b) Horizontal asymptote: Y : 0
lDegree of p(x) < degree of q(r)l
(c-\
I
5
)
I
15, f(*):# 17. f(r) : *-l
.N
(a) Domain: all real numbrs except x : 3. (a) Domain: all real numbers except x : t 1
(b) Vertical asymptote: x -- 3 (b) Vertical asymptotes: .r : t I
Horizontal asymptote: y : - I Horizontal asymptotes: None
(c) lDegree of p(x) > degree of q(x)l
li (c)
a
aaa__
,
L
-7
--1 10
l2I PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
12-1,
19. f(x) : g(x) : x- 2
rn r-,
(a) Domain off all real numbers excep,t -2
Domain of g; all real numbers
(b) Sincer * 2 is a cornmon factor of both the numerator and the denominator offl.x),x = -2 is not a ver-
tical asymptote of/./has no vertical asymptotes.
(c) x -4 -3 -2.5 -2 - 1.5 -l 0
fl*) -6 -5 -4.5 undef. - 3.5 -3 -2
s(x) -6 -5 -4.5 -4 - 3.5 -3 -2
(d) /and g differ only where"f is undefined.
x-3
: -;----;, I
21. f(x) r-'x 8(r) = -x
(a) Domain off all real number except 0 and 3
Domain of g; all real numbers except 0
(b) Sincer-3isacommonfactorofboththenumeratorandthedenominatoroff,x:3isnotavertical
asymptote ofl The only vertical asymptote is x = 0.
(c) x -l -0.5 0 0.5 2 3 4
f(r) -l -2 undef. 2 I2 undef. T
4
s@) -1 -2 undef 2 I
2
t3 I4
(d) They differ only atx = 3, where/is undefined and g is defined.
23.flx)=4-L
x 2s.f(x)-b-L
x_3
(a) Asx+to,l(x)+4 (a) As t+*.x.,f(x)+2
(b) As-r + a,f(x)--+4butislessthan 4 (b) As.r + o,f(x)+2butis greaterthan2
(c) As x+ -a,f(x) -+4butis greaterthan4 (c) Asr--+ -oo,/(.r) +2butislessthan2
*-s (r+3)(x-3)
27- I@)==:=Fl 2e. flx)=r- *:=
The zeros of/correspond to the zeros of the The zero of/corresponds to the zero of the
num€rator and are = r *3. numerator and is r:
Z.
3r. c: #- f o<p< 1oo
(a) c(to) =
ffi : dollars (b) c(40) =
28.33million
ffi = 170 million dollars
(e\ /:nti\- 255(75)
t* fr = 765 million dollars
(d) zw (e) c + oo as .r -+ 100. No, it would not be possible to
remove l0o7o of the pollutants.
0
122 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33. (a) M 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 I 800 2000
t 0.472 0.596 0.710 0.817 0.916 1.009 1.096 1.178 r.255 1.328
The greater the mass, the more time required per oscillation. The model is a good fit to the actual data.
(b) You can find M corresponding to t : 1.056 by finding the point of intersection of
t= 38M+1696r
to(,lt+5oot
and r=1.056.
If you do this, you obain M : 1306 grams.
20(6 + 3t)
3s. N-ffi,0< t 37. (a)
(a) N(5) : 333 deer
N(10) : 500 deer
N(25) : 800 deer
(b) The herd is limited by the horizontal asymptote: x
(b) For 2002, t - 12 and lvl 889 thousand
N - -69 :
0.04
15oo deer (c) No, this model predicts that M +0 as f increas-
es.
39. True,.f(r) : f - 2*- 5x f u:#is a rarional function.
f(*) : one Possible answer' 4s. f(*) : ,13* =, : = =3f= ble
41.
7|is ffi:84;rsonePossr
answer.
45. x(tO - : 25 4l'l . f - 50r - 0 49. x4-225-0
")
0-*-10x+25 t(P-so)-o (l2-15)(x2+ls)-o
0- (*-5)' t:0, rs.,n x:li' .rG., +fit
x:5
51. 3 I -10 15 53. -6 4 3 -10
3 -2r -24 126
1-7 -6 4 -21 116
*-10x*15 :x-7+ -6 4*+3x-10 -
- 2r * .r+o
116,
4x
x-3 x-3 x*6
55. (x + 2)(* - 6i)(x + 6t) : (x + 2)(f + 36) : x3 + 2f * 36x + 72
57. k - lx" - (-3 + 2i))(x - (-3 - 2i)) = (" - lx(r + t)2 + +)
:(x-t)(**6x*13)
:x3+5f*7x-13
l?3 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 2.7 Graphs of Rational Functions
I You should be able to gnph/(.r) :
#.
(a) Find the.r- andy-intercepe.
(b) Find any vertical or horizontal asymptotes.
(c) Plot additional poine.
(d) If tlrc degree of the numerator is one more than the degree of the denominator, use long division to find
the slant as)'mptote.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. s(x) :? * I 3. s@): -?
x x
H
1 1
,L
n
)
ii\ F
-1 -1
Vertical shift one unit upward Reflection in the x-axis
) 1
5. s(x) -=-2
x-1 s@):-
7. vr'
(x -2)'
jL
7
-1
Vertical shift two units downward Horizontal shift two units to the right
4 4
9. 8\xt:-
(r\' (x+2)3 l.1. s(x): -'x"
1 4
t\
k Jn L
tl -4
Horizontal shift two units to the left
-1
Reflection in the x-axis
r
IA PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13./(x):#
vrL' /0. 1)
y-intercepn
\"'zl +)
Vertical asymptote: - -2 x
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
x -4 -3 -l 0 1
_1 I T I
v 2 -l 2 3
+2x 2x+5
L5. C(x):-5r ix x* 1
I s \
x-intercepu | -;, 01
\L I
y-intercepfi (0,5)
Vertical asymptote: -I x --
Horizontal asymptote: ! : 2
x -4 -3 -2 0 I 2
c(x) I !2 -1 5
7
2 3
l7.g(x):+
x*2
+2:u*!
x*2
(-i, o),
rntercepts:
: -2 x
F, il
Vertical asymptote:
Horizontal asymptote: ! : 2
x -4 -3 -l 0 I
v
I I 3
5
2
7
3
2
Note: This is the graph of/(x) :
#
(Exercise 13) shifted upward two units.
- 2- +fx2:u' :
3
19. f(r)
x-intercepts: ( +, o), (f, t)
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Horizontal asymptote: y: 2
y-axis symmetry
_-t2 I2
x -2 -l 1 2
5 5
v L -1 -10 -10 -l 4
125 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
21. f(*) : *
*-4
Intercept: (0, 0)
Verticalasymptotes: x:2, x: -2
Horizontal asymptote: y : 1 246
y-axis symmetry
x t4 r3 rl 0
v 4 2
5
I
3 0
23. f(*) :
f-4
Intercepts: (0, 0)
Verticalasymptotes: x:2, x: -2
Horizontal asymptote: 1l : 0
Origin symmety
x -4 -3 -1 0 1 3 4
v
I
3
_1
5
!3 0
I 2 !3
3 5
25. ,\ 4(x+l)
8\x): *1r_01
Intercept: (- l, 0)
Vertical asymptotes: x : 0 and x : 4
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
x -2 -l I 2 3 5 6
I 8 _16 u 7
v 3 0 3 -3 3 5 3
27. f(*):ffi:ffi 3x 3x
Intercept (0, 0)
Vertical asymptotes:x: -1,2
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
x -3 0 I 3 4
v _9 0 _1 2 L
l0 2 4 5
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
No intercepts [Note: /(0) is not definedl
Vertical asymptote: x : I
4
Horizontal asymptote: y :
3
No symmery
x -2 -l 0 1 2 3
E z g g
v l5 5 undef. undef. 5 5
2*x x*2
31. f(x) -- r x-
a
-x 1
r-intercept (-2, O) ,,J rttlll
y-intercepfi (0,2)
Vertical asymptote: x
Horizontal asymptote:
: I
y : -1 -1
a
Domain: x * 1 or (-rc, l) U (1, oo)
: 3t+1 h(t):
33. f(t) 3s.
h,
Domain: all real numbers OR (-o, o)
(-1, o)
Horizontal asymptote: y :
f-intercepn
\r I 0
Vertical asymptote: f : 0
Horizontal asymptotei y: 3
\.\
7
) .\
-2
,,.)
-1
Domainit + 0 or (-o,0)u(0,o)
.. r*1 x* I
37. flx):m:m G
L
l
: 3, -2
Domain: all real numbers except x
Verticalasymptotes: x:3, x: -2
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0 -c
t27 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
?ox -l:'?t-t
39.f(x):*+1 h(x):&
x x(f+l) 41.
ffi
Domain: all real numbers except 0, There are two horizontal asymptotes: y : !6
OR (-oo,0) u (0, oo)
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
/-
I
rirrl
Origin Symmeury
10
)
-E
\
-10
43. 45.f(x):ffi
The graph crosses its horizontal asymptote: !: 4
12
ttlrr ?-trl
I -16
\
y : +{.
-4
There are two horizontal asymptotes:
One vertical asymptote: x: - l.
z*+t -)-x+! '2
47.flx):: x , * 49. h(x):+:x* I ++I
x:1
Vertical asymptote: : 0
x Interce*,,ri ,
Slantasymptote: y: b Vertical asymptote: x : 1
Origin symmefiry Slantasymptote: y: x * 1
W
6
2
(0,0)
-'i-'"'l-:) t2 4 6 8
51. s@):^lt
?*- 8-:!*+
f'2*- -4*
8
Intercept: (0, 0)
Vertical asymptotes: x : *2
Slantasymptote: y: j
Origin symmetry
r28 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
? _L
s3. f(*)=*t!T!o:1+1 +- 2
55. (a) x-intercept: (-
2 r '?*+
1, 0)
2*+ I ^
I
v-L I
Intercepts: (-2.594, 0), (0,4) (b) 0-'t'
x-3
Slant asymptote: y :1 +' -I Q:x*l
2
-l : X
?**x I
57. (a) x-intercepts: (t 1, 0) 59. Y= x*l -2x- 1+ x*l
I 6
(b) Q:--x
x
rattt /,,,,
I
x:-
.r
f-l A -10
x: tl : -
Domain: all real numbers excePt x I
Vertical asymptote: x : - I
Slant asymptote: y : 2x - 1
,\ 1+3*-f I
-x: -x* 3.)
61. s@):ff:i+3 12
Domain:all real numbers except 0 \
OR (-oo,0) u (0, o)
[ ,,,
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Slantasymptote: y: -x * 3
\
-1
14 +-
63. v: x*5 x
(a) (b) o- xt)14 T--x
-
4l
t\ x x*5
I \.r.
-4(x + 5) : x
-6 -4x-20:x
x-intercepc (-4,0) -5x : 20
x: -4
r29 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. y:x-
x-1
(a) o) 0- x- x-l
:x
lltt ,./, ,r/ri x-1
6-x(x-1)
/
-6
I 0-*-x-6
x-intercept (-2, 0), (3, 0) e: (x + Z)(x - 3)
x - -2, x:3
67. (a) 0.25(10) + 0.75(x) : C(10 + x) 69. (a) A:ry and
C_
2.5,* 0.'l5x .4 (x-2)0-4): 30
l0*x
c-ffi 3x*10
4
30
y-4- x-2
=
4(r + l0) y:4 ++ + ?2
x-2 -axx-2
* +
Thus, A : --r Jo' ?'\ - ?x(2x ll)
(b) Domain: x> Oand a11000 - xy : --\
10
Thus, 0 < y 1 990 OR [0, 990]. x-2 I x-2
.
(c) 1
(b) Domain: Since the margins on the left and right
are each I inch, r 7 2, OR (2, *).
(c)
As the tank is filled, the rate that the concenfia-
tion is increasing slows down. It approaches the
horizontal asymptote of C : i : 0.7 5. The
concentation reaches 74.5Vo when the tank is
The area is minimum when x :5.87 in. and
tull (r : 990).
y: 11.75 in.
7r. c- tr(#.#r),r(x 73. ?-3P+'
c- p
+ 50'
o(r
(a) The horizontal asymptote is the f-axis, or
C - 0. This indicates that the chemical
eventually dissipates.
(b) 'j
The minimum occurs when r: 40.4 : 40.
The maximum occurs when t: 4.5.
(c) c
whent>8.32hours
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
75. (a) 15.000 (b) K - 384.49t + 5937.65
15,000
o
8L_
6,000
a
t,0@
(c) K- 14.87P + 42.54t + 7781.22 (d) Quadratic model is best because it fits the data
well and is easy to use. Answer will vary.
15,000
o
6L-
6,000
77. False, you will have to lift your pencil to cross the vertical asymptote.
79. h(x)-6--b
3-x -2(3-x)
3-x
1
Since h(x) is not reduced and (3 - r) is a factor of both the numerator aataa
and the denominator, x -- 3 is not a horizontal asymptote.
There is a hole in the graph at x : l.
-4
81,. No, there are rational functions without vertical 83. y: x- 2+ +has slant asymPtote
x*4
asymptotes. Two examples are
y: x- : - 4.
2 andvertical asymptote at x
6-2x
: fr ,
We determine a so that y has a zero at x : 3:
f(*) (see Exercise 79)
g(x):# -' 3+4:: I *2+a:
0- 3-2*=a 7
-7
Hence,!:x-2+#:ff
E5. y : -7Y *"{) has vertical asymptote x: 3,
(r- r)
horizontal asymptote y : -2 and zero at x : -6
87. 4x * 5y - 2 - Q=e y:it- 4x + 2): -X.
)) +?line
131 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
89. 4y - l0:0 91. -7 +8x-2y:0
4y:10 -2y : -8x + 7
..-5 horizontal line
!-2 y - a* -l fine
93. 15
95. to
a -5
I \.,,,,,
-10
Semicircle Parabola
Domain: -ll ( x ( 11 Domain: all x
Range: 0 < y Range: y
Review Exercises for Chapter 2
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exencises
1. (a) y:?* (b) y: -?*
Vertical stretch Vertical stretch and a reflection in the x-axis
E 6
.1....\ Itartarl
-6
I\
-3
(c) y:*+z (d) y:(x+2)2
Vertical shift two units upward Horizontal shift two units to the left
0 6
\
,,,,\.; aatttlal
-E -6
r32 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
3. f(*): (r + 1\' *I
Vertexr (-i, r)
y-intercept: (0,f;)
No r-intercepts
l'
:
5. .,f(x)
;(f * 5x - 4)
::?*5x.'i-';--)
:{F
)'
:tr-il -
tl
fl
s\z 4r
n
vertex: (],-#)
y-intercepn (t,-i) x-intercepts: o - Ir* * 5x - 4)
Q:*+5x-4
x : -5+
fiI y!
Use the Quadratic Formula.
ls +-'r'.0\
\ - z '")
7. Veftext (l , -4) + f(r) : a(x - l)' - +
Point: (2, -3\ ===> -3 : a(2 - l)2 - +
1:A
Thus, f(*) - (x - l)2 - 4.
9. g(t) -f -24 11' r(')
-*-2x+l I u. + s- e)
:(r- I)r- 1 =t:;:
:-(x-3)2+9
The minimum occurs at the vertex (1, - 1). The maximum occtrs at the vertex (3, 9).
f(t):-2P+4t+l ls' h(x)::;:i.
:-2(i2-2t+1 1)+1 irt -T -4
: -21(t-r)'- 1l+l '(' +tr)'-T -E
: -2(t- 1)2+3 :("+i)r_+
The maximum occurs at the vertex (1, 3). The minimum occurs at the vertex (-2, -+).
133 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. (a) x v Area (d) I
1 4 - *ttl (r)t4 - t(r)l :,
2 4 - Lrzl (2)14-i{p))-6
3 4 - ttgl (3)t4 -+(3)l:E
4 4 - Lt+l (4)14-i(4)l:8 0
5 4 - irsl (s)t4 -t(il:E The maximum area of 8 occurs at the vertex
6 4 - itol (6)t4 -i(6)l -g when x: 4 and y:= : /.
2
(b) The dimensions that will produce a maximum
ateaarex - !, and y :2.
(e)A:r[lg -, x\]
\L/
(c) A: ry:.(+),rin"" l.
: :(8x *)
2' -
8-x : -;(* - sr)
I
x*2y-8-0 =+ y: 2 .
Since the figure is in the first quadrant and x and : -;(*-
I
8x*16-16)
y must be positive, the domain of
lq t \ : -+(. - 4)z -
I
161
A: r{ }irocr<8.
\21
- I
: -;(.-4)r+ 8
The maximum area of 8 occurs when
x - 4and y:= : ).
2
19. y:x4
(a)
1 4-5 4-3-2 -l
-2
-3
-4
2l.y:x6
(a) (b) (d)
v
+
5 T
a
4 +
a
3
2
I
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23.f(x): -**6x +9 2s. f(*) :1(f + 3* + 2)
The degree is even and the leading coefficient The degree is even and the leading coefficient
is negative. The graph falls to the left and right. is positive. The graph rises to the left and right.
27. flx) - tr*t - 2x + l; g(x) : rf 12
,l
,l
I
I
-12
29. g(x):x4-f-2* (b)
(a) Q:x4-,f -?*
Q:*(*-x-2)
Q: *(*-Z)(*+ l)
Zercs: 0, 0, 2, - L
31. f(t)-f -3t (b)
(a) O:f -3t
Q: t(t2 - 3)
Zeros: 0, t ",fr
33. f(*) : x(x + 3)2 (a) kros: 0, - 3, - 3
(a) The combined length and girth is
y*4x-216
Y :216 - 4x'
The volume is
50
V-rh:*(216- 4x)- o
The volume is maximum whenx:36centimeters
andy:216-4(36): 72 centimeters.
135 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s7. (a) f (-3)
4
/(- 1)
n
/(0) f\ I
-1
(b) zeros: -2.247, -0.555,0.802
1
3e. (a) f(-3) I I
f(2)
(b) zeros: +2.510 vV -14
lt:*
l,/
41. 14
lz:x*2++ tllttll
,/
f-4 4
-10
x-2 x-2
*
x-2
:lt
43. 8x* 5 45. *-2
3x-2 f-rW
24* - l6x f - *
l5x- 8 2*+2
llx - l0 -z*+z
2 0
14-3*+2
zFfr 24f
Thus, ^ -x-
sx-2
8
:6xr5-;-
a . F, 2
Jx-Z'
Thus,tr-*-2 (** *l)
47. *- x* I
*+2*
f+2xt
x3f
x3-?*
*+Zx
Thus.
4-tx3-*+2
r+ '' x-*-x*1, (x*o,-2).
f+x
136 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
49. -2 0.25 -4 0 0 0 51. ? 6 -4-27 18
_1
2 g -19 36 4 0 -18
i -Z 36 s -18 6 0-27 0 0
6xa-4f-27*+
x*Z i*'-i*'*9x- 18+#
Hence,W:l-" 9., Thus,
18x
= 6x3 - 27x, .+?
x- (3)
53. (a) 4 (b) -1 3 -20 -21
f(4) : 75 -2 -l 2r /(-1) - o
24 75 2 1 -21
(c)
7
2 3 -20 -21 (d) 0 23 -20 -21
-7 t4 2l rll) - o 0 0 /(0) : *21
-4 -6 -20 -2r
55. -3 5 -11 -20 L2
-6 3 24 -r2 /(-3)-0
2 -t -8 40
?# *5x3- I1,r2-2Ox* 12:(x+3)(?*3 *-8x+4)
: (x + 3)(2x - lXr - 2)(* + 2)
Zeros: -3,I,2, -2
57. f(x): 4f - ll* + 10r - 3
Possible Rational 7lrrgg: tl,t3, +|, *},,xi,t!. Use a graphing utility to see thatx = I is p,robably Lzero.
ll4 -ll l0 -3
4-730
4x3 IL,r2+ lOx- 3: (x- l)(4*-7x + 3): (r- l)2(4x- 3)
Thus, the zeros of/are x : I (repeated) and x : 1.
59. /(x) : 6xi - 5* * 24x - 20
Graphing/(x) with a graphing utility suggests that x : * ir a zero.
; f o -s 24 -zo
020
60240
Thequadratic 6* + Vl = 0hascomplexzenosr = t2i.Thus,ther.-uutef,2i,-2i.
t37 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. /(x) :6# - + 14* + 27x - 18
25'a
PossibleRationalZcros: !!,!2,13,t6,+9,t18, +L,*tr,+2,+I,t3,t*.Useagraphingutilitytosee
thatx: -1and.r: 3 areprobably zeros.
27 -r8
-6 31 -45 18
6 -31 45 -18
6 -31 45 -18
l8 -39 18
6 -13 6 0
6f - 25,lg + 14* * 27x - 18 : (x + lXx - 3)(6* - I3x + 6)
: (x + lXx - 3X3x - 2)(?-x - 3)
Thus,thezerosof/are x: -1, x:3,x:?,and x:*,.
63. I | 4 -33 4 -3
-3 65.6+Jq5:6+5t
415
4152
All entries positive. x : I is upper bound.
-3
_5
-l I
4 -4 5 _17
4
Alternating signs. r : -il. is lower bound. r
67. -2F+7i-2+7i 69. (7 + 5r) + (-4 + 2i) : (7 - 4) + (5i + 2i)
:3+7i
71. 5(13 - 8i) : 65i - 40i2 : 40 + 65i
73. (10 - 8i)(2 - 3t) : 2O - 30t - 16t + 24i2 : -4 - 46i
75. (3 + 7i)2Q - 7r4z - (e + 42i - 4s)+ (e - 42i - 4s)
80
6+i 6+i -i -6i - 4 4 3i Izi 4i 4.
4t: -3r. 'i: t:;:ti
1z
77. a-- 79'
i i -i -12
-6i+1
:-: l -6i
r38 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
-5 -4-3-2-l
-5 -4 -3 -2 -r r2345 -2
-2 -3
-3 -4
-4 -5
-5 o 4
4 -7
E5./(r)- y'+2r+l 87. h(x) -f-6*+l2x-10
(a) 7 (a) 1
I tr I | .
t.t\ ,.
(
-1 -t
(b) The graph has two x-intercepts, so there are O) The graph has one x-intercept, so there is one
two real zeros. real zero.
(c) Thezerosarex: -1andx^= -0.54. (c) x : 3.26
89./(x):x3-4f*6x-4 91. f(x): x3 + 6* + llx * L2
:(r-2)(f-2x+2) : (x + 4)(* + Zx + 3)
Use the Quadratic Formula for f - 2x + 2 Use the Quadratic Formula for * + 2x + 3
x: z*ffi_zrF_1:T:
z l+t _r
x: -z*ffi2 _-2*rt
:-
z
__1+ _fri
zeros:2,L +i, I i zeros: -4,-I + 0,t, -1 .fr.i
f(*) : k - 2)(, - I + txr - l t) f(r) : (' + a)(x + t + O;X" + I {z i)
93. f(x) : x4 + 34'p + 225 95. /(x) : (r + 2)(* + 2)(x + 5rXx - 5,
: :(*+4x*4)(*+zS)
!o.*":#]3o + 3,xx - 3') : x4 * 4x3 + 2gf + 100x * 100
zeros: x: t5i, X,3i
e7. f(x) : 3G + J)1r + l)G - 3 O;X' - 3 + fi i)
: (tx + 2)(x + 1X(" - l)z + Z)
: (3f * 5x + 2)(* - 6x + ll)
:3xa-13x3+5**43x+22
99. f(*):x4- 7; -f *5x-20
(a) f(*): (*-s)(*-x +4)
:
(b) f(r) (r + 6)(. - 6)W - x + 4)
(c) f(*): ('+.."6)('- r-r)(' -t.+r)(' -i-+- t)
139 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
101. Domain: all x * I 103. f(*) :
/-3x-18 (r-6Xr+3)
Horizontal asymPtote: y =-I Domain: allx + 6, -3
Vertical asymptote: x: 1
:
Horizontal asymptote: 1, 0
Vertical asymptotes: x: 6, x: -3
105. y : -I (degree p(x) : degree q(x)) 107. y:f,:z (degree p(x) : degree q(x)')
109. y:1, y: -l
111. (a) 113. f(*) : 2x-1
x-5
Intercepts: (0, l), (},o)
Vertical asymptote:x=5
Horizontal asymptote: y : 2
(b) e(50) : 10.50 dollars
e(loo) : 5.50 dollars
e(looo) : 1.oo dollar
e(lo,ooo) : 0.55 dollars
(c) As x increases, the average cost approaches
its horizontal asymptote, e :0.5.
115. f(x) :
*++ lll.f(*):' (x +?r)'-
Intercepfi (0,0) Intercepfi (0,2)
Origin symmetry
y: 0 Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
Horizontal asymptote:
Vertical asymptote: x - - I
x -2 -1 0 1 2
v -! 2 -?5 0 z !2
5
140 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
119. - '2*
f(*): f+x-L2 - (x+ a)(*- 3)
Intercept: (0, 0)
Verticalasymptotes: x- -4, x:3
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
l2l. f(x) : -b-
f+l *+l
Intercept: (0, 0)
Origin symmeffy
Slantasymptote: y:b
x -2 -1 0 1 2
_16 l6
v 5 -1 0 I 5
I b+7 : *-x*1
123. Y: r+3 +2: ,*, 125. f(*\ x-3 127. (a)
tq)
Intercepts: (- 3.5, O), (0, Z|)
:x+2+ 7 t a7m
E E600
Vertical asymptote: x - -3 x-3 *E#
€Em
Horizontal asymptote: y: 2 Intercept: (0, -- l) ii =zm
100
Vertical asymptote:-3 x
Slantasymptote: y:x*2
Trme (in years)
(b) N(5) : 304,000 fish
N(10) : 453,333 fish
N(25) : 702,222 fish
(c) The limit is
60
-r ^,200,000
o.o5 fish,
the horizontal asymptote.
129. True, the graphs are the same. x2 : l*'1.
I4l PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 2 Practice Test
1. Skerch the graph of/(x) = f - 6x + 5 by 2. Find the number of units x that produce a
hand and identiff the vertex and the intscepts. minimum cost C if C :0.01f - 90x * 15,000.
3. Find the quadratic function that has a maximum 4. Find two quadratic functions that have
at (1, 7) urrd p"r.", through the point (2,5). x-intercepti (2, O) anO (1, O).
5. Use the leading CoefEcient Test to determine the right-hand and left-hand
behavior of the graph of the polynomial functionflx) -3.t' + : I7. 2f -
6. Find all the real zeros offlr) - i5 - 5f t 4x.Verify your answer with a
graphing utility.
7. Find the polynomial function with 0, 3, E. Sketch/(r) : 13 - 12r by hand.
and -2 as zeros.
9. DivideS/' -7*+2x- 10byx-3 10. Divide.f - llby.f +2x-1.
using long division.
divide
11. Use synthetic division to 12. Use synthetic division to find
3f + L3f + l2'rc- lbyx*5' /(-6)whenflx):7xt t 4ox2 - L2x + L5'
of
13. Find the real zeros 14. Find the real zeros of
f(x)=f - tgx-zo. f(x)=f + f - 8.f- 9x-9.
15. List all possible rational zeros of the functionflx) = 6f - 5t + 4x - 15.
16. Find the rational zeros of the polynomial 1?. Write/(r) : / + -f + 5x - t0
flr)=f-+*+9x-f. asa
product of linear factors.
lt. Find a polynomial with real coefficients 19. Use synthetic division to show that 3i is
thathal 2,3 + i, and 3 - 2ias zeros. azercof f(x):.f + 4* + 9x + 36'
20. Find a mathematical model for the statement' "z varies directly as the square of
x and inversely as the square root ofy".
21. Skerch the graph offlx) = all intercepts and asymptotes'
* ^*abel
22. Sketch the graph offlx) : +and label all intercepts and asymptotes'
x
8f -g r', \ 4* -2t+7
24. Find all the asymptoteb of/(x) = :,
23. Find all the asymptotas of/(x) =
ffi - | '
25. Sketch the graph of/(x) :
#
CHAPTER
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graptrs . . . . . 143
Section3.2 IogarithrpicFunctionsandTheirCraphs . . . . .l4g
Section 33 Properties of logarithms . . 155
Section 3.4 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations . 160
Section35 ExponentialandlngarithmicModels ....l6il
ReviewExerrcises . . .174
hacticeTbst ..181
TA
CHAPTER 3
Bxponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs
I You should know that a function of the form y : d, where a > O, a * l, is called an exponential function
with base a.
I You should be able to gaph exponential functions.
I You should be familiar with the number e and the natural expone,ntial function/(r) = ar.
I You should know fmmulas for compound interest.
I I +:-l
r\*.
-\nl n: Pl
(a) Forzcompoundingsperyear:
(b) For continuous compoundings: A = P{.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. (1.+1u'a : !,112.033 3. 62'n : 7'1 ,494.076 5. Qrc:19.568
7. er/2 : l.Ug
9. ee'2 - 9897.129
ll. f(x) : 3'-2 13'/(x) and r(*):llll;;
: 3t3-2
:3'l'!\
r
\rr/ =':T.,
: f+\-(z-x) : h@)
: I
\41
;(3i
: h(x) : r+Y-'
\+l
Thus, f(*) + s@), but/(r) :h(x). You can confirm
: g(x)
your answer graphically by graphing/ g, and h in
the same viewing rectangle. Thus,f(r) : g(x) : h(x). You can confirm your
answer graphically by graphing/ g, and h in the
same viewing rectangle.
15. /(x) - T rises to the right. 17. f(x) : 2-' falls to the right.
Asymptote: y - 0 Asymptote: ): 0
Intercept: (0, 1) Intercepfi (0, 1)
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (e).
19. f(x) - T- 4 rises to the right. 21. f(x) - -T-2 : -(Y-z; falls to the right.
Asymptote: y : -4 Asymptote: y : 0
Intercept: (0, -3) Intercept (0, - 2-2) : (0, -i)
Matches graph (g). Matches graph (a).
t43
lu PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. f(r) - 3x 25. f(x): (3r
g(x):3'-5 :f(x - 5)
s(x) : -(3)'.4: -f(, + 4)
Horizontal shift five units to the right Horizontal shift 4 units to the left, followed by
reflection in x-axis.
-l
-2
-3
-4
-5
27. S(x) : 5'
x -2 -1 0 I 2
g(x) I I I 5 25
25 5
(a) Asymptote: y:0
(b) Intercepfi (0, 1)
(c) Increasing
2e. f(x) = (}f : s-,'
x -2 -l 0 I 2
v 25 5 I I I
5 25
(a) Asymptote: y:0
(b) Intercepts: (0, 1)
(c) Decreasing
31.. h(x) : 5'-2
x -l 0 I 2 3
v
I I I I 5
r25 25 5
(a) Asymptote: 1l:0
(b) Interceprs: (0, *)
(c) Increasing
33. S(x):J-'r-3
x -l 0 I 2
v 2 -2 -2! .25
^'24
(a) Asymptote: y: -3
(b) Interceprs: (0, - Z), (- 0.683, 0)
(c) Decreasing
r45 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. /(x) : (;f 37. f(x) -g
x -l 0 1 2 3 x -1 0 I 2
f (*) 0.4 I 2.5 6.25 15.625 f (r) 0.t67 I 6 36
39.f(x):3"+z:9'3x 41. f(x) : 3d+4
x -3 -2 0 I x -7 -6 -5 -4 -3
f (x) ! I 9 27 f (*) 0.149 0.406 1.104 3 8.155
3
43.f(x)-2+d-5
x 2 3 4 5 6 7
f (*) 2.05 2.t35 2.368 3 4.7r8 9.389
45. Y :2-* 41. f(x) : 3x-2 I I 49. y : 1.08-s"
y: Asymptote: y :
Asymptote: 0 Asymptote: ): 0
11
1 \
)
\ L
-2 -2
-1
146 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. S(t) : 3"-o'2t 53. (a) x -l - 0.5 0 0.5 I
11
f (x) ! 0.577 1 1.732 3
3
g(x) ! 0.5 I 2 4
4
\
L (b)
4x
Asymptote: S(t) - 0 v'
-/
-1
(i) 4x
(ii) 4x
55. (a) (b)
x -30 -20 -10 0 l0 20 30
'
f (*) =rQ ==Q 0.05 4 7.95 =z$ =z$
./
/
-l
Horizontal asymptotes: y :0,y : 8
57.(a) J
aa
L
-10
\
(b)
x -2A -10 0 3 3.4 3.46 3.47 4 5 10 20
f (x) - 3.03 -3.22 -6 -34 -230 -26t7 35r6 26.6 8.4 l.l r 0.1l
Horizontal asymptotes: y : -3,) : 0
Veritcal asymptote: x : 3.46
59. f(r) = *e-' 61. fl*) - x23-"
(a) (a) s
-l
\
\ tR_
-1
(b) Decreasing: (-oo,0), (2, a) (b) P""J*ing: (1.44,rc)
Increasing: (0,2) Increasing: (
- oo, 1.44)
(c) Relativemaximum: (2,+s-27 : (2,0.s4t) (c) Relativemaximum: (r.u,4.2s)
Relative minimum: (0, 0)
147 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
63. P - 2500,r:8Vo: 0.08,t: 10
Compounded n times per year: A: .(t * :)"' : zsoo(r *
#)"'
Compounded continuously: A : Pen : 2500e('08X10)
n I 2 4 t2 365 Continuous
A 5397.31 5477.81 5520.10 5549.10 5563.36 5563.85
P- 25W,r:8Vo: 0.08,t:20
Compounded n times per year: A: * ;)"' : zsoo(r *;).93 \zon
"(t
Compounded continuously: A Pen : 25ffie('08x2o)
:
n I 2 4 12 365 Continuous
A 11652.39 r2w2.55 12188.60 t23t7.01 12380.41 12382.58
(1. P : 12,000, r = 8% = 0.08, compounded continuously : A : Pen = 12,000e('08)t
t I l0 20 30 N 50
A 12,999.U 26,706.49 59,436.39 132,278.12 294,390.36 655, t77 .80
69. p - 12,000,f :6.570: 0.06 5,A: *:)"' : rz,ooo(r . ry)t"
"(t
t I r0 20 30 N 50
A 12,803.ffi 22,946.21 43,877.36 83,901.58 1ffi,435.23 306,781.9
7r.p-sooo(r -#)
(a) O) Ifr:500,P:$421.12 (c) For x : 600, p= $350.13.
73. (a) 2(x)O (b) P(0) : 100
P(s) : 300
P(10) : 900
(c) P(0) : l11eo'2rY'(o) : 100
P(5) : l0qeo'2tgz(s) :299.966: 300
P(10) - 100e0'21e7(r0) - 899.79$ == 900
14E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7s. Q : 2s(r)'/t62o
t : 0, Q = 2s(r)o/rc?n : 25(1) : 25 grams.
(a) Wtren
(b) When | :1000, Q : 25(iltmp/t620 =' 16.30 grams.
(c) se
(d) No, Q+0 as t+m, but Qnever rpaches 0.
77. (a) and (b) 79. (a) &
o
a)
(b) P(10) : 35.45
(c)
(c) P(10) : 23.95(1.04)to =, 35.45
x 0 25 50 75 100
v 15 47 82 96 99
(d) Ifx:36,y:${.J/s.
(e) If y : 66.7%o,x:37.4.
81. True. As x-> - q,f(x)+0
Since -fr : 1.4!4, we know that | < .,n <2.
Thus: 2r <2-fr <22
2 <2& <4
(a) ! r - s! increases at the fastest rate.
(b) For any positive interger n, d > f for x
sufficiently large. That is, e" grows faster
than xn.
(c) A quantity is growing exponenfially if its
growth rate is of the form y : ce',. This is a
faster rate than any polynomial growth rate.
t49 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
87. 6 89. f is one-to-one, so it has an inverse.
// f(r)
\ y:-lr+i
,il -6
x:-?y+]
x-z: -ly
yg is the best approximation of y : d. -1(. -,) : v
f -r(*) : -/* + f
91. f is not one-to-one, so it does not have an inverse. e3.f(x):#-x-l .#
Slantasymptote: y: x - I
Vertical asymptote: x : - I
Intercepu (0, 3)
e5./(x):;%:2x+8 *ffi^
Slant asymptote: y : 2x + 8
Vertical asymptote: x : 2
Intercept (0, 0)
Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs
I Youshouldlcrrcwthatafunctionoftheformy = logr,wherea>O,a# 1,and.r>0,iscalledalogarithmof.r
to base a
I You should be able to convert from logarithmic form o exponential form and vice versa.
y: lOgox e 4r - I
I You should know the following properties of logarithms.
(a) log,1 = Osince d = L.
O) log"c = l since ar = a.
(c) lo&d=xsincear=c'.
(d) fflog,x = logo y,thenx = I.
_49NTINLJED*
150 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
-CONTINI.JED-
I You should know the definition of the natural logarithmic function.
logx = lnx,x>0
I You should know the properties of the natrual logarithmic function.
(a) ln 1 :Osince d = l.
(b) lne: I since er = e.
(c) lne':xsincee'=d.
(d) If lnx = lny, thenr = y.
I You should be able to gaph logarithmic functions.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exencises
1. lo9+64:3 =+ 43-U 3. logz#: -2 =+ 7-2:#
5. logtz4:? ==+ 322/s-4 7. lnl-0 -) eo- I
9. 53 : I25 -> logs 125 : 3 ll. 8lt/+-3 ==+ logrr3:i
13.6-2:+ -+ logo*- -2 15. e3 : 20.0855 . . . :> ln 20.0855 . . . : 3
17. €2'6 : 13.463. . . !* ln 1 3.463. . . : 2.6 19. logz 16 : logz 2a : 4
21. log,.(l) : bgrul. - logre4 = Q - logrcl6r/2: -, 23. logro0.0l = log,o l0-2 = -2
25. logrx : logrg 27. ln e8 : x 29. logo 62 : x
x:9 8.lne--x 2logu6 : x
8:x 2:x
3L. logro 345 : 2.538 33. log,o(3) ^' - O.Og7 35. n(+ + {l) : 1.746
37. fu1@ - 1.869 39. 6logro 14.8 : 7.U2 41. l2ln6.4 :22.276
151 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. f(x) : 3*, g(x) _ log, x 45. f(x) : d, S(x) - ln r
v
f and g are inverses. Their graphs are /and g tre inverses. Their graphs are
reflected about the line y: x. reflected about the line y : x.
47. f(x) : logr .r *2 49. f(*) : -logr(x + 2) 51. f(x) - logr(1 - x)
Asymptote: x: 0 Asymptote: x: -2 Asymptote: x : I
Point on graph: (1,2) Point on graph: (- l, 0) Point on graph: (0, 0)
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (d). Matches graph (b).
53. /(x) : logo.r
Domain: r >'0 + The domain is (0, oo).
Vertical asyrnptote: x : 0
x-intercepfi (1,0)
y: logox + Q:x
x I 1 4 2
4
I !
v -1 0 2
--
JJ. h(x):logor(x-3)
Domain: x'- 3>0 or (3, oo)
Vertical asyrnptote: x:3
Intercept: (4, 0)
57. y: -logg x * 2
Domain: (0,,o)
x: 0
Vertical asyrnptote:
x-intercept -logr x * 2 : 0
2 - logrx
32:x
9:x
The x-intercept is (9, 0).
y : -logg x *2
logrx:2--Y -+ 32-Y-x
x 27 9 3 I !
3
v -1 0 I 2 3
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. f(x) - 6 * loguk - 3)
Domain: (3, oo)
Vertical asymptote: x : 3
x-intercept: log(x- 3) : -6
6-6:x-3
ffi
+6-6-J
61. y :t"*rr(;)
Domain: ==+ x>0
itO
The domain is (0, o).
Verticalasymptote: :O ==+ x:0
f
The vertical asymptote is the y-axis. I
t"r,r(f) -
a
allr
x-intercepn o
;: roo
-3
x
I -) x : 5
rhe x-intercept is ,r1;
63. f(x) : ln(x - 2)
Domain: x-2>0 ===> x>2
The domain is (2, oo).
Verticalasymptote:x-2:O ==+ x:2
x-intercepfi 0-ln(x-2) 4
eo:x-2
3:x ll
The x-intercept is (3, 0).
(
-4
153 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. g(x) : ln(-x)
Domain: -.r>0 =+ x<0
The domain is (-oo,0).
Verticalasyrnptote: -x:0 =+ x:0 4
x-intercepfi 0 - ln(-x)
eo:-x
-l : x \
The x-intercept is (- l, 0). -4
xrx
67. f(x) ,ni 69. h(x) - 4x lnx
(a) (a) 6
I
l, , ,
-2
(b) Domain: (0, oo) (b) Domain: (0, *)
(c) Increasing on (2, oo) (c) Increasing on (0.368, m)
Decreasing on (0, 2) Decreasing on (0, 0.368)
(d) Relative minimum: (2, 1.693) (d) Relative minimum: (0.368, - 1.472)
lt'+
71. -t -. ln67 ln50 : 23.68 years 73. (a) /(o) : 80 - 17 logto(o + l) :80
(b) /(4) : 80 - 17 log,o(+ + 1) - 68.1
',10
(c) /(10) : 80 - 17 logro(tO + 1) - 62.3
(d) 1oo
75. (a) 77. r 0.005 0.010 0.015
t 138.6 yr 69.3 yr 46.2 yr
r 0.020 0.a25 0.030
110
t 34.7 yr 27.7 yr 23.I yr
(b) T > 3UFF when p The doubling time decreases as r increases.
inch
[The graph of T and y : 300 intersect at
p: 67.3.f
(c) T\74) : 306.48oF
154 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
/ r \
:
7e. B = t0 tog,o|.ai,,J
(a) /= r:p: rOrog,.(lo+) = tO.losr0(1012) = 10(12) = r21decibels
(b) I= Lo-2:F= rorog,o(ffi) - t9log,o(1010):10(10) = l0gdecibels
(c) No, this is a logarithmic scale.
tl. y = 80.4 - ll lnx, 100Sx< 1500
(")450 cubic ft aer minute = 15 cubic feet per minute per child
30 n
"hildn
@) Fromthegraph,fory - 15you Eetx= 382cubicfeet.
(c) If ceiling height is 3Q then 382 squarc feet of floor space is needed.
lr
&3.':|6.625,"(ffi)=10yearsE5.Totalamount:(|652.?A)(L0Xl2)=$19,108.80
Interest: 199,109.90 _ 150,000 = $49,109.90
: log, 33 :
b
W. True. logr(27) 3 E9. 1
z -1
\
91. (a)
x I 5 l0 IG 104 106
f(*) 0 0.322 0.230 0.046 0.00092 0.0000139
(b) As x increases without bound,f(r) approaches 0.
(c)
93. Vertical asymptote: r: 0 95. Vertical asymptote:.r : 7
No horizontal asymptote No horizontal asymptote
Yl. A/2 = 33.115 99. 6e-8 = O.OO2
155 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms
I You should know the following properties of logarithms.
v - log' x
(a) lo&I Jtb - log, a
(b) logo li,.uv) : logo u * logov : ln u * ln v
ln (zv)
(c) logo@/r):loBou- logov ln(u/v):lnu -lnv
(d) logo t{ : nlogou lnun : nlnu
I You should be able to rewrite logarithmic expressions using these properties.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. f(*) : logro.r 3. :
3 logrT
iH ^" r.77 |
,\ lnx
slx) : ln l0
f(*') : g(x)
_l
r t-Ft t r r r
-€
5. logr/24 - 5: -2 7.logr(0.8) : #: -0. lo2
,o,,
9. logrs r4ffi:
l? llP : 2.69r 11. (a) logs x:ff$
ln 15
(b) logs x:H
13. (a) logr/s x ==
{ - lggro r
log'o
ls. (a),*"(*) :t,'#[*)
log,o* -logto5
(b) logr/s xz=5:* (b),"r,(*)
ro/'\
:@ rn a
tn5
lnx
17. (a) -- logto r
log:>"6 *i -' 19. f(x) : logz x :
1"2
I
lo9ro2.6
(b) logz.o x==#
(
-1
156 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
21. f(x): loBr /zx:5:
r"i
-i5 4
\.,
\
4
23. f(x) logrr.sr:t,* 25. f(*) logs xr/z: ! ln "
2ln3
4 1
7 r L-Taarlrr
4 -4
27. logro 5x : logro 5 * logro x 29. logro!;: logro5 - log,ox
3L. loga f - 4logrx 33. lnS - lnzr/z : rlnz 35. lnryz: lnx * ln y * lnz
37. tn",,F.:th(a l) 39. ln z(z - L)2 : ln z + ln(e - l)z
: ln z * 2ln(z - 1)
4r. h{: *nr 43. t"f{f)
'^'\ z5 I : hr-fi -rnzs
:;[hx :lnf+1"6-he5
- lny]
: - 4lnx *|lny - 5 tnz
irnr - irny
4s. losa * -losa y2z3 47. lr : ln[x3(x + 4)]
""(#): :
loga* - lloga y2 + lo96 z3f lz: 3lnx*ln(r+4)
- zloga x - Zloguy - 3lo96z Ir: !2, for positive values of r.
11
-2
49. lnx * ln 4 - ln4x 5L. log+ z - logoy : ,"t01,
53. 2logr(x + 3) : logz(x + 3), -- Itog, 7x :logr(7x) ,/r'-
JJ. logg fi;
57.lnx - 3ln(x + 1) : lnx - ln(x * l)3 59. ln(x - 2) ln(x + 2) rn/" - 2\
:tn-- L- \x+2/
(x + l)3
ts7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. ln.r - Zlln(r + 2) * ln(r - 2)l: lnx - 2ln[(x + 2)(x - 2)]
: lnx - Zln(* - 4)
: ln.r - ln(f - 4)'
:h#(x, _ 4),
---
63. l)l : I
+ 3)2 + lnx - ln(f - 1)l
tztn(x+3)*lnx-ln(12- illn(x
: 1
+ 3)'] - ln(az - l)l
t[ln[x(x
:in1, x(x*3)'
*z-1
Zrn(y + 4)l - ln(y - 1) :
I
65.
fr'y * i[tny
* ln(y + +721 - h(y - 1)
I
:;ln[y(y + 4)2] - ln(y - 1)
:11'gfffi-h(y-1)
: rn- .1m
y-l
67. 2rn3 - + 1) : ln32 - tnffi.
iLn(x2
rnffi 9
69. !r: 2[ln 8 ln(x2 + 1)] 6
71. lr: ln12 I
1 lz : 2ln x
lz:r"fJl+l
L(', + t),J
-e
lt:lzforx>0. -e
\ I
!r:2[ln8 - ln(x2 + 1)] ./ \
: zn(*i) -6
They are not equivalent. The domain of/(r)
:hfi_l :
Le. lrj tz
is all real numbers except 0. The domain of
S(x)isr>0.
73. logr ) -- 2l<>gr3 - 2 75. log+ !63'4 - 3.4 log o@\ : 6.8 logo 4 : 6.8
77. logr( - 4) is undefined. - 4 is not in the domain of 79. log, 75 log, 3 : logs T: logr25 : logs 52 : 2
f (*) : logr tc
15E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
81. lne3 - lne7 : 3 - 7 : -4 E3. logro 0 is undefined. 0 is not in the domain
of logro r.
85. ln e8's : 8.5 E7. logo8:logt21:3logu2
: 3logn...ft: J logn4rz
E9. rosz fr:l::; I logr(10 . 7) 91. be #:T*:1::l=rf?-Yi*'
1:; |togrt : tlogz ro + |
93. ln(5e6): ln5 *lne6 : ln5 + 6 - 6 * ln5
es. (a) B:10 . : l0(log, oI - losro 10-12)
"r,r(rh)
: I - (- 12) log,o l0]
l0[log, o
-: l0 (logro / * 12) : l2O + l0 ' logro /
(b)
I l0-4 10-6 l0-8 l0- ro 10- 12
10- 14
p 80 60 40 20 0 -20
(c) F(tO-o; : + l0 . logro 10-a : 120 - 40:80
120
F(tO-u; : l2o + lo . logro 10-6 : l2O - 60:60
B(10-) : r20 + l0 ' logro 10-8 80:40
F(to-to;: l2o+ l0 ' logro l0- lo : I2O 100 : 20
F(to-t';: l2o+ lo . logro l0- 12 - 120 I20:Q
F(to-to; : Lzo + 10 ' logro 10- 14 : 120 140 : -20
97. (a) 80
(b) The data (t, T -
21) fits the exponential model
o T 2l - :
54.4380(0.9635)'. For the original data the
o
a
is T - 54.4380(0.9635)'.
o
o
oo Yel
o
o
o
n
o
o
o
o
0
n
(c) ln(T - 2r) : -0.03721t + 3.9971 (d)
Ft: 49ffi
T-6r+80t2l
T-2r: e-O.O377t+3.99fi
T_ 2l + 54.M(e-o'ottt1 0.07
2t + 54.U(0.9635)' a
o
o
o
o
o
159 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
99. f(x) : ln x
False,/(0) + 0 since 0 is not in the domain of/(x). /(l) : ln I: Q
101. False, f(x) - f(2): ln x - ln1: fnf2 + h(x - 2).
103. False,f("):zf(r) -> ln u:zlnv + lnu: lnrP =+ u:v2.
105. flr): fn Iz 4
I
: lnln21 a.4="
r
g(x)
h(x)- lnx - ln,
-4
f(*) : h(x) by Property 2.
107. Let x: loga uandy : logav, then F - uandP : v-
::fi',: b.-v
losD (;) : losa (u"-') : x- y- losa u - log, v
l(X). f(*): -*(*' + 4x) 11 1. f (,) x2(x + 2) _ e(, + 2)
Intercepts: (0, 0), (-4, 0) :t:n__r;;11;
Parabola opening downward. Zerosz x- -2,-3,3
-31-r
I
-3
4
-5
4
113. x2 - 6x * 2 - 0 115. *-l9x2 +48:Q
(*,-r6)(x2-3)-0
x: 6+.t@ _3r Jj
2 (' - a)(* + a)(x - J3X" + fi): Q
x : *4,+3
ll7. f - - 4x + 24 - 0
6x2 119. 1.6-20 : 0.052
x2(x -6) -a(*- 6)-0
(r, - a)(* - 6) - 0
k-2)(*t'2)(x-6)-0
x:2,-2r6
1.l2l. 2606 - l',5,235.494 123. logro Q2o) : 2.342 l2S. ln 2.00$ =z 0.697
160 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 3.4 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
I To solve an exponential equation, isolate the exponential expression, then take the logarithm of both sides. Then
solve for the variable.
1. logod=x
2. ln€: x
I To solve a logarithmic equation, reunite it in exponential form. Then solve for the variable.
l. arq';x - x
2. F'= x
I If c > 0 and.a * I we have the following:
1. logor = lo&y + x: y
2.d=AY +.X:y
I Use your graphing utilrty to approximate solutions.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered E:rercises
t.4x-1:il (a)r:5 (b)x=2
=@
42(5')-7:43 4?{2)-7:4-3:*+A+
Yes,.x:5isasolution. No,r=2isnotasolution.
3. 3d+2 = 75 5. logn(3x) = J :::p 3x = 43 + 3x - 64
r: -2 + &
(a) (a) x: ZO.3S(0
3ee2+c,r+2 :3f + 7s 3(20.3560) = 61.06g0 * 64
No,.r = -2 + F is not a solution. No,.tr = 2}.35fi is not a solution.
O)x= -2+1n25 O) x=-4
3ec2+tD25r+2 = 3*x :3(25) :75 3(-4) : -lZ + il
Yes, r : -2 * ln 25 is a solution. No, .r = -4 is not a solution.
(c) x: 1.2189 (i x:ff
3er.zrse+z !s3.2r8e :75
_ g(S) : O+
Yes,.r = 1.2189 isa solution. yes,r = f is a solution.
7. ln(x - 1) = 3.8
(a) x = 1 + d.8 (c) r: I * ln3.g
ln(l + d.E - 1) = lnd.s:3.8 h(l + tn3.8 - 1): ln(ln3.g) =9.2gn
Yes,r: I f e3'E isasolution. No,r: I * ln3.gisnotasolution.
(b) x: 45.7012
ln(45.7012 - 1): ln(U.7012)*3.8
Yes, r : 45.70L2 is a solution.
161 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. 1t1
11. s
g
I
f T
-5
Intersection Point: (3, S) Intersection Point: (9, 2)
Algebraically, T: 8 : 2
Algebraically, logs x
T :23 x-32:9==+y:2+(9,2)
x:3=+y:8==+(3,8)
13. ! 15. 4x - 16
4':42
x:2
Ir
Intersection Point (5, 0)
Algebraically, ln (x - 4) - 0
x-4-eo:1
x :5 =+y : Q ==t (5, 0)
17. 5": 625 19.8r:4 2r. (l)" - g{ 23. : 27
3x-r
5x:54 8" : yzlt (l)" : 43 Y-l : 33
(ir:(i)-' x-1:3
x:4 x:5 2
x:4
x: -3
25. lnx -
ln5 : 0 27. d:4 29. lnx: -7 31. log" 625 - 4
lnr: ln5 x:ln4:1.386 x -- e-7 f-62s
x:5 f:54
x:5
33. logro x: -1
x : 10-t
JL __r
IO
39. :. 5X * 2
35. ln(Zx - 1) - 0 37. lnf: x2lne: x2
,rn(5x+2)
eo:b-1
1-2x- I
2:?-x
1:.x
162 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
41. eb* -* 43. :
10,' 570 45. d- l0
logro 10r : logro 570 x : ln 10 : 2.303
x: logro 570 : 2.756
47. S-t/z : 0.20: + 49. 23-' : 565
(3 r) ln2: ln 565
-
-tLn5 :t"(+) - xln2 : ln 565 3lnZ
x: (31n2- In565)/lnz: -6.142
-rn5: -ln5
t:r
t:2
51. 500e-' : 300 53. 7 -2d -5
e-x:3 -2d: -2
-x: h3 d-1
x: -h3 : tni : o.5ll x:ln1-0
55. e2x - 4d - 5 - 0 57. 50( l2O - d/2) = 600
(e-s)(e+t)-o t20-d/2-12
e':5ore*:-1 d/2 - l0g
r6oe
(e:-ris*J";ril r
:-lnl08
-
x : 2ln 108 : 9.3&
59. Using the root feature of a graphing utility for
(t..9'lo\tz
'y : \ n) 2:0,
you obtain t :, 6.9ffi.
61. x 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 63. x 5 6 7 8 9
f(r) 6.05 8.17 tl.u2 14.99 20.@ f(r) 1756 1598 1338 908 2W
18
'/
arz lr
o
x :0.828 x -, 8.635
163 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. 23' = 50 67. 2-?* = 0.90
Graphingy =2h - 50,youobtainx= 1.881 Graphingy=2-3x - 0.90,youobtainr=0.051
69.s(to-e;:7 0.065\rcs, _4+t=2r.33o
: 5(1o-6) - 7, you obtainr = 6.146
71' * =ru,
Graphing y |11 1
7'.)
73'
3000
75. S(x) : 6er-' - 25 77. g(t) : to'oet - 3
2+ du:2
6
1500:2+ e2s rltl
1498 : si?'x
ln 1498 : ln eb
ln 1498 : b L trl
,--1
-/
,r/rj
!n1498:x:3.6s6 -30 .-1
2
zeroatx: -0.427 zeroatt: 12.2O'l
Zg. lnx = -3 El. ln 4x:2.L
x = e-t = 0.050 4x = *r
'-:Ih
t3. 2ln3x: L9 t5. logto(z - 3l = 2
tq z-3=1G
ln3.r:*=9.5
2 z=1gf3:103
la : cP''
I
a:22e's - 4453.?.t12
5
{1. : 12
7logo(o.or; t9. ln-872. = |
r'' -'FL: er
,log;(0.6x)=f xt2:E
7 x-e-2:5389
4r2n-0.6x=ix
J
{
x-=4r2n=L7.945
5
I
91. ln(.r + 2
l)2 = 93' log.x - logn(r - I) :;
;lu+v-e I x \: t
tog.\,
(x * r)z = ;z - r/ z
X*1=eOtxtl:-e 4rosr(.',/x-rl:{rl2
x=e- l:1.718 _t_=2
or x-t
x=-e-l=-3.718 x=2(x-l\
x--?-x-2
2=x
Ig PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
95. ln(x + 5) : ln(r l) ln(x * 1).
ln(x+s):r"l/'ll)
+ ll \x
x*5:#
(x+5X-r+l):x-l
x2+ 6x*5:x- I
* + 5x * 6:0
(x+2)(x+3)-0
x- -2 or x- -3
Both of these solutions are extraneous, so the equation has no solution.
97. logro 8x - togro(t + -6 - z
losro
#r-2
8x
ffi:rG
8x-100+ \OO-,G
8x- hcf,..,fr- l0o-0
b-25.,fr-25-0
\/X:r_25r
_25 r 5-8
4
Choosing the positive value, we have -lG : !3.431 and x :1g0.3g4.
99. x 2 3 4 5 6 101. x t2 l3 t4 l5 t6
f(x) l.3g 1.79 2.Og 12.30 2.49 f(*) 9.',19 10.22 10.63 I 1.00 I 1.36
6
x : 5.5t2 x : 14.988
I
-2
103. logro(e - 4) : I ,o;3hx:5
Graphing y : logr ok - 4) - l, you obtain z : 14. Graphing y : 3 ln x - 5, you obtain x : S.Zg4
lfil. lnx * ln(r - 3) : I :
109. ln(r - 5) ln(r - 3) - ln(r + 3)
Graphing y : ln x + ln(x - 3) l, you obtain Graphing
x: 3.729 y : ln(x - 5) *
- ln(x - 3) ln(r + 3), you obtain
x : 5.275
165 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
111. lr - 7 10 113. !r: 8 11
lz=T )r \
Il
/,,
lz: 4e-o'b
\
-2 -1
From the graph we have (t, y) - (2.807,7)-
From the graph, we have (r, y) ^' (- 3.466, 8).
115. !r: 3 ll7. (a) A: P{ (b) 3000 : 1000e0'085t
2000 : 1000e0'oE5t 3- ,0.085t
lz:lnx
c
/ - ,0.085r ln 3 : 0.085r
)l ln? : 0.085r ln3 :f
6 !2
0.085
_1, 0.085
t : t2.9 years
t: 8.2 years
-1
From the graph we have
(r, y) : (20.086, 3),
119. (a) 110 (b) From the graph we see horizontal asymptotes at
y : 0 and y : 100. These represent the lower
T and upper percent bounds.
m
(c) Males: Females:
100 <n _ 100
50: 1* e-o.61la(.r - 6e.7 r) I * e-o.66o7(x-64.51)
I * e-o.6ll4k-6e.71) : 2 1* e-o.66o7(x- 64.51) - 2
69.7 r) -
e-O.6rr4(x - e-O.6@7(.r-6a.51) 1
- 1
: - 64.51) : ln I
-0.61 I4(x - 69.71) ln1 -0.666f,7(x
-0.6LI4(x - 69.7I) : 0 -0.66fr07(x-64.51):Q
x: 69.71 inches x : 9.51 inches
l2l. P: - 0.5(4'@4')
5(X)
(a) p=35O (b) P=300
350 = 500 - g.5(/.ffi) 300 = 500 - 0.5(4'm&)
300 = 4.@4x -
4OA dD'wx
0.004x = ln 300 0.0O4r : ln 400
x = 1426 units x "' 1498 units
Tffi PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
123. V - 6.7 e-a8.1/t, t 125. T - + 7(2-h)l
(a) 10
(a) :r,
150
(b) As r:) @, V + 6.'1 .
O) We see a horizontal asymptote at y 20. :
Horizontal asymptote: y : 6.7 This represents the room temperature.
The yield will approach (c) 100 : 20[l + 7Q-n71
6.7 million cubic feet per acre.
5:1+7(2-h)
(c) 1.3 = 6.7e-48'r/t
4 - 7(Z-r"1
_1.3 : ,-48.r/t 4
6.7 --..-h
7
, 13 -49.1 .t"[;/
/+\ :
'ncT:T rn2-h
| : -48'1 :29.3 . /4\ :
t"l;/
lil years -htn2
'n\a/
ry_ft
-ln2
fu :0.81 hour
127, (a) EO
(C) y : e2.706lnr- 1.175 : gln*'7oo- 1.175 : e-r.r7si2.706
o 80
- 0.3w*.7M
The second
o
o
model is better.
2
y:l5.l7x-46.15 o
y: 100 when x : 9.6,or during 1999.
(b) lnx l.(Bg6 r.3863 1.ffi94 1.7glg l.g45g
lny :2.7M lnx - 1.175
lny 2.054r 2.23W 3.ffi81 For y : 100, In 100 = 2.7}6ln x - l.l71
3.7658 4.2W2
5.780 : 2.'l-06 ln x
ln x = /.136
x : 8.5 or during 1998
t67 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
129. False. A logarithmic equation 131. To find the length of time it 133. f(*) : -3-'-3 + 5
can have any number of takes for an investment P to
extraneous solutions double to 2P, solve
2P : Pen
2: en
ln2: ft
l!2 :
t.
r
Thus, you can see that the
time is not dependent on the
size of the investment, but
rather the interest rate.
r3s. f(*): l/l)-' *r! 3 137. logr22:# - 2.814 139. logzr l4o: #: !.623
\zl
-T+3
Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models
t You should be able to solve compound interest problems.
1. A: PlII + -l
r\"
\ nl
2.A:Pen
I You should be able to solve growth and decay problems'
(a) Exponential growth if b > 0 and y : a*' '
(b) Exponential decay If b > 0 and y : ae-b' '
I You should be able to use the Gaussian model
y : ae-G-b)'/c.
I You should be able to use the logistics growth model
Y:ffi'
I You should be able to use the logarithmic models
y: ln(ax * b) and Y: logro(ax + b)"
168 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l.y=/4x/n 3.y=6+logro(r+2) 5.y=ln(r+l)
growth
This is an exponential This is a logarithmic model, This is a logarithmic model.
model. Matches graph (c). and contains (- l, 6). Matches grapfr (dl.
Marches epph O).
7. A logarithmic model seems best. 9. A Gaussian model seems best.
LL, An exponential model seems best. 13. A Gaussian model seems best.
15. Logarithmic model 17. Linear model
12
o
o
ooo
ao
o
o o
o
o
o
19. Since A - 10004'tz, the time to double is given by 2000 = 1000€o.r2r and we have
ln2
,: Al2 =
5.78 years.
Arrount after 10 yean: A - lOOOer.2 : $332O.12
21. since A = 75w andA : 1500 when t = 7.75,we have the following.
15000 : 75oe/.7sr
ln2
r=iE=0.0894=B.94Vo
Amount after 10 years: A - 75OCD08%(10) = $1g33.67
23. Since A = 5OO{ andA : 1292.85 when 25. Since A - pCL.o4standA = 10,(XX).(X)when
r = 10, we have the following. t: lO we have the following.
1292.85 = Jffisror IO,0OO.O0 - pCplxs(ro)
lo.om.oo
,
,ffi = o.o95o :9.5%
=tn(r292.85/5m) 7*r,r, = P :6376.28
The time to double is given by
by
The time to double is given
h2 :
l0(X):509eo.oe5' t:0O45 l5.40years.
ln2
r= = 7.30 years.
OOg5
t69 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. (a) 3P : Pen (b) ,:60.89(3.613 x l0-8)'
3: en
o
ln3: rt
ln3 I'
r
o
r 27o 4Vo 67o 8Vo lOVo I2Vo
ln3
+-- 54.93 27.47 18.31 t3.73 10.99 9.t6
r
29. Continuous compounding 31.
1
*c : gtKr6?n)
1
33. *C : gt!{stzo)
z z
results in faster growth.
ln 0.5 , ln 0.5
A: + 0.075[rn
1 K-
1620
K: ,
and A : to'o1t
Given C -
10 grams, after Given l:tsrams' after
1000 years, we have 1000 years, we have
--
- y:
(1000)
Cel0n
o.s)/ rc?n11tooo) 3 - Cet0no5)/s73o
Q - 6.52 grams. Q - 2.66 grams.
37. P - 25OO&, P(0) : 25OO represents year 2000
35. P- 105,300eo'or:
150,000 : 105,300 For t9,45,f : -55 and
"o'or't
hi# : o'015r 1350 : 250}ik(-ss)
t: 23.59
6!3s : -55k
The population will reach 150,000 during 2V23.
[Note: 2000 + 13.59.] k':n LLzev"
For zOtO, f : 10 and
P - 25}0eo'0rr2(r0) : 2796 PeoPle.
39. N - rw& 41. y:C&
300 : 100dk
I
1e : gr06?Dk
2-
k-lt35 :0.2!g7
ln:z :
1
I62Ok
if : lggto'2re7t
_ rn(L /2)
200 : 16to'2re7t ft
1620
t: ='!,'-= - J.15 hours When t - 100, we have
0.2197
y : grtn1 /2) / rc2olltoo) : 0.958C : 95.87oC.
After 100 years, approximately 95.8Vo of the
radioactive radium will remain'
t70 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. (a) V - mt * b; Y(0) : 22,000 + b : 22,0N
V(2): 13,000+ 13,000 :2m + 22,W$7n: -4500
V(t)- -4500r + 22'O'o
(b) V - a&; Y(0) :22,000+ a:22,W0
V(2) : 13,000 =+ 13,000 : 22,W0ex
13:e*
22
l"B :2k
k-it"B:-0.263
v- 22,W0r-o.xi3t
(c) 25,0@
(d) Staight line: Y(l) - $17,500
v(3) : $s500
Exponential: Y(l) T $16,912
a Y(3) : $9993
(e) The negative slope means the car depreciates $4500
The exponential model depreciates faster in the per year.
first two years.
45. S(t) : 100(l - e) N-30(1
47. -e)
(a) 15 : 100(1 - ek(r)) (a) N- 19, t:20
-85 : -1004 19:30(l -enk)
k - ln 0.85
zilk: tn!
ls : -0.lG2S 30
S(t) : 100(l e-ol62s) ft: -0.050
N-30(1 -e-ooso)
(b)
O) N :25
25:30(l -e-o.os)
5
30
- ,-o.ost
o
(c) S(5) : 100(l I 't55 :36
f== -0^05
- e-o.r62s(5)) days
: 55.625 : 55,625 units (c) No, this is not a linear function.
49. /l\ :
R: loftto\lo/ logle/, since Io : I
(a) R - logro 39,811,000 : 7.6
(b) R - logro 12,589,000 : 7.1
t7l PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. B(I) = l0 log, o(Ittol,where /o : 10-12 watts per sq meter
(a) F(to-'o; : l0 ' t"*'r(i#) : 10 log,o10' : 2ldecibels
(b) F(ro-1 = 10 . : 10 log,ol0' : 'Tldecibels
"r,r(iF)
(c) p(1d) : l0 ' = l0losrol0 tz = L2ldecibels
"r'(#)
53.
I
g: L}tot,oi 55. pH : -log,Jtt*l : -logtd2.3 x 10-sl = 4'64
1gltrc : !
lo
I: Iol0f.lro
%dpcto,w=Wx 1oo=95%
57. pH = -logro [H+]
-pH = [H+]
logro
= [H+]
1g=ntt
Hydrogenionconcentationof fruit tO-1l
-
Hydrogen ion concentration of tablet 10-e'5
= 1gt
59. (a) p- 120,000, t : 30, r: 0.07 5, M : 839.06
|
u: M_l.M- #Xt . ir) :83e.06 - (83e.06 - 750X1 + o.o062s7rz'
v: (g3g.oo - 750)(1.00625712'
850
interest and principle are
(b) In the early years, the majority of the monthly payment goe.s toward intcrest' The
equal when t * 2O.729 = 21 )ears'
(c) P = 1ZO,OOO, t = 2O,r = 0.075, M = 966'7I
u = 966.71 - (9(f,.71- 750x1.00625)tz
v : (966.71- 750)(1.006257r2',
u : v when t : t0.73 years
172 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. Y : a&' 63. y : a&'
1-a&(o) =+ l:a I ,/^\:=t a I
aeb(o) =
10 : eb(g) ;: ;
lnl0:3b 5 : L4et
2-
ln l0
-T--b ==+ g:0.7675 l0 : e4b
ln10:4b
Thus, Y - to'76t5x.
ln 10
4 -b + fi:0.5756
Thus, y : Lro'"'*.
2-'
65. tr: 40.757 + 0.556s - 15.917 ln s
tz: 1.2259 + 0.0023s2,
(a) Linear Model: tg : 0.2729s - 6.0143 (b) E
Exponential Model i te : 1.5385 ,r'o2ers tr2
(c) .t 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
tr 3.6 4.7 6.7 9.4 12.5 15.9 lg.6 o
t2 3.3 4.9 7.0 9.5 t2.5 l5.g lg.g
t3 2.2 4.9 7.6 10.4 13. I 15.9 18.5
t4 3.7 4.9 6.6 8.9 I l.g l5.g 2l.l
(d) Modelr,: .s, : 13.4 - 3.61+ ls - 4.71 + 17 _ 6.71+ 19.3 _ 9.41 + lL2 _ t2.sl +
Its.a - ts.el + l2o - le.6l = 1.e
Moderr': : + le'3 - e'51 + lt2 - Lz'sl +
" li;ir -'il.i f wr3l;.li :71
Modelfr:,sr= 13.4-2.21+ ls -4.91 + 17 -7.61+
19.3 - 10.41 +lr2-- l3.rl +
lls.s - 1s.81 + lzo - ta.s1 = 5.6
Modelfn:,sn = 13.4 -
3.71+ ls - 4.sl + 17 - 6.61+ 19.3 - 8.81 + 112 - il.sl +
11s.8 -
ts.8l + lzo zt.t1 = 2.6 -
rr, the Quadratic model, is the best fit with the data.
rt.t:-z.sr"[g;
t"\ls^o -
, . ,-/85.7 70\
At 9:oo A.M. we hav-. r. =
- -z' zg/ =
e: l'5 hours'
-
From this we can conclude that the person died at 7:30 n.rrt.
r73 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
69. (a) y : 0.08245x * 4.45274
(b) y : 4.5355(1.01519)'
(c) The models are nearly identical.
(d) For 2W5, x : 25
Linear model: y :0.08245(25) + 4.45274 : 6.514 billion
Exponential model: y : 4.5355(t.0t5l91zs - 6.61 billion
(Answers will vary.)
71. (a) ,,,: 298.794(1.0851) (b) y : - 837 .735 + 673.619 ln(x)
o
6L-
rlSO
(c) The logarithmic model is more accurate. If the
rate of growth of health costs is slowed, then
the logarithmic model would be better.
73. (a) lr: - 1.81x3 + 14.58* + 16.39x * 10.00
lz : 23-W + L2L08 ln x
ls -- 38.38(I.4227)'
(b) m 325
o
)r lz o
lg
o
a
o o
o
(c) Cubic model
x v l-lr (y - r)2 l-lz (y y)' I-It (y - rt)z
I 40 0.84 o.'l L 16.93 286.62 - 14.60 213.25
2.62 483.84 7.32 53.52
2 85 -1.62 -22.W
2.3r - 16.09 258.89 29.48 869.01
3 140 -r.52
4 2W 7.00 49.00 9.08 82.40 42.76 1828.56
225 5.20 27.04 7.06 49.83 1.30 1.68
5
245 2.74 7.5r 4.98 24.84 -73.26 5367.34
6
(d) Cubic model
yr: 89. L9; yr: II86.42i lgi 8333.36;
(e) The sums represent the sum of the squares of the errors.
75. False. See ExamPle 5, Page 263' 77. True. See Page 262-
174 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Nurnbered Exercises and Practice Tests
79. 4x - 3y - P: 0:> y : I@* - 9) 81. y:25-2.25x
(0
Slope -2.25,y-interc ept 25. Matches
Line: slope f. Mutches (b)
Intercepts: (0, - 3). (?, O)
85. -4 4 4-39 36
E3. y - 3 : Q horizontal line. Matches (d). - 16 48 -36
Intercept (0, 3) 4 -r2 9 0
4f * 4x2 * 39x + 36 :
x*4 4x2 - l2x + 9, x * -4
87. 4 8 3 -9 89./(x)-zx-t+5 91. f(r) : 3' - 4
8 0 t2
v
N-u2*3x-9
x-4
:?t2+3+ 3
x-4 '
Review Exercises for Chapter 3
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. (1.45)277 *, !0.325 3. (1.59) -z'fr : 0.201
5. : 4' 7. f(x) : :
"f(x) -1fx 9. f(*) 4-' - I
Intercept (0, l) Intercept: (0, - l) Intercepfi (0,0)
Horizontal asymptote: x-axis Horizontal asymptote: r-axis Decreasing on: (- m, oo)
Increasing on: (-oo, o) Decreasing on: (-@, o) Matches graph (d).
Matches gaph (e). Matches gaph (b).
lI. f(x) = ff 13. s@): 6-' = (*)' 15. h(x) - s-x/Z
l)
Intercept: (0, Intercepfi (0, l)
Increasing horizontal Decreasing horizontal
asymptote: x-axis asymptote: x_axis
x *2 -l 0 I 2
v 2.72 1.65 I 0.61 0.37
tt5 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. h(*) - /- e-xlz 19. s(t) : 4e-2/',t > 0
Horizontal asymptote: y : 2
-l
-2
-3
4
-5
t ! 1 2 3 4
2
.t 0.07 0.54 1.47 2.05 2.43
2l. g(t):8 -0.5e-t/4 ?3. g(x) - /@sa/x
10
t
,r, \
I .10
,,}.
-60
Horizontal asymptote: y :8 Vertical asymptote: r: 0
Horizontal asymptote: Y : 2W
^f.
25. rlx):-
10
2:'1, e-8/g o' 0.069 29. 6t4'r2 : 369.355
I t Z-O.fi)S.r
12
,'
'arl
-/
-2
Horizontal asymptotes :
):0, Y:10
31. 200,000 - pip'ott
P - ?g9'ooo
,0.08r
I 20 30 40 50
t 10
P $89,865.79 $40,379.30 $18,143.59 $8,152.44 $3,663.13
$184,623.27
33. v(t): 26,ooo(i)'
(a) (b) For | - 2, V(2') : $14,625
(c) The car depreciates most rapidly at the beginning,
which is realistic.
t76 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. : 43 64 37. 25s/z - t25 39. logrS-o'34 - -0.34 log, 8 : -0.34
lo9o64 : 3 _3
logzs 125
2
41. logu2l6: logu63:3logu6: 3 4g. t"rr.(*) : logrul logru6 -losro(36)
t/z - -12
45. S(r): -logrx +5 y 47. f(x): logr(x - 1) + 6 y
x !2 I 2 4 I2
x 2 3 5
v 6 5 4 3 5 6
v 7 8
49.f(x):lnx*3 sl. h(.: - ltnx
Domain: (0, rc)
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
x I 2 3 T
2
!4
f(x\ 3 3.69 4.10 2.31 1.61
53. y: logro(x2 I 55. y: &h(x * l)
10
\ 1
-2
-2
Domain: all x Domain: r
57. lneT - 7
59. 6ln e-3 : 6(-3) ln e - - lg
177 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. t: 50 log,rffi
(a) o< h< 18,000 (b)
Vertical asymptote:
(c) The plane climbs at a slower rate as it h - 18,000
approaches its absolute ceiling.
(d) rt h: 4ooo, t :50 logrr ffi : 5.46minutes.
s -i:t$:1.s8s 6s. logrz zw: :/.r32
63. ros+
m
ln9
log*9:'ffi:1.585 logrz2W:# x/.132
67. ln20:ln[4.5]:ln4*ln5 69. h(*) : h5 ln64 : ln5 . ln43 : ln5 3ln4
71. logu25: loga 52 :ZloguJ - 2(0.827L) : I.6542
73. logoJ3 : loga 3r/z : t loga J : |1o.SO 46)
: 0.2823
75. logs 5* : log, 5 * log, f
,
77. logro
s{y : logro 56 - logr of
T
:,1+2logrx
::::: :1fi':,--"}i.I.
79. ln[(x2 + 1)(x - 1)] : ln(r2 + l) * ln(x - 1) 81. logr5 * log2 x - logrlx
- 1l - zlnlx + 1l : tn..ffi - hlx + rl'
t-
E3.
tr"lb
:ln
8s. tn3.;h(4 -*)
E7. (a)
g9. gr - 5L2:83 =+ x : 3
(b) h 4 6 8 l0 t2 l4
s 38 33.2 29.8 27.2 25 23.2
(c) As the depth increases, the number of miles of
roads cleared decreases.
17t PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
_11
91. g- ;;-:-5-3==+x:
z16 63 \ -3 93. logrr - {+ x= 74 = 2401
95. d-12 97. 3e-5, - 132
x : ln 12 : 2.485 e-Sx: M
-5x: ln4/.
: --r:
ln44
-0'757
W.d+13:35 101. -4(5') : -68
4:22 5": 17
x : ln22 o" 3.091 xln5 : ln17
x:
ln l7
I.760
l;5:
103. e2E - 7d + l0 = 0 105. ln 3r : 8.2
(e'-s)(e-2)-o 3x : e8'2
g!:5==+X: ln5:1.609
d - 2 +i : ln2 o' 0.693
x:+: 5
W3.650
lW. 2ln4x = 15 l.(X). lnx - ln 3 - 2
,:T15
ln4r tnl3 - z
4x - e$n
, : I
5/2 : 45Z.Oll
i:"
x
x:3e2:22.167
it
111, ln.,4lFf - ) 113. - l) : log(r - 2) -
log(x log(x + 2)
f tnl' + l) - 2
' lx-2\
log(x-l): tog\,
ln(x+l)-4 + 2l
x*l:e4 x- I -'*':2
X=e4-1o"53.598
x*2
(x-lXr+2):x-2
f+x-2-2-2
*:0
x=0
since x - 0 is not in the domain of ln(x - l) or of
ln(r - 2), it is an extaneous solution. The equation
has no solution. You can verify this by graphing
each side of the equation and observing that the two
curves do not intersect.
115. log,o(l -x): -l
l0-l : I - x
x= I l0-l:0.9
179 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
tt7. 3(7550) : 7550eo-o725t 119. y : 3e-b/t Decreasing exponential. Matches (e).
3 : gO.O725t
ln3 : O.O725
ln3
t =--0.0725 ls.zyears
tzl. y : ln(x + 3) logarithmic function shifted to left. 123. y : 2e-@+a)2/3 Gaussian model. Matches (a).
Matches (0.
l2S. 17,000 : t2,620eo'olr8t 127. (a) 20,000 : 10,000 edtz)
17000 _ 2= gl2r
,o.ou8r
12620 ln2 = I2r
hfry):
-"\12621 o.or18r r : ln2
i: o'0577 ot 5'78vo
| :# t"(+#) : 25.2years, or 2025 (b) 10,000 ro.ostt(l) o, $ 10,593.97
lo.'?91'?7 :1.059
(c) or 5 .9vo
10,000
129' /[ : r+sAe-urr,
r57
(a) TWhen N : 50: O) When N :75:
5o: * !t1 75 :31 + 5.4e'
r57
1 5.4e-o.r2t
r57
1 + 5.4e-o.ra:ry I* 5.4e-o-r2"t
50 75
g- 5.4e-O.rzt
82
5.4e-o.r% = 50 75
82
g-O.lzt:X e-O.l2r
405
-0. l2t: r"# -o.tzt : ln
82
405
Y{82/405)
t :ln(lw_/.Tto) :7.7 weeks t - - 13.3 weeks
-0.12 -0.r2
131. y:a*' 133' y= a&*
Z:adb(o) + a:2
!
2 aeb(o) ==+ a:t
: /sb@)
3 5: L*,',
1.5 : e&
t0: e5b
ln 1.5 : 4b + S:0.1014
ln10: 5b + [ :0.4605
Thus, y : leo.afiosx.
ThuS, Y : /so'ror4x"
1E0 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l'35. Y : 234.6839(0.8746Y
: 234.684e-o.r34x
273
137. True; by the inverse properties, loga bb = ?-x.
139. False; lnx * ln y : ln(ry) # ln(x + y)
l4l. ll0\ :
Itoglol;/ : I a log,ox.
True. logrol0 - logrox
181 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chopter 3 Fractice Test
1. Solve for x' f/5 = 8
2. Solve for.r: 3r- I :#
3. GraPh/(.r) = 2-'by hand.
4. GraPh g(x) = d + lby hand.
5. If S5000 is invested at 9% interest, find the amount after three years if the
interest is compounded
(a) monthly O) quarterly (c) continuously.
6. Write the equation in logarithmic form: 7-2 = *
7. Solve for.r:.r - !, : loLzal
t. Given logo2 = O.3562and log, 5 : O.82ll,evaluate log ffi.
9. Write 5 lnr - | hy + 6ln e as a single logarithm.
10. Using your calculator and the change of bbse formula, evaluate log, 28.
11. Use your calculator ro solve for M logro N = 0.6&6
12. Graph y : logrx by hand.
13. Determine the domain of/(.r) : logr(r3 - 9).
14. GraPh Y = ln(.r - 2) by hand.
15. True or false: y : h(x - y)
lny
16. Solve forr 5r : 4l
17. Solve forrr - * - logs*
lt. Solve for x:logrx * logr(x - 3) - 2
ca { o-a
19. Solve forr l:- =4
20. six thousand dollars is deposited into a fund at an annual percentage rate of
13%. Find the time required for the investment !o double if thc inrcrest is com-
pounded continuously.
21. Use a graphing utility to find the points of intersection of the graphs of
y=ln(3x)andy=d-4.
X2. Use a graphing utility to find the power model y = axb for the data
(1, l), (2,5), (3,8), and (4, 17).
CHAPTER 4
Trigonornetric Functions
Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure . . . . 183
Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle . . . . . 188
Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry . . . . 191
Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle . .197
Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Function . . .205
Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions . . . . .2ll
Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions . .218
Section 4.8 Applications and Models . ' 226
ReviewExercises ....232
PracticeTest "242
t82
CHAPTER 4
Trigonometric Functions
Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1.\ 3.
\
L The angle shown is approximately -3 radians.
The angle shown is approximately 2 radians.
7r
5. (a) Since 0 < 1.:,+
5 2' 5 lies in Quadrant I. 7. (a) since -;. -#< o, - n r.lies in Quadrant IV.
(b) Since ir <;.71 31, 7n
lies in Quadrant III. (b)
A.
Jrnce-
3n lln
. -n, -; Iln ,
lies in
Z ; 2.- n
Quadrant II.
9. (a) Since n <3.5 < +,3.5 lies in Quadrant III.
2
(b) Since I2 .2.25 1 rr,2.25lies in Quadrant II.
11.. (a)
13. (a)
(b) Coterminal angles torz{
7T
15. (a) Coterminal angles for ;
r2 3
T *,':T
n +2r: 25n 2n.n 8rr
L2 T2
_23n 2rr _ 1_ _ _4r
zTr: -T
t2 t2 3
183
184 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. (a) Coterminal angles for _lln (b) Coterminal angles fo, -zfs
4
_lln +4n :- 5rr _2n -r Zn: 28n
4 4 15 l5
_lln +2n : 3n 2n 32n
4 4 l5
2n: - 15
! 7rT
19. (a) Complement: (b) Complement: Not possible; greater tha n
2 36 +is |.
Supplement: 7r
rr 2n n-+:!O
- 33 Supplement:
21. (a) Complement:
7r
I : 0.57 (b) Complement: none (rrt)
2
Supplement: rr - l-
L- 2.t4 Supplement: n - ): l.l4
25.
The angle shown is approximately 210'. The angle shown is approximately -45'
27. (a) Since 90o < 150" < 180", 150" lies in Quadrant IL
(b) Since 27O" <28T <360",282" lies in Quadrant IV.
29. (a) Since -180" < -132" 50' < -90", -132" 50' lies in Quadrant IIL
(b) Since -360" < -336" 30' < -27ff, -33tr 30'lies in Quadrant I.
31. (a) 33. (a)
1E5 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. (a) Coterminal angles for 52o 37. (a) Coterminal angles for 300'
52"+360"-4L2" 300' + 360"
52" 360"_ -308" 300' 360" _ -60"
(b) Coterminal angles for - 36" (b) Coterminal angles for 230'
- 36" + 360" _ 324" 230"+360'_590'
-36" 360" - -396" 230" 360'_ -130"
39. (a) Complement of 24":90" 24"- 66o 41. (a) Complement: 90' 79" - I l"
Supplement of 24": 180' 24" Supplement: 180" 79" : 101o
(b) Complement of 126": Not possible because (b) Complement: does not exist
126"
Supplement: 180' 150' _ 30'
Supplement of 126": 180" 126" - 54"
43. (a) 30o - 30r-L) : n
(b) 150" - rsor-a\ -5n
\ 180/ 6 \ 180/ 6
45. (a) -20" :-,(#) : 9
(b) -240": -240(#) : _+
47. I 15" rrs(ff) : 2.007 radians 49. -216.35" : -2t6.3s/-l\ -, -3.776 radians
180/
\
51. 642" *r(#) - LL.zosradians s3. - 0.78' _ - 0.78(*) :' - 0.0 14 radi,ans
ss. (a)
+:+(+)": 270" (b) -+: -+(+)": -zro"
s7. (a)
7
+ = ;\;/:42o"
n(180"\
(b) -#:-#(#) : -3s.
se.
n _g/lp\ - :5625.
tr.r.
7 ?\; )
25.714" 6r.
T--T(#)
63. -4.2n : -4.2r{'l-qq) : -7 56" 65. -2 - -,(#) - - 114.592"
\n/
67. (a) 64" 45' : 64" + (#)" - 64.75"
(b) -124"30': -124" - (#)": -124.5"
69. (a) 85' 18'30" : 85o + (#)" + (tfu)' - 85.308'
(b) -408o L6'25": -408o - (#)" (#)" - -408.274"
lE6 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. (a) 280.6' _ 280" + 0.6(60)' - 280'36', 73. (a) 4.5 : 4.5(Eq)" : 257o 4g',5r.628',
: - 115o 48' \nl
(b) - 115.8o - - ll5' 0.8(60)'
(b) - 3.s8
75, s: r0 77. .r - r0
6-5e 32:70
0 - $ radians o -- + - 4+ radians
79. s : r0 El. s: r0
8 = 150 35 : 14.50
g: #:
ftradians 0 = 2'414 radians
83. s: r0,flinradians 85.J_r0
: 14(1tt(#) : -lzn\ :
s : u(rTl -
,s r4n - 43.s82inches 47r 12'57 meters
E7. 0 = 7'l5o - 25" 46 37': le 20' 38o:
42" 0.2853 radian
s = r0 = 4000(0.2853) = 1141.02 miles
s 600
;= 6t7s=u.@4radian:5.39o 9l' 0::=T=';=fr*aiu"
Ee. d= :23'87o
93. (a) single axel: l|revolutions : 360o + 180' = 540'
= 2rr * a: 3zrradians
(b) double axel:?-lrevolutions = 72X + 180' : 9(X)"
: 4tr I zr = Serradians
(c) triple axel: 3|revolutions = l26X
: Tzradians
95. (a) 40 miles per hour = ofp = 3520feet per minute
Circumference of tire is C : 2.5rr feet
Number of revolutions per minute i, , : P = t?t : MS.2revolutions per minute
2.5n n
(b) The angular speed is {:t
, =ffin):28l6radians
Angular speed = ffi = ZSr6radianvminute
97. speed = (360 revolutions/minutd(2zr ( 1.68) inches/revolution)
= 1209.6r inches/minute
= 2O.L6zr inches/second
lE7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
99. False, I radian -(#)": 57 .3o, so one radian is much larger than one degree.
rr, rr 8n*3n*7r
101. True: 4J * _t_:
4r2t2 'IT : 180'
L03. Two angles in standard position are coterminal ros. A:irt:f,fro)2 ;:rr ;r
50
m2
angles if they have the same initial and terminal
sides. For example, 30" and 390' are coterminal.
107. A -tr20,s :r0
(a) 0 : 0.8 ===> A : tr2(0.8) - 0.412 Domain: r > 0
.t _ r0 : r(0.8) Domain: r > 0
E
A
J
The area function changes more rapidly for r > I because it is quadratic and the arc length function is linear.
(b) r: l0 a l: !1tO2)e - 50d Domain: O< 0<2,r
.r- r0:100 Domain: 0< 0<2n
320
1(X). 111.
11.3. 1.15.
188 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 4.2 Tligonometric Functions: The Unit Circle
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. sin/:y:# 3. sin/:y: -*
8 I2
cost-x:-n cos[--*: 13
v 15 v5
tant---:
tant -'-:x8 x12
cot t
x8 cott:-:x12
y5
v 15
l17 I 13
sect:-:-
sec t x12
x8
csct:-:-
rr7 csc t
l 13
v 15 y5
: !4corresponds r, (*, 7. , :;
7ncoffesponds ro lfi 1\
F
J. t
I \-;,-r)
3n
9. ,-T4n correspondsroft,-
racir..n^c rn Lt -f\ , 11. , :
;
coffesponds to (0, -1).
).
t-
13.
rT - r-L-@ f\
, - corresPonds,o 15. t - -icorresponds ,o (*,
_,
i \;, Z ). \"
sinr:y--* sinr:y:-t
cos t--x:e2 cost:x: fi
z
tant - I - t
x3 -'0
tant-Y--
/
7rr (C 19. t :
lln
17. t - -T colresponds ro ,
+) icorresponds
t" (#
\- -;)
,
\ Z
sin/ : y: + sin/:y:-;
cos l: x: * cos t: x:*
/;
tant-y--l tant-Y---vr
x3
189 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
21. t - -;
3n
1-U4 (-+ +)
\ z'z/
corresponds to (0, l). 23. corresponds to
sin/:y:l sin/: v
J2
fi cscttl: fi
cos [: x:0 v
tant-Yisundefined.
x
cos/: x --fr 2
secr-1= -fr
tan t v_
x
: -l cot/ :;: -l
v
\
25. t:! corresponds to (0, I ). 27. t - -icorresponds,o (*, -+
2 /I
sin/: y:l csct: 1
I sin/:y:-+,cos t:x:+, tant-Yx :-8
v
cost- x -0 sec/: -ls 1 t21 x1
x
undefined. csc t
YJ3'x
2,cott - -:
vfi
tan/: Ix is undefined. cot / : x
0
v
sinz'-0 8n
cosT: 2nl
cosT:
29. sin 5 7r - 31.. -t
33. cos( - 3n) : cos 1r : - I 35. slnl
. ( 9rt\
\ 4l ""Ff)
: : _fi 2
37. sin t-- I
3
39. cos(-r) : -i
(a) sin(-r) _ -sin t - _1 (a) cos t - cos(-r)
3 - -15
(b) csc(-r) : -csc f : -3
(b) sec(- r) - 5
cos (- t)
.7f
41. sinr:4 43. sln: - 0.707 |
5 4
(a) sin(zr - t) : sin r T
5
(b) sin(r + n) - -sin r -I5
45. csc I.3 :, L0378 47. cos( - 1.7) : -0. 1288 49. csc 0.8 1.3940
sin 0.8
5L. sec 22.8 - J-
cos zz.8
l '4486 53. (a) sin 5 : -1
(b) cos2- -0,4
190 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
55. (a) sin t '= 0.25 57. I- 5r-2(o.t) sin (0.7) : 0.794
t N 0.25 or 2.89
(b) cost- -0.25
t : 1.82 or 4.46
59. y(t = i cos 6r 61. cos 1.5 : 0.0707, 2 cos 0.75 * 1.4634
(a)1l(0) : Icos Q : 0.2500 feet Thus, cos 2t * 2 cos t
(b) y(i) : | :
"ot |
0.0 r77 feet
(c) y(*) : i cos 3 : -0.2475 feet
-
63. False. s'tn\31
( qn\
:tn 65. (a) The points have y-axis symmetry.
(b) sin /, = sin (zr - t,) since they have the same
y-value.
(c) -cos fr : cos (n - ft) since the r-values have
the opposite signs.
67. cos Q - x : cos( - 0)
sin0: Ix : sec( - 0)
sin0: v
sin( - 0) : -y - -sin 0
I
sec 0
v
I
sec( * e) : : -sec 0
v
tan 0 -_v_
x
tan( - 0) _-v : -tan 0
x
x
cot 0
v
x
cot( - 0) : -cot 0
-v
69. f(t) : sin t and 8(t) : tan f 71. f(x)-_IlF+1
Both/and I y:ixl + I
b
10
are odd functions.
h(t) : f(t)g(t) E sin t tan t x: iy, + I
h(- t) : sin( - t) tan( - t) x- | = Iy, -15
4(x-l):Y3 r
::;;1"?':?,1, Y:lm -10
:
The function h(t) f(t)S(r) is even. f-,(x):Wn
t9r PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5x
73. f(x) - h,x> -r t \*,t
x'-x
)
2x Asyrnptotes: x
Y: x + l'x) -l lo
lr'
)'
2y I
x:
v+ I
xy*x: 2y
x: 2y-xy -10
x- y(2 - x)
x
2-x !,x<2
f -'(*) _ 2-x
77. ^,.. .f3,2xLSx-g
Ilx)-
6x2*x-l :t x Z_ l5(x+a)
4 +(zxz 5x - 8)
Slantasymptote: y:;- j
Vertical asymptotes: x - 3.608, x- - 1.108
79. C(10) : 69.95( 1.045) to : $ 108.63 81.. (a)
1200
p(o):ffi:T:3oo 1200
(b) p(5) - 570 (c) p - 800 when | - 8.96 years
Section 4.3 Right Tfiangle Trigonometry
I You should know the right triangle definition of trigonometric functions.
(a) sin o:
ffi {u) cos t: ffi (c) tan o = T
(d) csc a: IIP (e) sec r: ff (D cot 9: -ldj- €
c)
ct)
(.)
U)
o
I You should know the following identities. a
A.
o
(a)sin0:+
csc 0
1u)csc0-
\.
I
(c) cos0-
I
sin 0 sec 0
Adjacent side
I I I
(d) secg- (e) tan0- (0 cotg-
cos 0 cot 0 tan 0
sin o cos o
(g) tan o - (h) cot o - (i) sin2e+ cos20-
cos 0 sin 0
0)l+tan20-sec20 (k) I + cot20- csc20
t You should know that two acute angles a and B are-complementary if a + B: 90o, and
cof'unctions of complementary angles are equal.
I You should know the trigonometric function values of 30', 45", and 60", or be able to construct triangles from
which you can determine them.
t92 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
adj - .rffi: ,ffi- 4
.r Sin g: H -3
-hvp5 ;cg-hYP::
opp 3
cos o-ffi -! secg:bP-l
-adj4
tan o: oPf
adj-
1
4
adj :!
cotg- opp 3
3. hyp - ,tm: 17
opp 8 hvn 17
sln u: csc0:' "
-hyp 17 opp 8
t5
cos 0:
adi 15 ,, hyp
SEC d:
17
T
-hyp t7 adj 15
oDD 8 adi 15
tan0--= adj 15
cot0:
opp
u
F
5. hyp - m:,tq6{:6fr
\
t\ sing:ffi:;fu--h:+ cscg-hYP:#
l8
t\ opp 3
L) cos0-#:#+:h:+ secg:bP:q
adj 2
ff :#:1
adj
tano: coto- opp:?3
7. adj : JEQ'=.,/8': zfi
0..31
sino-9PP:1 cscg-hYP- 3
hvp 3 opp
:'{ r!- : 3
hyp 3'n
cos o -3q- sec 0:
hyp 3 aoJ zfi 4
-
tano:ff=#:* cot0---zfr
adi
opp
adj- iGry' - '8":4'n
2 ,--oPP :-?-l g:
:9:3 hYP
..:-
sln u: hyp a: 3
csc
opp 2
:o! secg-hYP: 6=: 3=:3fr
cos o--t{-
hyp63 -2Q. adj +{z z-fr . 4
l=-fr adj : o{ :
tang-oPl: '=:
adj 4fi zfr 4 cot o: opp 2
2fi
The function values are the same since the triangles are similar and the corresponding sides are proportional.
193 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
opp - ffi-s
.,^opp63 hvp
-^ l0 5
STN U csc0-
hyp l0 5 opp63
cos0--
adi 84 ,a hyp 10
sec u: T
5
hyp l0 5 adj84
|'ani -
oDD63
rr
cot0--radi 84
--
adj84 opp63
opp-',ffi- 1.5
sln u
opp 1.5 3
CSC U
., hyp 2.5 5
hyp 2.5 5 opp 1.5 3
-adi24
cose--hyp 2.5 hvp 2.5 5
sec0-f
5 adj24
oDD 1.5 3 adi24
tan 0: cot0: '
-adj24 opp 1.5 3
The function values are the same since the triangles are similar and the corresponding sides are proportional.
oPP
11. Given: sin e -: 6 : hyp
13. Given:sec0: 4:!:bq
I adj
5z+(adj)z-62 (oPP)'+ 12:42
adj- fr opp: fr
COS
A fr
fl -: sing:+
o
rano-T ssfr cos g:!
Jll ll 4
cot0 - +)
-n tan g: fr
,\66fr coto:*:#
secU:Tt: ll
csc
4 4fr
o: re:-r5
6
cscd:5
oPP
15. Given: tan0-3 -3:
I adj
17. Given: cor o - 24 - -tdj-
hyp
3z + t2: (hyp)2 42+92:(hyp)t
fr
hyp_ hyp - 61
sin0: 3fr sing:h:#
r0
nn
coso-vll0 coso:h:#
I
cot 0
3
tan0:t
g: fi
sec
secg:g
cscf/:
fi
3 csco -614
194 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
rg. sin 60" : +, cos 60" :: 21. csc 0: 3, sec g -3fr
4
- S0" : I
(a) tan 60" J3 (a) sing:-'l-=-
cos 6ff csc0 3
(b) sin 30o - cos 60" : I
2
(b) cos o - --l-=
sec0
:'! 3
(c) cos 30" _ sin 60o : 42 (c) tano- sing :-l/::--fi
coso (z,D)n- 4
(d) cot6o":ff# :+:+ (d) sec(9Oo- 0):csc 0-3
I
23. cos cr -
4
I
(a) sec a:::4
cos 4
(b) sin2a * cos2o: I
. /r\2
sinza * l-l = I
\4/
,in'o: i*
sin a = tfi-
-4
(c) coto :
cosd: *fr4: l/4 t t JE
tW=
;; 15
(d)sin(90"-ct):"oro=i
2s. t^n1cot1: tundll-\:
0/
I 27. tandcos., = |/ttn")cosc:
\cos 4/
sinc
\tan
29. (l + cos 0)(l - cos 0) : I - cos2 0
: (sin2 g * cos2 0) - cos2 0
= sin2 0
al sin0+-cos0 sin20+cos2g 1
vro
cos 0 sin 0 sin 0 cos 0
33. (a) cos 60" - ;2
_l nlfi
(b) rana :
sin 0 cos 0 T: I
I
:l 0 '
- sin cos 0
l9S PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. (a) :I 37. (a)
"orf,
= cos 30o :+
"otf:cot4So
(b) cos +5" :
tfi. : -+=
ft: V G) sec 600 = 2
I
39. (a) sin 25" - 0.4226 41. (a) sec 4Zo 12' = sec 42.2" : **r, : L3499
(b) cos 65' - 0.4226
: cos(90" : (b) csc 48o -t
| 7':- 13432
Note: sin 25o 25") cos 65o ffi-
-l
43. Make sure that your calculator is in radian mode.
Trlr
(a) cot
i: o"<rtA: 5.0273 (b) tan
G=
O.tgtg
45. Make sure that your calculator is in radian mode.
(a) csc t : ll : 1.1884
;in t O) tan
i: O.SqSl
lm
47.(a) sind=* - e:30"=I 49.(a)sssQ=) + Q=gQo- !
263
(b)csc0-2
- e=30"=7 6"4 (b)cot0=.1
t.h
51. (a) cscg: "42 *
33 e= =I
60" 53. (a) sing=0.8191 :+
0:55":0.960radian
(b)cosO=0'0175 =+ 0*89o:l'553radians
16)sin 6=4 g:45o- !
24 -
55. (a) = l.l92} + 0: 50': 0.873 radian
tan 0
(b) tan 0 : 0.4663 + 0 = 25" : 0.436radian
57. tan30" = 59. cot60" =
# *
nfix
y : 105 ' tan 30o : l05f :35,fr: 60.6218 = ,*
t
38J1 _
3
196 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. sin 50" : +15
y : 15 ' sin 50" - ll.4907 : I1.5
-
(b) tan 0 : 6h tan 0 : (c)1353 6 :h-z7ofeet
iand 135
6h:
Thus,
t 135
F{_ | 32 __-__+f{
Not drawn to scale
opp
65. tanl- 67 . (a) ,, ,o ,*
adj
tan58": 100
Y=
(b) sin g - 9PP
hvp
w - 100 tan 58" - 160.0 feet
r0/3 I
sin0-*:-206
I
(c) sing::=+0-9.59"
o
oPl x
69. tan o - 71. tan3":-l)
aoJ
': Lh
x- 15 tan 3"
tan 80"
75 d-5+2x
h : : 5 + 2(15 tan 3')
- 75 tan 80o 425.3 meters
: 6.57 centimeters
,, adj
cos0--nyp
cos 80o ::
l
d - 75 : 431 .9 meters
*, *.
73. x-2.588,y:9.659
v 10
sin0:r-0.97 csc 0 - -v -t 1.04
x 10
:3.86
cos0: l0 -0.26 sec0-
x
x
tan0 -Y:3.73 cot0--:0.27
x v
tn PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7 5. sec 30o : csc 60o 77. cot2 10" csc2 10" : -l
True, because sec(9Oo q: csc 0. True, because I + cot2e-cscz0
cot20: cscz e - I
cotz 0 - csc2 0 - - l.
79. 0" 20' 40' 60' g0'
0
cos 0 I o.9397 0.7660 0.5000 0.1736
sin(90' 0) I 0.9397 0.7660 0.5000 0.1736
It seems that cos 0 - sin(90' 0) for all 0.
g and 90' 0 are called complementary angles.
8L. Y: -x - 9 93. -3x*8Y-16
Intercepts: (0, -9), (-9, 0) Intercepts: (0, 2), ( - f, O)
85. 146" lies in quadrant II 87. - 310' 30' lies in quadrant I
Section 4.4 Thigonometric Functions of Any Angle
I Know the Definitions of Trigonomefric Functions of Any Angle.
If Ois in standard position, (r, y) a point on the terminal side and , = JFT # 0, then:
sino=lry csco:L,y*o
cos0:-t ,*o=L.x*o
x
tan0=L,r+0
'xy colg={,y#O
I You should knorv the signs of the trigonometic functions in each quadrant.
I You should know the trigonometic function values of the quadrant angles 0, !, n
^a !.
I You should be able to find reference angles.
I You should be able to evaluate tigonometric functions of any angle. (Use reference angles.)
I You should know that the period of sine and cosine is 2n
I You should know which trigonometric functions are odd and even.
Even: cosxandsecx
Odd: sin x, tran.x, cot.x, csc r
19E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
(b) (x, y) : (-8, - 15)
r:.,,/64+22s:17
sing:f,:3 csco:;:; sino -Y-
rL7-II
r
csc0:-: _17
l5
v
cos Q-:::
r
seco:::1 cos e-{ - --q-
r17 sec0:-:
x
_,L7,
8
tan o :::1 cot o :;:: o::= f; x 8
tan cot0:-:
v 15
3.(a)::H,;r' (b) (r, y)
r: Jm-zfi
r r
-Yr2- -1
sino csc0:-: -2 sino -Yr2-fi csc0-:-,[Z
v v
cos Q-x *-16
r
sec0:- -zfi o-*: r
r2 x3 cos
r2 -e seco-1-
x -fi
tan0 - Y-:{
x x
cot0 :!: fi tano-Y- =-l pot 0: - = -l
x3 v v
5. (", y) = (7 ,24) 7. (r, y) : (5, - 12)
r=.rm:25 r:ffi:m:.,M:13
sin0:"-v24 _r25
csc0:- sin o :f,- -# csc o :;: -#
r25 v24
sec0:-x7r25
cos Q =::
* cos e -;: * ::: f sec o
Y24 x7
tan 0 :I: -+
tan0-a:-
cot 0 : j: -*
cot 0
x7 v24
sin0:a
v 5'E Ar5
cscu:-
r29 y5
Axzfi
cosfl:-: -r6
sec6:-:
r29 x2
v5
tan0:-: x2
cot0:-:
x2 y5
11. (t,y) : (-2,9\
r:W:vGEf :..tr
.i,y99.rffi
----:
SrFro
r -- J85 85
csc 0:1-B
,ix-228 r .../65
cos s: -: 7:
r J85 85
sec0:-:
x
x2
tano-Y
x2- -Z cotd:--
y9
l99 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. sin 0 < 0 ==+ 0 lies in Quadrant III or in Quadrant IV.
cos 0 < 0 =+ 0lies in Quadrant I[ or in Quadrant I[.
sin 0< O and cos 0< 0 + 0 lies in Quadrant ltr.
15. sin 0 > 0 + 0 lies in Quadrant I or in Quadrant II.
tan 0 < 0 + in Quadrant II or in Quadrant IV.
g lies
sin 0> O andtan0< 0 0lies in Quadrant II.
-
17. cot 0 > 0 + 0lies in Quadrant I or Quadrant III
cos 0 > 0 + 0lies in Quadrant I or Quadrant IV
cot 0 > 0andcos 0 > 0 glies in Quadrant I
-
v?
L:
19. sin 0:
r) i + *:25 - 9 = 16 21. sin 0<0
-y<0
0inQuadrantlI-x--4 tan|=i=# +r-17
v3-r5v15rl7
sin 0: t : csc 0: :
;: -; 0:
;: -;
sin 0 csc
i ;:;
-x415-x8rI7sec0:;:-4
cos0:;=-i cos0=tr=E sec0:;:?
^y3^x4-yl5-x8
tano=;:-4 cot0= tan9:;:-; cot0:r:-G
y:-a
t')
23. sec0-L=::+y2:4-l-3
x-l 25. sinp:O+ e-nn
sin@>Qay:.,fi sec0:-1 +0=r
i=+ csc0:;=+
sino= sino:I:q:0
rry csc0:lisundefined.
xlr
coso:::-; seco=L:-Z coso:i:i=*, seco=i=-t
tzn1=l: -Jt cotg: L= -{
xy3xxy tan0:I:q=0 cot1=lisundefined.
tl. To find a point on the terminal side of 4 29. To find a point on the terminal side of 4
!
use any point on the line = -x that lies in use any point on the line y = b that lies in
Quadrant II. (-1, 1) is one such point. Quadrant III. (-1, -2) is one such point.
X=-1,):1,r=.0, X=-L,y--2,r=S
LJr^,=
srnr:O=z sin0=-#=-+ csce:+=-+
"r"g:JI
^t6t-B/?
cos0=-i=-t cos0=-,5=-; sec0:=:-.6
"u6:--h,
-2-1 I
tan6=-l cotp=-l tan0=:_1=2 cot0=-:;
2W PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31. (*,y) - (- l, 0) 33. (*, y)
- (0, 1) 35. (r, y) - (t, O)
rrx0
cot;:
sec ?r
x 'zyl-::: 0 seco:'xl-1- I
-l
37. (r, y) _ (- 1, 0) 39. 0 - 209"
cotr-!--*undefined 0' : 208" 180' : 28o
yu
41. - -245"
0 43. 0 - -292"
360" 245": 115" (coterminal angle) 0' :360" :
- 292" 68"
0':180' ll5": 65o v
t1 lln 5n
45. e-=coterminalwit
- fa*'+ri*.,tl .tri+ r
-
tvt r!t'rrE' tv
'rtr '
47. 0-3.5
J 3
0' : 3.5 7r - 0.3584
0':2n -Y:4
33 v
49. 0 - - 3.68 coterminal with 2n - 3.68 : 2.6032 51.. 0' : 45",
0' : n - rrrn - 3.68) - 0.5384 Quadrant III
sin225o : -sin 45o : -'e
2
cos 225o : -cos 45o : -O
2
tan 2250 : tan 45o : I
201 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. 0 - - 750' coterminal with 330'. Quadrant IV 55. e - - 240" coterminal with 120" . Quadrant II
0' :360' 330' - 30o
0' : 180' I20' : 60o
sin (-750") _ -sin - -t 30" fi
sin (
- 240") - sin 60o :
n 2
cos (-ZSO') _ cos 30" :
; cos (-240") - - cos 60o :
I
2
tan (-750") - -tan 30" : -fi
3 tan(-240") - -tan60o :-8
59. 0' :
7r
57. o-+QuadrantIV Quudrant IV
6,
.l rr\ n I
0':2n-+:t stn\-
6)- -srn 6: -t
( zr\ ir : fi
t'n\T/- , / "r\ - fi
. /s"'\ -srn\]/: cos\-
6)- cos
e 2
2
| 7r fi
/sz'\: cos (n\ : I tan\- "r\
6)- -tan 6: -T
\5/ t
cos
\T/
lsn\:-tan(;,)ln\ :
-6
""ftj
6L. 0' : II
0- -+.QuadrantII
f,, euudrant 63.
. lIn :smZ:
7r ,[Z
sm
o 2 0':t
ILrr n fi
cos
4: -cos;:- 2 ,i"(-+): :1
ltn rr "'(f) 2
tan
4 -tanT: -l : -,n2
cos (+): -cos(;)
vJE
'"n(-+): -tan(;) :- 3
65. sin 10" =z Q. 1736 67. tan240o =r 1.7321
69. cos(- 110") ^' -0.3420 71. sec(-280):#-J.7588
73. sin 0.65 :, 0.6052 75,, tan! : 0.3640
9
77. ,rr(-T) : .1,6-
I
-2'923E
srn\- g)
202 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l--7r
79. (a) sin 0 =
i + reference angle is 30o or
u
and eis in Quadrant I or Quadrant II.
Values in degrees: 30', 150'
Values in radian'.6,6
n 5n
lzr
(b) sin 0 = -, + reference angle is 30' or
; and 0 is in Quadrant III or Quadrant IV.
Values in degrees: 2l0,33C
Valuesinradians:
+ +
81. (a) csc g : 'l-A reference angle is oo" orf and 0is in Quadrant I or Quadrant IL
T -
Values in degrees: 60", 120"
zr 2r
values in radian t't'T
(b) cot Q - -l =+ reference angle is a5" or 0 is in Quadrant II or Quadrant IV.
f,and
Values in degrees: 135o, 3l5o
Valuesinradians:
+,+
ch
83. (a) sec g = -+ 5-O =+ reference angle is 4 or 30", 85. sin 0 : 0.8191
and 0 is in euadrant II or euadrant III. Quadrant I: 0 = sin-r 0.8191 - 54.99"
Quadrant lI: 0 = 180' - sin-r 0.8191 : L25.Ol"
Value in degrees: 150",210'
7o
,.
Valueinradians:5o
6r 6
(b) cos 0 : lrr 60',
-;=+reference angle is
5or
and 0 is in Quadrant tr or Quadrant III.
Value in degrees: 120",240"
Value in radians:
T,+
87. tan 0: 0.6524
Quadrant I: 0 = tan-1(O.6524) = 33.t2M"
Quadrant ItrI: 0 = tan-r(0.6574) + 180' = 2L3.1?,M"
89. sec 0: -1.2241 =+cos e - -0.8 169 91. sin0: -0.4793
Quadrant II: Q : 144.7783" Quadrant III: Q : 208.6397
Quadrant III: Q : 215.2217" Quadrant IV: Q - 331.3603
2A3 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
93. cos Q- 0.9848 + Q* 10.0026o
Quadrant I: Q = cos- r(0.9848) : 10.0026o
Qua$rant IV: 0 ^" 3600 - 10.0026o : 34g.gg'14"
95. tan0= L.L92 + Q- 50.0058o 97. sinO: -3
Quadrant I: 0 - tan-rI.I92: 50.0058o sin20+cos2e-I
Quadran! III: 0 = 180' + 50.0058o : 230.0058" cos2Q- 1 sin2o
cos2 Q: I (-3)'
cos2e- 1-*
cos2 g:#
cos 0>0inQuadrantIV.
cos 0:t
3
99. tan 0: 101. cose:1
2 8
sec2o- 1*tan20 ll
cos0-r*0==)sec0:;il
- r'\zl
oI * f1\'
o: +:9
sec2
sec2 o- I .1
sec
s/8 s
secze:E
4
sec 0<0inQuadrantIII.
sec 0: -trc
2
103. (a) t: I 105. sin0:g=+
d f,- L
sinO
r:45 - 23r"r[#,t 32)] : 25.2o F (a) Q = 30"
(b) | : 185
d--g---q--
sin 30o (l
12miles
'
r:45 - z3*'[#(l8s tr] :65.loF /2)
(c) | = 291
(b) Q = 90"
r: 4s - 23.*[#,2sr 32)] : 50.8o F
fl=+:q-(m1es
sin 90o I
(c) 0 - 120"
fl=,sin 9-
l20o=
=6.9miles
r(n. Farse.',"(?) * sin(tp)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
109. (a) 111. Answers will vary.
e 0" 20" 400 600 800
sin 0 0 o.3420 0.&28 0.8660 0.9848
sin(180' e) 0 0.3420 0.6428 0.8660 0.9848
(b) It appears that sin e - sin(180o 0) for all 0.
lL3. y : T-t
x -l 0 I 2 3
v
I I I 2 4
4 2
Intercept' (0, |)
Asymptote: 1l : 0
L15. Y: ln(x- 1)
Domain:r- l>0 x>1
-
x 1.1 1.5 2 3 4
v -2.30 -0.69 0 0.69 1.10
Intercept: (2,0)
Asymptote: x- I
ll7. 43-* - 726 119. lnx: -6
3 - x - lo&726 x:e-6-0.002479-0.002
: 3- lo& 726 : l\7?6 : - 1.7s2
3 - ln4
l2l. 123. ,,
,, ,
24
:g 7
cotg:3dj
opp 3 tan 0: 24:-9E,
ffi
hyp: -,ffi:,m hyp- -m:25
.Aopp33..rm
sm u: : sino:lPP:+
nr* n: 73 hyp 25
cos
,i adj: 8 8-m
a: A adi
cosA--:-
24
hyp Tll: z- hyp 25
adj :4
tano:oPf:1
adj 8 cota- opp 7
seco:bP:q
adj 8 sec 0:
#: ';
csc0:hyp:q
opp 3 csc
hYP
o: opp :T:7
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
I Youshouldbeabletography: asin(bx - c)and y: acos(bx - c).
I Amplitude: l"l
I Period, "lbl
I Shift: Solve bx - c _ 0 and bx - c _ 2n.
I Key increments:
f ,O*tod)
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Y:3sin2x 5x 2
3. Y: rcost F
J. Y:;sln
J
zff
Period t'n 7f
T: Period t 4r Period, "7r - z
Amplitude: l3l - 3 #:
Amplituo"
lsl:;s Amplitude: :?
l;l l3l
7- Y : -2 sinx 9. y:3sin6x : l2x
11. y
2r : U: !
4cos T
Period, 2n Period,
t 63 2T :3n
Amplitude: l-21 : 2 Period , 2/3
Amplitude: l3l -
:i
3
Amplitude:
lil
13. Y:3sin4'ox 15. /(x) : sin x 17. f(x): cos 2x
s@) :
I
Period, " s@):sin(r- rr) -cos 2x
4rr 2
The graph of g is a horizontal The graph of g is a reflection
Amplitude: l3l : 3 shift to the right zr units of the in the x-axis of the graph of f.
graph of f (a phase shift).
19. f(x) : cos r 21. f(x) : sin x
g(x) - -5 cosx f(.):4:sinx
The graph of g is five times the amplitude The graph of g is a vertical shift upward of
of f, and reflected in the x-axis. 4 units of the graphofl
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. The graph of g has twice the amplitude 25. The graph of g is a horizontal shift zr units
as the graph oft The period is the same. to the right of the graph of f.
27. f(x) = -2 sin x 29. f(x): cos r
Period: 2rr Period: 2r
Amplitude: 2 Amplitude: I
g(x) - 4sinx g(x) - 4- cos x is a vertical shift of the graph of/(x)
Period: 2n four units upward.
Amplitude: 4. v
v
31. /(x) : -:sin I
Period: 4n
Amplitude: I2
s(x) - s - tii" f is the sraph of/(r) shifted
vertically five units upward.
33. /(x) - 2 cos r
Period: 2n
Amplinrde: 2
g(x) = ), cos(x : zr) is the graph of/(x) shifted
zr units to the left.
35. Since sine and cosine are cofunctions and x 37. fIx) : cos .r
and x - (r/2) are complementary, we have
s@): -,i"(' -;):',"(; - t= cosr
sinx - ,or(r - 9. L)
Thus,flx) : g(x).
\
Period: 2rr
Amplinrde: I
2 \/
V
t'/
nv r{'V -2
\,/
-2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39. y : -2 sin 4x.
2n rr
Period:T -;.
Amplitude: 2
/
Key points: (0, 0), (g - 2), (I,r), (1f, 2),(;, r)
\8'
41. y: cos 2nc
2n :
Period, I
z7r
=
Amplitude: I
Key points: (0, lr, (i, 0), (;''), (i,o), (,, ,)
43. y: -2sinZnx
3
Period, ? :3
2n
T
Amplitude: 2
Key points: (0,o), (;,- r),(1,o), (3,il3,o)
\'-T),a:r,b- l, t:f,
zr\
45. y:rin/
Period: 2rr
Amplinrde: I
Shift Setx -!- 0 and x-X:rn
Kev poin,s:
;i,1*,, ;:,f ,n-,), (?,)
47. y:8cos(t: r)
Period: 2r
Amplitude: 8
Key points: (- r,rl, ( -;,0), {0, - 8I (;,0), t",, sl
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
| I
49. y : ,-r'r,
cos(6onc); a
,,
- ;, b_
,
6Or, c - 0
10
period,#:
*
Amplitude:
*
Key points: (', *), (*, 0), (*, -*), (rf, o), (*, *)
51. y:2 2sin+
Vertical shift 2 units
upward of the graph in
Exercis e #43.
2, I rr
s3. y:3,",( ;- X), a: t, o : 2,t :7
Period: 4tr
Amplitude: ?
3
Shift Set L
.t
L
- i: o and xIf.l
24 -.: z7r
7r 9n
x:-
2
x- 2
Key points: (;,?),(T o) (7,+),(T,o),(7,?)
s-
Jt. y : -2 sin( x : n) 57.
| "r\ :1
y: cosf2*-;)
Amplitude:2 Amplitude: I
7r
penoo: period: I
7
4
AA AA
VV VV
-4
209 PART I: Solutiois to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. y:5sin(zr-2*)_10 61. y:*sinl2Ont
20
o.o2
\ \ nV nV
-4
-0.02
Amplitude: 5
Period: rr
Amplitude: ft
Period: S
63. f(*) - r, cos x : d 65.f(x)-dcosx:d
Amplitude: ltg 0l - 4 Amplituoe: jfz (-s)] - 6
Since f(*) is the graph of g(x) - 4 cos x Graph of f is the graph of g (r) _ 6 cos x reflected
reflected about the x-axis and shifted vertically about the x-axis and shifted vertically I unit upward.
4 units upward, wo have a : -4 and d : 4. Thus f(*)- -6cos x:1.
Thus, f(*) _ -4 cos x : 4 - 4 - 4cos .r.
67. y: asin(bx - c) 69.y:asin(bx:c)
Amplitude: l"l - l3l. Amplitude: a - 1
Since the graph is reflected about the x-axis, Period: 2n -> b
wehavea_ -3. 7r
Phaseshift: bx:c -0when x-
4
Period, "b:rr+b-2
Phaseshift c- 0 0)i -c-0 ==) C: -!
4
Thus, Y : -3 sin 2x. :
"(" - x)
Thus, y si
71. lt : sin x 2
lz: -12 n n \
\./
\
\./
In the interval [-2rr,2rrf, sin x : -:when
X: -
5n rr 7 rr llrr -2
6, -6, 6, 6.
73. )r : cos r 2
lz:
o \ / \ /
V V
2 t,, t.t
In the interval [-2rr,Znf, cos x : fi,wnen x: 4T -Tr
-!-
T -4'
-{F
-
4
-2
2r0 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
nrt
75-y: 0.85 sin;
J
(a) (b) Time for one cycle : one period : 4 :6 sec
rrl 5
(c) Cycles per min :+: l0 cycles per min
77. S- 22.3 3.4cos!.
6'
l<t<12 79. h- 25 sin
fit, - 75)- 30
2A
(a)
135
o
Maximum sales: June
(b) Minimum: 30-25: 5 feet
Minimum sales: December
Maximum: 3O:25: 55 feet
81. C - : 2r.6rin(!: lo.e)
30.3 83. (a) p:2.55'"'(# - #):3.4s
\36s I
(a) period :ry : ,
2I: :
(2r/365) Y\365days
b (b)
This is to be expected: 365 days : I year o
o
o
(b) The constant 30.3 gallons is the average daily fuel o 1/'
consumption. 12
o
(c) 60
The graph fits the data fairly well.
Consumption exceeds 40 gallons /day when
I24 3 x 3 252. (Graph C together with y : 40).
ir :T 87. The amplitude changes from The graph
85. True. The period
fr of y
Lr"*r"3.
: - 3 sin x is a reflection in the x-axis of the
\ to/
graph of g (x) : 3 sin r
XA fi^
a=-3
\A'\A' -4
2rl PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
89. 'The period of the sign function'changes from 91. (a) h(x) : cos2 x is even.
.4nrr
4r to;JZ to;. (b) g(x) = sin2 x is even.
(c) h(*) : sin r cos x is odd.
f(x): I - 5' 5x-3 1
93.
2
is the parabola opening 95. f(x) - x x l4
downward. g (x) : cos x is periodic. :0,y :5 t2
Asymptotes: x I
-8 -6 -4 -2 246810
-4
-6
- 7x * 12 - x - 9 + 39
x2
:
97. f(x) - x*2 x*2 ss- -;:j(#) -200
Asymptotes: x : -2,y :x-9
ror.. -0.48 : -0.48(#) : -27.s02o
Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
I You should be able to gaph:
= atan(bx - c)
Y Y: acot(bx - c)
Y= asec(bx- c) y= acsc(bx- c)
I Whengraphingy = aseo(bx - c)ory = acsc(bx - c)youshouldknowtofirstgraphy -- acos(bx - c)
ory=csin(Dx:c)since
(a) The intercepts of sine and cosine are vertical asymptotes of cosecant and secant.
(b) The maximums of sine and cosine are local minimums of cosecant and secant.
(c) The minimums of sine and cosine are local maximums of cosecant and secant.
I You should be able to graph using a damping factor.
212 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. y : ,""1 3. y : tan2x
n
Period,?T-:4r Period,
r/2 2
Matches graph (g). Matches graph (0.
5. y * cotg 7. Y: -cscx
2
Period: 2r
Period, +
rrl z -
2
Matches graph (e).
Matches graph (b).
I
9. y:;tanx Ll. y: -ztan7x
J
Period in Perid:f,
Two consecutive asymptotes:
Two consecutive asymptotes:
7r,7r
x: _;an(lx:;
ZL 7r
2x- -;:r': Tr
L4
x _v 0
TT
71
2x- ;:r:7 7r
4 4 z+
v
_1 0 T x -8
7f
0 !
3 3 8
v 2 0 -2
I :
13. Y: -rsecr L5. Y -sec Irx
GraPh Y : -cos ax first.
Graph y: -tcosxfirst.
Period:r2n : 2
Period: 2n 7T
One cycle: 0 to 2rr One cycle: O to 2
2I3 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. y : sec ?rx - 3 19. y: rr. I
2
Reflect the graph in Exercise #15 about the
r-axis and then shift it vertically down three units. Cnaph y: sinf first.
2n
Period ,
u2:4n
One cycle: O to 4n
21. y : 1x
;cot;
Period,
n A
znr
W:
Two consecutive asymptotes:
x
t:O =:+ x:0
t= 7r ==+ x:2r
7r 3n
x 7r
2 2
T I
v 2
0 -,
23. y :
)r"z*
Graph y:l"or2xfirst.
z
Period,4: T
2
One cycle: 0 to er
2t4 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
2s. y - zanff
Periodt 4 - 4
rr/ 4
Two consecutive asymptotes:
1rx
- -rr ==+ x: -z
Irx 7T
42 -,t:z
x -1 0 I
v -2 0 2
27. y:csc(zr-t)
GraPh Y : sin(zr - x) first.
Period: 2n
Shift Set n- x:0 and n-x:2n
= -7f
29. y:2cot(t - ;)
Period: zr
Two consecutive asymptotes: x - ; -- 0 =+ * :
I
x - t: 7r+x:T
x
3r 7f
5n
4 4
v 2 0 -2
1x
y: trutt y:t""(" - X)
31. 33. Y: -2sec4x 3s.
-2
cos 4x
I
) ),
(t
4
V V /(
-3
\ I\
-4
(
215 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s7. y:i'",(' .;) 39. y -:sec(2x
z
I
- n)
:- I I
v :-
+tan(x .;) Zcos(2x - rr)
I 2
LL \_. U U
-8
l ) ( \(
-2
41. tanx: I 43. sec r : -2
x: 7n 3n rr 5n 2n 4n
4' 4 7,7 x-
3 3
45. The graph of f(x) == sec r has y-axis symmetry. Thus, the function is even.
47. lr: sinr r lz: : :cotx - I
csc and I 49. )r tr and lz
tan x
2
-2
Not equivalent because !r, is not defined at 0 Equivalent
sinxcscr:sin;r( -l ): l,sin x*o cotx
cos.r
: T-
x/ \srn sln r
51. flx): x cos r 53. s(r) : lxl sin r
As x + 0, f(x) --) 0. As x --) 0, S(x) --+ 0.
Matches gaph (d). Matches graph (b).
216 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
55. /(x) : sinx * cos[Ix * ;)'g(x) -0 s7. t@: sin2 x, g(x) :
Irt cos 2x)
\
f(x) : g(x)
f(x) : g(x)
The graph is the line y : 0.
2
nn nn
-2
-2
59. f(x) _ e-x cos .r 61. f(x) - 2-'/+ cos rrx
Damping factor: e-x
-Z-,/q <fG) g2-Lu/+
The damping factor is y : 2-'/q
Ir'\ -3
Asx-+ q,f(x) + 0.
Asx* oo, f +0
6
63. Y: -x + cos.r 65. 2
As x --+ 0, from the right, y +
^l
oo.
\A^
v -
As x + 0. from the left, ! 1- oo. -
c -1
sin x
[^ at As x tends to 0, approaches l.
vv"\
I.^,.r....
vvv
-
x
-6
67. f(x) :T
tan x
69. tanx :; 5
d
5
As x -4 0, f(*) -+ I d- - :5cotx
tan x
6
L)
l r -8
2r7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. As the predator population increases, the number of 73. (a)
prey decrease. When the number of prey is small, the
number of predators decreases.
(b) The displacement function is approximately
periodic, but damped. It approaches 0 as r
increases.
75. S- 52+5t-Zgcos nt
6
77. (a) If a spring of less stiffness is used, then c will
be less than 8.2.
(a) (b) If the effect of friction is decreased, then b
will be greater than 0.22: 0.22
ecl
tzo
3asp_-
€E
€€ 60
€30
C,)
"1.,i,,u*:JUi
(b) least sales: January
(t : l, S - 32.75 thousand units)
greatest sales: June
(t - 6.66,9 - 111.64 thousand units)
79. True. -+ . n : -fand x : -f i" uvertical asymptote for the tangent function.
8L. True.2'sinx+ 0asx+ -oo.
E3. For/(.x) = csc.r, as x approaches zr from the left,/ approaches o. As x approaches rr from the right,/
approaches -rc.
2 2
!r: *(r in(mc) + J rin tl"))
nfl
8s. (a)
t1 n "1 n
lz :1(rin1 mc). sin (3 mc) . i sin *i)
(5
w \"/ w t'J t" tJ
7r\ + -2 -2
t\
tn
2
(b) lt - l(rin( mc). sin (3 rx) .isin(5mc)+ 0-'))
?r\ + isin
n
tJ t"u U
4l
- -[?r\ sin(zx) . i sin (5 mc) .
-2
(c) lq
+
sin (3 rnc).
+sin
(7 rnc) . ; sin (eax))
218 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
E7. Not one-to-one E9. One-to-one.
y:4F
x- effi
x3:y-5
!:x3+5
f-t(*)=x3+5
91. hyp : l$mt - frj
sino:h cos o-h
tan0:h cor0:+
csco =g secg:#
Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
t You should know the definitions, domains, and ranges of y : *"tin r, y - arccos x, and y : arctan.r.
Function Domain Range
y=.arcsinx + r-siny -ls.r<l -i=r=i
zz
y: arccos x + x: cosy -l < x< I O<y3n
7r 7r
y:arctanx ) a=tany -@<x<@ -rara,
I You should know the inverse poperties of the inverse trigonometic functions.
sin(arcsinr) = r, -l Sx31 and arcsin(siny) = ,, -I=r=I
z2
cos(arccos.r) : x, -l (x< I and arccos(cosy): y, O<y1r
tan(arctanx) = x and arctan(tany) = t, -1.t.!,
I You should be able to use the triangle technique to conv€rt tigonometric functions of inverse trigonometric
functions ino algebraic exp'ressions.
219 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbercd Exercises
1. (a) x - 1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
v - 1.5709 -0.9273 -0.u35 -0.4115 -0.2014
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I
v 0 0.2014 0.4115 0.&35 0.9273 1.5709
(c) 2 (d) (0, 0), Symmetric to the origin
-2
3. (a) x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
v - 1.47ll -l.Mu - 1.4056 -1.3259 - l.lwl
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
v 0 1.1071 r.3258 1.4056 l.Mu 1.47 ll
(c) 2 (d) Horizontal asymptotes: y : *!,
a
)
-2
,un(-i) : - 1 =+ arctan(- l) - -T4 l) : n .( zr\
s. 7. arcsin(- -t+srn\-t) = -l
g. (a) y : : !o
arccos
;*cos y .: )rcrg<yS 7+y 3 l.o4'l
(b) y = arccos0:+cos y:0for0< y<n+y:;:1.57!
11. (a) .rror( -+):+:2.356
(b) -rrin( -+): -!: -0.78s
: I l\ I
rr+y:T:2.094
13. (a) y arccos\-r)
-
cos Y: -, for0SyS
(b) y= afcsm .o,fi==+SlnY: for-fsy<;-y:Oo:0.785
Z 2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
15. (a) arcsin (- l) - -!2 - - Y:arccosx (-l ,rr), (-:,
L.571 17.
x: cosy \L T),e,d
(b) arccos (l) - 0
19. (a) arcsin(-0.75) : -.85 21. (a) arcsin 0.41 - O.42
(b) arccos(-0.7) - 2.35 (b) arccos 0.36 - 1.20
(a) arctan 0.98 - 0.78 25. f(x) _ sin x 1
(tb**
(b) arctan 4.7 - 1.36 s(x) - arcsin x
Y:x -1.s
.-{"'"'r,r'f,
-1
4
cos0:; 29. tan0:
27.
#
0 - urrro, 1 0-ur*un(#)
3L. tan (arctan 35) : 35 33. sin (arcsin (-0.1)) _ -0.1
| 7zr\ 7r
37. arcsin
- 1.7"r\ . ( O\ - -T7r
arcsin
35. arccos Icos
\ Ll +l- arccos (o)
2 \sin T)- \- , /
.3 :
39. Let u = arcstn
5,
41. Let u urrrun( -+)
3rr
::,0<u<- 12n
sin n
) '2' tanu: -?'-;<u<o'
,"r(-.tt" 1) : :hyp-5
SCCZ
adj 4 ""[*'"'(-?)]
:csc
':H: _13
12
22r PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. Let u : arcsin[
/1\
- 45. Let u: arctan
U
\ 8l' lt' .
sin u
3ir
: -8'-t<u<o' tanu:!,0<
ll
u.!2'
: tanu:
36 / 6\ adj
""[u"'in(j)] 6 + _1l
55
\n/
cot{ arctan |
opp 6
47. Let u : arctan x, 49. Letu: arcsin (x l),
tan u
x
sinr - x - 1
x-l
I
\ffi
sec[arcsin (x - l)] : sec ,, : hyp
: :l----
_opp_ adj 5R
sin(arctan x) - sin z
hvp ffi,
51. Let u: ur.tun l, 53. Let u : arcsln
. x-h
x r
tanu: -.
1 x-h
sin z
x
| 1\ :
cot\arcru";) cotu =.adj:x !ffi
opp
I
cos\arcsrn -
x ft\ ffi
, ):cosrr:
?,2:2 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
55. /(x) s..Ifarcsirn
1ffi*z :u'
6
g(x) then sin z : ffi
2
\ -2
Asymptote: x: 0
These are equal because:
ffix
arcslnT: arccose
Let u: ur..o,f.
lx\
tan\arc"or : tan u-
R
r)
.x
59. If or+ : ,,
arcc 61. y = arcsln;
2
thencos ,:+. -23x32
Domaiir:
fiTr
Ranget -tsy S,
/
/l l,m/ 1.57
/
/l/l rl
/
-r.57
x-2 ffi
arccos
L = arctan x_,2
63. g(t) : arccos(t + 2) 3.14
Domain: -3<tS-l
This is the graph of y- arccos t shifted two units to the left.
o
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. f(*) : rr * arctan x
Dornain: (- oo, oo)
67. f(x) - arccot
;
Domain: l-4,41
Range,(4.&)
\2' z I Range: [0,
"r]
eg. f(t) - 4 cos rrt * 3 sin zrr
4\
Frzrin( rt *arcru"t)
\
- 5 ,in(nt + arctan i)
\ 3l
6
\/1/\ \t]AI
V\/\l VVV
-6
+ : @Frir(rr
*) " *"
The graph suggests that A cos @t Bsin crrt * arcran
7t. (a) tan e=fi
t: -"""(;)
(b) when.r = 400, 0 : arctan (#) : 0.4900 ( = 28.07")
when s : 1600, 0: arctan(#) : r.r325( = 64.89')
73. (a) 0 - arctan (#) : 26.0" (.4srad)
(b) tan (26.0o) :L
50
h - 50 tan (26.0") : 24.4 feet
224 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7 5. Area : arctan b arctan a (b) a: -l,b : I
(a) a:0,b- I Area : arctan 1
Area : arctan I arctan 0 - ! - O: !
44
4 \ 41 2
(c) a:0,b-3 (d) a- -I,b - 3
Area : arctan 3 arctan 0
Area
-1.25-0-1.25
: I.25 -.r'::-'r-fi'l*,
\ 4l
77. (a) tan 0 :
fi
x
0:= arctan ,
(b) Whenx:5,
0 - arctan
*:
14.0o, (0'24rad)'
When x - 12,0 : arctan 31.0o. - (0.54 rad.).
X-
sln.x
79. False.tanx:-,
cos r
8L. y : arcsecxif andonly if secy :
xwhere.rS -1Ux> I and 0<y <nf2and nf2<y<rr'
The domain of y, arcsec x is (-oo, - l] u [1, oo) and the range is lO, rr/2) u (rr/2, n]-
83. (a) y - arcsec O==+ <;u;.y s T==+ y : i
sec y _ Oand 0<y
71 7r
(b) y:arcsec1==+secy: Iand0SY<;u;.YSn==>Y:0
(c) y :arccot( - fi)==+ cot y : - fiand tr:+ y : +
0<y<
(d) y : arccsc 2 y - zand -;S y < 0 U 0 < y S;=+ y : !6
-csc
225 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7r
85. v - arctan(-.r) 87. lz:; z
- lr
tan y
7r
: -x, -;<v<- 7r
I
Lr2 arctanx*arctan-:lt *lz
x
-tan Y -x lrr \ n
7r
tan(-y) -- x.'2J2
7f
:lt +\z-r,):t
arctan(tan(-y)) : arctan x
-v : arctan x
v - -arctan x
: .x
89. arcsrn x arcsln- -----' +
- arctan
1 Jt - xz
,VG
: l9n coterminal I9n 5n
91. - 585" coterminal with 720' - 585o 135' 93. -i with 6n - i: t.
Quadrant II
Quadrant III
Reference angle 0' : 45"
sin (-585') :42 Reference angle 0' : !4
6 . I lgzr\ O
srn\-
cos (-585"),2
- -+ 4 )-- 2
tan (- 585') : - I I lgzr\ - O
cos\- 4 /: 2
| 192\
tan\-i): I
95. ! :2 cos (x +n) 97.
, lr \
y:4cot\;.): 4
-:71 \.
an\'x
v
)
Asymptotes: x : 0, r : 2rr, x : -2Tr, . . .
226 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 4.8 Applications and Models
I You should be able to solve right triangles.
I You should be able to solve right triangle applications.
I Youshouldbeabletosolveapplicationsof simpleharmonicmotion: d.: asinwtord: acoswt
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Given: A _ 25",b- 10 3. Given: B - 7I", b :24
tanA : + +a : bb24a : :
rr" -
tan B 8'26
D ; - tur., B on
b' r'. sinB :;
bb24c :
=bc +c- cosA --
,irr7f -
cosA 25'38
--10
,o,(zf)-Il'03 ==+
rirB
B:90"-25":65o A: 90o - 7I" : 19o
B B
C b=10 A
5. Given: a : 6,b - 16 7. Given: b - 18, c : 42
c2 : az + b2 +c - -r@, - L7.W a_ JG-Fz - ..M - 37.95
a 6 : /e\
tanA_
; -- ft- oA_ arctan t;/ - 20.s6" cosA --
#+A: arccos (+) - 64.62o
B:90o-20.56":69.M" t 9oo 64'62" : 25'38o
B ,:
;:x, \
"-_h
a=61
\
b=16 /
C a=tg A
227 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. A :12"L5', c- 430.5
LL. tanl:#
B - 90o - 12" L5' : 77" 45'
sin 12" 15' :# h-!utune
z
a -- 430.5 sin 12" 15' : 9L.34
*
h- ltol tan 52o 2.56 in.
z
cos l2o 15' - 'b
430.5
b- 430.5 cos 12' 15' * 420.70
B
: : :
L3. tan g
{ + h = )f14.2)tan
0 (41.6o) 6.30 feet
)utan
;b--
15. (a) tan 0 : 17. (a) sin 0 :
h
IL 20
60
h- 20 sin 0
f
tan 0
:60cot0
(b) e 600 650 70" 75" 90"
h r7.3 18. 1 18.8 19.3 19.7
(b) e 10" 20" 300 400 50'
L 340 165 IM 72 50
(c) No, the shadow lengths do not increase in
equal increments. The cotangent function
is not linear.
19. (a) (b) Let the height of the church : x and the height of the
church and steeple : y.Then:
tan 35o : and tan 47o 40' :
* *
x -- 50 tan 35o and y: 50 tan 47" 40'
h:y - x- 50(tan47" 40' tan35")
(c) ft:19.9 feet
22E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
21. sin31.5o: '!-
4000
23. tan 0 :H
: /ts\
4000 sin 31.5o e - arc
:tan
\6/ - 38.29" 7s
: 2089.99 feet
zs.sino:lffi 27. Since the airplane speed is
o,n"rn(4ooo\
(rr rg)l,uo is) : r6,soo +,
o- arcsin\ \ sec/ \ mln/ mln
4rso)
after one minute its distance travelled is 16,500 feet.
Q: 74.5"
d :. 90" - 74.5" _ 15.5" -
sin l8o : a
16,500
orro- a : 16,500 sin 18o
^' 5099 ft
-4- L
29. sin 9.5"
x - 4 sin 9.5o : 0.66 mile
31. The plane has traveled 550(1.5) _ 825 miles
sin 32o : a - 437.2 miles north
#-
cos 32o : b : 699.6 miles east
#r-
33. 0 - 32", 0 : 68". Note: ABC form a right triangle.
(a) a:90o 32":58o
Bearing from A to C: N 58'E
(b) P,:o-32"
y:90"- Q:22"
C-B+Y:54"
)
tanc: ;d + tan 54" : ; ==+ fl = 68.82 yd
50
:
35. tan 0
; - 0: 55.0o
Bearing: N 55.0'W
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37. tan 6.5o : fl : 3071.91 ft
+ ==+
350
tan 4o - D
=+ P :5005.23 ft
Distance between ships: D fl - 1933.3 ft
39. tan5'7":g
x -> x: acotsl"
tan 16" - x* ?
(ss /6)
tan 16" :
a cot 57" + (55 /6)
:' a cot 57" + (55 /6)
cot 16"
a
a cot 16" - a cot 57o :655 ==+ a - 3.23 miles
:, 17,054 ft
Lr: 3x - 2y : 5 + y: ::
41.
:. - :+ mt
Lz: x* y:1 ==) y: -x* I + ffiz: -l
tana:lffil :l#l:s
arctan 5 : 78.7"
43. The diagonal of the base has a length of -,,ffi : {zo.
Now, we have:
a1
tan9:A:O
t',
I
o - arct
:ans t
^rE,o
Q - 35.3"
45. cos 30o :b
r
b : cos 30"r
b :6' 2
| 6,-\
v :2b-zl:=l:,fr,
\21
230 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
d
47. sin 36o: ==+ fl: 14'1068 49. tan 35o : ? '
* 10
Length of side: 2d : 28.2 inches b: lOtan35o -J
l0
cos 35
a
10
a: ;;;F: r2'2
51. fl=4cosBrt 53.
,1
d-*sinl40rt
(a) Maximum displacement : amplitude : 4 : :
(a) Maximum displacement amplitud"
: :: P *
(b) Frequency
LTT LIT (b) Frequency - #: #
- { cycles per unit of time
(c) 8n:;
rrl :
==> ,: 1A cycles per unit of time
G
(c) L4Ort:T+ l:-l-
140
55. d - 0 when t - 0, a : 8, period - 2 57. d - 3 when |- O, a : 3, Period : 1.8
Use d - a sin rryf since d : 0 when /: 0 Use d - a cos wf since d = 3 when t: O
2nA:
Z - If +:1.8=+w
:f;n
-w -W
Thus,d-Ssinzrr
rhus, d-3cos(#"r)
59. d-asinat
2nl
Period : -''
(t) frequency
2n: I
@ 264
('):27T{264):528n
I
61.. y:icosl6t,
-4 t>0
(a) g:
T
^^^^-r'
(b) Period r2n -= g seconos
16
l,rrrr :0 when l6t : :
|
(c)
i cos 16 V =+ fiseconds.
231 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
63. S(r)
(a) (b) The period is 12 months, which corresponds to I year.
(c) The anrplitude is I.4L This gives the maximum change
in time from the average time (18.09) of sunset.
65. (a) I
a (b) a + ;(14.30 - 1.70) + 6.3
ct l5 z an
r? t2 2n 7r r?
cl l5
='o
3b
goE 9 ;*b6 12 ==+ b +- ii,: t2
b.9 SE 9
>= 6 b.e 6+
>=
<'E <'=
Shift: ct +
a
'a?
3
14.3 6.3 + 8 ; 3+
L-l-+..|--i.-l-+.1.i--l-+-t-l-,F,
r'r3*norr L;-l,Ui S+d + acosbt 2 4 6 8 10r2
Month(l e January)
s+8+6.3r"r/9)
2r \6/
(c) Period: ,- + L2 The model is a good fit.
rrl o
This corresponds to the 12 months in a year. Since the sales of outerwear is seasonal, this is reasonable.
(d) The amplitude represents the maximum displacement from the average sale of 8 million dollars. Sales are great-
est in December (cold weather *
holidays) and least in June.
67. False. The other acute angle is 90o - 48.1' + Then tan (41.9') +4 + + 22.56.tan(41.9')
41.9o.
adj #+a
69.
xzI 2x3*x2-x-6
x*6 b+1 (r+ 6)(2x+ 1)
71.
3x2 - l3x+4 x3 + 3x2 - 18x
+
(x - aX3x - l) . x(x - 3Xx + 6)
x2+ 8x* (x+2)(x+6)
a
12 I2xz - 4x 4x(3x - 1)
+
(r- a)(*- 3) +0,-6,+
a(* + 2)
,x
73. eb + 54 75. ln (xz +t) + 3.2
bc + ln54 x2 +1 + e3'2
x * ltn s+ - t.gg4 x + tm _*4.951
77. arc cos 0.13 - L.M or 82.53" 79. arcsin (-0.11) : -0.11 or -6.32"
232 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Review Exercises for Chapter 4
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. 40" or 0.7 radians 3. 250" or 4.4 radians
5. (a) (b) Quadrant I 7. (a) (b) Quadrant III
(c)
fr+ 2,rr: 33n
T6
9n
(c) -15 *2rr: 2Ln
15
#- 2r: _3ln
T6
l5 -
-97 2r: 39n
15
rr 3n
L'2 4 -*:4
; - -:
9. Complement: 1L. Complement:
88 10 5
rr 7rr
Supplement: n- -:88 Supplement: n -#:#
5n rad lg0' tto"
-3.5 rad : -3.5 rad ' n rad - -2W.54"
5rr rad _i=
13. .
128.57" 15.
7 n rad
17. (a) 19. (a)
(b) Quadrant I (b) Quadrant III
: 400o
(c) 40" + 360' (c) -110"+360":250"
40o-360o: -32O" -110' 360"_ -470"
21. Complement: 90" - 8o : 82" 23. Complement: not possible
Supplement: lS0" - 8o : 172" Supplement: 180o l7l" : 9o
25. 135" L6'45" : (f lS + ffi + #)o o, 135 .28o 27. 5" 22' 53" : (S + # + #)o ^, 5.38"
29. 135.29o: 135" + (0.29x60)' 31. -95.360: -[95 + 0.36(60)]: -85"2136',
: 135" 17' 24"
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33. 480" :480o . :+rad - B.3776rad
#
45'- : J ' T:?! =
3n , :
1g0" -Grad
35. -33' -33.75o -33.75" = -0.5890 rad
37. J _ r0 39. J- r0 41. s=r0
25 - 120 600 : $78e
)5
r - zo(138")# Q-0.094-J.39'
0 - z:2.083
LZ s - 48.171 m
43. cott: cos
+: -t 4s.cosy:--F-
62
^'-2n-fi
sin/: stnS: .5rr I
srn?:
z t
/ E
(*,y): (-:,*) (r,y):(_+,;)'\
\ 2'2)
7n
,7, srn6 I / 2n\ . l+n\ : I
+t. --t 4e. sin( -;): -;
"r(;/
7n6 l2n\
cos\-T): I
cos
6:- 2 -,
7n1fi / 2rr\ /=
tanT: g: 3
tan(
\
-+l:
J/
6
1 fi
7n
cotl: 6 --'\l2rr\
COtt
3l1:- a 3
7n
secu 2 2-E I 2n\| :
- - 4: \-:-3l -2
sec[
7n
cscT
( 2n\ -
csc\-T 2 - z,n
- -2 ): 6: 3
. ltn\: O
sl.,'"(f) :,,n\o/ . (ln\ : I
T s3.,i"( -+) - r,"(?) -,
I (( cot2.3:
55. nni)2
m: -0.89
-- cosT:
5/. 5n I
2
59. The hypotenuse is ffi - @ - z.fi.
. A opp 10
Drrr- hyp 26-
sln r''
u
5 5.6 cos0-+
vL'Dv
adi 12
- hyp 26
6 66
6 6l 6- 6l
csc 0
16 sec 0
r6
sin0 5 cos0 6
tano-ePg_lq_l t6 :-
cot0 tan0
adj 12 6 5
2y PART I: Solutions to Odd.Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. The oppposite side is ffi :../61 - 16 : G
sino-9PP:€
hvp 9 cos o--g{-:!
-hvp9
AI99G
cscu--- o: -1-
srno G- 65
sec
cos0-24
tan o-
oPl : q 14
cot0: tan0-
- 4G
adj 4 G- 65
63. csc 0tan 0
I sinO: I
sec g 65. (a) cos 84" : 0.1045 (b) sin 6" -
- Q.1045
- 0
sin cos 0 cos 0
-:
69. sin 50' :
h
67. (a) cos
i - 0.707 1 (c) t""[ - 1.4142
L2
h - 12 sin 50"
- 9.2m
71. x: IZ,y : 16 I
r-m:1m:20 sin 0 --:::+r: 2,8 csc 0::
I 'z
v4
sin0:ar5
r5 53
csc 0
y4 x7 _7.8 g: -8
- r --:J53
cos e sec
x3 r5 53
cos e*
r5
sec0:-x3 v2 cot0: -,
7'
tan0----
v4 x3 x7
tan0:--
x3
cot0:-:
y4
75. x:'1,r:: 77. sec 0 :
:,
An 0< 0 ==+ 0 is in Quadrant IV.
r:
r:6,x:5,!: - j66 -'N : -fr
"1
slnu:-:
yfr csc0:
6,fr
. ,i y
DrrrL'-
atn g
6/2) 15 $,m r6 l1
r (m/d 6- 241 x5
cos0--:,
r6 sec0::
.ix(2/3)446
v'Dv-
nn^ g
r (A/d 6- z4l
tan0:L:,
v
x
fr cot0:
5JiT
l1
tano -Y:\t-/ .'-),:Ir
x (2/3) 4 v
csc o _r _(4lo) :
2.m _6
v (s /2) 30 15
A-L-Qmrc) .r@t
secu:-=- -
ccoto:;:&1':"
y /2) ls (s
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
?
79. sin0:;, cos0<0 + 0 is in Quadrant II.
y = 3rf :8,r: -8
g
sino -Y:3
r8 csc0:
3
Ax8 9..6
cosa:-:
r8
sec0=
I 55
v3
mn u: -: --=:
3,8 cot0: I
x J55 55
81. :trln!: 6 uJ.
arA."
-
in
=
.rr fi
slnt: 85. cos e2 : -{
- -cos 45o
sln
-3 T 4g5"
87. tan 33" o, 0.65 sec
I2rr I
89.
5 = "or(rzn/s\:3'24
: 4n
91. Reference angle: 2@" - 180" 84o 93. Coterminal angle: 2n - +55-
Referenceangle: n*+:i
95. 240o is in Quadrant III with reference angle 60o. 97. -210" is coterminal with 150' in Quadrant II with
reference angle 30o,
sin 240o : -sin 60o - -*
sin(*210):sin(30"):1
2
cos 240o : -cos 60o : -+
z
cos (-210) : -cos(30') : -rn
2
_6_
: 2
:6
tan240o
_t
2
tan(-2ro') :4: -+: -*
2
99. -Tis coterminal with
Tin Quadrant IV with 101. -;is coterminal with
+.
reference angr"
X. ,i"(-t): -r
.(e?r\
srn\- /z\ - O
4 ): -srn\z/: 2 cos
?t)=g
| 9zr\: ln\ : O
cos
\-T/ cos\A/ T ,un ( -;)is underined
lgzr\
ran\-T):Z: -r
-+
236 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
I lJ3\
(',y):(-;,t),r-r /.'61\
(r,y): l
103. 105.
t-f,-;),r:
.2r y 6
smT:;: . 7n y
sm7:;: I
2 -,
2nxl
cosT:;: 7rrx6
-' cos
6:;: - 2
2ny
tan!:i: 7rryI6
-6 tanT:;: A: 3
lW. f(*) : 3 sin x, Amplitude: 3 109. f (*) : lsin x, Amplitude: J
y -v
2n 2n
_:
111. Period:
7r
, - 2 amplitude: 5 11.3. Period:
7r
Tr, amplitude: 3.4
L1.5. Y:3cos2mc ll7. f(*) - 5 ,in f
Amplitude: 3 Amplitude: 5
2n -
Period r';: I t
Period
z/s: )rr
rle. f(.): -icos (;) r2r. fl.) : ]sin(x - n)
Amplitu a"r] Amplitude:
:
Period,T : 8r Period: 2rr
4 shift:
x- 'fr:O and fi- rr:2f
x:7r x:3n
237 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
rzs. f(*) - 4rin (' - t)
Amplitude: 4
Period:2n
Shift: to right
t,
rr\ lx
125. f(*) : _3 cos \;_;)
Amplitude: 3
2n : 4rr
Period:
t
2
A..a x 7r 7r
Shrtt:
; 4
-0=9y: 2
L 7f 5rr
2 2
r27. f(*): -2 cos (, - t) rzs. f(*): -4 cos (r. - ;)
rt 1x
131. S - 48.4 - 6.1 cc,t? 133. f(.) - ;tan;
56
0 12
Maximum sales: / : 6 (June)
Minimum sales: / : 12 (December)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
135. t(r): -tu"ff r37. f(x): -io"T
Period: 'T--4 Period: ! : 2
@/a)
!
Asymptotes: x: -2,x:2 2
Reflected in x-axis
Two consecutive asymptotes:
x -l 0 1
Irx 7f
I 0 -1
v
-22
7rx 7r
-.1:--)t:l
22
,v
+ a
a
3 II
a
a
a
2 f
i
a
a
I .l-
a
-l+!
a
-z* a
a
a
a
-3.i. a
13e. on(*- *)
f(*): +4 ---- \-- 2l
l4l. f(*): I cot|
Period: zr
Period, : 2r,
Two consecutive asymptotes: !
,
x-t:-;=g1:o Two consecutive asymptotes:
x - 4:4
22 =9 x: 7r x
, -0+x=Q
x
-:
2
t+x:2r
239 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
143. f(*) : rcot (x -;) 14s. f(x): | ,". "
Period: zr Period:2n
Two consecutive asymptotes:
71
x-i:Q==e*:; 7r
7r
x-r:rr-x-T 3n
147. f(*): +
4
csc ?s r4s. f(r): ,", (r - i)
Period: zr
Secarrt function shifte d right
ito
151. f(*) - 2 sec (x - n)
y : 2 sec x shifted rr to the right
240 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
1s3. f@: ,r.( t. -;)
/
Graph: y - sin\3x -;)nrst
2n
Period:
3
Shift: 3x -' 2 : o and3x-;--2n
7T 5n
x:
6 6
155. f(*) - d sin 2x Dampingfactor:y- d 157. f(*) - x sin zrx Dumpingfactor:y - x
v v
+
s-i-
o{ a
a
s+
-4 -3 -2 -l
-5
-10 t
-tr +
159. (a) arcsin 1 : sin : - I 16r.. (a) arccos (*):
+because
LZ Xbecause
cos
i: *
+: _fi
(b) arcsin 4 is undefined
(b) arccos (-+):+because cos
2
163. (a) arccos (0.42) - 1.1374 L65. (a) arctan (- 12) -' - 1.4877
(b) arcsin (0.63) : 0.6816 (b) arctan (21) - 1.5232
167. sino:# 1Q-arcsin(#)
169. Let Y - arcsin(x - 1). Then, l7l. Let y : arccos +Then cos y
x2
:-and
4-xz 4-xz
siny: (x - 1): ?and siny :
secy:#:ffi ffi
,lW
'
,./
,/1 |
,--l'-
'
y./1
= 4az,
2m
:14'
-@\2
lJ<+-,2)2
x2
-
?AI PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
173. tan 1'10', -L
3.5
lol0'
\i o
3.5
a: 3.5 tan 1o 10'
0.071 km
175. r :490(1.8) - 882 miles
882 cos (46") - $12.7 miles north
882 sin (46") - 634.5 miles west
177. Use cosine model with amplitude 3 feet. 179. False
Period
- 15 seconds.
y:3cos (T,)
3tr '
1g1. False.
T it not in the range of the arctangent 183. If the radius increases, the speed of the tip
increases.
function.
42 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 4 Practice Test
I Express 350" in radian measure. 2. Express (5 n) /9 in degree measure.
:
/
3 Convert 135' L4' L2" to decimal form. 4. Convert - 22.569o to Do M S
//
form.
3 If cos 0 - l, ur" the trigonometric identities 6. Find 0 given sin 0 : 0.9063.
to find tan 0.
7. Solve for x in the figure below. 8. Find the magnitude of the reference angle
for g: (6n)/5
,,,x
9. Evaluate csc 3.92. 10. Find sec 0 given that 0 lies in Quadrant III
andtan0:6.
11. Graphy: 3sinf. 12. GraPhY: -2cos(x- r).
y : y: -rrr(t * 4l
\ +)
L3. Graph tan2x. 14. Graph
15. Graph y : 2x + sin x, using a graphing L6. GraPh y : 3x cos x, usin g a graPhing
calculator. calculator.
l7 . Evaluate arcsin 1. 18. Evaluate arctan(-3).
rin(*rror+\.
19. Evaluat",v eurrrvlY\rrr 20. Write an algebraic expression for cos[*""
5s), i).
For Exercises 2l-23, solve the right triangle.
21. A:40o, c: 12 22. B:6.84o, a =21.3 23. a:5, b-9
24. A 2O-foot ladder leans against the side of a barn. Find the height of the top of
the ladder if the angle of elevation of the ladder is 67o.
25. An observer in a lighthouse 250 feet above sea level spots a ship off the shore.
If the angle of depression to the ship is 5o, how far out is the ship?
CHAPTER
Analytic Trigonometry
Section5.l. UsingFundamentalldentities . . . . . . . , . . .244
Sectioni.z verifyingTrigonometricldentities ........ .zsl
Sections3 SolvingTrigonometricEquations . . . . . . . . .256
Section 5.4 SumandDifferenceFormulas . . . . . . . . . . .265
Section 55 Multiple-Angle and Product-Sum Formulas . . .272
ReviewExercises o . . , . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . .2gl
PracticeTest ... ............. o.. .. . r. ,..2gg
2/'3
CHAPTER 5
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 5.L Using FUndamental ldentities
I You should know the fundamental rigonometric identities.
(a) Reciprocal Identities
sinr - -
1
csc U
cscU:.-
sln u
1
1 I
cos, - sec tl
SEC U cos U
I sinu I cosu
tanu-
u-
cot u
cot cos u tan u sin u
(b) Pythagorean Identities
sinzu * cos2rz- I
1 * tanz u: secz u
1 *co|Pu:csczu
(c) Cofunction Identities
.ln
ttn\t \ cosu
ln - \ : sin u
")- "otlz ")
ln \
,u"\t cotu
ln\ tan
"): "o,\t "):
lrr \
t"t(Z ")- csctr ttt(iln\ ")- sec
(d) Negative Angle ldentities
sin(-r) : -sinx csc(-x) : -cscr
cos(-x) = cos.r sec(-x) : sec 'r
tan(-.r) : -tanr cot(-x) = -cot r
I You should be able to use these fundamental identities to find function values.
I You should be able to convert trigonometric expressions to equivalent forms by using the fundamental
identities.
I You should be able o check your answers with a graphing utility.
24
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. sin x : , : ;-> .D
+, cos x is in Quadrant I 3. secO: O,, sinO: -t =+ 0isin
.rfr Quadrant IV.
tanx:H:+:6 .1
cosa-
llo
, seco O- z
A o: -fi/z
sin
cotx:#:+:* tano:
ror o W: -lI
I
0:
secr- cosI r -2 -l
cot
tan 0
-:
csc g: -O
,t :+:'{
cscr: sinx J3 3
5. tan x : r: # ==+ x is in Quadrant III 7. sec rf :
-1, sin rf - 0 i=+ Q: 7r
*,sec
cos Q: -l
cotx :+ tan$ - 0
cot @ is undefined.
cos x: -# csc rf is undefined.
n
slnr:-m: "' zs
cscr: l-
sinx-
_a_
7
g. sin( -x): -sin x
.2
: -? -> slnr: LL. tan 0 : 4, sin 0 < 0 0 is in Quadrant III
3- t ->
.22$
:7,
srnr tanx : x isin
secp: -m:-fr
r5 I --n
Quadrant II.
cos e-
n-- n
vr -;
I
cot0-;4
cosx: -rc:
cot x
16 sing:-re: I -+: fr
tan x 2
sec.r :
r-
I
cos
3.8 : -4fr
t7
- l3
cscx =: .-.- csc o: -fr-
sinx 2 4
13. sin0: -1, cotO-0 -+ e-+ 1.5. By looking at the basic graphs of sin x and
cos 0- rc-0 csc r, we see that as .r
- {L ,
sin.r --+ I and
sec 0 is undefined. csc .r -) 1.
tan 0 is undefined.
csc 0: -1
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. Bylookingatthebasicgraphsof tanxandcotx,webeethatas ,-; , tanr-+eandcotx--+0.
19. csc .r sin r : -slnl-r sin x : l. Matches (d) 21. tanz x - sec2 x - tan2 x - (tan' x * l) : -l
The expression is matched with (a).
^A sin(-.r) -sin x
23.f=---tanx 25. cosrcsc x -- ry - cotx. Matches (b)
cos( -x) cos r sln r
The expression is matched with (e).
27. sec4 x - tana x -- (sect x+ tanzrXsec2 x- tan2 x)
: (sect x * tanzrxl) : sec2 x * tanz x
The expression is matched with (f).
sec2x- I tanzx sin2x I cotxsinx:
t9ttsinx:
2e-
ffi:;ffi: ffi' ,,nrr: sec2x 31.
sln r
cosx
The expression is marched with (e).
:' cot r cos xf sin x
33. sin ,f(csc 0 - sin rf) - sin2,f
sin rf csc rf 35.
csc.r l/sin x
:sinrf'+-sin2{ cosr o sin x :
sm9 COS.r
: I - sin2rf sinx I
-
: cos2 0
gll
": I 39.
sin(-x) sin x :
37. sec a (sin c) cot a
r r -tan x
tan c cos a' cos cos
1('i'o)(,+g) :r
- cos a \sm a/
\
,, . ln - r/cscx: I cos2y _ I
- sin2y
41. sin(7 cost';ft: cotx 43.
I siny l-siny
. (l + sin yXl - sin y)
I siny
: I* siny
45. tan Qcsc {r : -tin 0' o
ll
sgc A
csc0 cos 0 cos 0 cos 0
cos rf sm9 cos9
4l'1.
sec0 sin 0 sin 0 sin 0
-+-:-+.-:cot0+cot0
-: -: -/cot0
0 : sin2 0 _ cos2 0 - cos 0
49. I - I, tin'O ,: I - cos
l-cos0 1-cos0
-cos0
cosO(cose-l) :
1-cos0 -cos 0
47 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
: tol
sin g :
cot(--O)
,t. csc 0 "PJ- ?
sin(-e)
sin
"'^^ 0" = -sin 0""'"
d=
-cos 0
53. sin 0 t cos 0cot0: sin 0 + cos 09 rr. t'- _% = fift i#
_ sin2 9os2 0
0.* _ cos 0(l + sin 0)
sinO t-sinra
:* -coso(l
+sino)
flsln cos2 0
:csc0 l*sin0
=
-;;a-
-sec0ttan0
sin 0 cos 0
57.ffi*#=sin20*cos20=l
p.r 1*cos0
Jt.
sin0 l*2cos0+cos2e+sin20
sin0 1*cos0 sin0(l*cos0)
2+2cos0
-f -3 0(l * cos 0)
sin
_ 2(l + cos 0)
sin 0(l * cos 0)
:
=-zcsco
=2 0
sin
. : lrl
6r. lnlcsc 0l t"l#l : h lsin el-r: -rnlsin 0l
6g. cotzx - coercos2 x:cot2r(l _ cos2x): !f;tsin2 x:cos2x
sln- r
65. sin2rsec2x- sin2x: sin2x(sec2x- l) 67. tanar + 2 larnzr + I : (tant x + l),
: sin2 x tan2 x : (sec2 x)2
: sec4.tr
69. sina r- cosa r: (sin2 r * cos2 x)(sin2 x
- cosz x) 71. (sin.r f cos.r)z = sin2* 2 sin r cos r * cos2 r
x
= (l)(sin2r - cos2x) : (sin2r * cos2.r) * 2sinxcosx
: sin2t - cos2r = I * 2sinxcosr
73. (sec.r + l)(secx - l) = sec2r - I = tan2r
?,4E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
75. - cos x * I * cosx -,.
77.
cosr l*sinx cos2 x * (l * sinx)2
I * cosx 1 - cos.r (l * cos rxl - cos x) 1 + sinx cosr cos x(l + sin x)
2 +
2 2 sinx
I- cos2x cos x(l + sin x)
: 2 2(l * sin x)
,int" cos x(l + sin x)
- 2csc2x _2
cos r
- 2 secr
y
79. sin2 -
1 cos2 y
81.
3 . secx * tanx _ 3(secx * tanx)
I - cosy I - cosy secr - tanx secr * tanx sec2 x - tan2 x
_ (1 + cos y)(l - cos y) _ 3(sec x * tan x)
1- cosy 1
: I * cosy : 3(sec x* tan x)
83. !r: ,), !z:
; -
,or( sin x
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 I.4
Ir 0.1987 0.3894 0.5u6 0.7174 0.8415 0.9320 0.9854
lz 0.1987 0.3894 o.56y'l6 o.7174 0.8415 0.9320 0.9854
1.0
Conjecture: lr : lz
cos.r I * sinr
85. lr I sin x' J '('
-
tt
Ytl
cos r
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
It r.2230 1.5085 1.8958 2.4650 3.4082 5.3319 11.6814
lz r.2230 1.5085 r.8958 2.4650 3.4082 5.3319 I1.6814
Conjecture: lr : lz
u9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
87. lt : cosrcot x * sinx : csc.tr 89. !r: sec x - ;I 1o!;1
+ sinx = tan x
4 2
U Ui
in n
*-:ffi'
-1
91. rEi4':m, x:5sin0 93. x--3secd
:ffi
:ffi
:ffie :Wo
-5cos0 3tan0
95. aEry]:@, x:5tan0
:ffi
:@
:ffio
-5sec0
97. sin0:rc 2
Lety, : sinxand lz: re, oSx l2
lr : lzfor 0 ( x S zr, so we have
sino: ffiforo se1v. l1
-2
99. sec0: ffi 4
1_
l2
Letyr: and !z: ffi, oSx
* l1
lt:lzfor0(-r4Iuo'3n
Z dT<r<Zr,sowehave -a
sin g: ffi for 0< 0<! and'
3rr
2 T. 0 <2n.
101. lnlcos 0l - lnlsin 0l : ln l# : hlcot 0l
103.ln(l*sinx)ln|sec'|:,.|#|:h|cosx*coS.r.sinx|
105. (a) csc2 132" - cot2 132" - 1.8107 - 0.8 |W : I
(b) csczo
2rr .n 2rr : . :
T - cotz
T 1.6360 - 0.6360 I
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
.*(; - 4: I cosr
107. sin 1(X). cscrcotr - cos x:,i", . ffi - cosr
(a) Q- 80 : cos x(csc2 x - l)
cos(9f = sin 8f =cosx'coPx
;;? : 0.9848
(b) 0 : 0.8
*'(;-0.8) :sino.8
0.7174 : O.'1I74
- +sec 0 rf # :
111. False.
# 113. False. sin 0 csc 1 unless 0 0
115. cos 0 ll7. Q - 34r"
sin0:fre 0':360o - 341": l9o
tano-
sin{=*@
cos 0 cos 0
csco:--l-:fg
sino ffi
I
sec0:ror0
t r:*'9
coto: tano ffi
The sign * or - depends on the choice of 0.
l2l. Q - t35rr.
llr
119. Q- -212o is coterminal with l48o is coterminal with
i
0':180'-148":32"
v
0':2n-+:i
r23. f(x) : -ztanff 125. f(x) :}"os(r - rr) + 3
Period:
T:2 Amplitude: ?,
7r
2
2Sl PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ln. sinA -ac -) a:c sinA : 20 sin 28o : 9.39 l2g.a:.,FF:m: lo.9o
B-90"-Ao:62o -bc = t6=7,
sinB =+ B*29.63o
12.54
cosA 3lb =+ b: c . cos l: 17.66 A: 90o - 29.63o : ffi.37o
c
Section 5,2 Veriffing Trigonometric Identities
I You should knorv the difference between an expression, a conditional equation, and an identity.
I You should be able to solve trigonometric identities, usrng the following techniqries.
(a) Wqk with one sidc at a time. Do not'cross" the equal sign.
(b) Use algebraic tcchniques such as combining fractions, factoring expressions, rationalizing denominators,
and squaring binomials.
(c) Use the fundamenal idcntities.
(d) Cowert all ttre terms into sines and cosines.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. sinrcsct: ,i"/!) :1 3.
csc2r I sinr I
\sm t/ cotx sin2x cosr sinr.cosr
-:--a_=_ := cscr. s@r
cos2 p - sin2 B : (1 - sin2B) - sin2B 7. tanz o+ u: 6
: I- zsin2p $;';rt'+
g. cos x * sinxtanr : cos * sinx . smr
x
cos r
cos2 x * sin2r
cos r
1
cos r
: secr
11. x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 : cosr
cos r
Ir 4.935 2.1795 l.2w 0.6767 0.3469 o.l40 g 0.0293
sec r tan r sin x
cos2 x
lz 4.935 2.1795 l.2w o.6767 0.3469 0.1409 o.o2g3
sin x
I sin2x
-- -sin x
I
smr
: csc x - sinr
252 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 t.2 1.4 j _sinx
cscr_sinx: sm.r
lt 4.835 2.1185 l.2w 0.6767 0.3469 0.1409 0.0293
1 - sin2x
lz 4.835 2.1785 1.20u 0.6767 0.3469 0.1409 o.0293 sin x
cos2 x
sin x
: cosr . tlt"
smr
: cosr o cotr
15. x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 L.2 r.4 sinx * cosrcot x: sinr * cosrcosr
sin r
Ir 5.0335 2.5679 L.77lO 1.3940 1.1884 1.w29 1.0148
sin2 x * cos2x
lz 5.0335 2.5679 1.77l0 1.3940 1.1884 L.W29 1.0148 -- sin x
_1
sin x
= cscr
17. x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 L.2 I.4 ll cotr * tanr
tan x cot x tanx . cotr
Ir 5.1359 2.7880 2.1458 2.W9 2.1995 2.gffi 5.970/'
: cotx * tanx
h 5.1359 2.7880 2.1458 2.0w9 2.1995 2.96W 5.970
19. The error is in line 1: cot(-r) * cotx. 21. Missing step: (t"c' x - l)' - (tan2 x)z : tana x
23. sinl/zrcos x- sins/zrcos x: sinl/zxcosx(l sin2 r) : sinl/z r cos.r ' cos2 x : cos3 t.,ffiI
sec!-rl : sin(-x)s sin x
cos(-r) 3 -#
zs. r)r* x:cotx. secr " csc(-x)
-27. cos(-x) --:cos.r -tanX
""(t- I
cos .r I ri"(-x)
:-.-
sin x cos r
:- 1
sin x
: cscr
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
,r.r
z)' cos(- 0) cos 0 I* sin 0
W:i-,1il'1+sin0
_ cos 0(1 + sin 0)
1 sin2 0
cos 0(1 + sin 0)
cos2 0
l*sin0
cos 0
1 sin0
cos0 cos 0
:sec0+tan0
sinxcosy -'- cosrsiny
,r sinr cosy * cosx siny ror r ror y - r y tanx * tany
Jl. "or "or
cos r cos y - sinr siny cos r cos y _ sin x sin y 1 - tan xtany
cos r cos y cos .r cos y
I I tany*cotx
tanx * cotx tany _ cotx . tany :tany*cotx
coty _
tanxcoty -_L..1
cotx tdny cotx.tany
l*sinO.l*sinO
Note: Check your answer with a graphing utility. lvhat
I sin0 l*sin0 happens if you leave off the absolute value?
(l * sin 0)2
I - sin'z0
(1 * sin 0)2
a*"" 0
1*sin0
fcos 0l
* r) :cos2x*sin2x-l 'lT \
37. cos2 x
"t*(;- 3g.secr. sin\7 - x): secr . cos x - I
4l.2sec2x - 2ser'2xsin2x - sin2x - cos2x = 2ser.2x{l - sin2.r) - (sin2.r * cos2.r)
= 2sec2x(cos2x) - I
I
=2.-i-.cos2.r-l
cos- r
=2- |
=l
t|B.. 2 + cos2.r - 3 cosa.r = (l - cos2 x)Q* 3 cos2r)
: sin2x(2 * 3cos2x)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. csc4 x _ 2csc2r * I: (csc2 _ l)z
x 4l'1. seca e - tana Q - (sec' 0 + tar,z OXsec2 0 - tanz 0)
: (cot2 x)2 : coF x
: (l * tan2 0 + tanz OXl)
' :1 +2tar20
49.
sin F
. I * cos P _ sinF(l + cos F)
1-cosp l*cosp l-cos2p
_ sin F(l + cos F) _ 1 * cosF
sin2 B sin B
-- tan3a- I (tanc - lXtan2c * tana * 1)
:tatf a* tana* I
JI.
tanc - I tana- I
: 1. Analytically,
It appears that )r ?
I *-: I tanr*1*cotx*1
cotx * I tan x * 1 (cot x * l)(tan x * l)
tanx * cot x * 2
cotrtanx*cotx* tanr* I -2
tanx * cot x * 2
tanr * cot x * 2
:1.
55. It appears that y, : sin x. Analytically, sT. rnlcotol : rl#l
I cos2r 1-cos2r sin2x:
;i--
: 6lt*
.
- Sln f. 9l
sin r sin x sin r sin x "'lsin 0l
2
: lnlcos ol - lnlsin ol
59. :ln(l * cos 0) : ln(l * cos 0)-t 61. sin2 25 * sin2 65 : sin2 25 * cos2 25o =1
: f, I 1-cos0l
L'n I + cos o' l=;;TJ
. l-cos0
:lnl-cos,o
: ,ln l-cos0
ti"'o
: ln(l - cos 0) - ln sin2 0
= ln(l - cos 0) - 2lnlsin 0l
2SS PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
63. cosz2(P * cos252" f cos238" f cos27(P: cos22(P * cos2 522 + sirf(9o - 3s) * sin2(9o - zr)
: cos22ff * cos2 522 + shf 5T * sin22(P
- (cos2 20 * sin2 2e) + (cos2 52 * sin2 52")
=1*l
-/
6s' tans.:::l el. (sin2 x- sin4 x)cos x: sin2 x( I sin2 x)cos x
,5:_r) : sin2 r . cos2-x . cos r
= tan3 x s*2 x - tan3 x : cos3 x sin2 x
69. pW cos Q - I{z sin 0 71. cos x -csc r . cot x -cosx --]- . cgs r
sm.r sm r
Itr : I{r sin 0: sin 0
: tan o' rw t o :cosxlf.1--l I I
w""r o ;;;7 L sln'rJ
: cos r(1 - csc2 x)
: cos x(- cotz x)
: -cos x. coPx
73. True. /(r) = eos .r and g(.r) : sec r are even 75. False. For example, sin(12) # sin2 (l)
77. sine = jrefl. 79. * *
True identity is sin 0 tJt-- co* e. =
"fiffi "o*zr- sinr cosx
fire left side is 1 for any r, but the right side is not
pff saarnple, sin 0 * FAe for o =
3fr necessarily l. For examplg the equation is not true
fsrx=n/4'
.l3tr\ = .:":os-uror':Tt
*.,F0: t
'"(;J -r
.,.f0?rj&l - ai)(x *
st.
L6' o * 6]
I = ri',flrz,, &r. (, - +
jXx + r;)(r +
L 6 ',l 4r) = (x2 r)(xz L6)
:f+17x2+16
=rin(znn+!)
\6/
='inf=|
n or, .inp4jJEl = I r- all integers n.
LOJ'Z
E5. xz(x - 2)(r- (l - tX' - (l + t) = (f - 2r")((r- t)2 + t)
: (f - ?-xz)(az - 2r + 2)
=t'- 4fI6f-4x2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
87. f (*) -y-3 89. /(x) - 5-x - 2
v v
91. s: r0 93. Quadrant III 95. Quadrant trI
o -; : #: 2.3636radians
Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations
I You should be able o identiff and solve trigonometic equations.
I A ftigonometric equation is a conditional equation. It is frue for a specific set of values.
I To solve figonometic equations, use algebraic techniques such as collecting like teflns, taking square roots,
factoring, squaring, converting to quadratic form, using formulas, and usrng inverse functions. Study the
examples in this section.
I Use your graphing utilrty to calculate solutions and verify rqsults.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1.2cosx-l:Q 3. 3 tan2 1:Q
(a) 2cos+- I
,[ 1:3an2+-
J
5t
(a)
e)l 6
I
(b) 2 cos,3 - : r\7r
^( 1 )r_ r
:Q
(b),[t."(#)]' 1 :3tarJ+-l
:,(-+)'-1
:Q
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5. 2 cos2 x +3cosx*l-0
(a) x: +, z,os,(
+)+ r'"'(T) +I :r(t)'
(b) x: 7n2cos2n* 3cosr* l:2(-l)'-3 +
7.
. 1rx
y:sin7+l g. y:
From the graph in the textbook we see that
"rr'e\
\6/
v3
From the graph in the textbook we see that
the ctrrve has r-intercepts at x : - I and at the curve has r-intercepts at x - +2.
x:3.
11.2cosx*l:Q 13. 6secr -Z -0 15.3csc2x- 4:0
2cosx:-1 6secr - 2 .r4
csc"x:;
J
x: -t secr: 2
-6
cos
cscr: f- 2
x:T 2rr
cosx-- 6 6
iT 6
2
4n Sfnf :
orr: T 1r
x:6otx: lln 2
6 qr 2n 4rr 5rr
x: T,T,T,T
17. 2sinz z.l. - I
-Jz: *&
sin2x: a{
z
U:X, zx -+,zx -+,?n -+,
2*-7, ?-x:+,?x:+, ?-x:+
* : Lt
3n 5rr 7 r 9n lln l3n lln .
Thus.
"'te' rv
8 ?' ?' T?'?'?'t(8 solutions)
19. 4cos2x-3:Q 21. sin2 x :3 cos2r
.3 sin2 x - 3(l sin2 x) : Q
cos-*:4
4sin2x=3
cos x: 162 sinx : *{
2
n 5n 7n llrr
X:6,7,7, n 2rr 4n 5n
6 x:5'T'T'T
2SE PART I: Solutions to Odd'Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. (3 tan2 x - 1)(tan2 x - 3) - Q
3tanzx- 1-0 or tanzx-3:Q
tanx:
rf.rr /a
-
*-g 1 _!- tanx-+fi
rtr--
11 7n
6'6
x:t'T
rr 4n
5n lln 2n 5rr
or x--7,
66
orr: T,T
25. : cosr cos3.r n. 3 tan3.r - tanr = 0
cos3x - cos.tr = O tanx(3 tartx - :0 l)
cosx(cos2x-l)=0 tanr:Q or 3tan2.r-l:0
cosr:O or cos2.r-l=0 ^
:O,rr tan.r=t,6
,:;,Tn3n cosr : =tl
i 5zr 7r llr
x: o, rr ':7 7' 6' 6
29. sec2x-secr-2-0 31.2sinx* cscr-0
(secx-2Xsecx*l)-Q
2sin x*-Lsmr -o
secr-2-0 or secx*l-0
secr - 2 secr: -l 2sinzx * I-0
rr 5n
x:7f Since 2 sirt x * I > 0, there are no solutions.
t
- 'J3
s)
33. cscr * cot x: I
I cosr
.T-:I
smr smr
I * cos x: sinx
(1 * cos x)2 : sin2 x
1 +2cosx* cos2x-- I -cos2r
2coszr * 2cosx:0
2cosr(cos x * 1) - 0
cosx:0 or cosx: -1
*:!.y x:,f
2'2
(3rr/2 is extraneous.) (zr is extraneous.)
x : n/2 is the only solution.
A- ror\tl
rr. /r\ : fi2 37.1*cosx-0
I - cosr
x I * cosx: 0
-!+2nn
',:; cos x - -1
z
. 44ntr
,:t T
259 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39. Zseczx*tarfx-3:Q
2(tan2x*1)+tan2x-3:Q
3tartx-1:Q
tanx: +
fi
3
*:6'11 5n 7n llr
6' 6' 6
41. sec2x*tanr:3 43. y:9cosx-1
(l * tan2r) * tan x:3 x : 4.8237, L.4595
tanzx*tanx-2:Q
(tutr x * 2)(tanx - 1) - 0
tanx:-2 or tanx:1
x : 2.03U,5.t760 or rr'
a':-
T5n
4' 4
45. Y:4sin2 x - 2cos x - 47.4sin3x*2sin2x- 2sinx- I -0
x: 0.8614,5.4218 GraPh Y :4 sin3 x * 2 sinzx - 2 sin x - l.
1
o.2t
-a
By altering the y-range to Ymin : -.5 and
Ymax : .5, you see that there are 6 solutions:
0 .7 85 4, 2.3562, 3 .6652, 3 .927 O, 5 .49'l g, 5 .'.| 596.
c-osxqotx: 51. r:otx-l:Q
49. J
I Srnr
Graph y : cos r 3.
(1 sin r) tan x
x: 4.9172
The solutions are approximately
x:0.5236,x:2.6180
zffi PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. sec2x* 0.5tanx- l-0
T*n'':#z+o'5tanxJl'
-2
The x-intercepts occur at x : 0, x : 2.6779, x : 3.1416 and x : 5.8195.
55. l2sirPx- 13sinx*3:Q
(3 sin x - 1X4 sinr - 3) - 0
3sinx- 1:Q or 4sinx-3:Q
sinx:+ sinx:}
x : 0.3398, 2.8018 x :0.M81. 2.2935
GraPh Yt : 12 sinz x - 13 sin x * 3.
tfO
-4
The r-intercepts occur at x o' 0.3398, x : 0.8481, x : 2.2935, and x : 2.8018.
s7. y: 3 tanz x *5 x - 4, (-g. g) 59. Y:4cos2x- 2sinx* 1,
tan
\ 2'21 [-;,or]
x : - 1.154,0.535 x: 1.110
61. (a) x 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) Undef. 0.83 - 1.36 -2.93 -4.46 -6.34 -13.v2
t:" zero is in the interval (1,2) since/changes signs in the interval.
(b)
The interval is the same as part (a).
(c) 1.3065
261 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
63. (a) x 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) -1 t.39 1.65 -0.70 -1.94 -2.00 - 1.48
The zeros are in the intervals (0, 1) and (2, 3) since/changes signs in these intervals.
(b)
The intervals are the same as part (a).
(c) 0.4271,2.'1145
cos x : sm.r
sinx
I_
cos.r
tanx: I
rr 5n
*:7, T
,( d .. rr -fi', O - 6
^,-T, cosi:T*
f\d:sinT* z:Jz
'<-\ 5n
,\T): sin f5n + cos;: -sin Z+ (-*'a) :
. ir . I zr\ _o _o :-o
22
Therefore, the maximum point in the interval l0,2zr) is (tr/4, "l'2\ minimum point is (So/+, - O).
^"athe
6l'/,. (a) /(x) : x sin 2x (b) 2x cos 2x + sin 2x : Q
Maximum: (3.989, 3.958) y:2xcosb+sin2x
Minimum: (5.543, - 5.520) 10
-10
5 solutions: 0, 1.014, 2.457, 3.989, 5.543.
The fourth and fifth correspond to the maximum and minimum found in Part (a).
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
69. f(x): tnff.tan0 = 0,but0isnotpositive. Bygraphing , =^T - r,youseethatthesmallqstpositive
fixed point is x = 1.
71. f(x) = cos lI
x
(l) The domain offl.r) is all real numbers except0.
(b) The graph has y-axis symmetry and a hoizontal asymptote at y : 1.
(c) As.r + O,fl.r) oscillarcs between - I and 1.
(d) Therc arp an infinite number of solutions in the interval [- 1, 1].
(e) The greatest solution appears to occur atx = 0.6366.
73. I,
y:O(cos8r-3sin8r)
I, : Q
,(cos
8r - 3 sin 8r)
cos 8t : 3 sin 8r
::tan8r
I
5
8r:0.32175*nn -ao
n"
| :0.04 + D
8
In the interval 0 < t 3 l, t : 0.04, 0.43, and 0.83.
77. Range : 1000 yards : 3000 feet 79. lt : 1.56e-o'?2t cos 4.9t intersects y2 : -I
second o':: l'96
'o,::r;,r,T
#
30@ : $1t200)' sin20
sin20: 0.066667
20 : 3.8226"
Q:1.9113" o
The displacement does not exceed one inch from
equilibrium after | : 1.96 seconds.
81. /(r) : 3 sin(0.6x - 2)
(a) kro: sin(0.6x - 2): Q (b) g(x) : -0.45* + 5.5b - 13.70
0.6x - 2: Q 5
0.6r - 2
2 :19
x= 0.6 3
(c) -0.45* + 5.5?n - 13.70: e
For 3.5 S a 16 the approximation appears to be
gd.
x : 3.46r g.gl
The ?rlro of g on [0, 6] is 3.46. The zero is close
to the zero + : 3.33 of f.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. False. There might not be 8s' t24"::::Jfl*, 87. -o.4lo : -0.4r(*)
periodicity, as in the equation
sin(x2) - 0 : - 0.007 radians
E9. tan 30" :--:t4 t4 : 14 ,FL,
91. sin 40"
r6
:-==+ x : t6 : 24'892
x ^ tan 30o T:24.249 x ri" 4ot
3
93. f(x) : fsin(, - t) 95. f(x) :*"o,('-I)
Section 5,4 Sum and Difference Formulas
I You should menorize the sum and difference formulas.
sin(z t v): sinucosY f coszsinv
cos(a t v) = cos r cos y F sin n sin v
Iantn-vt=- tanr t tanv
1F tan utanv
I You should be able to use these formulas to find the values of the tigonometic functions of angles whose
sums or differcnces ale special angles.
I You should be able to use these formulas to solve equations.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
tif ,ifl 7f 7f
1. (a) cosl' *il:cosUcos;-
- T Tf
sinUsin5
:6.!-
2222Y
L.-n:o
(b) cos +
7r 6.1*r:T6+
cosS: I
[ 2
2g PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
r. ta) sin(f -;) :,i'f =si^!=L o) sinf -sinf =-r-+: -r6
5. (a) cos(0o + 135) : cos 0o cos 135" - sin 0' sin l35o
: cos 135o : --O
2
(b) cos 0" + cos l35o : I-+
a
7. (a) sin(315" - 60") : sin 315 cos 60" - cos 3l5o sin60"
,n.6:-&-
- _-n22!_ 2 2 J6
4
(b) sin 315o - sin 6Oo : -+
v222
6- ..fr: ..n-..fr
-
e' sin75" 11. sin 1050 : sin(6tr + 45")
: :il:$;,-;; * sin 4socos 3r : sin 6ff cos 45" * sin 45" cos 6f
I -[zT- ,fz {3 _6 o O +O.l
2222 2222
/; 6
:+{r + 6) : lLt 5+-r LI1)
4\ J-\vr
cos 7s :
cos 105" cos(6f + 45)
: ::::$;# - sin 3ff sin 45b : cos 6f cos 45 - sin 60 sin 45"
_6 o O_l .fi _ 1o o _fi.-Q
2222 2222
/; /;
:ffi_ 1) :11
4\
,E)
' '
tan 75" : tan(3tr + 45) tan l05o : tan(60 + 45)
tan 3f * tan 45" tan 6f * tan 45"
:1-taffi
I- tan 3f tan 45"
(frtt)+l 6+3 3+6 -fr+1 6+r r+6
I 3 6 3+6 I fi- 1 ''61+6
a-
(...frtt)
---...................................-
_06_+tz_6+2 :4*2=6:-z-fi
6 -2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. sin 1950 : sin(225o - 3tr) ls. rinf :rin(+.;)
: sin 225" cos 3tr - sin 30" cos 225"
: : .3n rr,* . Tr 3n
-sin 45" cos 30" * sin 3tr cos 45" smTcosa smecosT
:_o.6
2222
+o.1 :o2
6 2 21 2)
:#(r fi)
c's re5"
4\ :ft6-r)
c's
lln l3rr zr\
: ryfiiifi":'il'-T ;: ;$ n::::[:l-sin
3n ,r
_o2222 cos4cos
6- sm7sm6
: -fta.r) : -o.-fr
2222 -'fr.r
tan l95o : tan(225o - 3tr) : -*v.r)
tan225o - tan 3f
t^n
Iln :on\T*
l3r zr\
1 * tan 225" tan 3f
4 U)
tan 45" - tan 3f
tan(3 n/a) + tan( n/6)
1 * tan 45 tan 3f
1 - tan(3rr/a) tan(rr/6)
3'n38 _ -r + (-f1CI)
fri.T_rE ,
-3+6 3 fi
6 3+Jt FF
a-
3 Jt
: -lz +6 o-E : -2 + 6
17. -7r -rr -7r
1264
.( z\ : ttn\A
.(rr zr\ 7r n n
- i) :
7r
7-
stn\-Tz) smAcos sm cose
:;';-;';:t0
4
1fifi6,6 -n
( zr\ lr zr\ rr n + sin 7rs,n;n
cos( -;): co'(
; -;): cosf
'o' X u
:62 T-
O,t O :*-fr+r)
222
tan( n/6) - tan(n/a)
""(
-#):,un( i-ld): I * tan(n/6)tan@/a)
lEti I .6-3 .
..;-r-3 12 - G..fr :-2+Jj
t@:16*t'J64-,
_ \ - -tr-l,,= l
-6
19. cos 40o cos 15o - sin 40' sin 15o : cos(4Oo + 15") : cos 55o
21. sin 340o cos 50' - cos 340o sin 50" = sin(340o - 50") : sin 290"
2ffi PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
tan 3250 - tan 86"
:
23.
1 * tan 325 tan 86" tan(325o - 86) : tan 23Y
25. sin 3 cos 1.2 - cos 3 sin I.2: sin(3 1.2): sin 1.8
27. cosf ,o, O, - sinf sin
f : ,or( +.:)
:cos#
29. x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 .(n \
lt: sin(; * ,)
)r 0.9801 0.9211 0.8253 0.6967 0.5403 0.3624 0.1700
.Tf T
o.92ll
: sin; cos x * sin x. .cos
lz 0.9801 0.8253 0.6967 0.5403 0.3624 0.1700 ;
: cosr
:lz
x t.2 t.4 . lrr * .)\
31. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
lr: sin(i
Ir 0.6621 0.7978 0.9017 0.9696 0.9989 0.9883 0.9384
0.9696 0.9989 0.9384
: * sinx' "orf
sinf x
lz 0.6621 o.7978 0.9017 0.9883 "ot
16
:rcosx+Tsmr
t,
:;("osx *6 sinx)
:lz
33. x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Ir : cos(r * zr) cos(x - rr)
: (cos x o cos 1T - sin x. sin zr)
Ir 0:9605 0.8484 0.6812 0.4854 0.2919 0.1313 0.0289
[cos.r cos r * sin x sin zr]
lz 0.9605 0.8484 0.6812 0.4854 0.2919 0.1313 0.0289 : [-cos r] [-cos x]
2
: cos2.r
:lz
0
267 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
For Exerclscs 35-37, we have:
slnu = *, rbtnQrndrantl + oar = #
sos v = -1, , b ln Quadrant II ==+ stn v = f
35. srdr * v) = sinrcosv * cosrsinv 37. cos(r * v) = cosrrcosv - sinnsinv
: (tX-3) + (i3)(fl = (i3X-3) - (*Xi)
_33 _-55
-65 65
' For Exercises 39-41, we hare:
sin -A
u = ifi,u is in Quadrant II =+ cos u = T
cos v = I,t b in Quadrant IV ==+ sin y = -3
3
39. cos(n * v): cosrr. cosy - sinn. siny 41. sin(v - u')= sinv. cosr - sinrr. cosv
=(-#)(9-(*X+) =(-3) e)-(*Xi)
_-lx+2r _-75 _-3 -72-28 _M
125 r25 5 t25 t?5
Ir \ *
\zlz2 "* zcos 0 sin asin 0 sin{cos 0 * sin acosl
.|i1. cos(a - O) + sin(; + 0l = +
= (-l)(cos O) + (O)(sin 0) + (lXcos 0) + (sin AXO) = -cos 0 * cos 0 = 0
45. tan(* + t) .-tan(er
- "l = ffi - ffi#
tan.r r\
=- 1 /\
tan
Ll
:2tznx
47. sin(.r + y) + sin(.r - y) = sin.rcosy f sinycos.r * sin.rcosy - sinycos.r = 2sin.xcosy
49. cos(x + y)cos(.r - y) = [cos.rcosy - sinxsinyficos.rcosy * sin.rsiny]
= co62.r cos2 y - sin2 x sin2 y
= cos2r(l - sin2y) - sin2.rsin2y
: -
@s2.r sin2y(cos2x * sin2.r)
= cos2r - sin2y
26 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. sin(arcsin.r * arccos x) cos(arcsin.r)
: ""(-Ttpl.*FJin(arccos.r)
=*+l-*
:l
/)
/l ,/
.F
0 = arcsin x
53. Let:
u : atctan?.x and v : arccos r
tanu: ?-x cos v : x
sin(arctan2x - arccos r) : sin(u - v)
: - coszsinv
sinu cosv
:166rr''
2x ,\ 1
@1',.'-'7
-N'--R
@r
ss. *,tn(' -;) : I
'h('.;)
sinxcos iJ + cosxsin tJ + sinxcos ", - cosxsin t:1
2sinx(o'5):1
sinx: I
*:! 2
2It9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s7. cosF .i)- cosF -:'): I
7r rr
cosrcoso- sinxsin;- I rr. sinxsin;/
. . zr\ : I
\cosrcosT+
-2sin l{\:
\21
I
Osinx: I
sinr: -+
sinx: -*
x :5* ?.*
4' 4
59. tan(rf zr)+2sin(x* zr) =0
tanr * tan er + 2(sin.x cos zr * cos.r sin zr) : 0
t- tanrtan 7r
tanr * 0
+ 2[sin'r(-l) + cosx(o)J = o
I - tan{o)
tan x rqinr-0
| -'
sinx-.^:--
-=zslnr
cos.r
sinx = 2 sin.rcosx
sin.r(l -2cosr)=9
sin.r=0 or *rt=1
'2
x=Oro ,:4.8
' 3,3
6r. Graphy,: cosft .X)+ rorft -|;)and !z: r.
-2
The points of intersection occur at x o, 0.7854 and x : 5.4978.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
63. tan(r * d- ,or[ .;): Q
Answers: (0,0),(3.14,0) + x:O,T
* !z= Acos ,1+-
65. )r
il + Acos ,1+* i)
= of"*ffi .*(T) .'.(?)'"(f)] * o[*'ffi -'(f) -'"(?)'"(T)]
:?.A*'(?) cos(9
6fl. False. See page 4O4. 69. False. sin 75o = sin(30' + sin 45")
: sin 30o cos 45" * cos 30" 45"
:r fiz *TT
1 .,fr.,n
-fi",,r,&
4
71. cos(za * 0) = oos ntoos 0 - sinnzsin 0
= (-l)"(cos 0) - (0)(sin 0)
= (-l)a (cos 0),whcre z ir al iot"gcr.
c=u.rnoL + tan c=2 + sin r=1fun,cosc =ffi
ffisin(aa + e = W\""rr. 16ftV. #' "o.aa)
= asinBa + bcryBl
75. sin0*cos0
a= L, $=, l, B- I
(a) Q-,arctanb -arctanl -! O) Q =arctan ; = arctan I = X
a4
sino*cos Q- ffisin(Bo+c) sino*cos Q= fficos(Bo- C)
: -fzrin(e . X) : o.or(r _I)
77. 12 sin 3e + 5 cos 30
a:L2,b=5rB-3
(a) Q - arctan
:= arctan
*:0.3948 O) Q =arctan ;=arctan + - !.!1ffi
12 sin 30 + 5 cos 3o: ffi sin(Bo + c) 12 sin 30 + 5 cos 3o = fficos(Bo - C)
: 13 sin(30 + 0.3948) * 13 cos(30 - 1.1760)
nl PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
79. .bT
C=arctan;-- 1 4:O
,to'+V-/ 1 b:2
B:l
t-\
2 sinf 0 + *l : (0)(sin 0) + (2)(cos 0) = 2cos 0
\ zl
tl. From the figure, it appears that n * v = w.Assume that r, v, and w are all in Quadrant I. From the figure:
tanu: sl=
t t
tanv=
sl
2r=,
1411 ,n = ..t{ = 1
tan(n * u) =,*1 * *u :,'/1. *,,Y-'=, : t/ru r-r:-' I = ranw.
I - tan utznv | - (t/3)(t/Z) =
| - (t/6)
Thus, tan(r + y) = tan w. Because r, v, and w are all in Quadrant I, we have
arcan[tan(n + v)] : arcan[mn w]
u*v:w.
E3. tan(zr * o)' - -tan t * tan o 2
I tanlrtflnl I
I
I
I
_ 0*tan0
I I
I I
I (0) tan 0 I I
:tan0 I
I
I
I
I
I
-2
lzr.,\
* - 7r
8s. f(h):
'o'\e 1/ "o';
h
s&):*;(#) sinf(#)
(a) The domains are both (-o,0), (0, oo).
(b) h 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5
flh) -0.5043 -0.5096 -0.5214 -0.54?/+ -0.5830 -0.6915
s(h) -0.5043 -0.5096 -0.5214 -054V1 -0.5930 -0.6915
(c) t (d) The values tend to v- -r.I
,a.1
\
-1
J
aa
272 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
3il. x -
=0: y = -ltO 10) + 14 = 5 * 14 = I9.y-intercepfi (0, 19)
y:0: O= -i(r- 10) + t+: -i* * 19 + x= 38.x-intercepu (38,0)
89. .r =0: l2(o) - 9l - 5 : 9 - 5 : 4.y-intercepu (0,4)
) = 0: lLt - 9l - 5 -> x : 7,2. x-intercepts: (2, 0), (7, 0)
(4\ rr. 'tr= 6 t
rr. t".ot(f u f
93. arcsint =
f u"ausesinlr:
):tbecausecos
Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-Sum Formulas
I You should know the following double-angle formulas.
(a) sinZu - 2 sin n cos a
(b) cos ru::;:"J;:r\'"
:, 1 - 2sin2 u
2tanu
(c) tanZu -- _
,. tilnz u
I You should be able to reduce the power of a trigonometric function.
: |- 2os2u (b) cos2 u --
L * 2os 2u (c) It:ffi
(a) sin2 u tan2
2 2
I You should be able to use the half-angle formulas.
It + "*" u 1- costt smu
(a) sinl:* e o) cos Yr:x !2 (c) tan;:::
'z sln tl 1 *cosz
I You should be able to use the product-sum formulas.
(a) sin z sin v : - v) - cos( u + v)) (b) cos r cos v :j t.ort, - v) * cos(z + v)l
t[cos(n
(c) sin a cos v :j trtnt u * v)+ sin(rz - v)] (d) cos n sin v :j trtnt, + v) sin(n - v)l
I You should be able to use the sum-product formulas.
(a) sinx*sin y:zri^(*) ,. /t-Y\
"\ 2 /"ut\ 2 /
(b) sin x - sin y - /*'(?)'.'(?)
(c) cosx*cos y:2"*(+) '"'(?) (d) cos x -cos y : -2 sin (+)
"'(?)
273 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Figure for Exercises 1-7
sin0:3
cos e:t
tan0:?
l. sin0=3 3. cos2d:Zco*g- !
: z(t)' - r
=* -#
7
-25
s. tan2o:#h 7. csc20- 1
sin20
_ 2(3/4) I
I (3/4)2 2sin0cos0
: 3/2
1 (e /16) :__ I
2(3/s)(4/s)
:3.16 25
27 24
_24
7
9. Solutions: 0, 1.M7,3.142, 5.236
sin2x - sinx: Q
2 sinrcos x - sinx - 0
sinr(2cos x - l) : Q
sinx-0 or 2cosx- I -0
x:OrT cos *:L 2
, : !.5*
3' 3
r:0, :,JJ n, +
11. Solutions: 0.1263, 1.4445, 3.2679, 4.5860
274 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. Solutions: 1.047,3.142,5.236 15. Solutions: O,1.57t,3.142,4.712
cos2x = -cos.r = -2sin?.x
sin4x
2coszx- [ = -cosx sin4x*2sin2x=0
,
^zcos-xfcosx-l:u^ 2sin2rcos?J+zsin2x=O
2sin2r(cos2x + 11 :9
(2cos.r - l)(cos.r * l) = 6
2cosx=r or cosl=-r 2sin2r:0 or cos2r*l=O
sin?-x=O cos?.x=-l
cosr=tI x=7r ?-x=nt ?.x:t+?nt
n
,:;';t|t ':;o x=1*nn
"t
tr:O,,7ro,T
3n rr 3t
,:rT
17. 8 sin r cos x : 4(2 sin x cos r) -- Qp sin 2x 19. 5 10sin2x : 5(1 2sirt ) : Jcos2.r
21. sina:?,0<
)
r.;, ==+ cos r:!
sin2u - /sin n cos u : 2' 2-' ! : 4
55 25
''
sln"u:
16 9 7
cosZu:cos2u- 25- 25: 25
tan2u:#h:#k, :+
23. tanu:t, n<u<+ : -+and + sinz
cos ll: -+
sin2u- /sinrcos ,t:4-H(-+) :t,
\r
2\2 | l\2 3
cosZu:cos2u-sin2,:(
\3) \-7l:s
u- :
tan2u = 1-29n -2(u.?), ., : +
(I/4)
'tanf u 1 3
/1 + cos2r\/t + goszr) *2cns?'x* cosz2'x
25. cosa.x = (cos2r)(cc-2-\ 'rr'-\- z /\ z I -l 4
t + 2 cos?.x + (L + cos 4x)/2
- 4
-2*4cos2r*1*cos4r
8
3 * 4cos ?-r * cos4x
: ,8 + 4cos b + cos 4x)
il3
nS PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27 . (sin2 x)(cos2 x) : (=f"X*#)
I- cosz ?.x
4
:{' _I* cos4x\
2 -)
:|' I- cos 4x)
:|' - cos 4x)
2e. sin2 xcos4r : sin2x cos2.rcos2.tr : (=*)(+*)("fl=)
: f
*,t - cos 2r)(t + cos 2xXt cos 2r)
: h\(t
*,, - cos2 +cos 2x)
=
*,t f cos2r - cos2 2-x - coss?.x)
-*[t *cos2r -cos2r(*#")]
= + Zcos2x - | - cos4x - cos2r - cos2rcos4x]
* 12,
=
*[t * cos2x - cos4r - (t,".r, * ]*'*)]
=
*r, * 2 cos 2x - 2cos 4r - cos 2r - cos 6r)
= *cos2r - 2cos4r - cos6r)
*O
Figure for Exercises 31 - 35
sin0:*
s cos e:#
31. cos
::
M
!2:
l2s
l-
v 26 Jzt
s sfi
. -e sin0
33. tan
5/t3 5 I
2 l*cos0 1+(rZ/t3) ZS 5
35. I= E:3
I
-
"r" sin( e/z)
- #)tz Jr/26
276 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37.2 sin sin g :
f;"or*: *
39. sin 15o : rt"(; . ,0") I - cos30'_
W+ffi
:rffi
2
: r"r(;. ,o') t + JT/z
cos r5o
2
t
ll -^\ sin30' 2 I a
tan 15' tun(f . 30- ) :
/7
\Z / l*cos30o I.+
,l
mrL
T:;Jz+fi
: o"fz '225"):
-^\ |- sin225" -O/2-7--1 r fi
tan1l2o3o,-^-( t *
"oru*: ft2/2)
rr f 11"r\l
tanr:otffi,;1 sin(n/4)
:m:@:-/' .nry, : J2,_ I
4s. rinf : -+):
""(l
(t 3zr\
3n cos\r.
cosT - 4 ):
.3rr A
(t 3zr\
3n: on(;' sm
T : 2 ',n F
ont ;): # 42 ft: ;fi6: J2 + I
5rr12
r : 13,
47. sin
t.u<7r + costt: -13
lt-costt M sfi
""(;)
:
V2v226
,-:, t-
: ltJcosu m -Eo
""'(;) VzV226
""(;)
:lffi:ffi:i_s
5/13
sinn 5
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
4s. tanu: -3,+ . u
8
sinz: -Tg,cosIl:W 5
8e - s{sg
8+s : 8e+58
z-lfi
'r_ I_
5
lu\ l-cosu 58
""\t/:-;;-: -8
I
: It-cos8x @
lsin 3xl
Y I * cos 8x -:J(t *
53.
cos Bx)/z
:-r-lsin 4xl |
lcos 4xl
: - ltan 4xl
55. sinl2 - cosx: 0 57. cos;- sinx - 0
/lffi
-\/zI-:COS.[
t- .m
!^
-V2I sinx
I *-cosr
2
- sinzx
Q: 2cos2x *
=*:cos2x cos x - I I *cosx-2sin2x
: (2cos x - l)(cos x * l) 1*cosx=2 2coszx
I 2cos2x * cos x - I : Q
cos x- or cosx: -l
, (2 cos x - l)(cosx * 1) - 0
*: rr3'T
5rr
x: rr 2cosx- 1-0 or cosx*l-0
By checking these values in the original equations,
we see that re : T/3 and x : 5r/3 are the only cos*:tI cos x - -1
:
x:- rr
solutions. .r zr is exfian@us. 5n
3'3 x- T
x:71
rr 7f, 5n
r3
rr/3, rr, and 5n/3 are all solutions to the equation.
se. 6sinf .o,
!: o. l['"(;.;) + i -9] sin(
: t[si. T+ sino] : 3 sin +
27E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. sin 50cos 39 : |;sin (50 + 30) + sin(50 - 30) = |1sin ae + sin 20)
63. 5 cos(-sF) cos 3B : 5 . llcos(-sP - 3F) + cos(-sB + 3B)l = i[cos(-8F) + cos(-2B)]
: !1cos 8B + cos 2p)
65. sin 60o * sin 3t = 2r.(ry, *(Y) = ,.tn 45o cos t5o
)
62. sin50- sin e=2"o"(ff)'*(*, )=2cos
30'sin20
6e. sin(c + B) - sin(c - F) =2""'(*4d;".(ti-A) = z"o.asinp
e + (n/2) + e - kr/z)\ e + (n/z) - e + kr/z)
7r. cos( t *;)- cos( t -;): -zsin( 2 -/ s'n\
^.^(
2
: -Zsin 0 sinl: - 2sin 0
73. sin 6x * sin 2r : Q 7s. r lotk. -l:Q
srnJr- smr
zrin($""{+)
-""'\ 2 /---\ 2 I
:e cos2r _ I
sin 3x - sin x
sin 4x cos ?-x : O cos2r _ I
2cosbsinx
sin 4x - 0 or cos 2r :Q
2sinx-1
4x-nr 2r :;*nr
7f
z sinx : 1
NT fi nIl
t
x:- x J--
4'2 tl 5n
4 x:7,o 6
2
In the interval we have
7f Tltt 51 3n 7n
I:0,- 7, T, TT,
T,T,T.
',
77. sin2 a: (*)' -- #s
sin2a:1-cos2e: I (i3)': 1 -#:Et6s
n9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7s. sinacos B,
:(*Xi) :*
sinacos B:,",(;- ")
,,"(;-
4: (*Xi) :*
8L. csc 20 : t3. :
sin20 cos2 2q, - sin2 2a cos[2(2a)]
I : cos 4a
2 sin ecos e
_l
sin 0 2cos 0
_ csc0
2cos0
85. (sinx* cosx)2: sin2x* 2sinrcosx*cos2x
+ 2sinxcosr
: iT'J"l;*'*)
I
87. r""1:
--- 2 i cos ("/2) :
E9. cos 3F cos(2B + p)
: cos 2p cos p - sin2p sin p
-t : - sin2B) cos p - 2 sinB cosB sinp
(cos2 B
:cos3 p- sin2pcos p-Zsin2pcosp
-+ sin z(1 * cos z) =cos3 B- 3sin2BcosB
2sinu
-+ sinz * sin ucosu
-_4=-Y/I (sin u)/(cosAsinu)/(cosu)
u) + (sin u cos u)/(cos rl)
. | 2tanu
-V tanu * sinz
91.
cos 4x - cos 2x
.. : l-cos2x I cos 2r
93. sln- x
2 sin 3x 2 sin 3x 22
-2 sin 3r sin x
2 sin 3x
: -sin r
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
..x (b)
95. (a) Y:4sin;z * cos x 2cos;- sinx - 0
4
,(*
.(I *cosx\ :srn'x
4l . n
\zl . f
2(l * cosx): 1 - cos2x
Maximum: (n,3) cos2x * 2cos x*I: Q
(cosx*1)2:0
cos x: -l
x:71
x.
y:cos;+sin2x (b) 2 cos b 4 zeros on [0, Zr).TWo of
97. (a) - | - 0 has
sin
the zeros are x: 0.699 and x : 5.584. (The other
I
two are 2.608,3.675')
Maximum: (0.699,2.8&)
Minimum: (5.58+, -2.86/\
99. sin(2 arcsin x) - )sin(arcsin x) cos(arcsin r) = U'.',R
,ffi
101. cos(2 arcsin x) : 1- zsin2(arcsinx) 103. r: #rosin20
:1 b2,
: 'hvo(2sin 0 cos 0)
: tvo sin 0cos 0
01 : .Tr
105. sinf :
ZM-
107. False. If x zr, sin
;: srnT: 1, whereas
.0 I
sm;: : -1
/- -4.5
0.1
;: arcsin *S: 0.2241
Q : 0.M82 or 25.68o
2Er PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
109. f(*)
']
(a) o) The graph appears to be that of y : sin 2x.
AA AA (c) 2 sin .lr,*'(;) t] - z,in,[z ry - t]
VV VV - 2 sin x [cos x]
-2 : sin 2x
111. (a) Complement:
T7r8n4n
_:_: rr _:_
9.rr rr
(b) Complement:
218189 22020
Supplement: 7r- T lTrr Supplement: 'f
9rr lln
Ig: lg 20 20
113. f(*) : ]sin : 1 nrx
f 115. f(*) asec 4
Period: 4tr
2n
Period:
Amplitude: --4
TT
i 2
Review Exercises for Chapter 5
solutions to odd-Numbered Exercises
l. -I :secr 3. r :cosr
7
,
!.
cosr
cos r sec .r sln.r
COt.f 7. *(;-,
-:
9. sec(-x) : sec r
11. sin x : cos x : f, euu*ant I 12 sm\t
rr. o \
^t^( - x): I
x:7:;, O
i, cos
6
-tr:1
3
sinx 5 3 sinx: -f-QuadrantIV
tanx - cosr- -
I 4
tanx: -l
5
cotx: -l
cotx :54
sec r : "rn
cscr:55 cscr: -.rn
secr :45
P RT I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
I :
15. sin2 r
cot2x*1 csc2 r
17.
sin2a-cos2c _ (sin c * cos a)(sin a - cos a)
sin2 ot - sin a cos a sin c(sin a - cos c)
sinc*cosa
sma
: I * cota
19. tan2 0 (csc2 e - l) : tan2 g(cop 0) 21. r)r* x : cot x' sec r
""(t-
: tan2tl'+\
'- lon' e)
_ cosx
sin x cos r
:1 1
: CSC.I
srn r
-:
sin-r/2cos x iTi- r
= sln'/ 25. cos x(tan2 x * l) : cos x ser,Z x
1, sgc- r
:--- r
cos ..6i" t sec r
r/Sm x VSrn r : secr
COSf t-
srn r
: Cgtt..ffi
Yl. sin3 0+ sin0cos2 Q- sin0(sir20 *cos'0) 29. sin5 x cos2 x: sina x cos2 x sin x
:sin0 : (1 - cos2 x)2 cos2 r sin x
: (1 - 2cos2 x * cosa x) cos2 x sin x
: (cos2 x - 2 cosa x * cos6 x) sin x
31'
ffi I sin0
V1+sino:
(1 - sin 0)2 - sin0)2 _ lt - sinel
-
1-,sin0
1 - sin20 lcos 0l |tos 0l
Note: We can drop the absolute value on I- sin 0 since it is always nonnegative.
csc(-tl n
' sm-\7 :sin2x*cos2x:l
33.
vv' : csc.r
r
35.sinzx1 '(
")t
sec( - x) sec
: --cos r : -cotr
sin x
2E3 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37.2cos24x-l-0
ft, 2cos2(ifl r : r(*)' - r : r r : e
(a) x --
(b) x =?r,zcos,( o .#) I : r(*)' - r = r r - o
39.2sinx-l:Q 41. sinr:.,fr -sinx 4g. 3'.frtanx = 3
sinx :t 2 sin x -, .rfr
tan.r = 4
J3
rr 5n sinx:+
x:6,7 x= 4.!T
6'6
Jc=,4.4
3'3
45.3csc2x:4 4l'1. 4 cos2 x - 3 - 0
csc2 *-! 3 ,3
cos-x:-
4
sin2 *:l cos x -- i-.tn
sinr : *f ::- tr sttr ,tr;r:
tr- 6'T'6' 6
tr 2n 41 5n
--:- 3'3'3'3
49. sinr - tanr - 0 51. 2cos2x -- I: Q
cos x
sinx - !l!-{: e (2cosx * l)(cos x - l) = 0
cos x
sinxcos x - sinx - 0
2cosx* l:Q or cosx- l-0
sin;(cosx - l) : e cos x= -* cos x: l
sinr:Q or cosx- l:e
x:0rTf cosx:, I x=7,+ x=o
x-0
53. cos2r * sinr: I 55. 2 sin ?i - .,n
I - sin2 x * sinr == I
sinx(sinx - l) : Q sin?8-{ 2
sinr:Q or sinx=l ,r rr 3n 9rr llrr
o Zfr=,-
x=Orrf ,t:t 4'4'4',
- - -4
r=- n _3n _9n _lln
Jw g'g'g' g
2U PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
57.cos4x(cosx-1)=0 59 cos4x-7cos2x=8
cos4x=0orcosr- 1:0 2cos22x - I - Tcos?.x:8
. 7r 31 5,n 71 9r lln L3r l1n Zcosz?* - 7 cos ?-x - 9 : O
a' - z' z' 2' 2' 2' 2' 2' 2' (2cos2x - 9)(cos2r+ 11 = I
orcosx:l cos2r-)=0 or cos2r*l=O
zr 3n 51 71 9qr lLn L3r l5z- cos2r: -1
=
I-'T'T'T'T'T'T'-I-'' ^ "o"*:? z
"
Nosolution ?x=n+2nn
x: nr+ntr
,=TTn3r
61.sin2.r-2sin.x=0 63. lorrtfl+tanO-12=.0
sinx(sinx -2):0 (tan0+4)(tan0- l):g
sin.r=0 or sinx:2(impossible) tan0: -4 ot tan0:3
x : O, rr 0 : 1.8158, 4.9574, t.24X),4.3906
65. sin 285o = sin(225" + 60") = sin|2i2focos 60o * cos 225'sin 60o
= _O.L-O.-fr
22224 = -O-
JG
cos285" = cos(2%o + 6tr) = cos225" cos60o - sin225" sin60"
4L-A6=Ju-O
:-Tt- z z- 4
ten?R5o :@o
cos 285i
:- _J6a6:
-A - J6 - 7z
4* _ 4:
Jo
-2 - -fr
. l2n zr\ srnTcosZ'-
. 5r = sin$
- T): -.,2t ^^-t cosTsmZ'
..2tr -.-tr
67. sin6
Jt -D . t .,tr -fo + -fr
:T'T-r 2: 4
5rr lZn ?r\ --2r - rr , -:- 2n -,-
i : cos\T - d : cos Tcos 7 * smT smz'
7r
--
cos
rO $fi {6-0
:-r2* 2 z:T
. 5rr
smlt'
5rr
tanfr:-:ffi-2fi+fi ,r,+J3/7
cos
n
69. sin l40o cos 50" * cos 140" sin 50" : sin(140" + 50') : sin 190"
F,, tan25" * tan 10"
71. : tan(25" + l0') : tan 35o
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
For Exercises 73-77:
z:
l,
sin
44u inQuadrant II ==> cos u= -{
cos v =-
st2
v in Quadrant II sin y
13, -) = fS
73. sin(z + v) : sinacosv + coslzsinv 75. cos(a u) _ coszcosy + sinasinv
:(iX-*) + (+)(i3) : (*)(-*) +(il(i3)
ls 12../1 s.,[t + zo
52y2: 52
_ -xs + qJi)
52
: zr\ 71
77. cos(u + v) cos ,, cos v - sln tl sln ,, 7s.
""r('
*;): ;z2- sin x sin -
cos .r cos
7r
: (+)( *) (i)(i3) (cos r)(0) (sin
")(1)
: -sin x
sJj - 36
52
*r(;- cosl(n/2) - xl
8r.
t: sinl(n/z) - xl 83. cos 3x : cos(2x + x)
x - sin 2x sin x
cos(rr/Z) cos x *
sin(nf 2) sin x
cos 2x cos
sin(rr/2) cos x - sinx cos(n/Z)
: (cos2 x - sin2 x) cos x - 2 sin.r cos x sin x
cos3 x - 3 sin2.rcos.r
_ sinr
cos -r : cos3 x - 3 cosx(l - cos2x)
: tanx cos3 x - 3 cos x * 3 cos3x
: 4cos3x-3cosx
8s. ,in(" .;) ,in(' - t) : ..n 87 . 6 sin .r cos x - 312 sin .r cos x] - 3 sin 2x
cos x * cosr -6
cos .r _8 2
x :- rr Lln
6'6
sin 2x sin 2x
89. 1 - 4 sin2xcos2 x - 1 (z sin x cos x)2 9L. : tan2x
cosz x -'sin2 x cos 2x
:1 sin2 2x - cosz 2x
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
93. sinu: 95. I sin20
r== iroz
-+,T<u ')
coszu=' 5\' 24
=r |\-7/:49 too : sinlo
-cosn:- 7 *rro)z
20fi sin20: 0.5
sin2u : /sin z cos tt : z(-:)f -4\: 30o or 20 : 180" - 30" :
:
7/\ 7l 49 20 150"
Q- 150 Q-750
cos;u: r -zsin2u: r -z(-:)t:1-*:
'\ 7l ^ 49 - 49
1
tanhu:#:ry: -20'.re
yr. cosax sina x : (1 + gos 2x)'z (t - cos zx)'z
\ 2 l\ 2 I
(l + 2 cos?* * cosz 2x)(l - 2 cos ?* * cosz ?*)
8
:
(t + zcos 2x + ryXt 2 cos 2t +ry
(3 * 4 cos 2r * cos 4xX3 - 4 cos 2x * cos 4x)
16
: fr(cos
I
8x - 4 cos 4x * 3)
99. sina 2x -
1 - cos2 4x : I
8x - 4 cos 4x * 3)
;(cos
101. 67o 30' : 67.50 : jtt35"). Quadrant I
cos(67o30) = *r(jtrr") : "'@ :E = ry
o
rr) :,ffi
&= *:
tan(67" 30) =",.(| = -/2. + r
103.
1 - cos Lln/6
* cos lln/6 r+6/2 -FZt
. llrr
sm-- I
:ft:;Tjr:-2+
-1 -,
6
*cos llz 6
r- 2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
secx - I (l/cosx) - I _ 1 - cos.r
ros.
#:,un( +):tan3x 107. : tan.I
tan x sin xf cos .r sln.r
109. cos 30 + cos 20 : 2
20\ llo - 2e\
\ 2)'o'\
"or(L+ 2/
- zcos T*rl
: -2,',(;) ,'"(f) : -n
113. sin 3a sin 2a : |1cos( 3a - 2o,) cos(3c + 2a) 115. 6sinf,"o,
i: tlrsinf,""'f,] : 3 sin ;:3
: t(cos a - cos 5a)
ll7. Y : 1.5 sin 8f - 0.5 cos 8t
(a) o--:,b - -:, 8 - 8, c -*ron( -#)
: / r\
y sin( 8r + arctan -+3ll
y:|n in(sr - arctao1\I 3
(c) rhe amplitud" :d-'-^' (d) Frequency
l4
period 7r
1L9. sin(x + y) : sin x * sin y. False.
sin(x + y) : sinxcos y * cosxsiny
l21^. 4 sin 45" cos l5o : I + fi. True.
4 sin 4socos l5o : +(ftri"(45" + 15") * sin(45" 15)r)
\z
: 2[sin 60o * sin 30']
=zl{* !l
L2 2J
:r(6*r\
-\21
=1+8
cos 3r
123. No.cos o- tm lzs. -
-1.,L cos.r
lz : (2 sin x)2
From the graphs, )g : -!z * I : 1lr
288 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 5 Practice Test
sec2 * csc2x
x
I Find the value of the other five 2. Simplify
csc2 x(l * tanz x)'
trigonometric functions, given
tanx: *,secx<0.
3. Rewrite as a single logarithm and simplify 4. True or false:
lnltan 0l - lnlcot 01.
lr -.):\ 1
'o'\t rrr"
5. Factorandsimplify: sinax + (sin2x)cos2x 6. Multiplyandsimplify:,(cscx + l)(cscx - 1)
7. Rationalize the denominator and simplify: 8. Verify:
cos2 x 1*cos0 sin0
1 - sinx sin0 1*cos0
9. Verify: 10. Use the sum or difference formulas to determine:
tan4x * 2tanzx f I = secax (a) sin 105' (b) tan 15'
1 * tanfl
11. Simplify: (sin 42") cos 38o - (cos 42') sin 38o 12. Verify ta.(e * f) : 1 - tan?'
- arccos r) as an
13. Wrirc sin(arcsinr 14. Use the double-angle formulas to determine:
algebraicexpressioninx. (a) cos 120" (b) tan300.
15. Use the half-angle formulas to determine: 16. Given sin = 4/5, 0lies in Quadrant II, find
cos o/2'
(a) sn22.5" b) ffi#
17. Use the power-reducing identities to write lt. Rewrirc as a sum: 6(sin 50) cos20.
(sin2.r) cos2 r in terms of the first power of
cosine.
19. Rewrite as a product: .20. verify
#*'@ = -oot?.x.
sin(r*zr)+sin(x-z).
21. Verify: 22. Find all solutions in the interval [0, 2n):
(cos z) sin y - |;rin1u + v) sin(z - v)1. 4sin2x:1
f0,2n):
23. Find all solutions in the interval 24. Find all solutions in the intervall0,2tr):
tan20 | @ - t)t""0 - 1E:0 sin2x: cosx
25. Use the Quadratic Formula to find all solutions in the intervallO,2fl:
tanzx- 6tan.r *4:0
CHAPTER 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section6.l LawofSings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . .290
Section6.2 LawofCosings . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Section63 VectorsinthePlane .......... . .., .300
Section 6.4 Vectors andDotProducts . . . . . . . . . . . .' . 307
Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number .. . 311
ReviewExercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
PracticeTest ... .. . . . r. .... . . -.. . . . .....331
2t9
CHAPTER 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 6.1 Law of Sines
t lt ABC is any oblique tiangle with sides a, b, md c, then the Law of Sines says
abc:
,inA airrB: sinC-'
I You should be able to use the Law of Sines to solve an oblique tiangle for the three parts, given:
(a) Tivo angles and any side (AAS orASA)
(b) T\vo sides and an angle opposite one of them (SSA)
I.lf A isacuteandh: DsinA:
(a) a <h, no hiangle is possible.
O) a = h or a>b, one triangle is possible.
(c) h < a < b, two riangles are possible.
2. lt A is obtuse and ft = b sin A:
(a) aS b, no hiangle is possible.
(b) a > b, one triangle is possible.
I The area of any niangle equals one-half the product of the lengths of two sides times the sine of their includ-
ed angle.
A = lab sin C : jac sin B : lbc sinl,
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. Given: A:30o, B - 45o,a: lz
C-180"-30"-45":105"
b: +(sinB) : sln 30- \ ' : tzE,: t6.g7
srn A #(sin45")
a ._ , 12
c - ,,*(sin C) : ;fo.(sin 105) :23.18
3. Given: A ::60ora:4.5
10o, B
c-190"-10.- 60o : I l0'
b:#(sinB): 4.5 ,. 60") : ,r(sin 22.M
"r,
c: #(sinc): ,r"4.5 /. 110") : 24.35
,r"(sin
290
291 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5. Given: A: 36",a: -4 lO,b
b sinA 4 sll36'
: o.z3sL -> fr :
sin B -
a10- 13.60o
c- 180'-A-B- 180'- 36"
c:#(sinC) = #(sin 13o.4oo): 12.96
7. Given: A:150', C-20",a:200
B- 180" C- 180'- 150'-20o:10o
-A
b: +(sinB)
sin A\r''r
"'' : sin'T lo') = v69.46
=(sin 'u '
l50t\s'r
c:*trinc) :
\vr^r v /,,7 .'T^=(sint' 2oo):136.81
sin A sin I 50o
9. Given: A: 83" 2O', C - 54.6o, c : 18.1
B- 180'-A C- 180'- 83o20'-54"36':42"4'
: tl',t
a : *(sin A) , rr(sin 83o 2o') - 22.05
sln L sin 54.6"'
tl',t
b- *trin B) : , r=(sin 4Zo 4,) : l4.gg
sin C'- sin 54.6"'
B- 15o30',a:4.5,b:6.8
11. Given:
a sinB 4.5 sin 15o 30' _
sinA: b : 6g
e. L76gS
-
!: l0o 11,
C- 180'-A-ff- 180" 10"11' 15.5o:154"19'
: b /. C)-\ : 6'R
#(sin
154" r9') - 11.03
,inffi;(sin
L3. Given: A: 110'L5', a:48, b - L6
b sin A 16 sin l-10' 15' :18o
sin B- - - 0.3 1273 =+ ff, 13'
c -18;" - A - B:r80o - 110" 15' l8o 13'- 5 ro32'
c: #(sin C) : #(sin 51o 32'): 4o'05
15. Given: a : 4.5, S - 12.8, A: 58o
fu - I2.8 sin 58" - 10.86
Since a < h, no triangle is formed.
292 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
A:58o,d: ll.4,b - 12.8
17. Given:
. ,i b sin A 12.8 sin 58" : 0.9522 :=+ fi :
smrr:T:T 72.21o or lW.'19"
Case I Case 2
fi :72.21" fi : 107.79
C - 180' - 58o - 72.21" : 49.79" c-190'-59"- l07.79o : 14.21"
a /-inr) ll[
c: c:-*(sinC)-
a ll.4 f
,t* (st-- -, - ,in #(sin 49.79")
c
14.21")
*;,*(sin
- 10.27 , : 3.30
19. Given: A- ll0",a: 125,fr - 100
b sin A :::0.75175
100 sin 110"
stn6 ==+ fi : 48.74"
e-r8oo:o-B-:?:ru"
a , . _\
c: -;(stnC):- 125 sin 21.26"
:48.23
\---- - ''
sin A sin I l0o
21. Given: A: 36", a : 5
(a) One solution if b <5 or b t
- sin 36"'
5
u
(b) Two solutions if 5 < ('/L \'''
sin 36o'
(c) No solution it bt . L
stn 36o'
23' Area 25. Area : LO" sin A 27. Area : io, sin B
:l?:ll::r :,
l(ozxs5) sin(38o 4s)
1782.3 square units
-
:
iqz)(so) sin l3o.
1057.1 square units
29. Angle
AngleB-20"+14":34"
16h sin 34"
16
(b)
ffi ,'*F (c) h --o9.S2meters
sin 70"
293 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ottrnl 500sin46" :0.4282
[:25o
31. sinA: b - 840
=+
The bearing from C to A is S 65o W.
33. (a)
--\1
--'-'
t 'l I
7-'
;l \
---'1 .
----- !
fao. =:lIf
X:
-if
"(-_'--/ -r- tf
., I.I
I
-: t ,
t t'E
I
t*
(b) r: 3000 sin[I/2(180" - 40)] : 4385.71 feet
sin 40"
(c) s ^' -"(#)ortt.tt - 3cy,1'80 feet
35. A: 65" - 28" : 37"
c:30
B - 180' - 16.5o - 65o : 98.5o
C- 180'-37" -98.50: M.so
: +(sin A) : 30 (sin 37") : 2s.8 km to B
a
sin Ct- sin 44.5o'-
B) =
30 -
b- *trin
sln C sin 44.5ot-
,(sin 98.5o) 42.3km to A
37. A: 90o - 62o : 28o,
fr,-90"+38"=L28",c:5
Q - 180" I28" - 28" : 24"
q:frttinA) : #(sin 28"): s-77
fl - a sin(90' - 38) : 5 '77 sin 52o
: 4'55 miles
6 1.5
39.(a)+
srn 0 sin C'
sine+O
1.5 sin 0 (' -
1.5 sin 0
sinC -: o-Y6 -
arcsrn
7's-
1'5 sin o
B - l8o" - e -arcsin 6
7.5 - d _ 6 B
in.
sin B sin 0
| 1.5 sin 0\
6sin[ 180"-e-arcsin 6
)
d:'1 .5
-CONTINUED-
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39. _CONTINUED-
For e- 0o,C:0o,8:180" ==+ 7.5-d- 1.5+ 6 -) d- 0.
e 00 45" 900 I 35" I 90"
d 0 0.5339 1.6905 2.6552 3
For e - 180o, C - Oo,f : 0o + 7.5 - d - 6 1.5 + d - 3.
(b) Q- 5o
1'5 sin 5'
180' - 5o arcsin
6
d:7.5 : 0.0071 inch
sin 5o
4t. a= 180- /O+ 180 - 0): 0 - 0
d2
sin @ sin a
r Zsin|
it
sin/Q - 0)
43. False. If the 3 angles are known, the triangle cannot 45. False. See page 428.
be solved.
47. tan o: #: -+ sec 0: f 49. tano: -*tcos -ry e- -h:
: --5 0: -E sin0:r-!)/--+\- I -@
cot 0
L2
csc
\-nl\-m):m,:E;
csc 0: m
51. sec2 r(csc2 x - 1) : 30: o(|)tsin(8o+
sec2 x(cot2 x) 53. 6sin8ocos 30) + sin(8 0- 30)l
-
I
:- n-n2-
csc''tr : 3[sin LI? * sin 50]
sin2 x
ss.3cosf,sin|f:
295 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 6,2 Law of Cosines
I lf ABC is any oblique triangle with sides a, b, ardc, then the Law of Cosines says:
(a) a2: F + & - ZbccosA or cosA: t#
(b) b' : a2 + & - ?accosB or cosB : ry
&+-b2--C
(c) cz=az+bz-2abcosC or cosC=
zab
I You should be able to use the Law of Cosinqs to solve an oblique tiangle for the remaining three parts, given:
(a) Three sides (SSS)
(b) Two sides and their included angle (SAS)
t Give,n any tiangle with sides of length a b, md c, then the area of the triangle is
Area: @ wheres =*#. (Heron,sFormula)
Solutions to Odd-Numbercd Exercises
1. Given: a:6, b:8, c = 12
cosA =
b2t&-a2
T
&+144-36
:ffi: 0.8958 + A: 26.4"
bsinA :8sin?6'4" : :
sinB = 0.592g + B 36.3o
a6
C: 18f - 26.4" - 36.3" : 1L7.3"
3. Given: A : 50", b = ll,c : 30
a2: b2 + & - ZbccosA =225 t 900 - 2(15X30)cos 5t - 546'49 + a:/l'!
-=
cosB
a2+&-P o'8708 + B : 29'50
T:
C : 180" - A -B : 180" - 50" - 29.5" = l(X)'5o
: 9, b : 12, c : 15
5. Given: a
a2+b2-c2 8l+I4/--225
cosC=T:ffi=Q e C=90'
93
sinA=-:i + A:36.9"
l)J
B: 180o - 90' - 36.9" = 53'1o
296 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7. Given: a = 75.4,b = 48,c = 48
cosA: zb" :
b2* & - a2 482+482
z1+eli;g[
-75't= -0.233g + A:103.50
sinB=
ry=W=0.6190 + fi=fg.t
C=B = 39.2(Because ofroundofferror, A +B+C+ 3tr)
9. Given: B = 8o 15'= 8.25o, a = 26,c = 18
bz = a2 + & - ?nc cos B = 262 + lg2 - z(26)(lg)cos(s.zs) : 73.6g63 a | = g.g
sin c: # = lW: e.l =::v c = L'1.5o
A = 180" - B - C = 180" - 8.25" - 17.5" = 154.25
ll. &=42* s2-2(4x8)cos30o =?.tt.57 + d=4.96 6
2Q:360"-2e ==+ 0- 150'
c2 : 42 + 82 - 2(4)(g) cos l50o : !35.4j
c : ll.&
lG+t42-2G
L3. cos 0 - 2(loxt4)
Q: 111.8
20 : 360" - 2(1 11.80")
e - 69.2"
dz : lG + I42 - 2(l0xl4) cos 68.2"
f, : 13.86
(e)2+(to)z-(o)z
15. cos a - 2(e)(lo)
a - 36.3"
A 62+lo2-92
cos P - 2(6xro)
B : 62.7o
z- 180"- q,- B:80.9
l-L
: 180" - z: 99.1
bz : 92 + 62 - 2(g)(6)(cos 99.0")
fi - 11.58
92+11.592-62 + ll.5g2 -
cos 0) : cosx-
62 92
2(6)(n.58)
:
o) 30.80 x :50.1
0- q, + 0): 67.1" Q:p+x:ll2.B"
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. Given: o = 5,b = 9,c : 10
,-:T=:
.a*b*c t,
Area : ffi : JWI@M : 22.45square units
19. Given: a:3.5,b = I0.2,c :9
atb*c
t=T=11'35
Area : ffi : @ : ll.S2squareunits
: 20+20+ 10
21. a 20, b -- 20, c - 10 + .t
2 -LJ
AF
Area: ffi -96.82
23. W<+E N
a B-105'+32":t37'
YC
S.?
b2: a2 + cz - 2ac. COSB
.t,
at ,'
- 6482 + 8102 - 2(648)(810) cos(137)
.tt
||'ilrl-'ii;;
', ," QB
^i : 1,843,749.862
- ." --Frt"
b:
75o.. B
L357.8 miles
A
ab : gisin
B : -
From the Law of Sines,
sin A sin B
=+ sin A
# sin( 137") 0.32548
+ A- 19o + Bearings56"W
AngleatB:180" - 80" : 100"
b2:2402 + 3902 - 2(240)(380)cos 100" :233,673.4 + fi - 483.4 meters
;rx
27. C- 180"-53" -67":60o
c2: a2 +b2 -2abcosQ-362 + 482 -2(36X48X0.5)- 1872
c - 43.3 mi
298 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
2732+1792_2352
29. (a) cos 0 -
2(273)(178)
Q: 58.4"
Bearing: N 58.4" W
(b) cos Q, : 2352+1792-2732
2(23s)(178)
Q: 81.5"
Bearing: S 81.5" W
31.. d,2 : 60.52 + go2 - 2(60.5)(90) cos 45" : 405g.g ==+ f,:63.7ft
s
33. ffi: -m- &-/1Ql:l2.Bft
re:rffi:t-,ffi: .Fgg:9.4ft
tanp:i8
P-.rtunf :32.0"
6: : ffi1 :5.0ft
35. (a) 72 :
f - Z(l.SXr) cos 0
1.52 +
49 :2.25 + f
- 3xcos 0
(b) f - 3xcos e - 46.75
*-3xcos e+rllry)',:46.7s /3 cos 0\2
TrTr
\21 \21
l- 3 cos e12 n7 9 cos2 0 t,
Lr- 2 l:4- :;ltcos r* ffi)
X-
3 cos 0:f ll87 + 9cos20 : 5.5
2 : $ inches
Choosing the positive values of x, we have
x:i(rcos0+ m).
37. A: 180" - 40" - 20" : lZ0"
x 7
sin 20o sin l20o
7
7 sin20"
x:
sin 120" ?n:
x: 2.76 feet
B
39. False. This is not a trianglel 5 + l0
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
41. (a) Working with LOBC, wo- have cos a : "/? (b) By Heron's Formula, the area of the triangle is
R
This implies that 2R : af cos a. Since we Area - .
know that We can also find the area by dividing the area into
abc six triangles and using the fact that the area is I/2
ti"A: rinB: rinC' the base times the height. Using the figure as
given, we have
we can complete the proof by showing that
cos a : sin A. Th_e solution of the system Area :r, +r, +r, +r, +U, +Lzz,
A+B+C-180"
q.-C+A- B :r(x*y+z)
a*F:B ru.
isa:90o -A.Therefore:
Therefore: r.t - ->
2R: cosaa : o (s-cXs-b)(s- c)
cos(90' - A)
'.
sin A' r-
43. Given: a:200ft,b : 250 ft, c -- 325 ft
200+250+325
s: 2
- 387.5
(187.s)(137.s) (62.s)
Radius of the inscribed circle: r: - 64.5 ft
Circumference of an inscribed circle: C - 2rr - 2rI{@.5) - 405 ft
45.3secx*4 :10 47,cos r?':sln r :z-frcscx: 2{3(*)
\slD rr
sec r -2 3 :26
1 cos.r
cos .r
2 3$
x: ffl:
:- rr 5n
cos
T
3'3 7r lln
Jv6'6
Y:_
+ - cosl:
7r
4s. cos
: -2sin(E)""(f)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane
I A vector v is the collection of all directed line segments that are equivalent to a given directed line segment
PQ.
I You should be able ta geometrically perform the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
I Thecomponentformof thevectorwithinitialpoint P = (pr,p)andterminalpointe : (qr,q)is
Fd. : k, - pr, ez - pzl : (v,, vr) : v.
I Themagnitudeof v: (ur,rrlisgivenbyll"ll : G + v2.
I You should be able to perfgrm the operations of scalar multiplication and vector addition in component form.
f You should know the following properties of vecto'r addition and scalar multiplication.
(a) u*y=y*u
(b) (u+v)+w:u+(v+w)
(c) u*0:u
(d) u+(-u)=0
(e) i(au) ("Au :
(f) (c + d)u: cu * du
(g)c(u*v)=cu*cv
: u,Qu = Q
(h) l(u)
1i) llcvll : l"l ll"ll
I A unit vector in the direction of v is given by o : #
ilYtl
r Thestandardunitvectorsarei: (1,0)andj: (0, l).v = (r,, vr)canbewrittenasv: vri * vrj.
I A vector v with magnituAe llvll and direction gcan be written as v = ai + b!: v(cos 0)i + y(sin
0)j where
tan9 = b/a.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. y: (6 - 2,5 - 4>: (4, 1>_ y
3. Initial point:(0, 0) - Initial point: (2,2)
J.
Terminal poinfi (4,3)
Terminal point: (- l, 4)
v: (4 - 0,3 - 0): y - (-l
(4,3> 2,4 - 2> :
ll"ll :W-s
(-3,2>
ll"ll :@:fr
7. Initial point: (3, -2) 9. Initial point: (;'
Terminal point: (3, 3) ')
v- (3 3,3 (-2)> - (0, s) Terminal pomt: (-, -il
ll"ll : s
53
Y: (-, - r'-t- : (-:,
') )
ll"ll : 81 + 25 I
- rJ 106
4
301 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
11. Initial point: (-3, -5) 13. Initial point: (- 4.2,5)
. Terminal point: (5, l) Terminal point: (33 , - L2.9)
v - (5 (-3), I (-5)) : (8,6) v - (3.7 , - (- 4.2), - 12.9 5) - (7 .9, - 17 .9>
ll"ll - ,ffi-.,.,ffi:10 ll"ll - - rs.6
L9. u*2v
21. u - (4,2>,y - (7, l) 23. u : (-5, -2>,y - (1, -3)
(a)u*v:(11,3) (a) u * v - <-4, -5)
(b)u-v-(-3, 1) (b)u-v:(-6, 1)
(c) 2u - 3Y : (8,4) (21,3> : (- 13, 1) (c) 2u 3v : (- 10, -4) (3, -9) : (- 13,5)
(d) v*4u-(7, 1)+(16,8): <23,9) (d) v * 4u : (1, -3) + (-20, -8)
: (_ 19, _ 11)
25. u-i+j,Y:2i-3j 2;'1. ll(6,0)ll : 6
(a)u*v:3i-2i unit vector : *(6,0) - (1,0)
(b)u-Y:-i+4j
(c) 2u 3v : (2i + zil (6i - 9i)
: -4i + llj
(d) v*4u: (2i- 3i)+(4i+4i)
:6i+j
2s. ll"ll : ll(-4,4)ll : -ffi:4-,,D'
unit vector :
#rF 4, 4>: ( +, H: ( - +, +)
31. ll"ll : W:25
124
unit vector : -7> : (-': -l-\
*?24, \ 25' 2sl
33' ll -
I 3s. o: lrrn: j
llr,ll "
: II
Jr6+9\ - u'-:(4i
3j)
5
- 3j)
4. 3.
: -:(4i
l-5J
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37.r(fr") :t(#(3,3)) 3e.'(ffi") :r(#rr,+>) 4r. r(ffi") : r(;--z,o))
: t(#(r,rl) :!e,4> - 4(-2,0>
- (-8,0)- -8i
ls s\
:\n'Tzl : (+'?)
:
ls-fr s".,D\
\2'21
r-
-t
43.v-3u 45. Y-u*2w 47. v-(3u+w)
:|ei - i) : (2i-il+2(i+2i) :(6i 3j+i+2j)
- 3i - li: $, -l,> : 4i + 3j - (4,3> : (7, -r>
v v
49. Y : 5(cos 30'i * sin 30j) 51. v:6i 6j
ll"ll :s, o- 3oo ll"ll :re--fr,:o,fr.
tano= -6 =?: -l
Since v lies in Quadrant IV 0 - 315",
53. v- -2i+5j ,-
JJ. Y = (3 cos 0o, 3 sin 0') 57. Y - Q-n
ll"ll :W-6
cos 150o,
: (3, o) 3-.n sin 150")
tan 0 : -]
I z-ft t-fr\
\ z'2l
Since v lies in Quadrant II, :
, __ _l
Q - 111.8o.
0=0o (3,0)
( t^f6 t{z\
\--t'Tl
59. y
tl\
: 2l: lri + 3j)
\rEm)\'
:m(i+
2
3i)
303 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61.
' : (5 cos 60o,5 sin 60') : E,+l 63. u - (20 cos 45",20 sin 45') - (IO..n, rc-,n>
Y - (50 cos 150o,50 sin 150") : (-258,25>
y - (5 cos 90", 5 sin 90') s)
u * v - (LO..n - zl-n, L}.,n + 25>
u * v: (i'+) . (o's): (i,'.]*l
65. v-i+i
w:2(i - j)
u-v w--i+3i
ll"ll :O
:2fi
ll*ll
ll"-wll : fr
cosd: llvll'z+ llwll'z- llv - wll2 _ 2 18 - lq _
zll"ll ll*ll 2fi '2",n - \'o
a :90"
67. v-i+i
w_3i-j
u-Y-w- -2i+2i
cos d:
ll"ll' + lltdl' : lL- tll' 2 + 10 - 8
-+-O.44'12
zll"ll ll*ll 2J2 J10
d : 63.4"
69. 5@ u : 400 cos 25'i + 400 sin 25'j
&7.8 v - 300 cos 70"i + 300 sin 70"j
u*v^,465.13i+450.96j
44.t" ll,t + vll - :647.8
ffi) : M.!o
0
e:u,r,un(
71. Force One: ll - 45i
Force Two: Y - 60 cos 0i + 60 sin 0j
Resultant Force: u * y: (45 + 60 cos 0)i + 60 sin 0j
llu + vll : 60 sin 0)' : 90
2025 + 5400 cos 0 + 36@ : 8100
5400cosQ-2475
cos e- 247 5
*rr:0.4583
Q - 62.7"
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. - (2000 cos 30') i + (2000 sin 30J)
- 1732.05i + 1000j
v - (900 cos(-45"))i + (900 sin(-45"X)
- 636.4i+ -636.4j
u*v - 2368.4i + 363.6j
ll" + "ll - - 2396.19 i;
363.6
tan0- ==+ Q-8.7"
!
2'6g,--Q.1535
75. Horizontal component of velocity: 70 cos 40o = 53.62ft/se*
Vertical component of velocity: 70 sin 40' : 45.0 ft/ser
77. Rope Zd' r = l}i - 24i
The vector lies in Quadrant IV and its reference angle is *"t"n(f).
" = ll"ll [cor(*"tun f )i - sin(a'"t"" f[]
Ropefi, -z}i-V4i
":
The vector lies in III and its reference angle is
Quadrant -ctan(f).
t = ll"ll f-cos(arctun f)i - sin(at"tun ![]
Resultanuu*v:-5000j
llullcos(arctan +) - ll"ll "or(ur"t"n €) = o
-llull f) - ll'll sin(arctan 9) = -sooo
sin(arctan
Solving this system of equations yields: Zo, : ll"ll : 36ll.l pounds
7", : lltll :2169.5 pounds
79. (a) Tow line l: u : llull (cos 2O"i + sin 20'j)
Tow line 2: v = llull(cos(-20')i + sin(-20.X)
Resultanr u * v = 6000i = illullcoszo. + llullcos(_2O.)li
+ 6000 = 2llullcos 20'
='+ ll"ll : 3192.5lb
(b) u+v:6000i=2llullcos0 =+ f :ll"ll =3g(X)secp.Domain:g"S 0<,*
(c) 0 100 20" 300 40" 500 60"
T 3046.3 3t92.5 346/.r 29t6.2 4667.2 6000.0
(e) The tension increases because the component in the direction of the motion of the
barge decreases.
305 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
El. Airspeed: v : 860(cos 302'i + sin 302'j)
Groundspeed: u = 800(cos 310'i + sin 310"j)
w+v:u
w=u- v: 800(cos 310"i + sin3l0l) - 860(cos302'i + sin302T) - 58.50i + 116.49j
llwll : .6s5otTll6F = 130.35 km/hr
- : arctan\3r-,
d
(116.49)
_ 63.3o
Direction: N 26.7'E
83. (a) u -- 220r, v = 150 cos 30'i + 150 sin 30J
u*v- (zzo+75fi)i+75j
ll"+"ll : JQzo+7sJi)' + 7 52 - 357 .85 newtons
tan9:m75 ==+ Q - Lz.I"
(b)u*v- 220i + (150 cos 0i + 150 sin 9j)
M_ sin2 0) + 2(220)(150) cos 0
== l0
a-
I t5sino \
arctan\*/
(c) e 0' 30" 600 900 L20" 150" 190"
M 370.0 357.9 322.3 266.3 194.7 TT7.2 70.0
a 0" 12.1" 23.9" 34.3" 4r.9" 39.80 00
(e) For increasing 0 the two vectors tend to work against each other resirlting in a decrease in the magnitude of the
resultant.
85. True. See page 444 87. True. In fact, a : b- 0.
89. (a) The angle between them is 0o. 91. Let Y - (cos 0)i + (sin 0X
(b) The angle between them is 180". ll"ll :@:{:1
(c) No. At most it can be equal to the sum when the Therefore, v is a unit vector for any value of 0.
angle between them is 0'.
306 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
93. u- (5 1,2 6) - (4, -4>
v_(9-4,4 5)-(5,-1)
u y- (-1, -3)
v u _ (1,3)
Jv tT
cot0:--l0 4' /x2+100:10.csc0
v
95. sin 0:
; =+ J+g - x2 - 7 cos 0 97. \'//r I r\'\'
!ffi
99. Given: A :
a: lI, B : 6lo
32",
C - 180" 32" 61" : 87"
b: #(sinB): #(sin6t) - 18.16
c: #(sinc) : #b(sin87) - 20.73
AB
10L. Given: a: lz,b:15,c:24
A : : : + A-
cos
W W osrzs 24.ro
- sinA : o.5lo4 =+ fi : 30.7o
D
sin B
a
C - 180' 24.1" 30.7" - 125.2"
307 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products
I Knowthedefinitionof thedotproductof u = \ur,url andv = (rr,rrl.
. u.v=utvt*urv,
I Know the following properties of the dot product:
l.u.v:v.u
2.0.v=0
3.u'(v*w)=u'Y*u'w
4.v.y:lltllt
5.c(u'v):cu'Y=u'cv
t If 0 is the angle between two nonzero vectors u and v, then
^ ffiu'Y
cos d:
ll"llll'll'
I The vectors u and v are orthogonal ifu ' y : 0.
I Know the definition of vector components. u : wl * w, where w, and w, are orthogonal, and wr is parallel
to v. wr is called the projection of u onto v and is denoted by
wr : prcj,r = /" ':)"."
\ ll"ll'l
Thenwehavewr: u - l\Ir.
I Knowthedefinitionof work.
1. Projection form: W : llnroju6fll llrq;;
2. Dotproductform: IV: F . E
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. u - (3,6), v : (2, -4> 3. u : 4i - 7i,v : i-j
u o r/-3 .2 + 6(-4)- -18 u - Y - 4(1) + (-7)(-1) - l1
5. u = (2,2) 7. a: (2,21,v: (-3, 41,* - (1' -4)
u. u:2(2)+2(2):8 u'v=2(-3) +2(4)=2
The result is a scalar. (u . v)w = 2(1, -41 : (2, - 8), vector
9.u=(2,2),v=(-3,4) 11.u=(-5,121
u.2v:2u.v=2(2\ =4,scalar ll"ll : .['" =.FW= L3
L3.u:2pn+Z1i 15.u:6j
ll"ll: .@@: Jt-ozs:S-,Et llull
: .,fu : 1@:6
lZ. u = (-1,0),v: (0,2)
u'v j-=0
-- ^- -
cosd=ldliFii=itxz) + 0:9ff
308 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
19. u:3i+4j,v: -2i*3i 1. u:2i,v: -3i
coso=ffi:Gftffi :# coso=ffi=Oh=Q:=e o=eoo
o=-""o,(#) :ro.ru"
23. ,, = ("o,;)t . (,i" ?): t; *
ft
:
": ("o,&o
)t* (""?)t -4rr. *t
llull :llvll =1
cos g :
ffi : u . v : (;)(-*).
e)e) : -+4
,=**,(J#):rr"=#,
25. u - 3i + 4j, y: -'li + 5j 27. lr - 5i + 5j, v- -8i + 8j
coso:ffi:-# - o:9r.33o coso=ffi-o + o=90"
7
10
\
I Y
-1
o
29. P :
(1,2), Q = (3,4), R = (2,5)
:
FQ (2,27,--.pR: (1,3), prt = q-t, -t)
Pd.PR'
: I
QW6 +
2
cos cl = -----=-----= d=arccosft:'u'u"
llPg1mli
cosB ' =gg:0
IPAIWRII
=+ F=9$.Thus,7= l80o -26.f- 90":63.4".
31. u .y: ll"ll llrll cos 0 33. u- (-l Z,3O>, v: lL- _l\
\z' 4l
2n
(4xlo) cos
=
'3 u - -24v =+ uandy are parallel.
: +o(-1\
\21
= -20
309 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. u=i(gi-j), v=5i+6j 37. u= 2i-2j, v: -i-j
u*kv:> Notparallel u.v=O + uandvareorthogonal.
u. Y *0 ==+ Notorthogonal
Neither
39. u = (3,4), v: (8,2)
. : /u. v\ : 132\: 8,- 2, : 16 rl
: prci"u
wr (-tUt, f (*/v f(8, ;(4,
w2 - u - wr : (3,4) - #ro,tr= l|{-t,o)
41. u:(0,3), v:(2,15)
. /u.v\
w, : proj"u : (-il";p
45.
/"
=
fi(2, tsl
w2 =u - wr = (0,3) - #rr,", = (-#,H :
ft<-rr,rl
43. proj,u : u since they are parallel.
prci,u : jHiF :
*lg+i:' ='iru,4) = (3, 2t
: t
45. proj"u = 0 since they are perpendicular. (1. a: (4,71
. u'Y o sinceu'
.irna Y=0'
n Forvtobeorthogonaltou,u.vmustbeequal 0.
Prcj"u= Twopossibilities: (2,-4)and (-7,4,
llr4p ":0,
49.u :Li-ii sl. w - llptojea"ll ilFdfi wherefr: <4,7> and
For v to be orthogonal !o u, u. ' Y must equal 0.
Y - (1, 4).
Two possibilitiesf (i,t) and (-i, -rl projFd' - (ffi#)a : (#),-,7>
w - tlp,ojeo"il ilpDil
: (#)tr*1 : 32
53. u= (1245,2ffi>, y=(12.20,8.50)
u . y : |U5(I2.2O) + 2600(8.50) : $37,289
This gives the total revenue that can be eamed by selling all of the units.
55. (a) F : -36,000j Gravitational force
v= (cos lO')i + (sin 10'X
/tr' . v\
wr : prcjJ = : (F' v)v = -6251.3v
lffiJ"
Ttre magnitude of this force is 6251.3, therefore a force of 625I.3 pounds is needed to keep the truck from
rclling down the hill.
(b) wz : F - wr :
-36'000j + 625I'3 (cos 10'i * sin 10"i)
= [(6251.3 cos 10")i + (6251.3 sin ld - 36,m0[]
lltrll : 35,453'1 Pounds
310 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
57. W - (245)(3) :735 Newton-meters 59. lt[ - (cos 30'X45X20) :'179.4 foot-pounds
61. W - (cos 25")(20)(40) : 725.05 ftlpounds 63.True.u.Y:0
65. n o y:0 + theyareorthogonal(unitvectors) 67. (a) proj" u - u ==+ u and v are parallel
(b) proj"u:0 ==+ u and Y are orthogonal
69. Let u and v be two sides of the rhombus llull = llvll.fne diagonals are u t v and ri - v.
(u+ v)' (u - v) : tl' u + Y o tt -u . v - v . y
: ll"ll, _ ll"ll,
-0
Hence, the diagonals are perpendicular.
71. (a) 0 . v- (0,0) (ur,ur): hr * b, - 0
(b) u .(v+w): (ur, ur) ' (r, * wr,, vz * *rl
ur(vr * ,r) + ur(u2 + *r)
urvr * urwl + uzvz* urw,
(ur, ur) . (u, ,vzl + (ur, ur) . (*r,wz)
u.Y*u.w
73. 2 cos(x * n) + 2 cos(x - rr) : 0
2cosx-2cosx-. 0
-4cosx'= 0
cosx: 0
x- rr 3n
',7
7s. rin(' -9 ,i'('. f) :1
[rt'.rcos i -cos'rt"f] [rt"r.cos [ +cos"r,"f] : ?2
(_zcos r(+): , 3
cosx- _$
2
x- 5n 7r
6'6
311 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
77.s=+":t#:re.5
Area= @= -59.43sq.units
79. (a) u + Y: -l): (7,-l>
(3,0) + (4,
(b) 2v - u - 2(4, - 1) (3,0) : (5, -2>.
(c) 3u - 5Y : 3(3,0) - 5(4, - 1) : (- 11,5)
El. (a) u + v: (-2,-2) + (-4,5) : (-6,3)
(b) 2v - u - 2(-4,5> (-2, -2> -- (-6, 12>
(c) 3u - 5v : 3(-2, -2> - 5(-4,5) : <14, -31)
83. The car will cost (1.04)(23,500) = $2lA4O in one month, $940 over the present price. This is more than the $725
interest penalty. Buy now.
250iry.
t5. Let x be the number of people presently in the group. Each share it
x
250?oqo
Alro,?5W'
x - 6250-
xt z
Solving this equation, x : 8.
Section 6.5 lhigonometric Form of a Complex Number
I You should be able to graphically represent complex numbers.
I o + bi is lzl : J& + F'
The absolute value of the complex numbers z :
I Thetigonometricformof thecomplexnumber z= a + biisz: r(cos 0 * isin 0) where
(a)a:rcos0 @)b=rsin0
(c) r = JA +F,riscalledthemodulusof z. (d) tan 0: b/a;0iscalledtheargumentof z.
I Given z, = rr(cos 0, t i sin 01) and z2 = r2(cos 0, t i sin 0):
(a) z4z: rrrdcos(O, + 0) f isin(Ot + D)
(b) a a[cos(O,
- 0) + dsin(0, - 0)f, z2* 0
Z2= rz
I you should know DeMoivre's Theorem: pa : r(cos 0 * i sin 0), then for any positive integer n,
*=r"(cosn0*isinn0).
I You should know that for any positive integer f,, z -- r(cos 0 * i sin 0) has n distinct nth roots given by
,.-f
Vrlcosl le+z*\ . . .le +2t*\l
' L \ n /l+rsml-ll \ n lJ
wherelc = 0, 1, 2,...,n - l.
312 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numberd Exerrcises
L. l-6tl -re:-,R:6 3. 1-41 :ffi:",rc-4
-
J. l-4+4il:ffi 7. 19-zil: m:-rey
9. z -- 3i 11. z- -2-2i
r: jT4r:6 -3 r:@:Jg:Zfi
undefined ==+ 0 : !
0: l,0'2
t
tan tan 0 : 2^ : l, Lis in Quadrant III.
-2
z:r(ro, i+trinf) 5n
/-
\ Z/
0_ 4
z
5zr* f sinT)
_ 2Alr\cosT 5n\
L3. z: 5- 5t lS. z-,8+i
r:rc:-ffi-5O r :W:-/q,:2
tano: -;: -l + e -+ tan 0
lfin
:Tt:?
T, .. zr\
==+
':i
z : st(z\cos 7 rr* rsrnT)
7er\ ^l _
z :z\cosa*rsrne/
4
Irnginary *#r"
axis
I
313 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. z- -2(r + -fri) 1.9. z : 8t
r : Jt- 2)2 + (-2_,8), _ fr - 4 r: JEffi' - -t@,:8
tano:+:6 + e-+ tan0:8 l++ 0:;
f;undefined
O:!
z-+(.o,+.rsin+) rf i. z\
z:8\cos;+isinV)
^(
Imaginary
axis Imaginary
axis
l0
8a 8,
6
21. z: -7 + 4i 23. z:7+0t
r:m_G r--ffi:@-7
4
tanfl: _l =+ 0-2.62 tanfl--0I -0 + 0:0
z : -ff;bos2.62 + isin 2.62)(150.26") z -- 7(cos 0 + i sin 0)
tmaginary knaginary
axis axis
-E -6 -4
25. z:1 + 10t 2:'1. z- -7 i
r: Jmt: -mi r: -5O :6
tan 0: + : + =+ Q :0.14 + rr :
10
tanl 3-28(188.13')
-t:10 ==> Q-1.47(84.29")
-77
z :.,fiOitcos L.47 + isin I .47) z - 5-=n (cos 3.28 + i sin 3-28)
Irnaginary Imaginary
axis axis
8
4
6 2
-2
314 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. 5 + 2i : 5.39(cos 0.38 + i sin 0.38) : 5.39(cos 21.80o + i sin 21.80o)
31. 3''n - 7i =z $.19(cos 5.26 + isin5.26) =z $.19(cos 301 .22o + i sin 301.22")
7. 3l-fr l.\
33. 2(cos r2o" +isin r20") -- 2(-t. +r) + i. sin 330')
,r,\ct. --^\ :
35.
i(cos
330"
;l; - ;, )
: -1+ {li _3{3 _3,
Imaginrry
axis
44-
tmaginary
3 axis
-t +t5t q2
z!
t
I
I
r*
-4 -3 -2 -l
Red
rxis
2
!
3,n 3.
44
s7. r.zs(co,
f * i sin +): -Y * #, 3e. +(.o,
+ + i',.T) :4(o - r) : -4i
Imaginary Imaginrry
axis
--F'-F'.
15./2 .15.,/2 ,
3 Rcal
o\ axis
\\
\ 2
-l
I
-2
-4 -t -2 -l -3
-4
41. 3[cos(18'45') + i sin (l8o 45')] : 2.g4}g + O.g6/;3i
Imaginary
rxis
43. s(ro, + i sin : 4.70 + l.7li 45. 9(cos 58" + i sin 58o) ^, 4.77 + 7.63i
{ ;)
47. Imaginrry
rxis
The absolute value of each power is l.
.';1:...t zI=i E
.z=S{t+t)
, : -Rcd
-
i i axis
315 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
nr.
[r("*f
* r,i,f)]["("-f * i,i''f)] : rrrro{"*(;.;) .','"(;.;)]
: rt(*, i* t"t"i)
sr. [i(.or 140" + isin l,t0')]ff(cos60'* isinoo";] = €)(t)t".<tlo" + 60') * dsin(140" + o0')l
: f;1cos 200" + i sin 200")
sr. [$1"or 2sc. + isinzerl[r2(cos2(X)o * isinzoo'1] : (#X?)t"*tzg0'+ 200') + isin(290'+ zoo")]
=,!!(cos 490" + i sin 490")
= $(cos 130' + i sin 130')
--
i5- cos50'+ tsin5O" r-^6 ^^o\ . . . /!^o
--' cos 2t + isin2O"
= cos(50" - ZX) * isin(50. - ^^o\
20p)
= cos 30" * i sin 30'
tr. %
4(cos 40" *
= ftcos(l2o'- 40) + rsin(120'- 40)l
-
i sin +v r z
I
= i(cos 80' + i sin 80')
tr.
'-' 3(cos I02" + isin 102')
= 6(cos(54. - l@")* isin(54. - 102))
= 6(cos(-48') + ; sin(-+s'))
61. (a) 2 + 2i : 2{2(cos 45" + i sin 45')
:
I - i Jilcos(-4l') + i sin(-45")l
O) (2 + zi(l - i):lZ{2@os45o * tsina5")l['./2(cos(-45') * isin(-45'))] = 4(cos0'+ tsino'):4.
(c) (2 + 2i)0 - i) = 2 - 2i + 2i - 2i2 = 2 * 2 = 4
63. (a) -2i : 2fcos(-90') + i sin(-90')l
1 * i = .,fZ(cos 45" + isin45')
O) -2r(1 + i) = 2[cos(-90") + i sin(-90")] [-E(cos 45" + i sin 45")]
= z{2lcos(-45") + isin(-45')l
I I 'l
:?LJ2ft-Tt)=2-2i
^f
(c) -2i(1 f i) = -2i - 2P = -2i * 2=2 - 2i
65. (a) 5 : 5(cos 0o * i sin 0o)
2 + 3i = -fl3(cos 56.31' * i sin 56.31)
5 5(cos0'+ isinO') ---
.Ot,*u:ffirt =4"or-56.31'* 13
jsin-56.31) =0.7692- L.ls4i
,.., _5 : 5 .2 - 3i_ l0 - 15, = 10 _ \=0.7692_ 1.154,
'-'2+3i 2+3i 2-3i 13 13 13
316 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
67. Let z - x* ly such that: lmrginar!
axis
l.l -2 -+ 2- 'W
==+ 4 -f + f: circle with radius of 2
69. e:t Imaginary
axis
Let z - x * ry such that o"t:::=+ :: + =+ y: jrrtline
7r. (r + i)3:
lA(*'f + i,t'f)]' 7s. (-r * iyro -
lt(*++ i','T)]"
: @f(cosf+i',"?;) : ry + irinlk4 )
Gfl'o(ro,
:^,,D(+.+,) : rzfcos(+* u') + i""(T* ud
: -2+2i : rz(cosf+ i"'T)
: 32lo + t(- t)l
: -32i
75. z(-ft +;)': zlz(*r; + ir,";)]'
:rlr'(ro,
+*isin?)]
:uo( -+.t)
: -12".,6 + 32i
77. [S(cos 20" + isin20.)]3:53(cos60. * isin60.) :+ *ry,
25n* rsln25n
7s. (.o,
+.isinT)" :cos 2 2
: .or( r2rr . ;)+ r r,n( r2rr . ;): cos !, + i sin o, : i
81. [4(cos 2.8 + i sin 2.8)]t : 45(cos 14 * I sin 14) E3. (3 - 2i7s : -597 l22i
*' l4O.U2 + 1014.38i
3t7 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
E5. [3(cos ls' + i sin 15")]a = 81(cos *"j t sin
f |
60') At l-iO * Vli)l l- 4n,. 4n1u
-16 :LcosT*,srnTJ
:-f-l
81, 81J3. : cos 8zr * i sin 8zr
22
:1
t9. (a) In trigonometric form we have: 2(cos 30o + i sin 3tr)
2(cos 150" * isin 150")
2(cos27t * isin27o")
(b) Thereare three roots evenly spaced around a circle of radius 2. Therefore, they rep,rasent the cube roots of some
number of modulus 8. Cubing them shows that they are all cube roots of 8i.
(c) [2(cos 30" + , sin 30")]r : 3;
[2(cos 150" t isin 150")]r : 3;
l2(cos /7O" * i sin 270)lt = gi
91. (a) Square roots ofS(cos 12f f i sin 120"): (b) Inagipary
axls
360"r\ .' . l r2x +
5f"*/12[j
L\ 2:/ *"in17/J't=o' ?6no]\-r
I
.,fS("or6tr + tsin60o)
..6(cos 2N + i sin 240")
._6.JB.
tcl
6 JB.
z*-rr,-2- 2,
e3. (a) Fourth roots of 16(cos
+. i sin Inaginar''
+), tlls
mF*(%+,,,"(%, k : o, 1, z, 3
z(ro,
: + t""f)
z(ror+.rsin?)
z(.or+.isin?
z(ror+.isinf)
(c) 1 + .,,8r, -,fr + i, 1,,frt, fi - i
318 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice TestS
95. (a) cube roots of - 27i : zt(c"r+ + irt"T) G) Ima$nary
axis
l- (ry\+ ,,,n(T*-'on)l,k-0,,,2
L\ 3 I 3
(27)'rrl rorl -'-'
\ ll'
[ +tr,";)
r(.o,
r(,o,++i,,"?)
t(.or++i""f)
.,.
5t,-3-.n 3.3..8 3.
(c)
2 -rt, 2 -rt
s7. (a) Cube roots of - ?, + -fri): rzs("o,
++ i rtnT)' o) Imagi.nary
alls
lr'r!-(ry)+,,,"(ffi, k : o,,, z
-l 4n isin a"r\
slcos;+ ,)
s(ror++i"'T)
-| 1611 16"r\
2lcos; + isin;)
(c) 0.8682 + 4.924i, -4.698 l.7t0i, 3.830 - 3.2I4i
W. (a) - 64(cos 0 + i sin 0)
Cube roots of 64 (b) hnginary
axis
(64)','[,o,W)+ i ,"(T)],0:0, t,2
4(cos0 + isin0)
/ )-m\
a\cos+.isin+)
+(ro,
+.isin +)
(c) 4, -2 + 2.,,8t, -2 - Z{Zi
319 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
101. (a) Fifth roots of I: cos 0 + i sin 0: (b)
cos
T +i ri"!,k :0, 1,2,3,4
cos0 + isin0
cosT+ i ri"!
41 4n
cosTfrsmT
61 f r smT
6n
cosT
81f 8tr
cosT rsmT
(c) 1,0.3090 + 0.9511i, -0.8090 + 0.5878i, -0.8090 - 0.5878i,0.3090 - 0.95llt
103. (a) Cube roots of - 125: 125(cos 180' + i sin 180') are:
5(cos 60' + i sin 60")
5(cos 180" + i sin 180")
5(cos 300o + i sin 300')
(c)
5 . s-fr.
,+
-5
2i,-s,t-
s.,fr.
2i
105. (a) Fifth roots of 128(- 1 + t: 128.,n(cos 135" + i sin 135") are:
2 { 4"tr(cos + i sin 27")
27"
z<f tz(cos 99" + i sin 99')
z{tz(cos 17l" + i sin 171')
z <1q.fr(cos 243" + i sin 243')
z{40(cos 315" + i sin 315")
(b) t"iHl?- (c) 2.52 +L.28i, -0.4 + 2.79i, -2.79 + O.Mi,
-1.28-252i,2-2i
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
107.f-i=0
f-i
The solutions are the fourth roots of f : cos lz+ isinf:
l(n/z) + 4* (@/2) * )km\1 k-0,
{1",
L,'\-a- t {.ffn
isi 1,2,3 Imag[nrry
axls
TT I ' T
cos g *rsm g
5n,.
cosT * , smT
5n
9n. 9r
cosT * ,osrnT
l3n . . l3n
cos g +tsm g
109. f-243 -0
rf - 243
The solutions are fifth roots of 243 : 243(cos 0 + I sin 0)
:m[*'(?) + i"'(?)], o : o, 1,2,3, 4
3(cos0 + isinO): 3 Irnaginry
axis
l(.orf+ i""?)
t(ror
++i"'?)
++ i".?)
r(ror
r(ror?+i','?)
111' x3'-
ryr i &i
The solutions are the third roots of - 64i:
-*F*(ry+i,,"(ffi, k-0, 1,2 Irnagi.nary
arus
+(rorf +t"';) :4i
+( + isin 7tt\
\"orln6 t):-zfi-2i
+(,o,
+.isin+) :25-zi
32r PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
113. f (1-t-o Imgi.nary
ars
x3:1 j-,.fr@os315" + f sin315)
The solutions are the cube roots of I i:
g,Ekos 105o * i sin 105')
|ft.@os 225" * i sin 225")
|fr@os 345o * i sin 345')
us. rrue
[;tt vi,)]': l+-+,]': -1
z, rr(cos 0, * f sin gr) . cos 0, - i sin 0,
z2-
ll7.
rr(cos 0, * r sin 0r) cos 02 - I sin 0,
=
t 0, cos 0, f sin 0, sin 0, + i(sin lrcos 0r- sin 0rcos 0r)]
rr(cos2 0, sin2 o)'
: -It-{cos
\"os(o, e) + isin(o, or))
119. (a) A: [r(cos 0 + i sin 0)]tr(cos(-0) + r sin(-O)l l2l. sin 28.1" : * + h - 18 sin 28.1o- 8.48
: /[cos(o- o) + isin(o- o)]
- /[cos0 + f sin0] 123' unitvector: q#: (1,0)
: ;
,r\ z
(D) -:
r(cose+ isin0)
z r[cos(- 0) + i sin(- 0)] t2S. unit vector :
l2i 5i :Et-
12 ' 5'
: 13
=; l3J
Iros(o
(- + - (- 0))l
0)) i sin( 0 -
- cos 2e + i sin20 127. r oy : (5, -4) . (5,-4> :25 + 16: 4L
129. 3u . y : (-3,9) . (5, -4>: - 15 36 : -51
1.31. u. v: (-7,35) . (3, -15) : -2I - 525: -546 + not orthogonal
-7
+(3,
5
- 15) : (7,35> + parallel
322 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Review Exercises for Chapter 6
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Given: A = I2",8 : 58",c = 8
C = l80o - L2'- 58": l10o
, = asinB= 8si :32'6
' ;il7- ,in lf
: asinC 8si :36'2
" liil- = lin 12'
3. Given: A = 75o, a : 2.5, b = 16.5
: ry - 16'5-sin 75' 16.5(0.9659)
: 5.37s :=+ no triangle formed
sin B
a 2.5 = 2.5
No solution
5. Given: B: ll5o, a = 9,b = I4.5
sinA :
asinB 9sinll5o O.5625 + A 34.2o
b =T = =
C= 180" - l15o = 34.2" = 30.8o
h
c : f(sin C) :
ta<
sin 30.8") : 3.2
;i
7. Given: A : 15", a = 5, b : lO
sinB: bsinA - lOsi!15'= 10(0'?588)
=o.sL76 + B:3!.2"orl4g.g"
a55
Case 31.2"
l: B = = 148.8"
Caw2:B
C= 180"- 15"- 31.2":t33.8" C= 180"- 15"- 148.8o= 16.2o
c=gggg=13.9
- sinA - sinA -5.39
":ofinc
9. Given: B :25o, a: 6.2, b = 4
sinA : g+ : 0.6551 + A = N.9oorl39.t"
b
= 4O.9"
Case 1: A Case 2: A : l39.lo
C= 180" -25" - 4O.9" = 114.1o C- 180" -25" - 139.1. = 15.9o
c:8.6 c:2.6
ll.A=21",b:5,c=8
ll
Area : sinA: = 9.08 sq. units
)bc /5)(SX0.454O)
13. Area = l& sin C
: tlze)(r8) sinL22"
: 221.34 square units
323 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
15. a:180o 31o:149" 17. sin 29" : h
75
Q,
: l80o I49" - 17" : 14" h- 75 sin 28" : 35.21 feet
50 sin l7o 50 sin 17"
x: : 60.43 cos 29" :
x
sin f sin l4o 75
h : x sin 31" x: 75 cos 28" : 66.22I1feet
: 50.43(0.5150) - tl.1 meters 45" :
:
H- x tan 45" : 66.22 feet
Hei ght of tree: H - fu: 31 feet
,/ |
AT |
./tl
/ll TH
-/1
'-/ ll
ln
I
I
ill
tt I
19. Given:a:5,b- 8, c: 10
a2+b2-c2 25 +6/.-100 +
cosQ- -0. 1375 Q:97.9"
zab 80
sinA :ry""ry:o-4953 ==+ !:2g-'lo
. n bsinC
sinB-u "' :#:0.7924
8(0.9on<r
+ ff-,52.4"
clO
21. Given: a=6,b=9,C=45"
&: az + tP - ?abcos45":36 + 81 - 2(6)(9)(O.7U71) = 4o'61+c:6.374
cosB:
az+&-b2 36+40.63-81 +B-93.30
T--ffi-: -0.0571
A:180-45"-93.3"=4L7"
23. Given:B=llf,a=4,c=4
b2:a2 + & -?accosB:L6 + 16 -2(4X4X-0.3AO)=42.94 + b:6'6
a B 4 sir! 4(0'?3-97)
sinA - b - 6.6
si-n
110"
- - 0.s736 + | :35o
6.6
c:a + C-[- 35"
25. Given: a: 42,5 - 25,c - 58
cos '
C_a2+_b2--c2 _4zz!21?--582:_0.4&3 =+ e:ll,l .,lo
zab
2(42)(2s)
422 + 582 - 252
cosB-u * 2ac b2:ff:0.9243+
n2
c2 - i, :
ff 22.4"
= 2(42)(s8)
A
324 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. Given: B= 150o, a:10, c:2O
b2 =a2 + & -tutccasB= 100+400 -400(-0.866O):846.4 + b=29.1
sinC: c sinb B:'r.i;:O.3437
20(0.5)
+ Co2O.l"
sinA=a sinb B: 10(0.5)
Z
:O.l7L9 + A:9.f
29. a2 : 52 + 82 - 2(5X8) cos !52" 31. b2: a2 + c2 - ZaccosB
-, 159.6 ==+ a : 12.63 ft : 3W2 + 4252 - 2(3N)(42.5) cos(l8f - 65")
b2 : 5z + 82 - 2(5)(8) cos 28" : 378392.66
- 18.36 ==+ $ : 4.285 ft S- 615.1 meters
29"
33. a:4rb:5rc:7
a+b*c
s:a_-:;---:8 4+5+7
2z
Area :
: @:g.TgSsquareunits
35. a -- 64.8rb : 49.2,c :24.1
s : ry: :69.05
Area - s(s - aXs - D)(r -J) :
=u J ll.7 square units
37.u: (4 - (-2),6- l) : (6, s) 39. Initial point: (-5,4)
Y: (6 - 0, 3 (-2)> : (6, 5) Terminal pointi (2, - l)
u: Y Y- (2- (-5), -1, -4! :(7,-5)
41. Initial point: (0, 10) 43. (8 cos 120",8 sin l2O">: (-4,4r8)
Terminal point: (7,3)
y: <7 -0,3 l0): (7,-7>
45. -w: -(4,5) - (-4, -5) 4l'1. w+ 2n: (4,5) + 2(-1, -3) : (2, -l>
49. 3v * 3w : 3(- 3, 6) + 3(4,5) : (3, 33)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. u:6i-5j 53. 3v : 3(t0i + 3j) : 30i + 9j : (30, 9)
t ,(ui-si):+i-
:6t_6+l 6 5
ll"ll"-ffi
ff rrll
-
tffi
30
l0 _a\
6l
25
\sT' 20
l5
l0
5
51015m2530
55. u-6i-5j,v:10i+3j
4u - 5v = (24i - 20j) (50i + 15i): *26i- 35i
: (_26,_35)
57. ll"ll : g.unit vector:
*,0, -
6) : (0, - 1) 59. ll"ll :ffi:fi.
: (h,
unit vector:
+r$, - z>
A
61. P(7, -4), Oe3,2) P(0, 3), Q6, -8)
rc
-\ -- (5 - 0, -8 3) : (5, -11)
re: (-3 -7,2- (-4)):(-10,6)
-\
PQI :ft(s'-11)
ilffil
67. Y--10i+lOi
ll"ll :.-ffi:ffi:ro",n
tang- l0:-1 + Q-135'since
-10
v is in Quadrant II.
y - I}.,n(cos 135" i + sin 135"j)
69. u: + (sin 20'X]
15[(cos 20")i
Y: 20[(cos 63')i + (sin 63'X]
u * v ^' 23.17 52i + 22.95Mj
ll"+vll -32'62
-2
' 23.t752 +
tano:ry Q:M.'lzo
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. tana:+ -) sina:gr3andcosa:*
tan B:1 =+ sin(180- p):3andcos(l8O'- B): 4
5
u:zso(fri+i3i)
v:too(-fi+3i)
w:200(0i-j)
r:u*v*w: (# 80+o)i+ (ry +60-200h:#i+l#i
ll"ll : ffi)t -e2.2pounds
tan1:ffi + 0=79.9o
73. Rope one: u = llull(cos 3fi - sin 30"j) = ll"ll(f, i - f;)
Rope Two: y = llull(-cos 30"i - sin 30"J) = hll(-=€, i - l)
.
Resultant: u * y = -ll"l[i = -tsOj
ll"ll : l8o
Therefore, the tension on each rope is llull : 180 lb.
75. Airplane velocity: u - 430(cos(-45")i + sin(-45'[)
Wind velocity: w : 35(cos 60oi * sin 60T)
u * w : (430 cos(-45) + 35 cos 60)i + (430 sin( -45) + 35 sin 60)
: 32L56i - 273.75i
ll" + wll : 422.3 mph
o - *"on(-!:!:\:
\ 32t.56 I -,r,.4o
Direction: S 49.6" E
77. u. y: (6, -l) . (2,5>:6(2) + (-lX5) -7 79. (u . v)u (- 12 + 3X6, - 3) : - 9(6, - 3)
: (_54, 27>
8L.4u.y:4(-g): -36
83. u:cosTr*sinil:(+, -
+)
y:cost*sin+t: (+,)
-fi1
^
cosa-
uov m-*z :165" ortln
ii"l|||"||:T: -o'e66 Q
t2
327 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
85. u: Q.n, -4>,y: Ffi, l)
cos Q -,1,,',,1, : , -9 =' =+ Q:160.5o
ll"ll ll"ll (.64)(-n
87. 2 89. .1
-4
h
I -o
\
.E
u'Y : 70- +
cos 0-ffi-0 =+ e- 90" cos Q - ii;ii-ii;ii
15
ffiffi: o.612 Q: s2'2"
91. u : <39,-L2>,t 1-26, 8) :
u. y: 39(-26) + (-12xS): -1110 *O + uandvarenotorthogonal.
+ uandvareparallel.
": -3o
93. u: (8,5),v : (-2,41
u.v=8(-2)+5(+'1:4so
u and v are not orthogonal'
a* l<v + uandYarenotparallel.
Neither
95. u : (-4,3), : 1-8, -2)
"
/u. "\ : 126\
(a) proj,u = (mf (fr/<-t, -r1
13.
= _ rF,
.
t>
(b) u - proj. u - (-#, #).,, : (-#,-i;) . ( -#,#)
97. rt = (2,7'),v: 11, - t) 99' 48 inches = 4 feet
(t#)" : irr,-r) : (-;,t
work = 18'000(4) =
proj"u = '2'offiftttb
u - t: (2,, - (iil
proj" =
C,t)
" = (-;,). e,)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
101. l- il : I 103. lt -5tl : ffi= -m.
'ru:* I,"-gr,.arl
3
2
2 Real
I I 6810 axis
1
-,0
4
-t
-10
10s. z :5 2i, r : JEs + 4 : 6, e - arctan( -?) : 33g.2"
z : ,,,6ibos 338 .2o + i sin 33g.2")
ro7' s -rt:rc:6:J 109. 5 + l2i
o r: JEmt:.,,M: 13
tan o: +) - -l -+ Q:315" since the
tan 0 :t ==+ Q : 67 .38" since the
number is in Quadrant I.
complex number is in Quadrant fV.
5 - 5t - 5 _,DGos 3l5o + isin 315.) 5 + l2i : 13(cos 67.38" + i sin 67.38)
111. (a) z1 : 26 - 2i: 4(cos 330" + i sin 330')
z2: -10i: lO(cos270" +isin270.)
(b) zrzz: [4(cos 330' + i sin 330)][10(cos 270" + i sin 270")]
: 40(cos 600o + i sin 600")
: 40(cosVl0o + i sin 24O")
:' -20.00 - 34.@i
a_ 4(cos 330' + i sin 330")
Z2 10(cos 270" + i sin 270")
)
- :(cos 60o * i sin 60")
)
lsl 7f ,.
: rofcos ++ ir,"?] : to[ -*.*,]:
113.
Ltro' t*rslnn
;)l[-( cos f +isine] -s-n+s -fri
20(cos 320" + is in 320")
11.5.
5(cos 80' + ,'si n 80")
: 4[co s 240" + i sin 240']
ll7.
['t", #+isin #)]'
:srff+i
'i^E)
:
: +t rt'f)
62s(cos
:62s(;.*)
: 625
z-T'
6256.
329 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
119. (2 + 3i)6 : tJTS(cos 56.3o + i sin 56.3")16
: 133(cos 337.9" + f sin 337.9")
: 133(0.9263 - 0.3769i)
:2035 828i
1zr. Sixth roots or -72ei : ns(cot+ + i ,tr T)'
(3r/2) + 2kn\ ,
ffi(cos%. ,sln-l,K:
6l' Ir2r3r4r5
{.o, [+t','f)
r(rorT.isin?)
{rorV.isinE)
{ror{-.isin{o)
,(rorY.isinry)
{.orT.isin'#)
123. xa + 256: Q
x4: -256:256(cos n* f sinzr)
ffi - 4'"'(#) +
"r'(a#)],
k -0, r,2,3 Imgipary
axts
I rr zr\ : 4J2
* 4J2. : 2-n
a /=.A lT
a\cos
i +t,in
;) + +, + 2{2 i
+(.or++i',"?) : - 4-n .4O,.-
z -;i- ^ /i L.r /;.
-z{z+z-ft,i
+("or++i','T) : 4..n 4-n.
Tr:
,t /= .r /7
-z-n-Z-,Ei
z _4-n;_n
+(ror+.isin+) _4-n I
ft-2O-z-,fr,i
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
rzs.f.:]1r, lmaginary
ars
-8i: a(ror+.isin+)
3 +isin-J'k-0,r,2
L
z("o, :2i
;+trt";)
2F"'++i,r"?) : -6-i
z(,o,+.isin+) : {3-i
l2il. True 129. Length and direction characterize vectors in plane.
131. (a) The three other 4th roots are not shown.
(b) The modulus of each is2,and the arguments are 120o,210", and 300o.
331 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 6 Practice Test
For Exercises l
and 2, use the Law of Sines to find the remaining sides and
angles of the triangle.
l.A=4Oo,B=L2",b:100 LC:[50o,c:5,c=2O
3. Find the area ofthe triangle: a: 3, $ = 6, C : 130'.
4. Determine the number of solutions to the triangle: 1 : 10, D : 35, A = 22.5"-
For Exercises 5 and 6, use the Law of Cosines to find the remaining sides and
angles ofithe triangle.
S. a:49, b = 53, c: 38 6. C = 29o, a = l(X), b: 300
7. Use Heron's Formula to find the area of the trianglei - 4.1, | : 6.8' c = 5.5' a
t. A ship travels 40 miles due east, then adjusts its course lf southward' After baveling
70 miles in that direction, how far is the ship from its point of departure?
9. w is 4rt - Tvwhereu = 3i + j and v= -i * 2j. Find w.
10. Find a unit vector in the direction of v : 5i - 3i.
11. Find the dot product and the angle between u = 6i + 5j and v :2i - 3i.
12. v is a vector of magnitude 4 making an angle of 30o with the positive.r-axis.
Find v in component for1n.
13. Find the projection of u onto v given u = (3, -1) and v : (-2, 4>-
14. Give the trigonometric form of z : 5 - 5r.
15. Give the standard form of z : 6(cos 225o + isin225"\
16. Multiply l7 c.os23" * i sin 23")l[4(cos 7" + i sin 7")].
|
l7'. Divide
efcos
5,r
T + I sin
3(t"t t +
.
I sm
fl
Tr)
'
18. Find (2 + 2i)8.
19. Find the cube roots of 8(co, TJ + i sin *)
Jl
\
20. Find all the solutions to f +i: 0.
CHAPTER 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Solving Systems of Equations . . .333
Section 7.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables . . . .342
Section 7.3 Systems
Multivariable Linear . . 350
SectionT.4 Systemsoflnequalities ......3C3
SectionT.S Linearhogramming... .....369
ReviewExercises .. .. .375
hacticelbst ......38:i
332
CHAPTER 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.L Solving Systems of Equations
I You should be able to solve systems of equations by the method of substitution.
l. Solve one ofthe equations for one ofthe variables.
2. Substitute this expression into the other equation and solve.
3. Back-substitute into the first equation to find the value of the other variable.
4. Check your answer in each of the original equations.
I You should be able to find solutions graphically. (See Example 5 in textbook.)
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
.2",
L (a) a(0) - (-r) + t 3. (a) o ! -2e-2
.,|,
6(0)+(-:)=-0 t(-z)-o=z
3+l O*-2e-2
-3+-6 -6+2
No, (0, -3) is not a solution. No, (-2,0) is not a solution.
(b) 4(-r) - (-s) 3 r 16) -zZ -ze
6(- 1) + (-s) 3 -o 3(o) - (-z) Z z
1:1 -2: -2
-ll + -6 2:2
No, (- 1, -5) is not a solution. Yes, (0, -Z) is a solution.
/ r\ 'l ,
(c) +(-21 - (3) + I (c) -3 = -2,o
/ a\ .-'l
6(-;J + (s) : -o -
3(0) (-z) :', z
-9+r -3+-2
-6: -6 +2
3
(-t, :) is not a solution.
No, No, (0, - 3) is not a solution.
(d) 4(-i) - (-:) 3 r (d) -s Z -2"-,
o(-l) + (-:) 3 -o 3(-1) - (-, ! z
l:1 -5*-2e-l
-6: -6 2:2
Ves, (-j, -:) ir a solution. No, (- 1, -5) is not a solution.
333
334 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5. 2x*y:6 Equation I
-x*):0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y: 6 2x
Substitute -x * (6 -
fory in Equation2: 2x) - 0
Solveforx: -3x*6 -0 ==+ x-2
Back-substitute x : 2: y - 6 2(2) - 2
Answer: (2,2)
7. x -y: -4 Equation I
x'"-!: -2
.,
Equation 2
SolveforyinEquation 1: y - x+4
Substitute for y in Equati on 2: x2 @ + 4) - -2
Solveforr f -x-2-0 =+ (x+lX"-2)-0 -
x--I,2
Back-substitutex: -1: y : -l * 4:3
Back-substitute x : 2: y : 2 + 4 - 6
Answers; (- 1, 3), (2,6)
9.3x*y:2 Equation I
x3 2*y-0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y: 2 3x
Substitute fory in Equation2: x3 2 + (2 3*) - 0
Solveforx: x3 3x:0 - x(*- 3)-0 + x- 0,+6
Back-substitute: x-- 0:y -z
x: -frry :2 36
x: -fi,y -- 2 + 3fi
Solutions: (0, z),(-fr,2 3. 6),(- -,.fr,2 + 3. 6)
1.L. x2 + 1l:0 Equation 1
x2-4x-y-0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation I: y : - x2
Substitute for y in Equati on 2: xz - 4x - (- *') - 0
Solveforx:2x2-4x- 0 + Zx(x-2) -0 x:0,2
-
Back-substitute x : 0: y - -02.- 0
Back-substitute x : 2t y - -22 - -4
Answers.' (0, 0), (2, -4)
33s PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. -1.-y- -18 Equationl
8xz 2yt - 0 Equati on 2
Solve for x in Equation 1 : -t. : y 18 ==+ x:-lYiT2 ,36
Substitute for x in Equati on2: g(-?y + +)' - 2y
?
Solve for y: -Zyt + g(hy' - #y + #) : O
49yt I6y2 + 576y - 5184 - Q
(y - 4)(4ey, + 180y + 1296) - 0
Hence,y - 4and)(=-?t+l ++ - 4.
Solution: (4,4)
L5. x- y: 0 Equation I
5x-3Y:10 Equation 2
Substitute for y in EquationZ: 5x - 3x : 10
Solve forx: bc - 10 =+ x - 5
Back-substitute in Equation I : y : x : 5
Answer; (5, 5)
17. 2x - y+2- 0 Equation 1
4x*y-5-0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y : 2x
*2
Substitute fory in EquationZ: 4x * (2x + 2) - 5 -0
Solveforx:4x*(2x+2) -5-0 =+ 6x-3 -0 =+ x:*
Back-substitute x - *,: y : 2x * 2 : 2(t) + 2- 3
Answert (l,l)
19. l.Sx + 0.8y : 2.3 =+ 15x * 8y : ll
23 21. y + i, :8 Equation I
0.3x - 0.2y - 0.1 :
- 3x - _2y 1
x*y-20
Solve fory in Equation2: -2y 1 3x
Equation2
I Solve forx in EquationZ: x : 20 - y
y:3x:2
Substitute for x in Equation l: O- y) * :
lt *,
Substitute for y in Equation t: l5x *tf+) - 23
\2/
I5x*l2x-4-23 Solvefory:4**r:8 y:+
27x:27
x- 1
Back-substitutey:
+, x:20 - y
3x-1 3(l)-1_ :20 40 20
Then, y'- 1. Solution: (1, 1) 33
7: 2
lzo
Answer: l;,
\J +)
336 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23.8x*4Y:1 Equation 1 25. -l* * y- 5 Equation 1
2x*Y-0 Equation 2
-5x*3Y-6 Equation2
Solve for y in Equation 2, y : -2x :
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 5+
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 8x + 4(- 2*) _ 7
,5"
x: : Substitute for y in Equati on 2: - 5x * g(S + ;r) _ 6
Solve for 8x - 8x 7
0+ 7 Inconsistent Solveforx: -5x * 15 * 5x: 6
No solution 15 +6 Inconsistent
No solution
27. x - y - 0 Equation I 29. -x*2Y:2
2x*Y-0 Equation 2 3x*Y:15
Solve for y in Equation 1: y: x v
-x +2y =),
Substitute for y in Equation2: 2x *;- 0
Solveforx:3x:0 x:0
- :
Back-substitutex : 0: y x:0
Answer; (0, 0)
3r+y=15
Point of intersection: (4, 3)
31.. x - 3y: -z 33. x*y-4
5x* 3y: L7 x2+y2-4x:O
5x +3Y = ll
,2 *y2 - 4x =o
Point of intersection t (2,1) Points of intersection: (2,2), (4, 0)
35. x-y*3-0 37. 7x * 8y:24 - lr - -l*+3
xz 4x*7:y x- 8y: 8 - lz -t"- 1
x-y+3=0 4
\
\
x2-4x+7 =!
\
-4
Point of intersection t (4, -t)
Points of intersection: ( I , 4), (4,7)
337 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
39.2x -y +3 - 0 ==+ lr:2x*3
x2*y2 4x- 0-> !z- ffi, lt
5
{ No points of intersection
. , ./ nr
/ \-/
-3
41. f +y2:8 + !r_ ffiandlz: -ffi
y:xz ==) h- x2
4
43. y:d 45. x* 2y: 8 : 4-
I
x-y* I :0 ==+ y:x*l
==)1lr
7
v: logz x * !z:' ln "
z
2
ln2
/ 3
./
-1
Point of intersection: (0, 1) -1
/
Point of intersection: (4,2)
47.y:{. 49. x2+y2:169 =+ It: 'ffiand
y:x lz: -ffi
2
x2 - 8y : 104 ==+ lz: **, - 13
1E
/
,r,k
\ /
Points of intersection: (0, 0), (1, l)
Points of intersection: (0, - l3), (t t 2, 5)
338 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5L. y:2x Equation I
Y:xz + I Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equati on - x2 + I
2: 2x
Solveforx: * 2x* 1-(x-l)2:0 =+ x:1
Back-substitutex: I inEquation 1: y: 2x: 2
Answer: (1,2)
53.3x-7y +6 -0 Equation I
xr_yr-4 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: v: 3x*6
lzx + 6\2
Solve for y in Equation2: x2_ ( r /:4
+ 36x
Solve for x: * ('* 49
4ef - (9x' + 36x + 36) - 196
40/'2 36x 232 - 0
I0'z* 9x-58:0 x
stm :+ X: 29.|
-
a-
20 10'
y: 3x*6
29 3(29/rO) _+ 6 2T
utex:
Back-substit 10, 7 7 10
3x*6 :0
Back-substitute x : -2: y :
lzg 21\
Answers; [;,;1,
\ru Lvl
?2,0)
55. x-2y-4 Equation I
* - ): o Equation2
Solve for y in EquationZ: : x2 y
SubstituteforyinEquation l: x - 2f - 4
Solveforx: 0 - 2* - x + 4
No real solutions, the discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
Inconsistent, No solution
57. y - e-x Y:e-x*1 59. Y:x3-2*+ 1 Equation I
v- lnx y- lnx * 3 Y- 1 - xz Equation 2
v Substitute for y in Equati on 2: x3 2* + I : I - xz
+
6+
Solve for x: x3:0 - x2
sf
f(*- 1)-0 + x :0,
a
+*
a
\i, Back-substitute: x- 0 + y :l
x: I + y :0
Solutions: (0, l), (1, 0)
Point of intersection: Approximately (0.287, 1.75)
339 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61. xy l-0 Equation I
2x-4y+7-0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y - Ix
/r\
Substitute for y in Equati on 2: 2x - 4( I) * Z - 0
\x/
I
Solve forx: 2xz _ 4 * 7x : 0 _ (2, _ lX" + 4) - 0 ==) x-;,-4
Back-substitutex:l
'
r: Y
: l/z:2
1
Back-substitutex: -4: y:
+: -i
Answe,r, (:l), ( - 4,-i)
63. C- 8650x +250,000, R_9950x
R_C
9950x:8650x +250,000
1300x : 250,000
x- 192 units
ft - $1,910,400
65. C - S.S,[x + 10,000, R : 3.29x
R-C
3.29x - 5.S.,fx + 10,000
3.29x- 10,000:5.5-,fr
lO.824Ix2 - 65,800x + 100,000,000 : 30.25x o
I0.824tx2 - 65,830.25x + 100,000,000 : 0
0
r- 3133 units
In order for the revenue to break even with the cost, 3133 units must be sold, R
- $10,30g.
67. (a) C - 3.45x * 16,000, R - 5.95x (b)
(c) R-C
5.95x:3.45x*16,000
2.50x : 16,000
x- 6400 units 0
o
x - 6400 units
69. 0.06x: 0.03x * 250
0.03x : 250
x: $8333.33
To make the straight commission offer better, you
would have to sell more than $8333.33 per week.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
71. (a) x*y-20,000 (b)
0.065x+0.085Y-1600
(c) The curves intersect at x: 5000. Thus, $5000
should be invested at6.57o.
As x increases, y decreases and the amount of interest
decreases.
73. V- (D-4)r,5<D<40
V- 0.79D2 2D-4,5<D<40
(a) 750 (b) The two graphs intersect at D - 24.72.
Doyle
Scribner
Algebraically:
(D-4)':o'79D2-2D-4
Pz- 8D+ 16:0.79P2-2D-4
0.2LD2-6D+20:O
P :24.72, 3.9
(c) y;, larger using the Scribner Log Rule when Since 5 < D < 40, the scales agree when
5 < D < 24.7 . V is larger using the Doyle Log
Rule when 24.7 < D < 40. Therefore, for large
P - 24.72 inches.
diameters, you would use the Doyle Log Rule.
7S.Zl*2w:280+l*w-I4O 77.21 *2w:2I0+ l+w:105
w: l-.20+l + (l-20)_140 t:|w+1r+w:105
2l : 160 i* : 105 5
l-80 w- 42
w:l-20:80-20:60 t - |t+zl: 63
Dimensions: 60 x 80 centimeters Dimensions: 42 x 63 feet
79. A - luh 81. (a) Linearmodel: fi - 0.342t + t0.723
1- *,o' Quadratic model:
a2:2 E - 0.0I625P + 0.t96t + 11.00
a-fi (b) 14
Quadratic
The dimensions are b : h- O and
-
-l
hypotenuse - 2. Linear
t1
(c) The models intersect at (6.2, 12.8) and
(2.8, I 1.7).
(d) For 2000, t- 10.
Linear model: fr : $14.14
Quadratic model: E - $14.59
The linear model seems more accurate.
341 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. False. There could be four points of intersection. 85. The advantage of the method of substitution over
For example, xz * y' - 4 and y : x2 3. the graphical method is that substitution gives an
exact answer.
87. (a) 20
TW
(b) Based on the graphs in part (a) it appears *"
D > 1, there are three points of intersection
: :
for the graphs of y V arf,y .rP when b is an even number. ",
89.(3.5,4),(10,6) 91. (4, -2), (4,5)
m
6_4 2 x:4
10 - 3.5 6.5
)
y-6: /'s(J- - 10)
6.5y - 39 _ 2x-20
2x- 6.5y+ 19- 0
/7\(21\
e3. (- t
t, ),\r,r) 95. Domain: all x * -?
m: 8r (L/2) rs /2 4s
aft) (s /2) 4:-2s Vertical asymptote: x -
2
3
v - t:
I
rr
4sl 5\
--l 2l Horizontal asymptote: y
2
3
29v -?:2 45x * 225
2
45x + 29y - 127 - 0
2 3x2-2
97. f(r) _ 3 -_:
* x2
99. 8(102') - 28
Domain:allx*0 lo2*:
? ::
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Horizontal asymptote: y : 3 2x . rn 10 - t"(1)
h(il
x-m--0.272
101. log,o(x * 3) logro x - log,o(x +8)
, x+3 : logro(x +8)
logro
,
x*3 _ +8
x
x*3:x2 +8x
x2+7x-3-0
-7rm 76
22 Sorution: .tr - -:. +: 0.405 ( : - +is extran"our.)
342 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 7.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
I You should be able to solve a linear system by the method of elimination.
1. Obtain coefficients for either x or y that differ only in sign. This is done by multiplying all the terms of one
or both equations by appropriate constants.
2. Add the equations to eliminate one of the variables and then solve for the remaining variable.
3. Use back-substitution into either original equation and solve for the other variable.
4. Checkyouranswer.
I You should know that for a system of two linear equations, one of the following is true.
(a) There are infinitely many solutions; the lines are identical. The system is consistent.
(b) There is no solution; the lines are parallel. The sygtem is inconsistent.
(c) There is one solution; the lines intersect at one point. The system is consistent.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. 2x-Y:5 Equationl
x-Y:1 Equation2
Add to eliminale Yi 3x - 6 + x:2
Substituter - 2 inEquation2: 2 -v- 1 + y:l
Answer: (2, L)
3. x: ):o Equation 1
3x-2Y:1 Equation2
Multiply Equation 1 by -2: -zrc - : 0 2Y
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: x : I
Substitute x : 1 in Equation 1: 1 : y : 0 ==+ y : - I
Answer: (1, -1)
!.- x- y-2 Equation 1
-jx-2y:5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2:2x-Zy-4
Add this to Equation 2: 0-9
There are no solutions.
343 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7, 3x-2y: 5 Equation I
-6x -- 4Y : -10 Equation 2
Multiply Equation I by 2 and add to Equation2: 0 - 0
The equations are dependent. There are infinitely
many solutions. The solutions consist of all (", y)
satisfying 3x - 2y - 5.
-6x+4y=-10
9. 9x-3Y: I Equationl
3x-6y-5 Equation?
Multiply Equation Zby : 3y - I (-3): 9x
-9x-18Y_-15
Addtoeliminater Zly - -I4 =+ y : -?
Substitute y - -? i"Equation I : 9x : 3(-?) : I
I
3
Answer: (+, -3)
11. x:2y-4 Equationl 13.2x-3y: 18 Equation I
x - 2y : 1 Equation2 5x - Y: 11 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: Multiply Equation 2 by 3: ISx - 3y : 33
2x-5 Add this to Equation I to eliminate y:
x:, 5 l7x: 5l ==+ x : 3
Substitute x: ] in Equation I : Substitute x : 3 in Equation l:
]:2y-4 + y--l 6-3Y:18 -) Y:4
Answer: G,i) Answer: (3,4)
L5. 3x : 2y : 10 Equation I
2x - 5y : 3 Equati on 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and
Equation 2 by (-3):
6x- 4Y:20
-6x-I5Y:-9
Add to eliminate x: - lly - 11 ==) y : - I
Substitutey: -I inEquation 1:
3x-2- 10 ==+ x:4
Answer: (4, - 1)
17. 5u: 6v : 24 Equation I
3u:5v: 18 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 3 and Equation2 bV (-5): ISu- l8y = 72
- L5u 25v - -90
Add to eliminatel: -'7v:-18=+v _18
1
Substitutev - f in Equation2: 3u: s(is) _ 18 +U:+
Answer: (+,+)
3M PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
19. 1.8x : l.2y
- 4 Equation I
9x- 6Y:3 Equation2
Multiply Equation (-5): -9x - 6y: -20
1 by
Add this to Equ ation 2: 0 - - 17
Inconsistent; no solution
21. 4b : 3m: 3 Equation I
3b : llm : 13 Equation 2
Multipty Equation 1 by 3 and Equation2 bV ( -4),
Lzb - 9m: 9
-lzb-44m:-52
Add to eliminate b: -35m : -43
m -?s
Substitutem : # in Equation 1: 4b :3(#) - 3 b: -*
Answer: (-*, 13)
,.e.xY
23' -4: e: I
111
v-7: 6
Multiply both equations by 12 to clear fractions.
3x : : 12
2y Equation 1
6x - 6y - 2 EquationZ
Multiply equation 1 by 3: 9x : 6y : 36
Add this to equat ion2: !5x :38 =+ : 4
" 15
38
ute x :
Substitr '
into equation 1:
,,
L2 ==+ 2y :
38 22 11
,(# )-zv: 12
55-r5
Answer:
(n 1r\
\ls'T)
I x:3 v- I
25'7:
?
v 8
Equation 1
/lrl
2lt
43 -'-- I Equation I
g^l 3
2x - y: 12 Equation 2
JY Equation 2
T: 8 Multiply Equation 1 by L2 and Equation2by 4
Multiply equation 1 by - 3: -2^. - 3y : _1 3x:4y: 7
8
8x-4y-48
Add this to equation 2: 0 - 0
y; l lx : 55 =+ x :
Add to eliminate 5
There are an infinite number of solutions.
Substitute x : 5 into Equation2:
The solutions consist of all (t, y) satisfying
2(5)-Y-12 =+ Y:-2
3l
V:Y: g'ot6x- 8Y:1. Answer: (5, -2)
345 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. 2.5x - 3) : 1.5 Equation I 31. O.O2x - 0.05y : -0.19 Equation I
lox - l2y : $ Equation 2 O.03x : 0.04y : 0.52 Equation 2
Mulriply Equation I by (-4): Multiply Equation I by 4 and Equation 2by 5:
-lgx : l2y = -6 0.08x - O.2y: -9.7U
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate x.. 0'15x : o'2y : 2'6
0:0 Addthesetoeliminate y:0.23x: 1.84:9 1- $
Substitute x : 8 in Equation l:
The solution set consists of all points lying on
the line 0'02(8) - 0'05Y : -O'19 aY :7
lox-l2Y=$. Answer: (8,7)
Letx: a,theny:2"-L.
Answer: (",2" - |), wnere a is any real number.
33.2x- 5y-0 ==+ y:?x 35. ]*-y:3 ==+ y:!*-3
x- Y-3
- y:x-3 -3x : 5y - g :=+ y :*(f, : 9) : t*: 3
The system is 6
The lines are 6
consistent. There is parallel. The system
t
one solution, (5,2). is inconsistent.
taaa12
/ ./
-6 -6
37.x-7y-2 =+ y:iQ-x) 39. -x -'7y : 3 -> y : *(* :3)
4x-y:9 ==+ y-4x-9 -l*:y:5 ==+ y:i*:5
The system is 2
The lines are E
consistent. There parallel. The system
is one solution,
_/ is inconsistent.
- 0.034)
(2.241, -2 :
'rl::lll]
: (#,-+n). /
-2 -4
41.8x:9y-42
6x- Y:16
Solution: (3,2) -15
\
-10
to
t\
il,,,,,,,,,
43. )* - }y - 8
-2x-3Y:3
Solution: (6, 5) -1s
/
10
r
-10
45. 0.5x - 2.2! : 9
10
6x-0.4y--22
Solution: (-4,5) -1s lr r r
-10
346 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
47.7x-2y: 24 + y:l{r*-24) 49.3x-5y:7 Equation I
2x- Y:9 Equation 2
5x 6y : -20 =+ y: -20 - 5x Multiply Equation 2by 5:
6
10x:5y:45
4 Solution: (2, - 5)
Add this to Equation l:
\ I3x:52 ==+ x-_4
\ Back-substitute x : 4 into Equati on 2:
-E
K 2(4):Y:9 + Y:1
Solution: (4, 1)
51.. Y:2x-5 Equation I 53. x-SY:2t
y: 5x - 11 Equation2 6x:5y:2t
Since both equations are solved for y, set them Adding the equations, 7x : 42 ==) x : 6.
Back-substituting, x - 5Y : 6 - 5Y - 2L +
equal to one another and solve for x.
bc - 5 _ 5x - 11
-5y:15 + Y:-3
6-3x Solution: (6., - 3)
2:x
Back-substitute x : 2 into Equation l:
Y = 2(2) 5 : -1
Solution: (2, - L)
55. -2x - 8Y : L9 Equation 1 57. There are infinitely many systems that have the
solution (6, 3). One possible system is
Y:x-3 Equation2
1(6)_1(3)-) + x:!:9
Substituting into Equation 1,
2(6) 1(3)-P :+ 2x-y:9
-2x-8(x-3):19 =+ 6x:43
=+ *-t
Back-substituting, y : x - 3 : + - 3
_25
6
Solution' (?,?)
59. There are infinitely many systems that have the solution (1, J). One possible system is:
2(3)=2G):tt + 2x:2y:Il
l-+(il--J I x-4y=-7
6L. -
Demand Supply 63. Demand - Supply
50 - 0.5x - 0.I25x 140 - 0.00002x : 80 : 0.00001x
50 : 0.625x 60 : 0.00003x
x: 80 units x: 2,000,000 units
P:$10 p: $100'00
Answer: (80, 10) Answer: (2,000,000, 100)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
65. Let x : the ground speed and y: the wind speed.
3.6(x - y) - 1800 Equation I x-y- 500
6(x : y) - 1800 Equation 2 x:y- 600
2x _ 1100
x -550
550:y- 600
y: 50
Answer: x : 550 mph, y: 50 mph
67. Let x : the number of liters at 207o,y : the number of liters at50Vo.
(a) x- y: 10 (b) ': As x increases, y decreases.
O.Zx:0.5y:0.3(10)
(c) (-2 Equation 1) -2x 2y : -20
(10 Equation2) 2x :5y: 30 o
3Y: 10
y:1t
x:f_lo
x: +
Answer: x : Q tit"rs at zTqo, y : f] nters at 50To
69. Let x - amount invested at 7.5Vo
Let y - amount invested at 9Vo
x- y:12,000 Equationl
0.075x - 0.09) : 990 Equation2
From Equation I , ! : 12,000 - x. Substituting into Equation2,
0.075x: 0.09(12,000 - x) - 990
-0.015x : -90
x : 6000
Then, y : 12,000 - 6000 : 6000.
Answer: x: $6000 at7.57o
y : $6000 atg%o
71. Let x - number of adult tickets sold, y: number of child tickets sold.
x- y- 500 Equationl -4y-4y: -2000.00
7.5x : 4y - $33 12.50 Equation2 - 4y:
7.5x 33LZ.SO
3.5x : 1312.50
x :375
375 _ y_500
y -125
Answer: x: 375 adult tickets, y - I25 child tickets
348 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. Let x - distance one person drives, 75. 5b - IDa_ 20.2 : -4O.4
2Oa
y - distance other person drives. 3Oa: 3Oa: 50.1
LOb - 50.1
x: y,: 300 Equation I IOa _ 9.7
y:3x Equation 2 a- 0.97
x-3x:300 Use substitution. b - z.LO
4x - 300 Least squares regression line:
x-75 y-0.97x:2.I0
Y- 3x:225
Answer: 75 km and 225 lffr
77. 7b : 2la: 35.1
- -zlb - 63a: -105.3
2lb:9la:114.2 ==+ zlb:9la: II4.2
28a - 8.9
a:#
b:#
Least squares regression line: y : #(gg" : II37): 0.318.r : 4.061
79. (a) 4b : 7a: 174 =+ 28b : 49a: l2l8 (c)
7b : 13.5a : 322 + -Z8b 54a: - 1288
Adding, -5a: -70 ==+ a: L4, b: 19.
Thus,y-l4x:19
(b) Using a graphing utility, you obtain y : L4x : 19.
(d) If x : 1.6, (160 pounds f acre),
y : 14(1.6) - 19 - 41.4 bushels
per acre.
8L. True. A consistent linear system has either one 83. True. The lines are distinct and parallel.
solution or an infinite number of solutions.
85. 2Lx - 2Ay : 0 Equation 1
I3x - l2Y : l/Q Equation 2
Multiply Equation Z Uy(-!)' -E*:2Ay : -2OO
Add this to Equation I to eliminate y, -?* : -ZOO:+x : 300
Substitute x : 300 in Equation 1: 21(300) - ZOy :0
=; y : 315
Solution: (300,315)
The lines are not parallel. The scale on the axes must be changed to see the point of intersection.
87' (a) **:::=x (b) x- y:3 Equationl
il::l:li 2x : 2y : 6 Equati on 2
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation l: Multiply Equation I by (-2): -2x - 2y : -6
0 - -10 Add this to Equ ation 2: 0 - 0 (dependent)
System is inconsistent no solution
-+ The system has an infinite number of solutions.
349 PART I: Solutiotts to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
89. l5x = 3y : 6 I Equation 91. ueb : vxeL' : O
.- 10x : lcy : 9 Equation 2 ,^ ^ :7ez,
"-, :
u(2ex) v(2x: t)"u
MultiplyEquation rby!': lox:2y : 4
Add this to Equation 2: ky : 2y : 13
u : - vxeb : -vx from Equation I
(k : 2)y : 13 4.
The system is inconsistent 1f k': -2. (-vx)2eb : v(2x : t)"u : ozx
?
a-ebl
Ve-=-jY:-
xx
) 1'1 : -VJC: -I
93. 4
95. 6
,)
.-. .... L
l
llaa
-/
4 -6
r
Domain: all x Domain:allx#+3
Range: all y Range: ally + 0
97. 2(* - 3) 99. -6
7x 4
x I./ x -16
3\
t16
3T
t
r23456
1.01. l" : l0l 103. 3xz : I2x
l" : l0l 3x(x - 4)
(l I I I I Critical numbers: 0,
-t4 -13
| |
-t2 -n -10 -9 -8 -7
t- x
- 4. Checking the three
intervals, you obtain .r
+.+-l__+__.t__.f-
-6--5-4-3-2-t 0 l2
105. ln.r - 5ln(x:3) = lnx - ln(.r:3)5 t . ilogu3: f,bgur: togo 3r/a - togu:-/e
: ,x
ln : : loga(3x)t/a
(" l)t
109. -l?a:9y= 5l
-x-7Y: -19
From the second equation, x : -'7y : 19.
Then -12(-7y: 19) : 9y : 5l
84Y - 228 :9Y : 5I
93Y :279
y :3 x : -7(3) : lg : -2 Answer: (-2,3)
350 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Nurnbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems
I You should know the operations that lead to equivalent systems of linear equations:
(a) Interchange any two equations.
(b) Multiply all terms of an equation by a nonzero constant.
(c) Replace an equation by the sum of itself and a constant multiple of any other equation in the system.
I You should be able to use the method of elimination.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. (a) 3(2) 5*0:l Yes (b) 3(-2) -0 +4:1 No
z(z) 3(o) I- - 14 No 2(-2) 3(4) Z - 14 No
s(s) + 2(0) Z 8 No s(0) +2(4)28 Yes
No, (2,5,0) is not a solution. No, (-2,0, 4) is not a solution.
,l ,l
(c) 3(o) (-l)+3:1 No (d)3(-l) 0+4.1 Yes
2(o) 3(3) Z - 14 No 2(- I) 3(4) Z - 14 Yes
s(-l) +2(3)28 No s(0) +2(4)28 Yes
No, (0, - 1, 3) is not a solution. Yes, (- l, 0, 4) is a solution.
3. (a) 4(0)+1 120 Yes (b) 4(-1)+;-(-;) 3o No
- 8(o) 6(1) + 1z ,1 No -8( -i) 6(;) + (-;) ! -l No
3(0) l.-i
'ln
No 3(-;) J- (;) ! -? No
No, (0, l, 1) is not a solution. No, ?t,1, -i) it not a solution.
(c) 4(-i)+1-(-;) 3o Yes (d) 4(-i)+z s3o Yes
- 8( -t) 6(i) - i Z -i Yes -8( -+) 6Q)+03 -i No
3(-;) - iZ -Z Yes 3(-+) 2Z-Z No
Yes, (-i,1, -i) it a solution. No, ?i,2, o) is not a solution.
5.2x-y+52-24 Equation I 7.2x * y - 3z: 10 Equation I
y+22:4 Equation 2 y :-2 Equation 2
z:6 Equation 3 y z-4 Equation 3
Back-substitute z - 6 into Equation 2 Back-substitute y_ -2 into Equation 3
y+2(6)-4 -2 - z- 4
y- -8 z- -6
Back-substitute y -- - 8 and z - 6 into Equation Back-substitute y_-2 and z : -6 into Equation t,
2x-(-8)+5(o;-24 2x 2 3(-6):10
2x: -I4 2x - -6
x- -7 x - -3
Answer: (-7, - 8, 6) Artswer: (-3, - 2,, - 6)
351 PART I: Solutions to Odd-N untbered Exercises and P ractice T'ests
9.4x-2ylz:8 Equationl 11. x-2y+32:5 Equationl
2z:4 Equation2 -x*3y-52=4 Equation2
-y * z: 4 Equation 3 2x - 3z:0 Equation 3
From Equation 2 we have z : 2. Back-substitute Add Equation I to Equation 2.
z = 2 into Equation 3. y - 22 = 9 New Equation 2
-y * 2 = 4 This is the first step in putting the system in row-
y : -Z echelon form.
Back-substitutey : -2 and z : 2 into Equation l.
4x - 2(-2) + 2: 8
4xt6:8
x:j
Answer: G, -z,z)
13. x*y*7= 6 Equationl 15.2x *22= 6 Equationl
2x-yIz=-l Equation2 5x*3y :ll Equation2
3x - z: -7 Equation 3 3l - 4z : I Equation 3
x*ylz: 6 x *z: f jeq.f
-3y - z: -I3 -2Eq.l + Eq.2 5x * 3y : ll
-3y-42:-25 -3Eq. 1+Eq.3 3!-42= I
x*y*2: 6 x + z: 3
-3y-z:-13 3y-52:-4 -5Eq. I+Eq.2
-32:-12 -Eq.2+8q.3 3y-47: I
-32:-12 :+ Z:4 x + Z: 3
-3y-4:-13 + y:3 3y-Sz:-4
x*3*4:6 :+ x:-l z= 5 -8q.2+Eq.3
Answer: (-1,3,4)
3y _ 5(5) : _4 + y:7
x*5:3 =+ x:-2
Answer: (-2,7,5)
352 PART l: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. 6y*42:-18 Equationl 19. x* y- 2z: 3 Interchange
3x13y : 9 Equation2 3x-2y1 4z: I theequations.
2x - 3z = 12 Equation 3 bc - 3y + 6z: 8
3x*3y : 9 Interchangeequations x+ y- 2z: 3
6y * 4z: - 18 | and2 -5y + l0z : -8 -3Eq.l + Eq2
2x -32= 12 -5y*102: 2 -2Eq.l+Eq.3
x+y : 3 +(NewEq. l) x+ y- 2z:
6y * 4z = -18
-5y + l0z: -8
2x - 3z: 12 0 - l0 -+ <- -Eq.2 + Eq.3
x+Y : 3 Nosolution,inconsistent
6y*42: -18
-2Y - 37: 6
x+ y : 3
-2y-32= 6 Interchange
6y * 4z: -18 theequations
x+y =l
-2Y - 3z: 6
_Sz: O
-52:0 + z: O
-2Y- 3(0)=6 - Y:-3
x+(-3):3 + x=6
Answer: (6, -3,0)
21.3x* 3y+ 5z-- I x-3y- 7z: 2
3x* 5y + 9z: 0 84y + 180e : -36 68q.2
5x* 9y+l7z: 0 84y + l82z: -35 3.5Eq.3
6x* 6y+102_ 2 2Eq.I x-3y 'lz: 2
3x* 5y + 9z: 0 84y+1802_-36
5x* 9y + I7z: 0 2z: I -8q.2+Eq.3
x- 3y 7z: 2 -Eq.3+Eq.l 2z: I =+ x-;
3x* 5y + 9z: 0 84y + 180(+) : -36 + Y- -'
5x* 9y+I7z: 0 x-3(-1) ,(+): 2 =+ x- I
3y 7z: 2 Answeri (l , -1,t)
l4y + : -6 -3Eq.l + Eq.2
3Oz
24y + 522: -10 -SEq.l +Eq.3
353 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. xl2y- 7z: -4 25.3x-3y+ 6z: 6
2x+ y* z: 13 x+2y- z: 5
3x*9y-362:-33 5x-8y+l3z: 7
x*2y-'72: -4 x- y* 2z: Z \Yq.t
-3y * 157: 2I -2Eq.I + F;q,2 3y - 3z: 3 -Eq.l + Eq.2
3y - l5z: -2I -3Eq.l + Eq.3 -3y + 3z: -3 -5Eq.l + Eq.3
x*2y- lz: -4 x- y* 2z: 2
-3ytl57= 2I y- z: t lnq.Z
0- O Eq.2+Eq.3 e= 0 Eq.2+Eq.3
x*2y-'72: -4 x I z: 3 Bq.2+Eq.l
y- 5z: -7 lgC.Z y- z= I
x + 32 : l0 -28q.2 + Eq.l Let z : c, then:
y- 5z: -7 y=a+I
x: -a*3
Let z = a, then: Ansi
Answer: (-a * 3,a * I,a)
!:5a-7
x: -3a * IO
Answer: (-3a + IO,Sa - 7, a)
27. x-2y+32: 4 Equationl 29. x * 4z- I
3x- y*22: 0 Equation2 x*y*lD7= 10
x -l 3y - 4z: -2 Equation 3 b - Y + 2z: -5
x-2y*32: 4 x + 4z: 1
5y - 7z: -12 | + Eq.2 y* 6z- 9 -Eq.I+Bq.2
-3 Eq.
5y-77: -6 -lEq. 1+Eq.3 -v- 6z:-7 -2Eq'I+Eq'3
+
x-zy*32: 4 ' y* 4z-6z: g
1
5v-72=-12 o- 2 _++8q.2+Eq.3
0- 6 -Eq. 2 + 8q.3 No solution, inconsistent.
No solution. Inconsistent.
31.2x+3y -0 6z:0 + z=O
4x*3y- z:O -3y-e=Q =;, y=Q
8r*3y*32:0 2r+3(0):Q 4 y:Q
2x+3y :0 Awwer:(0,0,0)
-3y- z:O -2Bq.l+E;q.2
-9y*32:O -4Eq.l+Eq.3
2x*3Y :0
-3Y- z:O
6z=0 -38q.2+8q.3
3s4 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33' x-2v+52-2 35. 2x-3y + z- -2
4x z_0 -4x+9y - 7
Letz: e,then x - !". 2x-3y + z- -2
lo 2y+ 5a_2 2z:
3y + 3 2Eq.I + Eq.2
a
2x + 3z: I Eq.Z + Eq. I
-8Y_ -2Ia + 8 : 3y * 2z: 3
y:To I
Answer' (f,o,{" I, n) Letz-a,then:
To avoid fractions, we could go back and let
z- 8a,then4x-8a -0 = x:2a. '.: -1:i;
2a 2y + 5(84) - 2 2,
Answer' (-|" + ,, -14 f I, o)
-2Y * 42a:2
Y-2la I
Answer: (2a,2La l, 8a)
39.x+ 3w: 4
37. 23x * 4y - -
z 0 Interchange 2y- z w- 0
I2x * 5y * - z 0 the equations. 3y 2w: I
x * 6y + 3z - 0 2Eq.2- Eq.l 2x- y* 4z -5
-67y 352 - 0 - I2Eq.L + Eq.Z x+ 3w: 4
To avoid fractions, let z : 67a, then: 2yz w: 0
-67Y-35(67a)-0 3y 2w: I
y : -35a y* 4z 6w: -3 -2Eq.I + Eq.4
x*6(-35a)+3(67a):0 x+ 3w: 4
Y - 4z + 6w:
9a 3 -Eq.4 and
Answer: (9a, -35a,U;"; 2y- z w_ 0 interchange
3y 2w: I the equations.
x + 3w: 4
y 4z+ 6w: 3
7z I3w: -6 -8q.2 + Eq.3
I2z 20w: -8 -38q.2 + Eq.4
x + 3w: 4
Y-42+ 6w: 3
z + 3w: -2 -*nq.q + Eq.3
L2z 20w: -8
x + 3w: 4
Y-42+ 6w: 3
z 3w: -2
I6w: 16 - I2Eq.3 + Eq.4
I6w: 16-w- I
z 3(l)- -2- z- I
y 4(l)+6(l)- ley- I
x*3(l)- 4-r- I
Att.sw,er: (1, l, l, l)
355 PART I: Solutiorts to Odd-Numbered Exercises qnd Practice Tests
41. There are an infinite number of linear systems 43. There are infinite numbers of linear systems
that has (4, -1,2) as their solution. that have (:, - i,I) as their solution.
One such system is as follows: One such system is as follows:
3(4)+ (-l)- (2)-9-3x*'y z-9 r(3) + 2(-i) + 4(i) - s =:+ x * 2y* 4z: s
(4)+2(-L) (2)_0-+ x*2y z-0 4(-i) + s(i) _ rz 4y + 8z: rz
-(4)+ (-1)+3(2):1==+-x* y+3z: I
-
4(i):7 - 4z:7
45. Plane: 2x * 3y * 4z : L2 47. Plane: 2x * y* z- 4
Four points are: Four points are:
(6, o, o), (0, 4, o), (0, o, 3), (4, o, 1) (2, o, 0), (0, 4, o), (0, o, 4), (0,2,2)
49'
7 7AB F.
rr. 12 12
: ABC
*- r4x x(x-14) x x-14 f _ 10x., - fl, _ 10) x x2 x- l0
F,a 4x2 +3
rr' A B C
ft r 5;,: (r - 5) - 1* - 512
- (r - 5)3
)) A .,. lAB
5J.
x2-I x* 1 x- I 57. ^
x'z*x x x* I
1-A(x-l)+B(x+1) l:A(x*1)*Bx
Letx- 0:1-A
Letx- -l: l- -ZA A---12
- Letx: -l:1:-B =+ B--l
x- l: 1 :28 - B- 2I
Let lll
* + *:; - x + I
1 r/2 t/2 :_|l[ I
x2- 1 x- I x* I 2L*- I
_x *rlll
59.
lAB +- 3A
61. - ---:- -B
2x2*x 2x* I x x2*x-2 x- x*2 I
1:Ax+B(2x+l) 3-A(x+2) + B(*- 1)
l1 Let x - l: 3 _ 3A ==+ A- t
Letx- -:1---A A-_-2
22 - Letx--2:3--38 ==+ B - -l
Letx- 0: I :B 3 I
I
_1 x2*x-2 x- I x*2
2x2*x x 2x* I
3s6 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
xz + r2x*12 ABC 4x2+2x- I A T B., T C
63. !
65. - -
x3 4x x
ll
x*2 x-2 x-1x*1) x x' x* -- I ,
xz + L2x * L2 :
- 2) * Bx(x - 2) * cx(x + 2)
-I---
A(* + 2)(x 4x2*2x- l:Ax(x* 1)+ B(x+ 1)+ Cxz
Letx : 0: L2: -4A =+ A- -3 Let x - 0: -l - B
Letx___2: _g-gB Let x - -l: I - C
- B__l Let x: l: 5 - 2A + 28 + C
Letx-2:40-8C =:+ C- 5
x2+L2x*r2 3 I 5
5-2A 2 + I
x3-4x x*2 x-2 6_2A
3-A
4x2*2x- I :;-3 I + I
*(x + r) 7 "* t
3xAB 2x3 - x2 * x + 5 18x * 19
67.
(x-3)' x-3 +-(x-3)' 69.
x2+3x*2 -2x-7+ (x+ lX" +2)
3x-A(x-3)+B l8x * L9 AB
(x+l)("+2) x*1 x*2
Letx-3:9-B
Letx-0:0- -3A + B l8x* 19 -A(x+2) +Bk+ 1)
0- -3A +9 Letx-_2:-L7:-B + B-17
3-A Letx: -1: 1-A
2x3-x2*x+5 ,a 4, I , 17
3x39 +- :zx-tTr+l-x+z
(x-3)' x-3'(x-3)'
f f :x*3 *-6*-8x*3 77- 5-x A B
71.
(x -x3 3x2+3x- I
1)3 k-lr "" 2**x- I 2x- 1 x* I
A B
6x2 8x*3 :*1-(*-IY-("-l), C -x* 5:A(x* 1) +B(2x- 1)
k-lf x: L,2
6* - 8x * 3 :
Let
22 -?e =+ A_ 3
A(x - l)' + B(x - 1) + C 2
Letx:1: l:C Letx: -l: 6- -38 ==+ B- -2
6x2 8x* 3:AxZ-2Ax+A* Bx- B + I 5-x 3 2
-
2* + x - I- bc - | x + I
6x2- 8x* 3:Ax2 + (-2A +B)x+ (A B + 1)
Equating coefficients of like powers:
6- A, -8 : -2A+ B and 3- A - B+ I
-8--I2+B 3-6 B+l
4:B 4- B
/641:x*3 +-
(x-l)' x-l *. (x-L)' (x-1)'
357 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
x- I A B
75. a, ", T- -r
C 2x3 4xz l5x * 5 x*5
I l. ^(-I T
xr*x'2 x xz x*- t x'z-2x-8
-
(x+2)(*-4)
x - I : Ax(x * 1) + B(x * 1) + Cx2
x*5 _ A r_ B
(x+r)(x-4): **r+ *-O
Let x - -l: -2: C
Let x - 0: -l _ B
x*5-A("r-4)+B(x+2)
Letx--1:0-2A+28+C Let x - -2: 3- -6A =+ A- -I2
0:2A 2 2
2-A Letx:4:g-68 =:+ B-12
x- I 2 I
x3*xz x x2 x*l
2x3 4xz - I5x + 5 :2x*1|. ' r.l
x2-2x-8 2L*-4 x + 2)
x.- 12, B
79.
x(x-4) -Lx + x-4
x-12-A(x-4)*Bx
Letx:0: -12: -4A
- A-3
Letx:4: -8:48 ==) B- -2
x-12 3 2
.f, - +>:;- x - 4
x-12
r
v-
x(x-4) v--x3 ,! x-4
Vertical asymptotes: x : 0 Vertical asymptotes: x : 0 and x : 4
andx-4
The combination of the vertical asymptotes of the terms of the decompositions
are the same as the vertical asymptotes of the rational function.
81.. r -LraP+ vol*so 83. .s - laP + uol * so
(1, 129), (2, go), (3, o) (r,452), (2,260), (3, 116)
I28:tro+ vo*ro - a*2vo+2ro-256 452:io+ vo*ro =+ a*2vo+2ro_g04
80-2a+2ro*so =+ 2a+2ro+ so: 80 260:2a*2vo*so
- 2a+ 2ro+ .so:260
0-Zo+3ro*so + 9a+6ro+2ro: 0 116 :Zo+ 3vo * ro + 9a+ 6ro+ 2ro: 232
Solving this system yields a - -32,, vo : 0, so _ L44. Solving this system yields
a :
48, vo -264, so: 692.
-
Thus,s -te3DP +(o)r+ 144
Thus,s -+@8)t2 + (-264)r+ 692
- -I6tz + 144.
358 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
85. y : exT + bx * c passing through (0, 0) , (2, -z), (4, 0) 10
(0, 0)' 0- c ----.
(2,-2):-2: 4a+2b*c =+ -l-2a +b , .1,, , ,,,,,
V
,
-15
(4,0): 0-I6a+4b*c - 0=4a+b :
Answer:e-t,,b- -2,c -0 -10
The equation of the parabola is y - lxz - 2x.
87. y : ax2 + bx * c passing through (2, O), (3, - 1), (4, 0) 10
(2, 0)' 0- 4a+2b*c
(3,-l): -l- 9a+3b*c +b -ls
- -l-5a
V
(4,0)' 0-I6a+4b*c 0-l2a+2b
-
Answer:a: I,b: -6,c:8 -10
The equation of the parabola is y : x2 6x * 8.
89. x2 + y2 + Dx* Ey + F - 0passingthrough(0,0),(2,2),(4,0) 4
(0,0):
(2,2): 8+2D+2E*F:0
F :0
- D+E--4
rrltl
,n
\-/
(4,0):16+4D *F:0 + D--4andE:O
The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 - 4x :
-4
O.
Tograph, lety,- -lmand lz: -ffi
gl. f + f + Dx * Ey * F:0passingthrough(-3, -l),(2,4),(-6'8) 10
(-3,-1): 10-3D- E+F -0 + 10: 3D+ E-F
( 2, 4):20+2D+48+F:0 + 20=-2D-4E-F
(-6, 8):10O-6D+88+F -0 + 100: 6D-8E-F
Anywer: D: 6,8: -8,F: 0
-e
C \rarl
-2
The equation of the circle is r? + y2 + 6x - 8y = 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
(* + 6x+ 9) + 0' - 8y+ 16) : 0 + 9 + 16
(x + 3)2 + (Y - 4)2 :25
0-4)2:25-(x+3)2
y - 4: I,E=G+3iP-
y:4+J25 - 1x4fi
Lety, : + + JB=GTTandy, : 4 - JB=GTT.
359 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
93. Let x - amount at 57o. 95. Let x - amount at 87o.
Let y - amount at 6Vo. Let Y _ amount at 9Vo '
Let z - amount at 107o.
Let z
x* y* z-16,000 x* Y+ z:'775,000
o o5x + o'o6Y -: eeo 0.08x* 0.09y * 0.10e_ 67,000
i fff , x_42
y+2000-z
y + 5z : 77 5,000
(z - 3000) + (z 2000) * z- 16,000
0.09y * 0.422: 67,000
3z :
z : 91,666.67
21,000
z- 7000
y : 775,000 - 5z : 316,666.67
x-4000,Y:5000
Check: 0.05(4000) + 0.06(5000) + 0.07(7000) - 990
x :$366,6 ,:.; :'r;366'666'67
Answer: x :
Answer:
$4000 at 57o,
y _ $31 6,666.67 at 97o
y: $5000 at67o,
z - $7000 atT%o
z- $91,666.67 at IlVo
97. Let C - amount in certificates of deposit. 99. Let :
x gallons of spray X.
Let M - amount in municipal bonds. Let - y gallons of spray Y.
Let B Let z - gallons of spray Z.
. Let G - amount in growth or speculative stocks.
Chemical A: i" + *,, : L2
C+M+B+G:500,000 Chemical B ,?* + Lr- 16 l :=+ x:20,2:16
0.10c + 0.08 M + 0.128 + 0. 13G - 0.10(500,000) )
ChemicalC:?*+y:26 =+y - 18
B + G -I(5oo,o0o)
Answer: 2O liters of spray X
This system has infinitely many solutions. 18 liters of spray Y
LetG: 16 liters of spray Z
r,then B - 125,000 -.s
M- 125,000+lt
C - 250,000 - it.
Answer:
(zso,oo0 - ls,125,000 * ir, 125,000 - s, s),
where0<s< 125,000
One possible solution is to let s _ 50,000.
Certificates of deposit: $225,000
Municipal bonds: $150,000
Blue-chip stocks: $75,000
Growth or speculative stocks: $50,000
101. Product Possible solutions:
(l) 4 medium trucks
Truck A B
(2) 2large trucks, I medium truck,2 small trucks
Large 6 3 (3) 3 large trucks, I medium truck, I small truck
Medium 4 4 (4) 3 large trucks, 3 small trucks
Small 0 3
360 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
1.03. tr 2tr:o 105. Least squares regression parabola through
(-4,5), ( -2,6), (2,6),(4,2)
tr 2a : I28 2t, 2a- L28
- 4c + 4Oa_ Ig
tz* a- 32
- -2t, 2a: -64
4a: 64 40b - -12
4Oc +544a:160
:,:-i: Solving this system yields
a- -+^, b : -*, and c - 4l6.
tr: 96
Answer: t, : 96 lb, tz : 48 lb, a
Thus, y : -**'- *" + 4l
6
107. Least squares regression parabola through 109. (a) Least squares regression parabola through
(0, o), (2,2), (3, 6), (4, 12) (20,25), (30,55), (40,105), (50, tgg), (60,300)
4c * + 29a:
9b 20 Using a graphing utility,
9c * 29b + 99a: 70
y- 0. I4xz - 4.43x * 58.40.
29c + 99b + 353a: 254
Solving this system yields
a- I,b: -l,andc-0.Thus,) : x2 - x.
(b) When )c - 70, y - 434.3 feet.
2000(4 - 3x) A B
LLL. (a)
(11 7x)(7 4x) 11 7x 7-4x' o<x< I
2000(4 - 3x) - A(7 - 4x) + B(ll - 7x)
Let x:;:
11 10,000 5 A : -2000
77- - --A-+ 7
, : i= -2500 : --B
7 5
Let
4 - B: 2000
2ooo(a - 3x) _ -2000 2000 2000 ._J-:
2000
(11 - 7x)(7 - 4x) 11 - 7x 7-4x 7-4x 11 7x
2000
(b) lr : 7 -4x
2000
lz --
11 - 7x
1L3. False. The coefficient of y in the second equation 115. False. The correct form is
is not l.
A*B*C
x*10 x-10 ("-lO;z'
361 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
IAB3++- IAB
ll7. " aisaconstant 119. -r
a'-xz o*x a-x-., y(a-y) y a-y
1-A(a -x)+ B(a +r) - + By
1-A(a-y)
I :0: I : aA =+ A - I
Letx:-a: l-2aA - A- 2a Let y
a
I
Letx-a: l-2aB B:Zo Lety:a:|:aB ==+ B-1'a
-
:-t
1l- I r-l
I I I :!( !* I \
aP-xz Zala *x a - xl y(a-y) a\y a-yl
l21^. No, they are not equivalent. The constant in the 123, y* i-01 +
second equation should be - 11 and the coeffi- x:y: -A
cient of z in the third equation shouldbe 2.
x* I-01
t
x*y- 10-0
-
2x-10:0
x:5
y-5
I:-5
125.2x-2il,-0 =+ x:xA, 127.
-2Y +i-0 + 2Y:A
Y-x2:0 ==+ Y:xz
From the first equation, x - 0 or A - 1.
If x:0,then y: O2:0andz\:0.
Ifx + O,then z\ - I =+ y : + and x: tC.
Thus, the solutions are:
(1) x:Y: I_0
(2) x: f, r ::,4 - l
(3) x--*,y::,I-l
129. 131. 133.
7
6
5.
4
3
2
l
-l
-2
-3
362 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
135. f(*) : x3 x2 l2x:x(xz *x- 12):x(x+4)(* 3) -> x- 0,-4,3
137. f(x\:?-x3 +5f -2Ix-36:(X+l)(x ++)(.r- 3) =+ 7s: -|,-4,3
L39. Y:4-x-4- 5
x -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -l 0
v 59 1l -l -4 - 4.75 - 4.98 - 4,996
t2
l0
8
6
4
2
246810
l4l.Y:2.90'8x-3 x -3 -2 -l 0 I 2 3
v -2.9 -2.8 -2.6 -2 - '6;'6 2.5 9.9
l0
8
4
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2468
143.3x*3y:7 145.2x*y:120
3x*5Y:3 x*2Y:l2O
Multiplying the first equation bv (- l) and Multiplying the first equation bv ( -2) and
addinggives2y- -4 Y : -2 and adding yields -3x: -L2O ==+ X : 40.
3x*3(-2)-7 =+ -x- l3
3' Then2(40) *y-120 ==+ y:40.
Answer, (l,1, -z) Answer: (40,40)
363 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 7.4 Systems of Inequalities
I You should be able to sketch the graph of an inequality in two variables:
(a) Replace the inequality with an equal sign and graph the equation. Use a dashed line for ( or ),
a solid line for ( or ).
(b) Test a point in each region formed by the graph. If the point satisfies the inequality, shade the
whole region
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. x<2 3.2x*3y>6 5. x2 * y'<9
Vertical boundary y>-?x+2 Circular boundary
Matches graph (g). Line with negative slope Matches (e).
Matches (a).
I
7. xy> I or yr; 9. x>2
Matches (0. Using a solid line, graph the vertical line
x- 2 and shade to the right of this line.
v
rf+
z*
ri
-r*
a
-i-
-J
L1. y2 -I 13. y <2 - x
Using a solid line, graph the horizontal line Using a dashed line, g1aph y : 2 - x, and then
y - - I and shade above this line. shade below the line.1Ut" (0, 0) as a test point.)
\
364 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercfses and Practice Tests
15. 2y - x>4 t7. yz - x<o
Using a solid line, graph 2y - * - 4, and then y2<x
shade above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
Using a dashed line, graph the parabola y2 : x, and
v
then shade inside. (Use (1, 0) as a test point.)
.v
ri +
2+
r{ a
-l+
-J':'
19. (x + 1)2 + y2 <9 21. ,.?. I
v 4
r
-l--+-l-'
34
,r
W -4
23. y + 1.1 25. x2 +5y- 10<0
4
t
v32 _x25
3
raaar
-4
I
27. y
I +f 29. yclnx
4 Using a dashed line, graph y _ ln x, and shade to the
right of the curve. (Use (2,0) as a test point.)
4 il_
-4
36s PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31. y 33. The line through (0, 2) and (3, 0) is y _ -?* + 2.
For the shaded region above the line, we have:
2
Y> -l* + z
3y2 -2x * 6
2x * 3y2
xy
-+
3 2-
35. The circle shown is xz * y' - 9. For the shaded 37. (a) (0,2) is a solution: -2(O) + 5(2)
region inside the circle, we have x2 * y'
2
4(o) + 2(2)
(b) (- 6,4) is not a solution: 4 4 4
(c) (- 8, -2) is not a solution:
-4(-8)+2(-2)17
(d) (- 3, 2) is not a solution: - 4(- 3) + 2(2)
39. x*ySl
-x*ySl
v20
First, find the points of intersection of each pair of equations. (0, l)
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C
x*y-1 x*y:1 -x*Y-1
-x * Y:1 y:0 y-0
(0, 1) (1,0) (- 1, 0)
41. -3x+2y<6
x - 4y> -2
2x * y<3
First, find the points of intersection of each pair of equations.
A
Vertex Vertex.B Vertex C
-3x*2y- 6 -3x+2y:6 x-4y:-2
x-4y:-2 2x* y-3 2x* y- 3
(-2,0) (0, 3) (tt, 3)
43. 2x * y>2
ll
6x * 3y<2
r t4
ll
ll
It
The lines are parallel. There are no points of intersection. I
I
There is no region in common to both inequalities. I
I
I
J +
366 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. -x2 * y
I*+ v
Thecurvesgivenbyy : x2 + 5and y:3 -I*donotintersect.
+5
x2
x2 + i* + 2- 0 no real solutions
There is no region common to both inequalities'
-5 -4 -3 -2 -r
47. x>y2 v
4,
x<y + 2
I
3
T
2 '!'
Points of intersection: i
I
y2:y+2
-l 2345
y2-y-2:o +
a i-
t (t, -li - - - --
(y+1)/J-2)_0 .,
-2Q
ai
__
a -j+
y : -I,2
a
( t,
- r), (4, 2)
49. x2 * y'<9 v
+
4+
x2 + y22t
There are no points of intersection. The region in common
to both inequalities is the region between the circles. -'-l--l--x
4
+{
51. y<.,8 + I 53. y<x3 2x* I
y>f + 1 y> -2x
x< L
3
I
,
\ rt
)$n
t
t
I
h
rrrtlll
, -t
ti:i:
,
-2 I
t
-3
)- y3-x+4 +. x Y<l
tt. xzy> r 57. -+
-4' 4
0<x<4 x>0 x>0
v34 v20 y>0
367 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. (0, 4),(4,0) Line: y 61. Rectangular region with vertices at
(2, l), (5, 1), (5,7), and (2,7)
(0, 2), (8, 0) Line: y
x20, y20 x22 .)'
i
x<5 8t (2,7) (5. 7)
v) I 6+
!
v37
Thus, 2 < x < 5, I S y <7.
*r :
za liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|
li::iffi(s,r)
'-* ---" it}"')f--'*-- "'*-'*'
-ziz46
63. Triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (5, 0), (2, 3) 65. Account constraints:
(0, o), (5, o) x > 5000
Line: y 2 0 y > 5000
(0, o), (2,3) 2xSy
Line: y <1, v s20'000
1;
(2,3), (5, o)
Line:y<-x*5 \
(
/
/ , ,\
o
67. Assembly center constraint: x * tv<tz 69. x: number of ounces of food X
Finishing center constrainfi t* + )ysIs y: number of ounces of food Y
Point of intersection: (9, 2)
Calcium: 20x * 10y > 280
Physical constraints: x > 0 and y 2 0
Iron: 15x * lOy > 160
Vitamin B: lOx + 2Oy > 180
x>0
v20
71. x: radius of smaller circle
y- radius of larger circle
(a) Constraints on circles: nyz - rnc2 > l0 (b)
x> 0
y>x
(c) The line is an asymptote to the boundary. The
larger the circles, the closer the radii can be and
the constraint still be satistied.
368 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. Demand - Supply
60 -x- l0 +!*
s0-+r (15,45)
15-x
45:p
Point of equilibrium:(l5 , 45) o
The consumer surplus is the area of the triangle The producer surplus is the area of the triangle
bounded by bounded by
p360 - x p> l0 + 7
1x
p> 45 p345
x20. x20.
Consumer surplus : r(base)(height) Producer surplus : jlUut"Xheight)
- +(ts)(rs) - t(rs)(3s)
_ 225 _ 525
2 2
- 112.5 : 262.5
75. -
Demand Supply
140 - 0.00002x - 80 + 0.00001x
60 : 0.00003x
2,000,000 : x
100:p
Point of equilibrium: (2,000,000, I 00)
The consumer surplus is the area of the triangle The producer surplus is the area of the triangle
bounded by bounded by
p<I4O - 0.000O2x p2 80 + 0.00001x
p 2100 p 3100
i>0. x>0.
Consumer swplus : t(base)(height) Producer surplus : +(baseXheight)
- t(2,ooo,ooo)(40) : +(2,ooo,ooox2o)
: 40,000,000 or $40 million : 20,000,000 or $20 million
77. False. The inequality 3x * y' 79. The solution set of a system of inequalities is
area to the left of the parabola is not in the region. usually a region in the ry-plane.
81.. v o-r#k-(-8)l 83.y* s.z:[email protected])
v: -*n * 8) y + 5.2_ -x * 3.4
y * x : - 1.8
lly * x: -8
369 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 7.5 Linear Programming
I To solve a linear programming problem:
1. Sketch the solution set for the system of constraints.
2. Find the vertices of the region.
3. Test the objective function at each of the vertices.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. z-3x*5y 3. z- 10x * 7y
At (0, 6): a - 3(0) + s(6) - 30 At (0, 6): z - l0(0) + 7(6) : 42
At(0,0):3 - 3(0) + s(0) At (0, o): z - l0(o) + 7(o) - o
At (6, 0): 3 - 3(6) + s(0) At(6,0): e: 10(6) + 7(0)_60
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). The minimum value is 0 at (0,0).
The maximum value is 30 at (0, 6). The maximum value is ffi at (6, 0).
5. z-5x*2y 7. z - 5x * 0.5y
At (0, 5): 7 - s(0) + 2(s) - l0 At (0, 5): z- 5(0) +z- ]
At (4, 0): 3 - s(4) + 2(0) - 20 At (4, 0): e - 5(4) + 3: 20
At (3, 4): 7 - s(3) + 2(4) - 23 At(3,4),2- +;:
s(3) 17
At (0, 0): 3 - s(0) + 2(o) - 0 At (0, 0): 3 - 5(0) + 3- 0
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
The maximum value is 23 at (3,4). The maximum value is 20 at (4, 0).
9.2-10x*7y 11. z-25x* 30y
At (0, 45): z : 10(0) + 7(45) - 315 At (0, 45): z- 25(0) + 30(45)
- 1350
At (30,45): z: 10(30) + 7(45) - 615 At (30, 45): z _ 25(30) + 30(45) - 2100
At (60, 2O): z : 10(60) + (20 -
7 7 40 At (60, 2O): z - 25(60) + 30(20) - 2'100
At (60, 0)' z_ 10(60) + 7(0) - 600 At (60, 0)' z = 25(60) + 30(0) - 1500
At (0, 0): z - 10(0) + 7(0) - 0 At (0,0): z- 25(0) + 30(0) - 0
The minimum value is 0 at (0,0). The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0)
The maximum value is 740 at (60, 20). The maximum value is 2LW at any point along the
line segment connecting (30, 45) and (60, 20).
13. z- 6x * lOy
At (0, 2): z - 6(0) + L0(2) _ 20
At (5, 0): z - 6(5) + 10(0) _ 30
At (0, 0): z : 6(0) + 10(0) : 0
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
The maximum value is 30 at (5, 0).
370 PART I: Solutiorts to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
15. z: 9z + 24y
At (0, 2): 7 - 9(0) + 24(2) : 48
At (5, 0): e - 9(5) + 24(0) : 45
At (0, 0): e : 9(0) + 24(0) - 0
The minimum value is 0 at (0,0).
The maximum value is 48 at (0,2).
17.z-4x*3y
At(3,0)' z- 4(3) + 3(0)
At (5, 3)' z - 4(5) + 3(3) : 29
At (0, 4): z: a(0) + 3(4) _ 12
At (0, 2): z: a(0) + 3(2) : 6
The minimum value is 6 at(0,2).
The maximum value is 29 at (5, 3).
L9. z - 3x * 7y (same region as Exercise 17)
At (3, 0)' z - 3(3) + 7(0) - e
At (5,3)' z:3(5) + 7(3) - 36
At (0, 4): 7 : 3(0) + 7(4) : 28
At (0, 2):7: 3(0) + 7(2)- L4
The minimum value is 9 at (3,0).
The maximum value is 36 at (5, 3).
21. z:4x*y 30
At (36, 0): z : 4(36) * 0 : I4
At (40, 0): e : 4(40) * 0 : 160
At(24,8): z : 4(24) + 8 : 104
The minimum value is 104 at (24,8). 0
The maximum value is 160 at (40,0).
23. z-x*4y
At (36, 0): z - 36 + 4(0)
At (40, 0): e : 40 + 4(0) : 40
At (24 8): e : 24 + 4(8) : 56
The minimum value is 36 at (36, 0).
The maximum value is 56 at (24,8).
371 PART I: Solutiorts to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
25. z- 2x * 3y
At (36, 0)' z_ 2(36) + 3(0) _ 72
At (40, 0)' z_ 2(40) + 3(0)
At (24, 8)' z - 2(24) + 3(8) - 72
Minimum at any point on the line segment
joining (36,0) and (24,8):72.
Maximum at (40, 0): 80.
27. z-2x*y
At (0, 10): z - 2(0) + (10) _ 10
At (3, 6)' z- 2(3) + (6) - L2
y=lo-1x
At (5, 0)' z- 2(5) + (0) - 10
At (0, 0): z: 2(0) + (0) - 0
The maximum value is 12 at (3, 6).
29.2-x*y
At (0, 10): z - (0) + (10) - l0
At (3, 6): z- (3) + (6) - 9
At (5, 0): z- (5) + (0) - 5
At (0, 0): z 0
The maximum value is l0 at (0, 10).
31. z-x*5y
At(0,5):z - 0 + 5(5) - 25
At(4,4):z- 4 + s(+) - 24
At(5,3)'z:5+5(3)-20
At(7,0): e - 7 + 5(0) - 7
The maximum value is 25 at (0, 5).
33. z-4x*5y
At (0, 5): z: 4(0) + 5(5) - 25
At (4, 4): z : 4(4) + S(+) - 36
At (5, 3)' z - 4(5) + 5(3) - 35
At (7, 0)' z : 4(7) + 5(0) - 28
The maximum value is 36 at (4, 4).
372 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. Objective function: z - 2.5x *y
Constraints: x ) 0, y 2 0, 3x * 5vS 15,5x * 2y < l0
At (0, 0): z- 0
At (2, 0): z- 5
At (i3 ,fr),, - H - s
At(0,3): z:3
z is the maximum at any point on the line 5x * 2y - 10
between the points (2,0) and (?3, #)
37. Objective function: z : -x * 2y
Constraints:x20,y20,xS 10, x * Y37
At(0,0):e: -0 + 2(0)- 0
At (0, 7): z- -0 + 2(7)
At (7 ,0): e - -7 + 2(0) _ -7
The constraint x < l0 is extraneous.
The maximum value of 14 occurs at (0, 7).
39. Objective function: z : 3x * 4y
Constraints: x ) 0, y 2 0, x * y S I ,2x + y 3 4
The constraint 2x * y < 4 is extraneous.
The maximum value of z - 4 occurs at (0, 1).
41. x - number of $250 models
y_ number of $400 models
Constraints: 25Ox + 400y < 70,000
x * y<250 (0, 175)
x20
v20
Objective function: P - 45x * 50y
Vertices: (0, 175), (200,50), (25O,0), (0, 0)
At (0, 175): P :45(0) + 50(175) - 8750
At(200,50):P:45(200) + 50(50) - 11,500
At (250, 0)' P - 45(250 + 50(0) _ 11,250
At(0,0): P-4s(0) +s0(0) - 0
To maxrmize the profit, the merchant should stock 2W units of the model
costing $250 and 50 units of the model costing $400. Then the maximum
profit would be $l1,500.
373 PART I: Solutiorts to Odd-Nuntbered Exercises and Practice'l'ests
43, x: fraction of type A
y: fraction of type B
Constraints: 80.r * 92v
x*y
x
v
Objectivefunction: C: l.l3x + 1.28y
vertices: (f , f)
etft,l)' s: (r.13)(|) + 1r.za;(f) : r.zss
The minimum cost is g1.26 and occurs with a mixture that is I R and I B.
45. Objective function: R : 1000x * 300y
At(0,0): R:1000(0)+300(0) : 0
At(0,40):R = 1000(0) + 300(40): 12,000
At (8, 8): R : 1000(8) + 300(8) = 10,400
At(9,0): R: 1000(9) + 300(0) : 9000
The revenue will be maximum ($12,000) if the firm does 0 audits and 40 tax returns.
47. x - fraction of Model A
y : fraction of Model B
Constraints: * 3y
2.5x
2x*y (0, 1200)
0.75x * 1.25y 500
x (0,0J
v
Objectivefunction: P = 5Ox * 52y
(S, ff), 1rooo, s00), (12s0,0)
Vertices: (0, o), (0, tzoo;,
At(0,0): r:(s0)(0) +52(O) = 0
At (0, 1200): P : 50(0) + 52(l2OO) : 62,40O
At (ry,ry): P : so(ry) + sz(#) - 73.142.86
:
At(1000,500): P 50(1000) + 52(500) : 76,000
At(1250,0): P : 50(1250) + 52(0) = 62,500
The maximum profit (976,000) occurs when-1000 units of Model A and 500 units of Model B are produced.
49. True. The line joining (4,7) and (8,3) is x * y : ll. Both points
(4.5, 6.5) and (7.8, 3.2) lie on this line.
51. There are an infinite number of objective functions that would have a
maximum at (0,4). One such objective function is z : x 4 5y.
53. There are an infinite number of objective functions that would have a
maximum at (5, 0). One such objective function is z - 4x * y.
374 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
55. Constraints : x20, y 2 0, x + 3y 3 15, 4x * y < 16
Vertex Value of z - 3x * 4r
(0, 0) z_0
(0, 5) z_5t
(3, 4) z_9 + 4t
(4,0)
(4, 0) z_ 12
(a) For the maximum value to be at (b) For the maximum value to be at
(0, 5), z 5r must be greater than (3, 4), z : 9 + 4t must be greater
- than z : 5t and z -- 12.
z: 9 + 4t and z- 12.
9+4t>5t and 9+4t>I2
5t>9+4t and 5t>12
9>t t>3
t>g t>! tr]
Thus, t > 9.
Thus, ., < 9.
to
57. eb + 2d - 15 - 0 Quadratic rn d 59. 8(62 d/4)- 192
(e+s)(e-3)-o 62 d/4 : 2,4
d+5_0 - d- - 5 Impossible d/4 - 38
d_3-0 - d- 3 - x:ln3:1.099 L :In38
4
x : 4 ln 38 -' 14.550
61. 7ln3x : 12 63. -3x+ 5y -- -g Equation 1
x - 4Y : l0 Equation,
ln3x:+7 3 times Equati on 2 added to Equation I produces
er2/7 - 3x -7y:2I + Y: -3.
Lrrr1, :1.851 Then x : 4y + 10 - 4(-3) + 10 : -2
x - 3-
Answer.' (- 2, -3)
65. 4x * 5y : 6 Equation I 67. 2x *v
5x - llY - -27 Equation2 v
5 times Equation I and 4 times Equation2 produces x
2Ox*25y- 30
20x-44y--108
Subtracting, 69Y - 138 + Y : 2
Then 4x * 5(2)
Answer: (- L,2)
375 PA'R'| I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
69. xz *y
y-3x
v
y==l-X2:-3
x2:4
x:*2
(2,-3),(-2,-3) y: I -x2--3x-3
y : 3x - 3- -3 xz + 3x - 4 - 0
x:0 (r+a)(*-l)-0
(0, - 3) (-4, - l5), (r, o)
Review Exercises for Chapter 7
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exerrcises
1. x*!:2 + Y:2-x 3. *-Y2:9
x-):0 + x- (2 - x):0 X-y:l=+ X:y*
2x-2-0 (Y+ l)'-Y2:9
x:1 2Y+1:9
y:2-l:l y:4
Solution: (1, 1) x-5
Solution: (5, 4)
I
5. y:2xz 7.5x*6y:7 Y: - 5*)
u('
Y:x4-2f ==+ 2* : x4 - 2x2 x
-x - 4Y :0 v:
J4
Q:x4-4x2
o-f(f-4) 4
Point of Intersection:
0- *(*+2)(x-2) (2,-*)
x-- 0,r: -2,x:2 * \,, | |
Y:0,Y:8r/:8
Solutions: (0, 0), (
-2,8), (2, 8) 4
\
9. Y2 - 2Y* x:0 ==) 0-l)':1-x =+ y:1a1ffi
x*):0 ===> y:-x
4
,2.-
\ Points of intersection: (0, 0) and (-3, 3)
-2
376 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
11. Y:2(6-x) 13. Revenue - 4.95x
Y : 2'-2 Cost:2.85x*10,000
10 Break even when Revenue - Cost
4.95x:2.85x*10,000
2.lox : 10,000
x- 4762 units
\
-2
Point of intersection: (4, 4)
15. 2l + 2w :480 17.2x- y:2 + I6x- 8Y:16
I - l.50rv 6x*8Y-39 + 6x+8Y-39
2(I.5Ow)*2w:480 22rc _ 55
: 480
5w
w:96
x:#,:z
y:3
I_TM
The dimensions are 96 x I44 meters. Solution' (],1)
1.9. 0.2)c* 0.3y : 0.14
+ 20x * 30y : 14 + ZOx * 30y - 14
0.4x*0.5y:O.20 + 4x* 5y-2 =+ -ZOx-25y- -10
5y: 4
y: 45
x - -, I
Sorutio"' ( -+,i) - (-o's, o'8)
21. 3x-2y:0 + 3x-2Y-O 23. 1.25x - 2y : 3.5 + 5x- 8Y : 14
3x*2b,+5):10 + 3x*2Y:0 5x- 8Y:14 - -5x*8Y:-I4
6x :0 0- 0
x:0 Infinite number of solutions
y:0 Lety:a,thenlx-8a: 14:=+ *:t +3o.
Solution: (0, 0) Solution' (+ + Ia, a)
25.3x*2y:0 + y=-!* 27. ir-Iy=Z;+ y=!x-10
x- y:4 + !:x-4 -5x*4y=g + y=i(S*5"r)=Jx+2
2 6
\ '/
/ /
/ -6
K / -6
/
Consistent.
Inconsistent. Lines are parallel.
Answer: (1.6, -2.4)
377 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. 8x-2y: I I :==> y: i(9" - tl)
-4x + y: - 5.5 -) y : 4x - 5.5
1
tatr ,1, |, ,
/
I
-7
System is consistent. Lines coincide.
Solution: all points on line y : 4x - 5.5
31. Let x: speed of the slower plane.
Let y : speed of the faster plane.
Then, distance of first plane * distance of second plane : 275 miles.
(rate of first plane)(time) + (rate of second planeXtime) : 275 miles
+y(#) :zls
'(#)
Y:x*25
?r+?@*2s):275
4x*50:825
4x - 775
x : 193.75 mph
y : x * 25 - 218.75 mph
33. -
Demand Supply
37 0.0002x : 22 + 0.00001x
15 : 0.00021x
500,000
Jr7
Point of equilibrium : p: ]I2
7
/soo,ooo 159\
\ ?'7)
35. x-4y+32: 3 Equationl
-Y+ z:-l Equation2
z- -5 Equation3
Substitute z : -5 into Equation2: -y * (-5) : - I =+ -y:4 =+ y:-4
into Equation r:
'"0;,'1'or'-;;'r?:'rl : ;4
x: -16 + 15 + 3
x-2
Answer: (2, - 4, - 5)
37E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37. x* 3y- z: t3 39. x-2Y+ z:-6
2x 5z: 23 2x-3Y - -7
4x- y- 2z: t4 -x * 3y - 3z: tl
x-2y + z- -6
Y - 2z: 5 -2Eq.L + Eq.2
Y-22: 5 Eq.1 + Eq.3
x-2Y+ z- -6
Y - 2z: 5
0- 0 -8q.2 * Eq.3
Letz-a,theny:2a+5.
x - 2(2a + 5) * a: -6
x-3a 10: -6
x:3a+4
Solution: (3a + 4,2a * 5, a) where a is any real
number.
41. Y : a* * bx * c through 43. 5x- L2y * 7z: 16 Equation I
(0, -5), (1, - 2), and (2, 5) 3x- 7y+42: 9 Equation?
(0, -5): -5 - *c 3 times Eq. I and (- 5) times Eq.2:
(I,-2):-/- a+ b*c - a+b: 3 15x- 36Y+ztz: 48
(2,5): 5:4a+2b*c ==+ 2a+b: 5
2a+b: 5 - 15x * -
202: -45
35Y
Adding, -! * z : 3 ==> Y : z - 3.
-a b: -3 5x - l2(z 3) *'lz: 16
a:2
b_ I
5x-52*36:16
5x:52-20
The equation of the parabola is y : 2* * x - 5.
x:z-4
Infinite number of solutions of form
(z - 4,2 3,2)
where z is any real number.
4-x A B
45.Plane:2x-4y+z-8 47'
f, + 6- + B: , u+ * * o
4-x-A(x +4) +B(x+2)
Letx--2:6 =2A =+ A:3
Letx: -4:8: -28 + B: -4
4-x 3
x2+6x*8 x*2 x*4
4 points on plane: (4, 0, 0), (0, -2,0), (0, 0, 8),
(1, 0, 6)
379 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
49. -
*''
l
2x-15
--lr
AB
xz+2x- 15 - x2*2x- 15 x*5 x-3
-2x * 15 - A(x - 3) + B(x + 5)
25
Let x : -5: 25 : -8A ==+ A:
8
Letx-3:9_88 =+ B_ z8
x2 25
:l
x2+2x-15
51.
x2+2x A Bx*C
x3-x2*x-1 x- I *+l
xz + )x- A(xz + t) + (Bx + C)(* - 1)
Let x:1: 3- 2A =+ A -?
2
Letx:0:0:A C + C:?2
Letx:2:8:5A+28+C
8:fE) +zB+f1) ==> B--12
\2 I \21
x2+2x 3/2 , - (L/2)x + 3/2 Il 3 x-3\
x3-x2*x-l x-l
T---l
x2+1 2\"-l *+r)
53. Let x : gallons of spray X 55. x
Let y : gallons of spray Y
Let z - gallons of spray Z
Chemical A: *" + *, : 6 Eq. I
ChemicalB:25x+ Lrr- 8 Eq.2
ChemicalC:Zsx *y +trr-13 Eq.3
SubtractingEq.2-Eq. lgives*":2 =:+ x- 10.
Thenz- 12andy:5.
Answer: 10 gallons of spray X
5 gallons of spray Y
12 gallons of spray Z
57. y 59. y - 4xz
v
380 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
61.. Inside circle and above line: matches (d) 63. Outside circle and above line: matches (c)
65. x * 2y3160
3x * y< 180
r20
v20
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex D Vertex E Vertex F
x*2Y:160 x*2Y:160 3x*Y:180 x:0 x*2y:160 3x*Y:180
3x*Y:180 x:0 ):0 y:0 y:0 x:0
(40,60) (0, 80) (60, o) (0, o) (160, o) (0, 180)
Outside the region Outside the region
67. y<x * I
v>* 1
Vertices:
x* 1:x2- I
0-x2-x-2-(x+1)(x-2)
x:
y:0 y:3
(- 1, 0) (2,3)
69. 2x - 3y20
2x - 8
;;: 6
4
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C
2x-3Y:0 2x-3y-0 b-y:8 0)
2
2x-Y:8 y:0 )=0
(6,4) (0, 0) (4,0)
7l Line through (1, 5), (3, l)t 2** y- 7
l0 Line through (1,5), (6, 10): -x * y: 4
Line through (6, 10), (8, 6):2x * y _ 22
I
Line through (8, 6), (3, 1): -x * y : -z
6
2
System of inequalities:
246810
-x * yS4
2x * yS22
x * y2 -2
2x * y27
381 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. Let x : the number of bushels for Harrisburg, and 24oo
y : the number of bushels for Philadelphia.
y )'400
\
y>600 'r'---\.*
x * yS 1500 ,\,,
o
75, Demand - Supply 200
Consumer
160 - 0.0001x : 70 + 0.0002x surplus
90 : 0.0003x (300,fi)0, 130)
x: 300,000 units hoducer
surplus
p: $130 o
Point of equilibrium: (300,000, 130)
Consumer surplus: |1roo,o00x30) - $4,500,000
Producer surplus: |1roo,ooo)(60) - $9,000,000
77. Maximize z : 3x * 4y subject to the following constraints. 15
r>0 (0, l0)
(5,8)
2x *r; ::, (7,0)
4x * y<28 0
Vertex Value of z : 3x * 4y
(o,o) z:o
(0, 10) x:40
(5, 8) z - 47 , maximum value
(7,0) z:2r
79. Minimize z: I.'l5x + 2.25y subject to the following constraints.
2x + y225 30
3x * 2y245
x20
v20
Vertex Value of z- 1.75x + 2.25y o
o
(0,25) z - 56.25
(5, 15) z:42.5
(15, 0) z -- 26.25, minimum value
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
81,. Let :x number of haircuts.
' Let Y : number of Peffns'
Maximize R- l7x + 60y subject to the following constraints.
x20
v20
(33) x * (#) y 324 ==+ 2x + 7y3144
Vertex Value of R : l7x + 60y
(0,0) R:0
(72,0) R - 1224
(o,f) ft : 1234.29, maximum value
The revenue is maximum when y : # o 20 perms. (Round down since the student cannot work more than24
hours. Note: Since we rounded down, the student would have enough time left to do 2 haircuts.)
83. False. There is no solution to the system.
383 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 7 Practice Test
For Exercises l-3, solve the given system by the method of substitution.
l. x*y- I 2. x-3y:-3 3. x* y + z: 6
3*-Y-15 x2*6y- 5 2x- y +32
5x*2y z: -3
4. Find the two numbers whose sum is ll0 and product is 2800.
5. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its perimeter is 170 feet and its area is 2800 square feet.
For Exercises G7, solve the linear system by elimination.
6.?-x*L5y= 4 7. x* y=2
x - 3y :23 38x - I9y ='l
8. Use a graphing utility to graph the two equations. Use the graph to approximate the solution of the system.
Verify your answer analytically.
O'4x i-0.5Y : O.Il2
0.3x- O.TY: -0.131
9. Herbert invests $17,000 in two funds that pay ll% and l3vo simple interest, respectively. If he receives $2080
in yearly interest, how much is invested in each fund?
10. Find the least squares regression line for the points (4,3), (1, l), (-1, -2), and (-2, -1).
For Exercises 11-13, solve the system of equations.
11. x* y : -2 12.4x- y*52:4 13.3x*2y- z=5
2x- y-l z= 11 2r+ y- z:O 6x- y*52:2
4y-32:-20 ?-r+4y*82:0
14. Findtheequationoftheparabolay=o;z*bx* cpassingthroughthepoints(0,-1),(1,4)and(2,13).
15. Findthepositionequation t:laP * vot * sogiventhats = l2feetafter I second,s = 5feet after2seconds,
and ^r : 4 after 3 seconds.
16. Graph f * y229. 17. Graph the solution of the system.
xIy<6
x>2
v)0
18. Derive a set of inequalities to describe the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 7), and (2,3).
19. Find the maximum value of the objective function, 20. Graph the system of inequalities.
z : 3Oz + 26y, subject to the following constraints. * + yz < 4
x> 0 6_2yz*yz>4
v2 0
2x + 3y 321
5x*3v<30
CHAPTER 8
Matrices and Determinants
Section 8.1 Equations
Matrices and Systems of ' ' ' 3Es
Section 82 Operations with Mauices ' '394
Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 401
Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix ' ' ' 'M
Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 4lr
Review Bxercises 4t6
Practice Test 425
384
CHAPTBR 8
Matrices and Determinants
Section S.L Matrices and Systems of Equations
f You should be able to use elementary row operations to produce a row-echelon form (or reduced row-echelon
form) of a matrix.
1. Interchange two rows
2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant
3. Add a multiple of one row to another row
I You should be able to use either Gaussian elimination with back-substitution or Gauss-Jordan elimination to
solve a system of linear equations.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1.. Since the matrix has three rows and two columns, its order is 3 x 2.
3. Since the matrix has three rows and one column, its order is 3 x l.
5. Since the matrix has two rows and two columns, its order is 2 x 2.
t-t 2 :
7. - 5y: 33
4x 9.x +lOy-22 -2 11. l^ '^l
12 -3:
-x * 5y: -27 5x 3y*42 -0
f4 -5 : 33-l 2x +y -6 x*2y-7
L-t : 2x-3y:4
ft t0 -2
5 -27 1
ls -34
L2 l0
123
l-e 18 0 0t floool
13.
| -2 5 2 10
I
rs.lo r I sl
L1 7 -8 0 -4J
1
looooJ
9x* l2y + 3z : 0 This maffix is in reduced row-echelon form.
-2x * 18y * 5z * 2w: l0
x* 7y-82 -4
12o4ol fl12 4
l0 -r 3
tl
17. 6l
19.
10 ;l
Lool5J fl 4 _il
The first nonzero entries in rows one and two are -2R, * Rr*Lo A
not one. The matrix is not in row-echelon form.
385
3E6 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
4 [r I 4 -rl fl I 4-rl
21.
Lii l0
T2 :l
-3Rt +Rr+l
2Rt + Rr+10
I
0 s
3
a
E
El
El
|n,--+l
Lo
o I -?
320 4)
3l
23. Add 5 times Row 2 to Row 1. 25. Interchange Rows I and 2.
2
27. -l
I _11
Li
(a)
li
2
-5
I
jl (b)
Li .1.f1
(c,
[i
2
-5
0
,il
2
I (e) matrix is in reduced row-echelon form.
Li:ilrhs
(d)
li 0 il
29. (See Exercise2T.) (Answer is series of screens.)
(a) *row+ (-2rEAlr (b) * row+ (-3,lB) , (c) *roy+(-1 ,lCJr2,
brE^Jt. ,2)
1 tb. 21
tt1 2
tt1 2 3l tEl 2 3l 3l
t0 -5 -101 t0 -5 -101 t0 -5 -101
t3 .1 -11l E0 -5 -1011 r0 0 0ll
(d) *rorGll5, :D7,?> (e) *rowf G?,EElrZ,1)
ttE12
1 2 3l Et10-11
t0 12J t012J
t0 0 0ll t0 0 0ll
I 0sl I -l -1
I 5-4
31.
li -1
6 i
-il1 33.
L- 6818
I
il
I fl -1 -1
-
2R, *
3Rt + ^r--f;
R3+10
I
3 til -5Rt + nr--+l o
6Rt + R3-+10
16
212
-1 -1
I
l6
til
1
-2Rr. -r*lj il
I 00
-3R2 + _,*[i 0
387 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. f-i;-ir
l-, 4 -:l
37.
t-? -1
5l
I 'i)
l l / R'- -l I
in,--+f tl \R=+ t-l 5l ,:)
[; i -:] 3R, + R2 -> I-l
24
I
,1)
ft I tl fr -t t4
R, +R,--+l o I -31 ln, Lo I 2t2 l
-2Rt + nrrlo z -+l R2 + Rr-+ 3
-R2 + R,+fl 0 41
t; 2 irl
lo r -3zl
nr--fo o
1
-2R, +
fr o 4l
lo I -3
|nr--+ lo o rJ
1
-4Rt * R,-- |.1 0 0l
3R,*^'-13
; ?l
39. x-2y: 4 41. x-y*22: 4
y:-3 y-z-- 2
x-2(-3)- 4 z: -2
x: -2 v-(-2)- 2
Answer: (-2, - 3)
, y: 0
x-0+2(-2): 4
x-- 8
Answer: (8,0, -2)
43.[t 0l: fr0 0
-tl
l0
:
L0 _tl 45. r 0
x: 7 100 I
x: -4
y: -5 y : -8
Answer: (7, -s) z- 2
Atuwer: (-4, -9,2)
47. x*2y-7
2x* y:8
[1 2 2
ll 2
:] -2R,**,-J;
:
Lzl: -3 -") -fnr+Lo I :)
!:2
x*2(2)-7 ==+ X :3
Answer: (3,2)
388 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
49. -3x : -28
-l- 5Y 51.8r-4y: r3
3x*4Y: l0 5x*2y: 7
4x-8Y: 40 fs -4 r3'l 3Rt -> , -12
24 39.l
[-r 5 -28f Ls2
I
7) 5R, -> 1;
25 lo 3sJ
l3 4 rol -R2 + Rl-) I -22 4l
L4 -8 40J *nr- t s 2 7J
:
R3+Rr+ft -3 tzf | -22 4l
4 10
5R, + R2-> t 0 -lo8 27 1
l3
- lRr-+
I 22
1
-8 -41
L4 40J
r2f -#nr- I -iJ
fr -3 y:-j
-3R, + R2-) l0 13 -26
* zz(-i) : -4 =+ X:1,
|
-4R, + R3-+ L0 4 -8J x
ft -3 tzl Answert(1, -i)
#n,- I -zl
-4R, * Rr+ lo
L0 0 0J
y:-2
x:3(-2) + 12: 6
Answer: (6, -2)
53. -x*2y: 1.5 --
tJ. x 3z: -2
2x-4y: 3.0 3x* Y 2z: 5
2: l.sl b+2y + z: 4
t-; -4: 3.0-l
f1
0-3
l3 1-2
f-
t 2 1.sl
lz 2l ;l
2R, + R2--+L 0 0 6.0-l
The system is inconsistent and there is no solution.
0-3
-3Rt * 17
^,-'fl
-2R, + Rr+fo 27 1l
0 -3
ft 1 7
_r1l
-2R, + nr-+fo 0 -7
ft 0 -3
I 7 ,ll
-+^,-- Ll 0 I
z: 2
y * 7(2) :ll+ y:-3
x - 3(2) : -2+x: 4
Answer: (4, -3,2)
3E9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
57. x*y-52:3 se'
x -22: I _:._1=i
2x-y- z:O f l 2
ft r-5 L- I - I
I
ll 0-2
lz -l -l tl ft
Rr + R2--+10 3l
1-5 y:0
-R, + *r*fl -l 3
x*2(0)-Q==1
x:0
-2R, + n, --+lO -39 _:l
Answer: (0,0)
1-5
l; -l 3
-3R, + nr-+lO 00 1l
Rz+n,+fl 0-2 rl
-^'-- l-3 2l
L3 00 oJ
Letz: a,any real number
Y 3a-Z + Y:3a+2
X-2a.:1 =+ x:2a + I
Answer: (2a + l,3a * 2,a)
61. 3x*3y+I2z: 6 33 L2 6ll-r00
tl
x* y* 4z: 2 1l 4 2ll+l l0 0 0
2x+5y+2Oz:10 25 20 10 1 l0 l 4
-x*2y* 8z: 4 -1 2 8 4JLooo
Let z : a, any real number
Y = -4a + 2
x:0
Answer: (0, -4a * 2, a)
lz l -l 2 -6-]
ll ft oI oo
o
l. , lo
11 :s
0 I o
63.1? 2 6 _3lrowreducetrolO 0 I 0
Ls 2 -1 -l 3lloool il
Answer; (1 ,0,4, -2)
65. x* y*z:0 ft r I olI.10 2
2x*3y*z-0 lz3t ol ==+ lo I -l
3x * 5y * z - 0 L3sl
I
oJLoo 0 il
Let z : a, any real number
y:a
x: -2a
Answer: (-2a, a, a)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
67. Yes, the systems yield the same solutions. 69. No, solutions are different.
(a) z: -3;y :5(-3) + 16: l; (a) z:8,Y:7(8) -54:2,
x-2(I) (-3) -6: -l x : a(2) - 5(s) + 27 : -5
Answer: (- l, l, - 3) Answer: (- 5 ,2, 8)
(b) r' (b)
'*::-f iir:3l;'l :t-; ',=t;rl1 ;titl {!'ri ''
Answer.' (- 1, 1, -3) Answer: (19,2,8)
71. f(x) - axz + bx * c 73.f(A - ax3*bxz + cx*d
/(l):a+b*c_8 f(-2)_ -Ba+4b 2c*d:2
f(2)-4a+2b*c: 13
/(-l)_ -a+ b -c*d: I
4
f(3):9a+3b*c: 20
/(l): a+ b *c*d:-i
I I f(2)-8a+4b*2c+d-2
2 I ,:] Solving this systemr )ou obtain
3 I 201 a:I,,b: l, c:-landd- -2.
Thus,y:ix3*x2-x-2.
fl I I
-4Rt + nr-+
-9Rt + R3+
l0 -2 -3 -;l
L0 -6 -8 -s2 )
fr I I
;l
-|nr--+lo I 1
-3R, +R3+10 0 I il
c-5
b +;(5):++b- z(")670:c
a+Z+5:g_a-l
Answer: Y:f +2i+ 5
75. f(x) : af * bx3 * cf + dx * e
f(-2)-l6a 8b*4c 2d+e:0
/(-1):a b+ c- d+e:3
/(o):e:o
f(l)-a+ b+ c* d+e:3
f(2): I6a + 8b*4c+2d*e:0
Solving this systemr )ou obtain
A:-1, b:0,C:4,d-e:0.
Thus,Y:-t'+4f.
391 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
77. x : amount at 87o 79. Ir -0
Iz * 13
y : amount at9%o 21, + 212 -7
z : amount at l27o 21, + 413 :8
x* y* z: 1,500,000 I 1
0.08x + 0.09y * 0.122-
I
133,000
2 0
x 4z: 0
2 4 :l
t I
fl 1l 1,500,000-l -2R, * R, + 4 -2
|
0.08 0.09 0.r2 133,oool li 2 4 :l
Lr 0 -4 t I
I R3 -+ 2 4
[r I
+ R2-+l 0 0.01 0.04
1,500,0001
13,0001
R2 ---> li 4 -2 ;l
-0.08R1
-Rl + Rr--+10 - I -5 - 1,500,0001 I I
tn, --+ I 2
11 1,500,000.l li 4 -2 ;l
I I
100R,
f; l4 1,300,000
Rr*RrL0 0 -l -200,000J
|
I 2
-4R, * R, --+ li 0 -10 tl
-z - -200,000 + z: 200,000 I I
y + 4(200,000) _ 1,300,000 + y - 500,000 I 2
x* (500,000) + (200,000)_1,500,000 -+ x:800,000 -#n, + li 0 1
;l
Answer: $800,000 at 8Vo, $500,000 at97o, $200,000 at I2Vo 9
\: m amperes
b* 2(h) - 4 + Iz: t u-peres
Ir + + ft - o =+ It: +3 amperes
81.. (a) The points are (5, 421), (6, 595), (7,512).
If Y : atz + bt * c'then
25a+5b*c:421
36a+6b*c:595
49a+7b *c:5I2
Solving this systemr /ou obtain (c) For 1998, f : 8 and y : 172 million dollars.
a : - 128.5
b - 1587.5
c : -430/.0
Thus, Y: -t28'5P + 1587'5t - 4304
392 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
83. (a) xr* xs- 600 l0 l0 00 0 600
xl:x2*x+ + xr-x2-x4-0 I -l 0 -l 00 0 0
x, * xr: 500
01 00 l0 0 500
00 10 01 0 600
x3 * xu : 600
00 0l 0 -l I 0
xo*x.r:x6 -) x4-xu*x, -0 00 00 l0 I 500
xs * xr: 500
l0 I 0 0 0 0 600
-Rr + Rzr 0 -l -1 -1 0 0 0 -600
Rz + Rr+ 00 -l -l I 0 0 - 100
R3 + Ro-> 00 0 -1 I I 0 500
Ro * Rs€ 00 0 0 I 0 I 500
-Rs + Ro+ 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
t0 I 0 00 0 600
-R3 + R2-)l 0 -l 0 0 -1 0 0 -500
-R4 + R3+l 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 -600
-Ro+l 0 0 0 1 -l -t 0 -500
0 0 0 0 10 1 500
0 0 0 0 00 0 0
Let x,
xs- 500 - t
x4: -500*s+(500 t)-r- t
x3_ 600 - s
xz: 500 - (500 - t) _ t
xt - 600 - (600 - s) - s
(b) If xu:x7:0,thens- t- 0,and (c) If xr : 1000 and x6 : 0, then,s - 0 and t - -500.
)cr - 0 rhus'l:h
xz: O
x3: 600
x4: 0 x4 : 500
xs: 500 xs : 1000
x6: x7 - 0
:,:1roo
85. (a) 200 + x2 : xr =+ -xr - x2 - 2W (b) If x4: t - 0 and
0, then
xz* 100 : x4 =+ -x2 * xo: 100 xr : 100, xz : - 100, x, : 20c..
x+*200:xj x3- x4- 200 (c) If xo : 100, then t - 100 and x, : 200, x2 : 0,
-
xr + 100 : x3 + xr - x3: - 100 x3- 300.
Solving this system, )ou obtain:
xr: 100 + t
xz: -100 + t
x3:2N+t
x4: t
393 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
87. False. The row of zeros is not at the bottom.
89. x * 3z : -2 Equation 1 91. (a) In the row-echelon form of an augmented
y*42: matrix that corresponds to an inconsistent
I Equation?
system of linear equations, there exists a row
(Equation l) + (Equation 2) -> new Equation I consisting of all zeros except for the entry in
(Equation l) + z(Equation 2) + new Equation} the last column.
(b) In the row-echelon form of an augmented matrix
2(Equation 1) + (Equation 2) -) new Equation 3
that corresponds to a system with an infinite
x* y* 7z: -l number of solutions, there are fewer rows with
x*2y+Llz- 0 nonzero entries than there are variables. Nor
does the last row consist of all zeros except for
2x* y + l0z the entry in the last column.
93. f(*) : # Horizontal asymptote: y :0 95. f(*) :
# Vertical asymptote: x - - l,
Slantasymptote: y: x - I
-4 ,l
l,
,'
j8r I
97. S(x) - 3-x+2 99. f(*)_ 3 * lnx
v v
l0
8
2 4 6 810
101. 3x - 8y : 47 ==+ L5x-40Y: 235
-5x * 9y: -48 + -l5x*27Y:-lM
Adding, - l3y : 9l ==+ y: -7.Then 3x - 8(-7) +47: -9 =+ x: -3
Answer: (- 3, -7)
103. 6x- y*42: -ll
5x* 4y-22: 0
-8x- y*52: l8
Using a graphing utility, you obtain x- -2,y_ 3,2: l.
394 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices
I A = B if and only if they have the same order and aij : bij.
I You should be able to perform the operations of mahix addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix
multiplication.
I Some properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication are:
(a)A+B:B*A
(b)A+(B+C):(A+B)+C
@) GAA: c(&4)
(d) 1A:A
(e)c(A+B):cA*cB
(f) (c + d)A: cA * dA
I Some properties of matrix multiplication are:
(a) A(Bc) = (AB)C
(b)A(B*C):AB+AC
(c) (A + B)C: AC + BC
(d) c(AB) : (cA)B : A(cB)
I You should remember that AB * BA in general.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. x:-4,y:22 3. 2x*7-5 -
x: -l
3Y:12 + !:4
3z L4:4 + z- 6
-ll : +2 -1 r-l -11
l: -ll +
l-:, l: -1 +81
1 ti
-;l : -l +rl I 0l
l: -ll
2
l--
l-? l: +1 -l sJ L3 -9J
(c) 3A _
l-1
3l :: 3l
y2-ll ti[]l il-lll t: 3l
-ll
(d) 3A - 28 :
t: _11 -,1_" : L6
l-3 -3-l +
-3J l-: -,21: t-l -;l
:11
7. A
il B-[ I *]
';l
I i] .', A B-L 1 _1] (c, 3A:[
24
(a) A*B:f 6
rsJ
:llli]
12
3A 2B:1
l1 ;l]
(d)
395 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
g.A-l'-f', 2 -1
: 0 1l B- -1 I 0l
Ll 1-2^ 0-U-1, L-I T e -6 -7J
(a) A+B:f :
3 -2 I
L-',L 5 7 -6 _tl
(b)A-B:fi I o-l
L4 -3 -rl 6 :l
(c) 3A: f: 2 -3
o il
L3 3 -6 o -3J
(d) 3A 28: t: 6 -3 o 3lt- l-2 2 -2 2 0l 14 4 -1 -2 3l
L3 3-6 -31 18 -rz -r4) Lq -s -24 12
|
0 L-6 8 u_l
11.
rr B-lo
A:fL-l6 -40 ;J' 11 -ll
-3J
18
(a) A + B notpossible (b) A-Bnotpossible (c) 3A: | ,: :l0J (d) 3A zB notpossible
L-J -r2
13
t-i -:] + l-i -:) + l-ii -':] : t; -l] + l-:'^-':] : l-,1 -,)
-l 3l:l-24 -4 r21
8 3J L- L2 32 LzJ
'" -,[l
-;] .
[-: ?] - t; -il : -,1-,! 3l - t; -;l : [-i: -s] l1 -;l
:l-i: ;l
| - r.581 -t.ttg1
Ie' il-', : 2r. | -+.zsz - 13 .z+sl
-;] l-'r;i^:rl -"+1:^) L s.7 ri -o.tozl
23. X :,1
1 il -21
; il :l;-il ll ll :l;-ll
25. X : -/e +in -,1-1 _i] +,f
; :lj i] fl
27. (a) AB :
tl -lltl -ll : -3 -l I [] : [3 lil
[,3
:
(b) BA
l-? ")l-" l: [-,';oZ -,0* [;; ,'^l
(c) 1z :[l ll' :):tl Ii3 ,3:iJ:H ,:] 'Z):
396 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. (a) AB: -il :
-l]
[i Ll [i ; -Z; l]
: -'3]
[,3 ;
(b) BA: -il -l] :
tl [i t; -l ; ; :l
: -':]
[,3 i
-ll -ll : : :i : -:l
(c) A2:
li ti t: I ;;l t:
-l I 21 fr 2+7 ll2r 2 I + r+l 16 -21 rSl
31. (a) AB:
f1
-l I 1l:12 2+8 2 L-24 4 l + rul
12
L3 I llLi -3 2) L3+2 l 3 + I + 3 6+r z) L4 7 sJ
I -l ?1 fr +2+6 -1 I +2 7+8 21 le 0 13.|
8l:12+2+3 -2 1+l 14+8 rl:lt -2 ,rl
f1
(b) BA:
12
Ll -3
I
llt -1
I -rJ lr 6+6 -1 + 3 + 2 7 24-2J Ll 4 -lej
7l fr 2+2r -l + I + 7 7 8-71 7 -8.l
: ft -l -1
8l: 12 2 + 24 l2o 7
L4 8 8l:124
(c) A2
lz -l -1 -2 + 1+ 8 -21
L3 I llLi I -u L3+2 3 -3 l I zr+8+rJ Lz -s 3oJ
33. Ais3 x2andBis3 x 3 ==+ AB is not defined. 35. AB:L-l ;t
:L-l
l]ta 1l
37. A is 3 x 3,Bis 3 x 3 =:+ AB is 3 x 3.
fs -8 ollo
fl -* o ol g ol fl o ol
AB:lo 9l:lo I gl
lo o zJLo o ,J lo o ll
39. Ais2xland Bisl x4 ==+ ABis2x4.
AB:[l?]* -2 -1 nt - f4o -20 - 10
'r
8o'l
L44 _Zz -ll 88J
41.
fro tl
AB:l3z
-r7 nf
6l
Ll6 -38 7oJ
43.
ii
Ll 1fli ii ill
:l{i :11,fi1
45. A is 2 x 4 and B is 2 x 4+ AB is not defined.
47.
[3 -:)l-t ;][i t] : tl _1ll: ll: l_; - ':]
397 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
4s'
[l
-:t(L
I ;l +
L-l ll)
: t: -\lf
-1 1]
: t-iltl
" "
51.
fi 3l
[l"i
o, :
N[?] ll]
::+
[?] "
*,a so,ution
", [l N[-3] [;]
+ l-3]" " = solution.
n,[l ',]l-11:[-i] - [-1]o*," ," [l ',]l-?l:[-;] + [-3]" not a
solution. solution.
53.
l-i -; ; ;sl
(a)
l-'^ ;lt;l
:t;ll + t3l is not a (b)
l-i-"lt -tl : [;3] =? t-t] lsa
solution. solution.
(c)
l-i not (d)
l-il{l;): [- i3] -> [i] ,' not
a solutio :lt-:l a solution.
1 -3 4 rl -3
55. 2 -5 0
2 4 -5
lel Let A =l) -5
_tl
L -oJ 4
(a)
^[
)]:
'^1,-;l fri not a solution. (b, jl] =+ l_;] ,,, solution.
t ^l-11:
===>
12 _;1,,
I rl l-tu :
(c)
^l-'rl: L-;3
- _i],,
not a solution. (d)
^l ;] 1l+ [;] ,, not a solution.
s7. (a) A: l-:, l], x - t;] , B: t;]
(b) By Gauss-Jordan elimination on
f-l I , o-l -R,--) f r - I -4.] Rz *R, -) 0:
L-2 I : 0JZRt*Rz-> Lo -l 'i -sJ -Rz + t; 1: :l
we hava xt - 4 and xz : 8. Thus, X :
[i]
398 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. (a) A
r_c _qr fr,l ,B:l-
_^:j
61. (a) A :L; -2
3 B_
l-z -3 i -41 -) llx-lltl L,ll
L 6 l :-rJ
(b)
-23
l-2 -3 -4-|
3R,+RrL 0 -8 ': -48J
l-z -3 ' -4-]
(b)
ll 3 -l
-55
-:l
n)
-23
(-*)n,L o r ' oJ Rr*R, l2
3Rr+Rrf-z o : t+-l -2\ + R3 + li -1 -1 ?l
Lo r : 6l 2R, * R, + 0 7
-ln,|-r o i -71 I 2
Lol,oJ R2+R3 --> Li 0 I ;l
xr: -7, xz: 6 Thus, X :t-:] -7R, * R,
-> 0 0
-2R, * Rz --> 1 0
li 0 I ll
xt: I,xz : -I,xz - z-Thus, X -
[;]
I -s
l- f",'l -rl]
63. (a) A:| -3 I x - t: f
Lo -z 1l L;:l'' L- rol
I I -sI z
(b) l-r
-zo1 f
8l 3R,+nrlo
t 52 - r0l
-l -l 45 -s2
Lo -z s -16r 25 - l6J
|
f: - 52
;
- 20.l
25 -16
{x2 L: 45 -s2J
1
l; : 52
25
-201
-16 l
-7R, + R3 L0 0 -30 60J
-*n,
ll:
Lo
52
25
01
-
-201
16
-2J
|
-2R, + n, f t 50 - 16l
-5R, * *, 20 -61
L3 01 -2J
50 - 16l
t-;)*,fl l0
Lo 01 _))
5R, + n, t
f
00 _ rl
10 rl
L3 0l -21
xr :
-l]
- l, xz: 3, xr: -z.rhus, x -f
l,-zl
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ol
65. A- 12
L4 sl
li :tti 3l '[3 i] .,[;
f(A) : 5A + 2- :
A2
?l t-i ;l
:Li
67. A
It ll ol,
of, 13rol fl o olfo o
f3
flo):10 2 6l f3,
-rolo 2 6l +rrlo z 6l -mlo r ol:lo o
ol
ol
lo o sl lo o sl lo o s.l lo o t.l lo o ol
For 69--77,A is of order2 x 3, B is of order 2 x 3,C is of order 3 x 2 and D is of order2 x2.
69. A + 2C is not possible. A and C are not of the same order.
71. AB is not possible. The number of columns of A does not equal the number of
rows of B.
73. BC - D is possible. The resulting order is 2 x 2.
75. (CA) is 3 x 3 so (CA)D is not possible.
77. D(A - 38) is possible. The resulting order is 2 x 3.
.-' ,.rol*
,g. 40 2ol -172 48 201
-'--130 e0 60J 136 108 72J
= t3.7s r *f : [$r2so.oo $r33r.2s $e8r.2s]
8r. BA
[lf # ,H]
The entries in the last matrix represent the profit for both crops at each of the three outlets.
13 2 z 3 olfJl8 ll$l f$rs,77o $rs,3oot
sr. sr: 10 2 3 4 3l l r+so roso l = l$zo,soo $zs,zsol
L4 2 | 3 2rL3::: L$2r,260 $24,rsor
;ffi.|
The entries represent the wholesale and retail prices of the inventory at each outlet.
10.6 0.1 0.ll f0.6 0.1 0.rl f0.40 o.ls 0.15.l
8s. P = lo.z 0.7 o.r llo.z ol o.t | = lo.zs o.st o.rz I
Lo.2 0.2 0.8110.2 o.2 0.81 10.32 0.32 0.681
This product represents the changes in party affiliation after two elections.
87. True 89. False. The producttr
lz -;l
zl
L-;
400 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9I.. A :
ti il,,:t-l -ll 93. A :t: ;]
AB
3l
4z :t: ;] t: ;l : t; ?l
:r,
AB _ObutA+OandB+O. the identity matrix.
t-0 21 f0 2 3l
95. (a)\/ A_lLo oJ'
l.B-10 0 4l 97. 8xz - lOx - 3 _0
lo o oJ (4x+I)(zx-3):o
(b) A2 and 83 are both zero matrices. J\ _l4rZI
(c) If A is 4 x 4, then Aa will be the zero matrix.
(d) lf A is n x ft, thenA" is the zero matrix.
99. 3x3 + zbz - 45x - 0 1.01. 2x3 - 5* - L2x +30-0
x(3x2+2b-4s)-o f(?* - s) 6(2x -5):o
x(x*9X3x-5)-0 (*' - 6)(2x -5):o
x-0,-g,J x - !-re,]
103. logz x - logr(22 . 3) log, x
'"',(*)
:[',1 * logr3 logzx - 2+ logr3 logrx
/'2 - o\
los. t"(,7/ : ln[(x - 3Xx + 3)l ln,/
- ln(x - 3) + ln(x + 3) - 4ln;
107. ln x - 3[ln(x + 6) + ln(x - ur: lnx - 3[ln(x + 6)(x - 6)]
lnx - ln(xz 36)3
:h|-+l
(r- - L 36)3J
roe.
lr"7t4 - J rn r' : ln(1 t+1ttz ln(1s)rzs
ln(7t/sP'1 ln 13
: tn(lttzp)
^lryl -
f3
-8 I -8.| fr o
'i -ttlrowreducestol0 I
o
LL1. l-2
-4 -3 0
L4 9 -5 : -loj lo o r tl
A x:-l,y: I,z:3
401 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix
I You should be able to find the inverse, if it exists, of a square matrix.
(a) Write the z x 2n matix that consists of the given matix A on the left and the n x n identity matrix 1on
the right to obtain /]. Note that we separate the matrices A and 1by a dotted line. We call this
[A i
process adjoining the matrices A and I.
(b) If possible, row reduce A to 1 using elementary row operations on the entire matrixlA i 1]. The result
will be the matrix [1 i A - t]. If this is not possible, then A is not invertible.
(c) Check your work by multiplying to see that AA-r : I - A-tA.
I You should be able to use inverse maffices to solve systems of equation.
I You should be able to find inverses using a graphing utility.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
rl l. 3 -r-l : l(-s) 2(-r) + 1(2)-l : [1
rr 12
r. rLL'
AB:
2l lrttl ++ 3(-s) s(-r) + 3e)) - Lo
Ls L-s
lJ Lstll ?l
BA: l- 3 -r11, 1l : prr> +
(-lxs) 3(r) + (-lx3)l : [1
L-s 2)Ls 3J L -s(2) + 2(s) -s(1) + 2(3)) L0 ?l
3 AB: tl lll-i -;l : l-21 : i -:l: t; ?l
BA:
l-i -;l I i]: l-i:; -:::l: t; ?l
r z_17 rr-lfr
il
I zl
s AB:L 4 -3
-lla 6 -51
|
I z 34+33 2-68+66 ++sr-ssl fr o ol
_l_1+22 2L -1 +44-42 -2-33+351=10 I 0l
L 66 12-12 -e+roJ lo o rl
fr 4 -3ll -l Lll 2 -t7 rrl lz-t -r7+ll+6 tt-t-+1 fr o ol
BA:12 n -tl=lo-o -34+44-s 22-zB+ol=lo t ol
lr 6 -sJL o 3 -2J L6-6 -sl+66-ls n-n+rc1 lo o rJ
l-2 2 -5 3l
3l:+l -+ +4 f-8+8 +3 l0 - 16 + 6 -r:l]
7. AB -+l r -1 -8 -5+8
-l
L0 I ill.l 2 o.J L -4 +4 -8+8
0 0 ol
:_ rlil0|.3 I ol
ll:li
3
lo 0 0 U
l-+ -) 3l 8 s -8 + 5 + 3
ol:+lf a
-12 +
: il
2
BA - 'l
il-4 -8 -l 8 -8 + 8 + 3 -12 + :11:[i
Ll 2 ilL1 I 4) l-z+2 2-2
402 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
: -:)t _i
9. AB
t- I -'+l: ti ?1,*: [;?]
11. AB t- 1.6
L-3.5 -
z1l 22.s tol
- rz.s - sJ
4.sJL
:tl ?l'*: [;?]
f) 0 i
13. le : /l:L; 3:
t
o ?l
ts. IA i /]:
t;
-2
-3
I
0 tl
jn,+;r o: + ol
U: a--tl -2 I
{nr-+Lo r i o +J -2R, + Rza t; I -2 ?l
4-r li o-l - r6 [3 ;l 2R, + Rr* 0 -3 21
lI : A-'l
Lo lJ Lo t; I -2 rJ
6-r:
l-:, 1)
17. [A i /l: r-l_,I I I
te.A:|-2 7 ll
I 0 ?l L-3 -e 2J
A has no inverse because it is not square.
f -I I I
-2R, *Rr+l 0 -l -2 ?l
R2 Rr+l-t 0
+
L0 -1 :
_: ll
-R,--+ [l
-nr--+ lo
0:
1:
I
2 -l]
:u: A-'l
4-r :
l-1 -ll
Lz -'J
ft s
ill [l
I I
:ll
1 0 0
21. 13 4 0 23. [A
: fl:ll
'Jl
4 0 0
Ir6 5 0 L2s 5 0
* Rr-t l-r
I
:ll
r I
fl I
:ll
0 0
I -3
-3Rt
*Rg+Lo l0 2
-3Rt + R2-) 4 l0 0 -3
jl
-3Rt 3 2 -3
-2Rt + nr--+ lo 5 5 -2
-R2 +n,--+fl 0 !2 !
fr0
1l
2
0 I
t2 _3
-3R, *Rg*Lo
in,-- lo I
!2
2
I2 l0 4 0 -3
7
0 -1n, + R3-+ L0 0 5 4
-R3 *R,-ft o 0 I
itl
[1 0 0 I
* Rr-10 -3 -;l o I
-R3
ZRr+10
I
0
0
I 3 t fnr--+
lo o I
|
0
7
3
4
I I 2I -rl
|nr--+
-rl : lr : A*rl
20
6*r : l-t
L3 -3 zl f 20 o l0
A r: *l -ts s 0.75 0.25
7
L -s l]:l 0.35 -O.25 ,l]
403 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tbsts
f-8 0 0 0 I oool
I 0
25. lA : 4:l 3
I
0
0
4
0
0
0
0 0 I
0l
0l
Lo 0 0 -5 0 oorl
-|n,-+;-r 0 0 0
I
oool
I o ol
8
l0 I 0 0 0
|n,-+lo 0 I 0 0 o tr ol
-|no+lo 0 0 I 0 0 0 -lJ
-lI : A-rl
-*oool
: 0 I 0 0l
A-r
o o i ol
o o o-+J
li:
2
27. A:
li rf -
-7
75
7
37 - t3l
29. A:
3
1l
21
A-r -L ' 95
f
-20 7l A-r --+ll -7
L4 3U 2 I
| 0.r 0.2
iil
0.3.l
: 33. A:
lj
3I.. A -0.3
o.2 o.2l
|
L 0.s o.4 0.41
-s fo -4 2l
A-r :Lll -2
-el
-4l| a-r : tl -r, 11 ll l
-4 -6J L22 -6 -8J
i 3 0l
A: f;
0
;-?l
L; t:ll
:[]
-;?l
2
35. 37. A
0
I
0
A-r does not exist.
:LI I
A-r
0
I i;l
-:t-' does not exist because
3e.
l-:
ad- bc:(- 4x3) (- 6)(2) - o.
41.
ll il: ll t
_20 : srltI t6
;;l
59
-4
4M PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43.
H:V, ?l [,;]
:|il 4s. f'l -- f
LvJ L-2
-1
?l
:
l:): [::]
Answer: (5, 0) Answer: (- 8, -6)
-ll Bt l-?; : ;-?l
||:Li
47. 49.
H:l ,il _i -i)
hl l-:: -;
Answer: (2, l, 0, 0)
I]:Lil
Answer: (3, 8, - 1l)
'
sl. A:
t; i] 53. A
tr':'+t_; -i] s-,:*l--: -
-
0.81
0.4J
l=+ 4-r does
not exist
-*t-; -il
H: l-'^): -*l-::) [The system actually has no solution.]
:
l-i)
Answer: (2, -2)
-:
55. A:l i il
57. A: l:
Ls
ll
-z18 4 oJ
s-,:L ; il
6-r :*lf I le-tol
-sl
14 3
;
L- 101
:!-'\b:L :[:i]
H i]t ;;t :+L:; '|ilL :*
Answert (- 4, - 8)
Ltl {l Lli: l
:Li]
Answer: (- I ,3,2)
59. A: 61. A f; -i -l]
L r -s tJ
4-r does not exist. [The system actually has an I o.s6 o.r2 - o.2f
4-r-l-o.o+ -0.08 -0.2
infinite number of solutions of the form
-0.52
1
x:0.3125t + 0.8125 L-o.76 O.2 J
y - 1.1875 t + 0.6875
-A'l
z:l [l] 111:L-11
where r is any real number.l
405 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
|- 7 -3 o 2 otl fr o o o
l-z- 1 0'-l -l3 l l0 I 0 ;l
I
63.1
14
L-l
0 l -2
I 0 -1 -8J
nlrowreclucettolo o I
lo o o
0
o
I
-l
Solution: (5, 0, - 2,3)
For 65 and 67 use A # ,.|s l. ur*, the methods of this section, we haveA-, = .
ingthemethodsofthissection'wehaveA-r="|-ji
f s0-600 -41
- fo otu,
L o z -t) iffi ?l
I so -600 -4112s,0001 [ lo,oo0l
6s.x-A-tB:+l -r zoo sll te00 l-l soool
l,-ru 4oo - rJ L oJ fro,ooo_l
Answer: $10,000 in AAu{ bonds, $5000 in A bonds, $10,000 in B bonds
l- so -600 -41f 12,oool feoool
67. x - A-'B: +l -t, ll zoo r s3s | lroool :
l,-26 4oo -uL oJ lzoooJ
Answer: $9000 in AAA bonds, $1000 in A bonds, $2m0 in B bonds
12 o
6s.A:lo
41 ,[s
1 4l t-r:*l-+
-4
6
Ir -rJ L 1 I 2 1l
fr,l ,Is -4 ol fr4l:L:l
f-3.l
l'4: l-+ t;l Ltl
L"r L,
*a ,
Answer: Ir: -3 amps, /z : 8 amps, /, : 5 amps
71. True. AA- I - A-rA - I 73. True
7s.AA-,:la 'lf t I d -b l:J ad.t. fo
-:l
dl\ad-btlf-cfc a - bclc
I fod-bc 0 I [-t 0l
:
ad-bcl o ad- b"l LOU "ll-i
A_IA:
hl-:-:ll: ,; : I f od -
ad, bcl 0
bc 0 l:[-1
ad-btJ L0
0l
U
-:l-':
(a)
t-s
Lz -; #[ ?]
(b) -; -",]: *[
t_l -'31
406 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
77. x3+Sxz 6x-30:0 79.f-x3 ltf-2x-24-0
xz(x + 5) - 6(x + 5) - 0 (x- a)(*+3)(f +2):0
(*-6X"+s)-o x- 4,-3
x - +fi,-s
81. f(*) - -3'-s + 3 83. f(*) - 4 + d-4
x -2 0 5 6 7 x -2 0 3 4 5
v 2.9995 2.996 2 0 -6 v 4.002 4.018 4368 5 6.71,8
-: -:l : - j:l - st-l :
85. -,f l::,
L r rz) l-r -36J
87
l-? -11 -il l-^\-:1)
89.
l-? :lt-i l:[,! -11
Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix
I You should be able to determine the determinant of a matrix of order 2 x 2 by using the products of the
diagonals.
I You should be able to use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a maEix of order 3 or greater.
I The determinant of a triangular matrix equals the product of the entries on the main diagonal.
I You should be able to calculate determinants using a graphing utility.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1.
t; il = (1X3) - (4X7) - 3 - 28: -2s
7.
6l
;l
: -7(3) -- 6(l) : -zr 3: -24
l'+
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
lz -l :
g. l+
l+z
2
ll 4: ll -4a: ?l
+4a: ?l
:2(o) - 4(-r) + 4(-r): e
l-r 2 -sl
: (- lx3x3) :
u.. lo 3 4l -e (Upper Triangular)
lo
I
o rl
| 0., 02 o.rl
13. O.'
I | - 0.+ 0.4
0.2 o.2l
0.3 |
- - 0.002 ls.
l: -i]: : Mr, : -5
(a) Mn -5 (b) Ct,
Mrz: 2 Crz: -Mrz: -2
M,,: 4 Crr: -Mrr: -4
Mzz: 3 Czz: Mzz: 3
f 33 -22
17.
| -:l
L-l 3 6J
Mn : -:l :
(a)
l: 12 + l8_30 (b) Cr,- (- l)'M, : 30
Crz: ?t)tULz: -12
Mrz: l3
l-l
-61
6l - l8 6- 12 Cn: (- l)oMn: I I
Cr, _ (- l)tMr, : 36
Mrt:
l-i x -9+2- 11 Czz : (- l)oMzz :
Czg: ?l)tMn = -7
26
M,,:
a: :l : -12 - 24 : -36 Crr: (-l)oMr : -4
Cgz: eDsMg2: 42
Mzz:
l-i:l :18+8:26 Cn: (- l)6Mn: 12
Mrr: -'l:9 2:7
l-?
Mrr:
a: -:l : 12 16: -4
Msz:
l1-:l -18 24: -42
Mts:
li -:l: 6 + 6_ 12
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l-r
: -'l-; :l -4:
l.e. (a)
|
lz
+
:il
: -4:
o) l-t^
lz :il :l +5a)
,,,'l-l
il :-1,
i'l .l | 'l: I
0
ll i;l .',1 : :
0
6 1l
: -4(-282) + l3(-2e8) - 6(- r74) - 8(-234) : 170
'l:i I ll :
'l
0 +
, l.'l-: i;l .'ll
13(-298) + 0 + 6(674) = l7O
: il
..1
Il il
23. Expand by Column 3.
lr, 4z -zlol : -4-t, '-l+ rll -2(r4)+ 3(-r0): -s8
| 4 rl A:
l-r
lz4ol : (2X3X- : 30 (upper rriangurar)
25. s) -
[ ; il
27. Expand by Column 3.
6zl
7
:l7l ,li s tl : 6(-20) 3(16) :
11 1; 1:t1 5
7 13 7 7l
-168
29. Expand by Column 2.
3 2 4 -1 5
l-2 r
-rl I
-20132 +l
- 4(ro3) :
o
10040 eD(-,,|i - 4r2
6 0 2 -l
30510
0 16
13
2
s 1l|: I ll
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l+o 3sl
-; - (4X- 5X2X3) :
31.
llIt -z :31 - 60 (Lower Triangular)
33. det(e) : (8x-3x- lxgxl) - 216 (Upper Triangular)
3-2
lr -r 0841
4 3 I
-1 0 2 I 0
3s. 12 6 -41
261| - -336 37. 5 -1 0 3 2 :410
l|20
102 801 4 7 -8 0 0
123 0 2
39. (a)
l-; :l : -3 (b)
13
_?l : -2
t-;31t3_?l:t-3_:l (d)
l-; _ll -6
(c) lNote: lnnl
l_r 2 ll :2
0ol
2 ol : -6
41. (a)
l; ? ol
(b) l-;
lo 0 3l
f-' 2 llf-; i 4 3l
(c)
L ; ? ;JL ; O 'J
sl :
Ij i;l
(d)
Ir 4 rl
: -r2 rNote: tenl : lal lBll
l-; i ;l
43. (a) lal : -2s (b) lal : -220
-16 -r
l-t -14 -2sf
(c) AB:
;i -tL _;l (d) lenl : ss00 [Note: lenl : lAl lBl]
|
L-2 3 2 2J
.): wz-ry
4s.
[ 47. 1*
ry
"l - wz-ry
zl
* *,t:l:
-ll 1: -6v - *z): wz - ry l'lY z*cYl
wQ
\ * ,v) - v(r + ,*): wz - ry
.): -l; .):
l'
rnus,
I tn"''
ll Y,
*,**';l
410 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
x *'l
v'l lx *'l +, lx
y : lv 'r'l xzl
4sll
z
y'l
z2l
l', ,'l l, l, y'l
: - yzz) (*z' - xzz) + (*y' - ry'y)
(yz'
: yzz - xzT - yzz * *z + xy(y - x)
: z2(! - x) - z(y, - xr) + xy(y - x)
-22(y -x) -z(y -xXy+x) +xy(y -x)
- (y - x)lz' - z(y + x) + ,yl
- (y - *)lz'- zy - zx + "y]
-(y- x)lzz-ac-zy +"y]
: (y - x)lz(z - x) - y(z - r)l
- (y - x)(z - x)(z - v)
51. lr- I 2 -rl: -
x-21 -0
s3.
l:;
|
l 8uv r
l3 I
(r - lXt 2)-6 -0
3x-4 -0
(,: lXr ,, -0
: -l or x:4
l*l
-- l ru e3' |
: ^ {r - A {r r l- I
55'
lr"* liu |
3es' 2e5' -- e5'
"'l; ;l lnx
59. True. Expand along the row of zeros.
61. LetA:
I 3l
IL-2 f-4 ol
4)andB-L 3 sJ'
lAl : :,0, tBt : ol :
l-: il l-i sl
-20
A+B-
[-i;] !te+ Bt' - I I l-? :l : -309l
Thus, lA +Bl+lAl + lBl.Your answer may differ, depending on how you choose A and B.
63. A square matrix is a square alray of numbers. The 65. (a) Columns 2 and 3 are interchanged.
determinant of a square matrix is a real number. (b) Rows I and 3 are interchanged.
67. (a) 5 is factored out of the first row of A. 69. From Equation2, !: 2 - 2x. Substituting into
Equation 1 ,5x + 7(2 - 2*) : 23 ==> -9x - 9
(b) 4 and 3 are factored out of columns 2 and 3.
x- -landY:2 2(-l)-4
-
Answer.' (- 1,4)
71. 3timesEquation2addedtoEquationlproduces'27x= 0 ==+ x:0.Then -l5y:3==+y
I
5.
Answer: (0, -1)
4tl PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7s-t-; -:]-':l -;]
;
ll r
2
'
77
L-;
3
0 ?l: il
Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants
I You should be able to find the area of i triangle with vertices (r,, y,), (xr,yr), and (.rr, y3).
.l'' yc lr tl
Area : +*lx,
-t - tl
|
lt, ls tl
The + symbol indicates that the appropriate sign should be chosen so that the area is positive.
r You should be able to test to see if three points, (xr, )r), (rr,y), and (x3, yr), are collinear.
l"' lr
lz
tl
I|: 0, if and only if they are collinear.
l*,
I You should be able to use Cramer's Rule to solve a system of linear equations.
t Now you should be ablE to solve a system of linear equations by substitution, elimination, elementary row
operations on an augmented matrix, using the inverse matrix, or Cramer's Rule.
I You should be able to encode and decode messages by using an invertible n x n matrix.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Vertices: (-2, -3), (2, -3), (0, 4)
,l-z
; -3 rl : r
+l -3 +( -rl-'^ ll ,l-'^ : + r4).Area :
l
l1t+ 14 square units
lD
I o 4 rl
4t2 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
3. Vertices: o), (3, l), (1,5)
looI
lll rl
-l - rl3
,lr :f
)l - 7" Area - 7 squareunits
Ir s ll
5. Vertices: t), €,0), (4, 3)
lo+
: ;
ll212 \r :LQ+f-;) _33 8
Area: ?squareunits
143 ll
7. Vertices: (4, 5), (6, 1), (7,9)
l+ sI rl
rl : Lr(zo): 10. Area : t0squareunits
ilu s
lt tl
rl-s I tl
s'4--'l
-: ', ll 11. Points: (3, - 1), (0, -3), (12,5)
13 -r rl: 13 -l
-1 ll -"
rl
+8: -4'. ll 4; tl lJ 13 -ll
+8 = -5(2 - x) 2(-r) :'l-; -ll
:0
t8 : -8
5x
The points are collinear.
x:
8r8
5
*:+ oR x:o
L3. Points: (2, -L), (-4,4), (6, -3)
lz -+ rl l-+ ', ol:rl_,0
4 :l-to 7 0l t_q
5l
l-4 1l :l: -3 + o
| 6 -3 ll | 6 -3 1l ' - tl
The points are not collinear.
-5 rl
1.5. lt x 1l -0 17. 3x *
4y: -2
ls -2 rl 5x*3Y: 4
,l-; ll +
'li ll
+tlq
ls -iJ:0 l-2
|+rl -22
4l
+ s(-r) + (-8 5x)-0
x:;, A
ls T--rl:z
2(x + 2)
-3x 9_0 ll
x: -3 13 41 22 -2:|
15
Y: p ol : -ll : -z., Answer: (2, -2)
ls rl
413 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
1.9. -7x * lly - -l 21. -0.4x * 0.8y : 1.6
3x- 9Y: 9 O.Zx * 0.3Y: 2.2
l-r
s
ul
I -el
D- l-0.+
| 0.2
| -
o.8l
-l :-0.28
0.31
-eo
"
Y:
ttl :_:
-3 r.o 0.8
lt| 3 -el 30 tl I |
lI2.2 0.31 - 1.18 32
^'
v
-0.28 -0.28 7
a7 -ll -0.+ l.6l
| 3 el
|
-60 lr
t 0.2 2.21 - r.2O 30
r
1t
l-t rtl -2 Jv
tir;l
I
(-3,
30
-0.28
(?.1q)
'\z'7
Answer:
-0.28 7
Answer: -2) J
23. 4x- y* z- -5 -l 1l
2x*2y+32: l0 D-11 2 3l : 5s
5x-2y+62: I -2 6l
l-s -l -5 4 -l -5
lro z 10 2210
x: lr -2 :-:-55 -1, y:
I 165
: 3, z:' 5-2 I 110
55
At
/-
55 55 55 55
Answer: (- I ,3,2)
25. 3x*3y+ 5z-- I 3
p':11
3x*5y+ 9z-2 5
5x*9y+I7z-4 9 ,il-4
I 3 5 3 I 5
2 5 9 3 2 9
t7 4 I
x:
4 9
:0, y: 5 T7
t'
2'
Answer: (0, -l,l)
ABC
27. Vertices: (0, 25), (10, 0), (28, 5)
lo 2s
0
rl
tl : -
llrO
|'28 s
250. Area 250 square miles
1l
4t4 PART' I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. The uncoded row matrices are the rows of the 7 x 3 matrix on the left.
TRO 20 l8 t5 -52 l0 27
UBL 21 212 -49 3 34
EI 509 -49 13 27
:
NR
IVE
RC
t4018
9225
1803
Ll ; ll
-94
l
22 54
t-7
0 -r2 9
ITY 92025 - rzl 4t 55
Answer: l-52, tO,27l,l-49,3,341,1-49, t3,271,1-94,22,541, u, t, -71,10, -12,97,f-t2t,41,551
InExercises 3l and 33, usethematrixA :
I i 1 |
31.SHO W M E T HE MON EY
te 8 151 123 0 l3l Is 0 201 t8 s 0l [13 15 14] t5 2s ol
[19 s rs]a : [ra 74 7s)
I23 o 13la : [ro -6 -4s]
[5 o 2o]ri.: [- ls -zo - r:o]
[8 s o]t = lzz 51 6tl
lrr ts rufi = lu 7s 631
[s 2s o]a : [so l8s 23s)
Cryptogram:38 74 75 l0 -6 -45 -15 -70 -130 23 51 61 4 75 63 80 IB5 Z3S
33.HAPPYBIRTHDAY
t8 r 16l u6 2s 0l 12 e l8l l2o 8 4l tl 2s 0l
t s I l6h=[ s -4r -87]
I 16 2s o]a = [91 2a7 2s7]
l2 e 18lA=[ll -s -4r]
l2o 8 4JA: [40 80 84]
I I 2s O]A = 176 r77 227)
Cryptogram: -5 -41 -87 91 207 257 ll -5 -4t 40 80 84 76 177 227
f1
35. A-r
Lr ?l': t-; _?]
ll ,tf 8 I HA
64 rr2
|
l6 l6 PP
25 50 25 0 Y
21
N E
1
29 53
23 46
1
t-: - rJ
L4
23
5
0 w
Message: HAPPY NEW YEAR
,tl
1
40 25 5 YE
J5 e2J I 18 AR
415 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37.tr_':f i ::1 f-t' -"6 -il4l
L-l -'o -l:L :?
5 l4l s EN
-::' -'ill f-r3
11? -,:^:, :? -:z-il,J --f:l =
0
I
tul
lL
14
D
AN
P
Message: SEND PLAI.IES
LJ ;il L L': T9 OJE S
39. Let A be the 2 x 2 matrix needed to decode the message.
- :
[-': i:]^ [,: i:] o ft
-[]-'[,3 : -1)
A:
[-'i [] : t * fl[,: lll t-l
821 13 5 M E
-15 -10 5 20 E T
-13 -13 0 l3 M
510 5 0 E
-i):
;-1 1il-i6
20
T4
7
15
9
8
TO
NI
GH
Message: MEET ME TONIGIIT RON
20 40 20 0 T
-18 -18 0 l8 R
116 d5 t4 ON
41. True. Cramer's Rule requires that the determinant 43. Answers will vary.
of the coefficient matrix be nonzero.
4s. y * 6 - lo : (--6)(r\--- o)
-' : -8x 4it. y - 12: !i+t" + +) : -jC+ 4)
-2 -0
Y: -8x - 6 4y- 48- -5x-20
4y + 5r: 28
b I s -li -lI
49.f(r)-.r'z+3x-18 (x+6X"-3) sr. l-z4 10 -s -11
L -37 J
Vertical asymptotes: x : - 6,3 row reduces to
fr o
I
o
lo
Lool
Answer: (2,
o
-2,5)
I
4t6 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Review Exercises for Chapter 8
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Order 3 x 3.Orderlxl 5. Order4x2
7. [3
i - 10 ts1
f8-7 4
Ls4 i zzJ 9. l3 -5 2
ls3 -3 )l
[sr7 5x* y + 7z I
11. lq 2 o ;ll 4x* 2y :10 L3.
l-o
lr 2
Le42
I
9x* 4y+22 lz 2 il
Rl* Rr+ ft 3
-Rr * Rr+ l0 -l
-2R, * Rr-+ L0 -4 _:l
3R, +n,+fl 0
-nr--+ lo I
-4R, nr+ lo
+ 0 ;l
-R3 * R,*fl 0
-R3 + R2-+ l0 I
-|n,--+ lo 0 I
3
ls.f3
L4
-2
-3 l=+tl
0
I 4
-21
-3J
17.
li 1:l =)
li :ll
rs. l-s
L-l
4
I i-r:) 21.
t?
I
-1
0.3.|
- l.3J
4R, * R,-- [l 8 : - 86.| I o.rl
Rr+Rr-+10 9 : - 108J -Rr * Rr+ 11 -2 - 1.6J
9Y: -lo8 -2 - l.6l
y: -12 tj I 0.3J
-2 - t.6l
x - -8(-12) 86 - 10
-2R, * Rr--+ t; 5 3.5J
Answer: (10, -12)
5y:3.5 + y:0.'7
x:2(0.7) 1.6- -0.2
x:-O.2ry:0.7
417 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23.
3
6 12
3
,11 25.
2r -29 -;l
t: 15 -2r
l,l 9 -1
-R2 * R' --) 6 -8 -;l
3 3
t; 15 -21
-3 3
,1]
LI -3 -25 6 -8 -rl
0 6 -2R, * Rz--+ [; 3 -5 2l
-3 3
LI 0 -28 ,';) -2Rr*R, ft 0 2 -:)
Lo 3-s
03 Let z - a, any real number.
I -l 3y-5a-2 -> ]"+tr
01 I x*Za:-5+ -2a 5
z-- I Answer: Fz" - 5 ,]o + ?, ")
y-1:-t+y: _l
3
x* 3(1):l + x: I 2
Answer: (t, -1, r)
f-1 I 2 2 -1 9 -sl
27. l2 3 I 29. I -3 4 -lsl
Ls 4 2 ,l L 5 2 -l 17)
l
-1 -2 3 -4 rs-l
-R,--+
2R, + Rr--+
f
55 -7 17 38
l0 -13 19
1
5R, + Rr+ lO 912 il Li s8J
3 -4 lsl
R,*R,+fl 0 -l -7 L7 38
1l li o-T
1
|n,__+ | o ?J
-9R, + R3--+ L0 03 il {. -1
R3+n,-+fl 0 0 -7y : -r7(- 1) 38 : -21 ==+ y:3
-R3 + R2-+ l0 I 0 x :
-3(3) + 4(- 1) + 15:2
fnr--+ lo 0 I 1l
Answers: (2,3, - l)
x-2,Y: -3,,2-
Answer: (2, -3,3)
31.
[-?
Answer: (1, 1)
:
-l),"ouces.[;
?:ll
ft 2 -l 71 ft o o
33.10 -1 -l 4lreducestol0 I 0
L4 0 -1 r6Jlool il
Answer: (3,0, - 4)
41E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5-2 -ul|-rooo
35. fi-:_I 4, -l
l3
ll lo I o
-15 lreducestolo o I
o
o
L; -l -8 ssjloool _il
Answer: (2,6, - 10, -3)
37. x: t2 39.x*3: 5X- I :==> X- I
v: -7 -4y: -44 ==+ y: ll
v+5- 16 =:+ y ll
6x- 6\', -.\ I
-'x:
Answer: X: L,y: 11
4r.
t-i 3]
+
H
-201
_3J
In -':)
Ltl
-:] :
i -[]
43.
t3 I -:] -t, [3 -:] [T -Z
: [- 13 -8 l8l
L o ll -rej
-l -20 -41 f-s I -8.| |- ro 0
45. 4 ,:]-,1 3 -1 rl:l z -4-rzl+l-rt 5
[: -6 612 -8J Lo 6 oJ L-m -60 ;:l
f
:l-13
z r rz1
1-nl
L-ro -s4 4oJ
-: .'l: -2 - 18
7 6J: |-48
-3.l
47.
'[i _;] Lrs sl ;11
,:ll
49.X-3A 28 -31_1
'l)
;l 1l:1"1
sr. x-itr -2Al :;(|
i ll ,ll il:il,l ':l
-" : I l(6) + 2(4) r(-2) + 2(0) r(8) + z(o)l
53.
Hl t: ;l lsfol
+ (-4X4)
L 6(6) + (0)(4)
s(-2) + (-4x0)
6(-2) + (0X0)
s(8) + (-4Xo)
6(s) + (oxo)J
|
Ito -2 408l
:lt4 -10
- L2
1
136 48J
4r9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
f6 4l
ss.
:] l-'" [l[:] r il -:ll ff:l :iil:;l3i l:[3]l
[ -:- L8 :l:
or:vi
r]
:
s7.lZ ;] [-i ?l
+
t-3 il) [-i
lz +;l1(-3) :]
2(6) + t(s)l
Przl
L 6e)+o 6(6)+oJ
:
['j ::r)
|4 1l ,
-s -22 "1
l'i -;ll) 6l
l: -41 80
ll -66
59.
Lrz 3J' -2 -2J 661
|
6r.
il H
:l-,:) ==+ :
[1 l1] l-,:)*:.,**u,::
2
t_i
-22
Iazoo z+ool
63. BA: [t0.25 14.50 n.tsfl6500 e800
| - 1274,150 3o3,tso]
ls+oo 48ooJ
This I x 2 matrix represents the total value of the products in each of the two warehouses.
65. AB:l-4
L7
-:)l-i -ll :
tl ?l'
BA:1,
:L: -3
:Li
67. AB
, I]L 1
3
4 _ll : il'* :I,
[-o s 4 -s'l
69. I
L-s 4
:
: I ?] -- reduce'.
[i s -0)
[-o sl-'
tt:
L-s 4) ti-:l
f-t -z -2 r o ol ft o o 136
7r.l l 7 9 0 1 0lrowreducestol0 I 0 -r2 -5
Lr 4 o o lJ
7 Lo o I 52 _11
f-tI -27 -21-' 13 6 -+l
fl-r2
I el -s 3l
L 1 4 tl L s 2 -rJ
420 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
':L:
73.
1: -:]-'= [i il 75.
ll \ 1l
-\-i
]
77.
[ -; :1-',
-21 fr
12 _7
L8 J l+ :il
7s
t
-: -;]-' (- 6x3) - (- sx3) t-1 il :L I f -r
I
I -l
f -r -201
t-
[- rl
- -6
r 20 1-r - 20-l
8L. lr (- rX-6) (2ol(t)
| :
-rJ oL-* - rl
-l
Lro -6 J |
L_Td
Inverse does not exist.
83.
l-: -:l-': l: il 8s.t-; _l;] ':[:'1 1]
t;l
:
ll ilt-:l : [il]
Answer; (36, I l)
H:[1] 131[-,:] :[-l]
Answert (-6, - l)
fr z -rl-' f-t -1
:l I 8e. l-', : ?l-' f-; i -tl
-1 zl :L
87.
lr
ls rJ L 2 I
_r ,lt
f,l f_rI I -1ll -rl:
ol
il
3
L; -i -li 1| i
l'l:l z I
: :
L.J L [_1] -il1 7J Lll l_ll, l_ill-lll Ltl
Answer: (2, - 1, -2) Answer: (6, - 1)
91. * 2Y : -l
x
3x*4Y:-5
F 21-:L|-2 rt
Lr +l i -l ===>
rl : l_i _il [:l] : t_il
x _ _3,y : I
Answer: (-3, l)
93. -3x-3y-42- -2
Y* z- -1
4x*3y+42: -l
f-3 -3 -4-|- ':fi :li 0
|
L4
0 I rl
3 +l
x - l,;l : l,z: -2
I i] +
|l]
4
-3 ill,ll:lll
Answer: (1, l, -2)
421 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
95. -x* Y* Z: 6
4x-3y* z:20
b- Y*32:8
f-r4 -3I rl-'
tl doesnotexist.
|
L2 -r 3J
The system is inconsistent and has no solution.
lso - ";l
3ol
: so(s) (-3oxro) : 550 A_ lz - 4)
1l
99.
l;; 101. |
LI
Minors: Mrr- 4 Mrr:
Mtr- 7 Mrr- 2
Cofactors: Ctr- 4 Crt:1
Cn: -7 Czz: 2
-tl
103. A:
L? I ;l
Mino rs: Mrr:
|| :l : 30,M,2=l: :l : -tz,M,,:l', ;l : -21
M,,:
[ -:l : 2o,Mzz: ll -:l : ts,M23: ll 3l :22
-;l : 5,M,2:l_; -ll : -2,M,,:
Mrr:
l3 l_; A:,e
Cofactors: C, : 30, Crr: 12, CB: -2I
C,, : -20, Czz: t9, Cn: -22
cT :5,Crr:Z,Cr, = 19
o+ -ll : 12(18) - 4(30) : e6
105. (a)
'rli "|| :l
(b) o + -il .|] -il : r2(r8) 6(20): s6
'rli
il 'li ll
4
l-z
107. -:
|
0
3
4-? il :6(13) -2(-26): r3o
Ir 0 -1: -il: r(r) (-z)(-z)= I - 4= -3
loe.
Il-2o I
0 1l 'l-;
'
422 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
0 -4 8zl
ll'111
8l 18rzllo
3lt 8 2l+(-4)16 I Zl (Expansion along Row l)
r8 'lo
3 -4 ?l
l, -4 ll 3 rl
3[3(8 (-8)) l(l - 6) + 2(-4 - 24)l - 4[0 - 6(s 6) + o]
3u28 + s - s6l - 4[ -r2]
279
3 o :l 4 Lzl lr o
ro
1'13|i
tI _: 'il:'l; -3 4l - 4l|2 -3
-2 2l It -2 zl ll -2 \
I r-
:5161 3+l rl:' N + ol" _;ll-*f-,t?
L r- 2zl
e).,|i :l]
: sl6(2) - 4(0) + 12(- l)l 4l- 3(o) + z(o)l - o
1.15. det(a) : 8(- lX4X3) : -e6 (Upper Tri angular) ll7. (1, o), (5, o), (5, g)
;|]
'11
: il
: il:;Qz):16
Area : 16 square units
l+ r rl
: iG) :l l-rI 7 rl
11.9. tlZ -] rl rzr. I -s rl -o
ll r rl l-3 ls rl
Area : lsquare units The points are collinear.
le -ro rl ls 2l
r23.
14 -1 1l --3 125.r":|-a:1:l
Ir s rl
l-l 'l
Il-tr
The points are not collinear.
sl
r 11 6 A
l_l 'J3-
Answer: (1,2)
lo-zl
l-zl ll ls -z3l -qg
l-rr
ol
r2n y : :3 -! Y:l 5 -21 -4:i
-1
l-'i l-ll 3l
Answer: (4,7)
423 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l-tt 3 -sl
| -3 -1 1l
129. x : I rs -4 ol -r4 : -1 131.
-Y-' '
x:U 42
l-z -5 63
| + -r I
3 T4
I t:l
l- r -4 6
l-z -n -sl Y:
|: ,;l 3l
l+ -3 62
v: l-l ls
l4
:l 56
T4
FT
Answer'(?,i)
ltl-r -=|
-4 rsl 70F \I
I4 T4
Answert (- 1, 4, 5)
L33. Cramer's Rule does not aPPIY because the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero.
L35. x : number of carnations
y: number of roses
x* y:12
0.75x* 1.50y- 12.00
l-t I i rz1 I
l.l
[o.zs l.so : tzj -o.7sRr * *,[i 0.75 :?]
O.'75Y:3 ==+ !:4
x* (4):12 + x:8
Answer: 8 carnations, 4 roses
137. (-1,2), (0,3), (1,6)
f(x):a*+bx*c
/(-1)-a b+c:2 + a b-
/(o)- c-3 : Lrb: 2
:]
/(1):a+b*c-6 - a+b-
Thus,Y:*+2x+3'
139. x : number of units produced
y: number of units sold
x _J):0
3.',I/5x * 5..25 v' 25,,000
I 1 lfx
IT :f0
L.-3. .75 5.2
: .25
JLY J ;l L2st 000
-t
D lll-3.7s t 5.2:zsl
: 1.5
lll-3.75 0
255,(000
2
v : ,Ol
-i units must be sold.
16r(6667u
1.5
424 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
I4I.L O O K O U T B E L OW
u2 ls rsl [1 I
0 ls] [2t 20 0] t2 s L2) [ ls 23 0]
Itz ts tslA - l-zt 6 ol
[tr o ts]A:[-os 8 4s]
lzt 20 olA - ltoz - 42 - 60l
L2 s r2lA - [- s3 20 2r]
[ts 23 o]A - lee -30 -6el
Cryptogram: -21 6 0 -68 8 45 102 -42 -60
-53 20 2L 99 -30 -69
|-s n -21 fLe 5 E E
I tzo -z6s zzs lf - t 2 -3.| | o 25 Y o
r43.
1-s7 48 -33 2 I ol: lrt 0 F
32 -ls 20 11 4
|
L24s -r7r r47)
Message: SEE YOU FRIDAY
lL -2 sl |
Ll
18 9
25 ili Y
I D
L45. False. Determinants are defined for square 147. The row operations on matrices are equivalent to
matrices. the operations used in the method of elimination.
See page 554.
425 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 8 Practice Test
1. Write the matrix in reduced row-echelon form.
fr -2 4l
Ll -s gl
For Exercises 2-4, use matrices to solve the system of equations.
2.3x*5y: 3 3.2x+3Y=-3 4. x *32:-5
2x- y=-ll 3x*2Y: 8 2x*Y = 0
x+ Y= I 3x*Y- z: 3
s Mu,,ip,v
[l t _;]
L i l)
6. GivenA : f] *0"
: -?],nnd 34 sB
tj [:
7. Find f(A):
f(x):x2-7x*8, A:f]LIU ?l
8. True or false:
(A + BXA + 38) : Az + 4AB + 382 whereA and B arc matrices.
(Assume that A2, AB, and 82 exist.)
For Exercises 9-10, lind the inverse of the matrix' if it exists.
s.fl 21
L3 sJ
10 flL; roI i]8J
Ll. Use an inverse matrix to solve the systems.
(a) x*2y-4 (b) x*ZY: 3
3x*5Y:1 3x*5Y:-2
For Exercises 12-13, find the determinant of the matrix.
fl 3 -1.l
t6 -tl
12' l" nl
L3 4l | s
t3.ls ol
lo 2 -l
-sJ
426 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
14. Use a graphing utility to find the determinant of the matrix.
fl 42
I -2
3l
l0 0l
lr s -r rl
L2o6rJ
6430 6
0514 8
15. Evaluate 0027 3
0009 2
0000 I
16. Use a determinant to find the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 7), (5, 0),
and (3,9).
17. Use a determinant to find the equation of the line through (2,7) and(-1, 4).
For Exercises 1t-2O use Cramer's Rule to find the indicated value.
18. Find x. 19. Find e. 20. Find y.
6x -'7y : 4 3x + z: I 721.4x- 29.1y:33.77
2x * 5Y : l1 Y*42:3 45.9x * 105.6y:19.85
x-y :2
CHAPTBR 9
Sequences, Series, and Probability
Section 9.1 Sequences and Series . .428
Section 9.2 Sums
Arithmetic Sequences and Partial . .434
Section 93 Geometric Sequences and Series . .439
Section 9.4 Mathematical Induction . .46
Scction 95 The Binomial Theorem
Sectiong.6 CountingPrinciples ...-.459
Sectiong.T Probability .....62
ReviewExencises . - . . .65
PracticeTbst .. .472
427
CHAPTER 9
Sequences, Seri€sr and Probability
Section 9.1 Sequences and Series
I Given the general nth term in a sequence, you should be able to find, or list, some
of the terms.
r You should be able to find an expression for the zth term of a sequence.
I You should be able to use and evaluatLe factorials.
I You should be able to use sigma notation for a sum.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. an:2n+5 3. an: 2n 5. an: ?2)"
at:2(l) +5 -7 ar: 2l - 2 ar: (-2)l: -z
az:2(2)+5:9 a2:22:4 a3: eDz : {
aj: 2(3) + 5 - ll a3: 23: 8 a3: eDt : -8
a4:2(4)+5-13 A4:24:16 a4: ?2)o : lG
as:2(5)+5:15 as: 25 : 32 as -- eDs : -32
Ft n+ I 6n | + (_l),
l. an 9. an: ll.
3n2-l an - ^
ar: ,:, 2
6(U_
ar:{r;r_ : r?
ar - 0
T-: I a2:r:l
2
a2: 6(2) 12
3
An
'2 3e), - r: ll a3 - 0
2l
a3:6r:6(3) e
4
a3:t 44:i:,
13
a5: 0
ar: i 5
Q4:
6(4) 24
3@), _ l: n
as:56 6(s) ls
as:3G)2-l:i
42E
429 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
an: 3 _12n
3n
13. 15. an: --t*
n-
17. an
n!
l5 I 313
ar: 3
22 ar: T: I al
l! I
2
J
I 11 I 329
_-
az: 3 az: a2
21 2
44 Zy,
123 I 279
a3:T:,
a3: 3
88
a3 - 3y2
147 1l e4:
81 27
a4: 3 Q4: U: T
16 L6 M: g
as: 3
195 as : I
as: 243 81 = 40
32 32 Sy, rzo
-19. an:j(-1)" 21. an: (2n - I)(zn + l) 23. azs: (- t1"[3(25) 2f : -73
at:+: -l at: (1X3) : 3
az: i
I
az: (3X5) : 15
a3: -1
,
a3: (5X7) - 35
a+:
I
e4: (7X9) : 63
G
as: -1 as: (9X11) : 99
25
2n
4n
an: ; 27. an
25. 2n2-3
Qro:1or
2ro 1024
:tm: 4
I4,L7 5
atz :rm:m:E
4(r2) 48 16
29. ar: 28 and ak+r : at - 4 31. ar: 3 and ak+l : 2(a* - l)
ar:28 ar:3
az:dr-4:28-4:24 a2: 2(at 1) : 2(3 l) - 4
aj:az-4:24-4:20 a3:2(az-l):2(4 l)-6
a4:a3-4:20-4-L6 a4: 2(at l) -- 2(6 - 1) : 10
as:ct4-4:16-{-12 as : 2(a+ - 1) - 2(IO - l) : 18
430 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33. ar : 2, az : 6, a*+2 : ak+l + 2oo
a3:az+zar:6+2(2)_ l0
a4 = a3 * 2ar: l0 + 2(6) - 22
as : a4 * 2a, : 22 + 2(10) : 42
2 2n
35. an :_n 37. on"o: 16(-0.5)'- t
39. an:
3 n+I
E 3
o o
a
o
o
o o
o OOOOOoOOo
o o
a o
o
a
o -10 o
41. an: 2(3n l) + 5
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an 9 15 2l 27 33 39 45 5l 57 63
6n
43. an -: nl
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an 6 18 36 54 @.8 &.8 55.543 4t.657 22.77 | 16.63
45. an: 1.+
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an 3 2.5 2.33 2.25 ))
Lrck 2.17 2.t4 2.t3 2.tr 2.1
8
47. an: 49. an
n +r - 4(0.5;'- t
enlO +@ as n an+0asn-+oo
ar : 4, ero - 0.008
ar: 4, oro : a
ll Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (c).
5L. r,4,7,10, 13,... 53. 0,3,9,15,24,... ,)23456
JJ'
an: I + (n : i' 4'i' 6' 'r" ' '
1)3 3n - 2 an: n2 - I
n +I
an
" n+2
I -t I -l
q"
u"
z' 4 'g'16'"' 59. l+i,l..ll+;,t *t,t
I I
*;,, I
+;,...
(- I
an:T l)n+ an:l+I
431 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
111
;,;,;,fr,. . .
I
6r. l, 63. 1.3, t,3, 1,3, ' ' '
oo=2*(-l)"
I
a":7
I
65.ar=6andek+r:a**2 67. ar=8landa**,=iao
at=6 ar=81
a2= et + 2:612:8 or= !6t1 : zl
- 3Io, = J
43=a2+2=8*2=10
ar= dr+2 = to * 2= 12 or:Ior:i(zl1 =9
ds= 44+ 2: 12 * 2: 14 tl
ln general, 4n = 2n 1 4.
cI4 3 ' 3 "
or=Ioo=I(3): t
Ingenerar,', = tt(i)'-' = 8l(3)(*) :T.
'
?r ?r I
69'a:e4-4ur:6:i4:L L tt's!10!_10'9'8!_90
nr - 8!
l2l 12.
7s.;*: 11 . l0 '9' 8!
:ffi:4e5
L2' ' l' '
11 ar
(n+ l)! : (n+1)n!:r, ,. (2n - l)l (2n - l)l
Ti ,,' ' '(2n
75' nl * 1) ! - (2n + L)(2n)(2n l) !
"l
: I
znen + l)
J.
tt. ){zi+ l) : (2 + 1) + (4 + 1) + (6 + 1) + (8 + l) + (10+ l) = 35
J. g.
SL >10: l0+ l0+ 10* l0=40
Fr
83. >P:02*
i:o
L2+22 +32+ 4z=3O
ii
+llll19
*'?=ok2+t
\
I l+l l+4 9+l 5
-=--
J- +tQ)2 + + (3)2 + (5)rl =
+ (2F] + [(l)2 +
)tti - + 233
l)2 + (r (3)3] (4)31
ez. l)31 = [(0)2
i- 1
et. fz, = 2t + 22 + 23 + 24 :30 ot. f,fro- 3i) = 8t
i*l .i=t
432 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
e3. $ q _47
fr6k + I 60
es'
I * I * I * * l:Sl--o.s4zss
3(l) ,ta r(r) J(n) ftJi
' ['(*) *,l * [,(3)
.,] . p(*) *,l *. [,(:)
*,] ::[,(;) *,] :,,
99. 3 9+ 27 8l + 243 - 729 : >(-l)t+r3t - -546
I I I I t ?n(-t)i+t
101.:-;*+-i+
12 22 32 4z +-*:)
ZOz -}.8ZtZg
3, iz
103. 1+1+
rt'." l_+ t5*3l _ += _!2e- -
4 ' 8 ' 16 ' 32 64 €, zi+r 64 2'0156
3,
)S(il' : -t)": -1.5 : -t
4 /r\'
105. 4.6875: ]t r07. )+(
n:l
L09.,iUtA' : 6[0.] + 0.01 + 0.001 + . . . ] 111- o.l + o.ll + o.ltl + " '
rZ,(*)-:
: 6[0.lll ...] - 0.lllll
:0.666... _!
-9
-z 3
113. A,: sooo(r * o'08\"
4 L'2'3'"'
\ )'n:
(a) At _ $5100.00
Az: $5202'00
A3: $5306.M
A+ = $5412'16
As: $5520'40
Ae: $5630'81
A7 : $5743'43
A8 : $5858.30
(b) An : $l l ,MO.2O
433 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
L15. an: 696.39 + 66.Mn 2.37n2, n: - 1,0, . .6
n -l 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
an 627.58 696.39 760.46 8r9.79 874.38 924.23 969.34 1009.71
an
l 100
? 1000 *rtffi
r#.:.:.il.illiiiiiii
€ eoo
[;:;:;:;::::if i:i:i:i:i:i:f
:,i ili i':,i :,:,I,i':i::::::,
:!:i:i:i:i::ti:i:i:::::i::
: Boo -I,i'i,i
ss.r;qrf ;:;:;:;:;:;it:;i;::::::::T:::ir:'1;?rrrrf r'
;::::::::::::l::::::::::::T::::::::::::t::::::::::::T::::::::::::
t--ffi liiiii:lii:|:iiiiiitriiiii:iitii:iiiiiiliX*ili
A 700
uo 600
500
-l 012345
Year (0 e 1990)
According to the graph, hospital costs are increasing.
8
ll7- >t1215.16 + 608-l9n 114.83n2 + 11n3]: $23,661'96million
r le. ;;:"
l2l. ar: I, az: 1, ak+z: ak+t * a,, 123. an: nz - n+ ll
ar:1 bt: + - I ar: ll
az: I bz-?:2 az: 13
a3: I + I - 2 4 :12 a3: 17
a+:2 + 1:3 bo: tr a4: 23
as:3+2:5 bs: 3 as = 31
ae:5+3:8 oo:
'13 T
,21 The terms seem to be prime numbers. However,
A7 : 8 + 5 - 13 o7: 13 err : I2L is not prime.
,34
a8: 13 + 8: 2l og: zl
as:21 + 13-34 '55
og:34
aro:34+21 :55 '89 -
uto
h
55
ert:55 + 34
Qn: 89 + 55
(- l)n*zn+r -^- (- t)762"+r
125. an:m --n: (2n + l)!
127. e-
ar - -f3 ar:+
-
x5
az:
az: f Ti,
f,
a3: -7f a3: - ?l
x9
a4: oo:*
6
as: -"tt
11
as:#
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
129.
f 2 5r 3
L31.
1-t 0
ttl
L-3 -6 -7
o
(a)A B-1[-r2 0
ol
133. 4l 135. I l(13) _ -223
Lr -r rJ
28-3A:l-e|. 3 -4 ol
(b) -l -l0
L-2 3 -sJ
l
tz o -8.|
(c)AB:lf r 2L 2l
L-6 -l 8J
lr, ls 4 8l
(d)BA:12 -41
L1-6 6J
137. det(a) : 664
Section 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums
I You should be able to recognize an arithmetic sequence, find its common difference, and find its nth term.
I You should be able to find the nth partial sum of an arithmetic sequence with common difference d using the
formula
^n,
s,:;(a, * a,)'
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. 10,9,6,4,2,... 3.3,2,2,2,1,...
Arithmetic sequence, d - -2 Arithmetic sequen ce, d : -t
5. -24, - 16, - g, 0, g 7. 3.7, 4.3, 4.9,5.5, 6.1, . . .
Arithmetic sequen ce, d : 8 Arithmetic sequence, d : 0.6
9. an:8 + l3n 11. an -
" -!--
n+I
21, 34, 47 , 60,73
llllt
Arithmetic sequence, d : t3 ,'t' 4' 5' A
Not an arithmetic sequence
435 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. an= L50 - 7n ^ +;
15' an = 3
. (-t)"2
r43,r36,r2g,r22,!L5
Arithmetic sequence, d : -7 l, 4, ! ! E
s'2' 5
Not an arithmetic sequence
17. ar: ao*r: at *
L5, 9 19. ar-l,,ak+r:ak- I
4
az:15 + 9_ 24 a2:Z-7l134:T
13 | 12
a3-t-i-t:3
a3:24 + 9-33
a4: 12 I 1l
Q4:33 +9 -42 4 - 4: 4
lr I l0
as:T-A:T:,
as: 42 + 9 - 51 5
,l15 I
fl - 9,an: 6 * 9n a- -l,ran:T*4n
2l.ar=J,d:6 23. ar: -2.6, d - -0.4
ar - 5 ar: -2'6
az:5 * 6: ll a2: -2.6 + (-0.4) : -3.0
a3: ll + 6- 17 a3: -3.0 + (-0.4) : -3.4
a4: 17 + 6- 23 a4: -3.4 + (-0.4) : -3.8
as = 23 + 6:29 as: -3.8 + (-0.4) : -4.2
25. aB: 26, an: 42
26:as:ar + (n L)d:ar+7d
42:arz:ar + (n l)d:a, + IId
Answer: d : 4, ar: -2
ar: -2
az: -2 * 4:2
a3-2+4-6
a4:6+4:10
as: l0 + 4: 14
27. a3 : 19, arr: - I.7
Qs: a3 + lzd
-1.7- 19+ lzd+d- -1.725
a3: ar + 2d+L9: ar+2(-1.725)aat:22.45
az: ar I'725 : 2O'725
aj: 19
a4 : 19 L.725 : 17.275
Qs: 17 .275 1.725 : 15'55
436 PART I: S'olutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. at - 5,az: 1l =+ d - 6 31. ar: 2, az: -2 +
- -4 d
ato:at*9d:5+9(6)-59 +
ar4:ar L3d:2 + l3(-4)
33. ar : 4.2, ar: 6.6 + d - 2.4 35. at: l, d-3
a7:er + 6d:4.2 + 6(2.4)-18.6 an:ar+(n I)d=l+(n lX3) :3n 2
' 37. a, : d: -8
100,
dn: at + (n - l)d: 100 + (n - lX-8) = 108 - 8n
st. +,|, -t, -1,. . .
a: -1
e, = at + (n - t)d = 4 + (n - tX-;) = * - tr"
41. a, = 5, ao= 15
a4=er*3d + 15=5 +3d + a=*
an=at+(n- t)d:5+(n- l)(+) :fn+i
43. or:94, au: 85
d6:d3+3d + 85:94*3d + d=-3
ar: Qi - 2d + ar:94 - 2(-3): 100
dn= et+ (n - l)d = 100 + (n - 1X-3) = 103 - 3a
45. an: -!n + 6 47. an: 2 * |n
a = -? so the sequence is decreasing, 4= o3 so the sequence is increasing,
andc, = 5|. andar:2|.
Matches (b). Matches (c).
49. an= 15 -|" 51. an: 0.2n + 3
18 6
a
o
o
o oooooooooo
o
o
o
a
o
o o
53. an: 4n 5
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an -l 3 7 ll l5 19 23 27 3l 35
55. an: 20 - /n
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I l0
an 19.25 18.5 17.75 t7 16.25 r 5.5 14.7 5 l4 t3.25 12.5
437 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
57. an : 1.5 * 0.005n
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an 1.505 1.51 I .515 r.52 r.52s r.53 1.535 t.54 1.545 1.55
59. ar:8,a2:26+d- 18 61. ar:0.5raz: 1.3 =+d:0.8
ato: Ar + 9d:8 + 9(18) : 170 erc - ar + 9d : 0.5 + 9(0.8) - 7.7
S,o : *@r + arc) :5(8 + 170) _ 890 S,o : *@, + oro) - 5(0.5 + 7.7): 4L
63. ar: IC0., arr: 220 65. ar: l, aso:50, n:50
ezs:ar+24d+d-5 {q s0
)',n - -(1 + 50) : 1275
Szs:T@r + azs)- 12.5(100 +220):4000 --
n:l -r^/
67. ar : 5, drco: 500, n : 100 :!1tt + 30) - ftt + 10) : 35s
"t'
)tn : #(s + 5oo) :25,zso
100
71. o:rrt-- o, asoo: 503, n :5oo 73. ar:7,azo:45,n:20
t, + 3) : #(+ + so3) :
AA
+ s) :TQ +
s00
) rzs,Tso 2Q" 4s): szo
75. eo = 1000, aso: 750, n: 51 77.n --
or' ry, a* : 90,n :60
50
(1000 - 5n): *(1000 + 7so) : 44,625
@
I(zso - 8;) : +W + eo) : ro,r2o
,>
: : 81. ;; at: 32,soo , d :tsoo
ar: l, 199, n
a6: at * 5d :32,500 ,+ 5(1500) :
79. aroo 100
$40,000
2Q" 1) : 9(t + rs9): to,ooo
T@
(b) so : 6rylz,so0 + 40,0001 - $217,500
E3. ar:20,d:4,n-30 85. at : 14, ar, : 3l
a3o:20+29(4)-136 S,e : +04 + 3l) : 405 bricks
Sso : TQo + 36) : 2340 seats
87. ar:25, az:25 +2:2-l ,etc. ==+ d-2andn:15.
as:2(15)+23-53
s,,: flzs + 53) : E - n: 585 seats
89. (l+2+..'+ 12)+(l+2+...+ 12)=t0 + 12)x 2= 12 '13: l56times
438 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
91. True. Given a, anda2, you know d - a, - ar 93. a, =x ao = llx
Thus,an=drl(n-l)d. d2=xr2x=3x at=l3x
ar- 3x + ?s. = 5x ar= llx
an=1x as=l1x
a, = 9x aro = L9x
95.(a)l*3=4
l*3*5=9
l+3+5*7:16
l+3+5+7+9:25
l+3+5+7+9*11:36
(b) Sn: nz
Sz= I +3 +5 +7 +9 + 1l * 13 = 49 =72
(c) sn : itt * Qn - r)l -- !zn1 = n'
VI. Let S, = |@, f
c,) be the sum of the first r terms
ofthe original sequence. Ifthe first term is
increased by 5, then the new sum is
5'=]q + 5 + ant 5):fu, * a, * l0)
:7q + a^) +;00)
n,
:/or*a)I5n
:q+5n
f-t5 4 lo ' 4l [r o o , 2f
99.
| -3 I : 3llrowreducestol0 I 0 '-61
L8 2-3 '-sJ L0 01 .3J
Answer: (2, - 6, 3)
101.1
l-r5 2
I
tl
ll:40
tl
13 8 1l
Area = l(+O) = 20 square units
103.
gll - 6!8! _ 6. s - 4.3 .2 I
r4t t4. t3.12. tt.10.9.8! t4.13.12. rL.10.9 3003
439 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 9,3 Gqometric Sequences and Series
I You should be able to identif a geometric sequence, find its common ratio, and find the nth term.
I You should be able to find the nth partial sum of a geometric sequence with common ratio r using
the formula.
/t - r\
s,=arl-l
" -\ t r l -
I You should know that if lrl < l, then
4r
So.r-r: l-r '
?:r'
Solutions to Odd-Numbercd Exercises
1.. 5, 15, 45, 135, . . . 3. 6, 18, 30, 42, . . . J.
-.lll Lr -r' 4, -[' " '
Geometric sequence, r : 3 Not a geometric sequence Geometric sequence, r: I
2
(Note: It is an arithmetic sequence
with d - 12.)
7. 12 34
/r Jr Q,t J; "
g. l, t, l, i,...
Not a geometric sequence Not a geometric sequence
L1. at:8'r:3 L3. ar : 1, r:, I 15. a, - 5 , r : -*
Qz: - 24
8(3) ar: I ar - 5
a3:2aQ):72 az: l( r\_!
2l-2 az: s(-*) : -i
a4: 72(3) - 216 a3: l( r\_l
2l-4 a3: (-+X-*) : *
oo: i( 1\_!
21 8 a4: #(-#) : -#
as-216(3):648
as: *( ,)r\ :Gl as: (-#)(-#) : #
: I
21. ar : 64, ak+ |
17. ar:3.5,r:5 19. at:1, r:e ,oo
az : 3.5(5) - 17 .5 ar: I ar: 64
a3: 17.5(5) - 87 .5 az _ 1(e)
az:
;G4) =
32
a4: 37.5(5) - 437.5 a3: G)k) : e2
Q4: klk) : e3
as - 437.5(5) : 2187.5 a3 : 16
as: k\k) : e4 :Q2):
a4: loul: 8
as: jttl - 4
r: I
Z, an
:uo(t)"-' :128(;)"
MO PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. ar : 4, a*+r : 3or 25. ak: 6, a*+l : -loo 27. ar:4, , -t, n: l0
ar- 4 ar: 6 art : alrn' I
az: 3(4) : 12 a2: -trtol: -g ato: +(L)' = G)' :#
a3: 3(12) : 36 a3: -tt-9) : T
a4:3(36): 108 a4- -i@: -?
as _ 3( 108) - 324 as: -1(-?) :T
r:3,an: a(3)n-r:tQ)^ r : -1,3_an - o\-t/
.( 3\"_l
31. ar :500, r-I.02,n-L4
29. at: 6, r - -;, n_ 12
an - arf-t
an : alrn- |
at+ : 500( 1.02)t3 : 646.8
a,2: r(-i)" -2
3ro
:
T, n:
33. ar: 42:Atf :-18 -18
16, a4 3 35. ==+ar:;
27^3
r6f
)
as: erl - (arr)r3: -l8f :; ::+ r: -+
t: -+ ':; 3
an : arf -t ar:;:- l8 - 18
-n:54
a3: rcO2
'\41 - s a6: arf: r-(+)' :#: 2
9
37. r:+:3. 39. r: ?: O
as: arre-r : 7(3)8 - 45,927 arc: arrro-l - 5(6)n = 50,388,480
1
4
41. r: q:
J
4
G
arz: arrrz-r:
fr{o)tt - 7g6,432
43. an : 18(3)'-
t
45. an: l8G)'-t
r = ? . I, so the sequence is decreasing. r : l, t, SO the sequence is increasing.
Matches (a). Matches (b).
47. an: 12(-0.75;, - t
49. an : 2(1.3;" - t
14 24
o
o
o o
a
a o
o
ao o
a
o aat'
-10 o
441 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. g, -4, 2, -1, t
'Sl:8
Sz:8+(-4)-4
'S3_8+(-4)+2:6
Sa:8+(-4) +2 +(-1)-5
s3. i 16(- t)"-'
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
s, l6 24 28 30 3l 31.5 3r.7 5 31.875 31.9375 3r.9687 5
55. }r"-t + at: 1, r : 2 s7. ==+ aL: 64, r: -:
i*(-;)'-'
sg: 1-2
r(!-?'):sll
se.:,,(;)" :2,,(1)"-' :+ a,: 3,,:;
I4 -l
61.
I-( )'
==' 1
Sro : 8 II n
- l/4T)):
(: /41)
o
63. : r at: 300, r :1-06
)rr*(1.06)' ),r*(t.oo;'- -
s6:r*[fl#] :2oe26o
65.5+15+45+ +3@5
r-3 and 36/,5 -5(3)'-t + n-7
1.
Thus, the sum can be written u, i5(31'-
69. ar-1, ,::
U2 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice 'fests
7l.ar-t,r=-i.I
.l(jl =:(-r"-' - -!'-,-,:;d*="
I
73. ar=O, r=i
o, = 1,,='6
So/r\^: L-r
?*'\al r-(t/4) 3
ls, irz(!)^- I does not have a finite sum (3 r r) zz. joto.+)" .at = r, r = 0.4
,ito.+)'
=#=*Z=-f-=*=;
79. a = -3,r:0.9
s
^L^
n:o
3(0.9)":f- r l-0.9 o.l
E3.3 r*+-;* :ir(-+)":#:#:r(i)
I
--Z
\-5l
8s. 0.36:10.36(0.0l),:
##- : ffi :#: +
E7.0.3Tg :0.3 + io.o18(0.01),: * * JgLq-
l0 I - 0.01
3;;lr 3 r8 3 z
l0 0.gg l0 gg0 l0 I l0
357
110 22
89. A = ,(t, *I)- : to*(t + 999)'ttor 91. v, = 155,0fi)(0.70)5 :
\ nl \- nl $26,050.85
(a) n= l, A = 1000(l +0.09)10 =$2L5g.g2
(b) n : 2, A: rooo(r + ry)2(to) : $2rgr.r2
\ 2/
(c) n : 4, A: rooo(r g9g)4(t0)
---\- + 4 I : s2208.04
\Y
(d) n: lz, A: rooo/r +
o'08\r2(ro)
:
.=-
$22re.u
\ E)
(e) n: 36s , A: to*(l + : $222s.3s
H)'65(r0)
443 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
('.ry)-l
s3. A:,1 roo(r . ry)': roo(r . T) .
^' $701 1.89
T)l
95.
.;).
.;)"-']
97.P- $50, r:7Vo,t- 20years
T2\
(a) compounded monthly: A- to (t * $)t2(20) l+-l-$26,198.27
f
L\ 12 I o.o7 I
5gro.ot /rz(eo.ol(2o\
(b) Compounded continuously: A _ / 12 I - $26,263.88
eo.o1
99. P- $100, r:l0vo,t- 40 years
12\
(a) Compounded monthly: A: roo[(t.T)**' +:
0.10/
l- $637,678.02
ro / rz (s(0. I 0X,r0)
(b) Compounded continuously: A : 1 00e0.
L2 I - $645,861.43
eo.ro /
4M PART I: Solutiorts to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
L01. P - *!,[('+ n r03. lrq/t\' *' t26
fr, o \;)
Total area of shaded region is approximately
: t(t .;) 126 square inches.
L
-;)-'
:'(t) I
r \-
dJ
rzrl
T2
('.;)
")
/12
_ wl_
\r
tos. ) 3.g78d0.rrn, a, = 3.978,r - .o'rr
n=O
^
Sum
/t-r\
: ,t\-/ -l-eo'tt(1) :39.68 billion
:3.978+
ro7. s, = fo.orlz;,-' 109. False. See definition page 638.
i=r
S2e : $5,368,7W.11
Sro = $10,737,418.23
Sr, = $21,474,836.47
L11. True. The sequence is a, a, a7 . .. which is arith- 113. ar : 8
metic (d : 0).
a2 -\3/ 3'
16 lz*\ 3zxz 2sx2
a3:T"\T): e - y
a4 :- 2sx2 l2x\ 26x3
32 \3/ 33
27t'
a5
34
45 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
115. ar: ;I L
ll7. ar: 6,r:3d,n: 8 11.9. ar:4,r:!,":6
an : arrn- |
an : alrn-l
;(kt'l :-
7x
a2:
'z 2'"'' as-6(3d)7-13,122e7'
2
Q6:-(?)':#*
a3 : !{rr) :- 72xz
2
73x3
a4- T
as: 74f
z
r2r. f(r): il1- qTl
-L I o.8J 123. To use the first two terms of a geometric series to
find the ns term, first divide the second term by
@'t\":
;J :-:
2 the first term to obtain the constant ratio. The ne
s2r ro
#o- \s/ 1 _,
term is the first term multiplied by the common
5 ratio raised to the (n l) power.
The horizontal asymptote of/(x) is y : 10. This An--r
r:Jran: arrn-l
colresponds to the sum of the series. al
14
I -6
125. Time :
Distance
Speed
:#.#:r*[ h)hours
Distance 400 :-E-45.65mph
: rml 2(2100)
Speed - Time
127. Your friend mows at the rate of I lawns/hour, and your rate it * lawns/hour.Together, the time would be
1124 :
IT:E:10 2.4 hours.
: -33 | 2 6 -8.|
129. -4 -" 3l
+
[-; ;] f 127
- 3.1
u 131.
I'i : -?3J
133.
6
: 4l 0 +1+ 22 +32+42+52 + 621 : 364
>4i2
f:0
4
\- 2,2 222
135.
?:ok' T2 t-1 6 ' 11 ' -:
18 # -2.2e3
M6 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 9.4 Mathematical Induction
I You should be sure that you understand the principle of mathematical induction. If P, is a statement involving
the positive integer n, where P, is true and the truth of P* implies the truth of P**,, then P" is true for all posi-
tive integers n.
I You should be able to verify (by induction) the formulas for the sums of powers of integers ar.rd be able to use
these formulas.
I You should be able to work with finite differences.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Ir"k-
D- \ ,2(k + 3)2
/k1e+l) J' rP:-
3.P*:
6
Pk*r: s 5_
:G;1Xft+A p..=(k+l)r[(e+l)+3]2_(k+r)2(k+4)2
Pk*r= 6 6
5. pr: 1 ll +... + [s(e- l) - 4]+[sk - 4)
+6+
Pk*r : I + 6 + ll + ... + [5ft - 4] + [5(t + 1) - 4]
= I * 6 + ll +... + lsk- 4l+ [5k+ l]
7. l. When n: l, Sr:2 = 1(l + l).
2. Assume that
S*:2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .-'+ 2k: k(t + l).
Then,
Sr+r : 2+4+6+8 + ... + 2k + 2(k + t)
: St * 2(k + r) = k(k + r) + Z(k+ t) = (k + r)(k + Z).
We conclude by mathematical induction that the formula is valid for all positive integer values of n.
9. l. When n: L,Sr = 3 : fS1fl + f)
2. AssumethatSo : 3 * 8 + 13 + ... + (5k - 2) :
\S* + t)
Then:,S.*, : 3 + 8 + 13 + ... + (Sk - 2)+ [5(f + D 2]
-
: sr * [sr + r] :?to+ l) + 5* + 3
: l;-'-^+ llt + 6l- : | * l)(5* + 6)
,,582 lk
: |,. + lxs(ft
-,._.. +
l) + l)
,(*
We conclude by mathematical induction that the formula is valid for all positive
integers n.
47 PART I: Solutions to Odd"Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
11. l. Whenn= L,Sr : I =21 - L
2. Assume that
Sr : I + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2k-r :2k - I.
Then,
Sr+r : | + 2 + 22 + 23 + "' + 2k-r + 2k
= Sr * 2k : Zk - | + Zk : Z(2k) - I - Zk+r - l.
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the formula is valid for all positive integer values of n.
l(t J l).
13. l. when n: l,sr : '2
I-
2. Assume that
+ l)
Sr : I + 2 + 3 + 4 + "' + k: ft(t
--T-.
Therr,
Sr*r = | + 2 + 3 + 4 + "' + k+ (t + l)
(k+ lxft +2)
Therefore, we conclude that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
15. 1. When n:I,Sr= 12:W
l)Qk+ l)
2. Assumethats: t2+32+...+ Qk- l)2-k(2k- 3
Then,S**, = 12 + 32 + "' + (2k- l)' + (2* + t}z
= sr * (2k + l)z :W + (2k + L)2
: (z*+t,[ry. (2k+t)] :Tr2k2-k +6k+31
(k + 1x2(r + 1) r\w +l)+l)
Therefore, we conclude that the formula is valid for all positive integers n.
M8 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. l. When n : 1,
sr : la:1(1 + lX2' I + lX3' 12 +3' I - 1)
30
2. Assume that Sr : :
I," .
Then, So* r : So +:[ + l)*
k(k + r)(2k + r)(3k2 + 3k - r) _r-(Kfrl-:
t tL t,\4 _ k(k + r)(zk + r)(3tc + 3k - r)+ 30(e + 1r
30
(e+ l)lft(2fr+ lx3e2+ 3ft- l) + 30(r+ l)3] _(k+ r)(6t(+39k3 +sil& +8sk+30)
l0 30
(k + t)(k + 2)(2k + 3)(3r? + sk + s) _ (k + r)(k + 2)(2(k + l) + lx3(r + r)z + 3(fr + l) - l)
30 30
Therefore, we conclude that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
1(2X3).
19. l. When n = l,Sr :2-
-3
2. Assume that
sr : 1(2) + 2(3)+ 3(4) + ... + ft(r + 1) -k(k + \(k + 2)
3
Then,
sr*r = rQ) + 2(3) + 3(4) + ... + k(k + l) + (k + r)(k + 2)
: sr * (fr + lxft + 2) :k(k + r)(k + 2) +3(k + r)(k + 2)
3 3
- .* * ,r,o *'rr,o *'r,
3
Thus, this formula is valid for all positive integer values of z.
21. l. When n: 4,41 = 24and2a = 16, thus 4l>24.
2. Assume kt>2k, ft>4.Then,(e+ l)! =kt(k + l)>24(2)since&+ l>2.Thus,(t+ t)! >2k+1.
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the formula is valid for all integers n such that n > 4.
449 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
l.
ltlt* --e l.7ffil and
= 2,--n J2 = L.4l4,thus- 6 + -7> J2.
vr Jz =
23. When n
vt Jz
2. Assume
llll
-Jt* fr* A* .-.+ &> Jk,k>z.
Then,
lllll-l
T.i*G* *&*m>J*+ ffi
Now we need to show that
[t-l +' --L,
1* J* + t, *rZ.
lQli'
This is true because
JWTT>*
@T+t>&+l
.@l)+t &+l
Jk+l Jk+l
/7, I
Jk+ffi1>Jk+r-
Therefore,
llllr-_ ... + Jk + r.
V* T2* A* &+:6T1>
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the formula is valid for all integers n such that n> 2.
25. l. lVhenn=1, I*.a>-asincel>0.
2. Assume (l + a)k > l@
Then (1 t a)*+r = (l + a)k(l + a)
> l@(I + a)
= lu * Icaz
:(k+t)a
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the inequality is valid for all integers n 2 l.
27. 1. When n: l,(ab)r: atbr = ab. 29. I. When n = l,(xr)-l - rr-1.
2. Assumethat(ab)t : sk*. 2. Assumethat
rhen, (ab)t+' -__r#:;r, ' 'rJ-' = x;tx2-txa-' ' ' '
'.-''
*"1]'r'r:
- o;k+rbk+r. (xrxrxr. . .x1x1a1)-1 : f(xrxrxr. . .xJrr*r]-t
Thus,(ab)n =a'U. =(xrxrxr...x1)-1xr*r-l
= xlrx2-lx3-t''' xt-lrt*r-1.
Thus, the formula is valid.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31. l. rWhen n : l,r(yr) : Ur.
2. Assume that
x(It * lz*.. . * yr) : et + ryz+. . . * ry*.
Then,
4r * ryz+ "' * 4* * 4**t - x()r * * "' + yr) * D**r
rz
-x[(yr*yz+ +yr)*yo*,]
-x(!t*lz* *!t,*!**,).
Hence, the formula holds.
33. l.When n: I,[13 + 3(l)2 + Z(t)]:6and3isafactor.
2. Assume that 3 is a factor of + 3l& I 2k).Then,
(&3
[(t + l)3 + 3(& + l)2 + 2(k+ l)] = k3 + 3tc + 3k + | + 3tc + 6k + 3 + 2k + 2
= (/c + 3t? + 2k) + QP + 9k + 6)
: (ft3 + 3l? + 2k) + 3(l& + 3k + 2).
Since3 isafactorof (tF + 3t? + zk)by ourassumption, and3 itisafactor of 3(kz + 3& + 2) then3 isafactor
of the whole sum.
Thus, 3 is a factor of (n3 + 3n2 + 2n) for every positive integer n.
35. 1. When n = 2,192 - l] : & and64 is afactor.
- 8(2)
2. Assumethat64isafactorof (S- 8fr- l).Then9t+r - 8(t+ l) * I =*.9 - g&- 9
= 9[S - I - a*] + u*Since64 is afactorof (* - 8ft - l) is afactorof 9(S - 8ft - t) + 64k.
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the statement is true for all integers n> 2.
37. ao : 10, an : 4an- | 39. ao: 0, ar : 2, an : an_l + 2on_,
ao: l0 4o:0
at: 4(10) : 40 ar-2
a2: 4(40) : 160 a2: 2 + 2(0) -n 2
a3:4(160) -UO a3: 2 + 2(2) :6
a4: 4(640) - 2560 a4: 6 + 2(2) :10
41. ar: 2, an: n - an_l 43. Qz : -3, an: -Zon-,
ar: 2 az: -3
a2:f,-at-2-2-0 aj : -2o, - -2(- 3) : 6
a3:n-Qz:3-0-3 a4: -2or: -2(6): -12
a4:fl-ag-4 3:l as : -2oo: -2(- 12) : 24
as:n-as -5 I -4
a6: -2or: -2(24): -48
ari \,ro:.rr\zl\ /4
First differences: Qni -.3 A -.I2 14 -A8
Second differences: 5 -5 5 \,/\,/\/\/
First differences: 9 - l8 36 -72
Since neither the first differences nor the second dif- -\,/\
/\/
ferences are equal, the sequence does not have a lin- Second differences: -27 54 - 108
ear or quadratic model.
Since neither the first nor the second differences rue
equal, the sequence does not have a linear or
quadratic model.
451 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. ao: 2, dn = (oo-r)' 47' at : O, dn = an-, I 2n
ao=2 et=O
ar= af =22 = 4 a2: ar+2(2): O * 4:4
e2=er2=42=L6 a3=a2+2(3) =4*6:10
e3: d22 = 162 = 256 e4= a!+.2(4): l0 * : 18
8
ai: a32 =2562 = 65,536 es= e4 + 2(5) = 18 + l0:28
eni 2-.,-4-._-l{*
}\9536 dnt \-J--le.-J\?
First differences:
\ ri\2\ UP\O First differences: \Z\Z8J
Second differences: io 228 65;040 Second differences: 2 2 2
Since neither the first differences nor the second dif- Since the second differences are equal, the sequence
ferences are equal, the sequence does not have a lin- has a quadratic model.
ear or quadratic model.
49. ao: O, ao= an-t - I
ao=0
ar=4o-l=0-1=-l
4Z=4t-l=-l-t:-2
4!:42-l:-2-l:-3
Q4=Q3-l=-3-l:-4
,ni
\;\;2--;{24
Firstdifferencesr -{;{ ;\:L
Seconddifferences: 0 0 0
Since the first differences are equal, the sequence has a linear model.
51. co = 7, 6, al: lO
er =
I:r;tao= an2 + bn * c.Thus,
ao=a(O\2+b(0)+c-7+ c= 7
4=a(t)z+b(1)*c=6 - a* b*c= 6
a* b =-!
+
a, = o(3)2 b(3) * c = l0 +9a + 3b + c : l0
9a*3b = 3
3a't b : I
Byelimination: -a-b:l
3a*b:L
2a=2
a- L+b= -2
Thus,cr=n2-2n*7'
452 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. ao+3, az+0, a6 +36
Letan* anz * bn + c. Thus,
ao + + b(0) + c+ 3==+
a(0)2 c+ 3
az + +
a(2)2 b(2) + c + 0:==+ 4a+2b*c + 0
4a + 2b + -3
a6 + a(6)z + b(6) + c+36==536a+6b*c+ 36
36a + 6b + 33
l2a+2b + 1t
By elimination: -4a 2b+ 3
12a + 2b + ll
.8a +t4
a+ i + -5
-b
Thus, an + f,nz - 5n +3.
55. False. See page 653. 57. See the domino illustration and Figure 9.1 l.
l- I -r
59.l
L-4 s .
, -3] -*reduce'.[; ? : 1]
Answers: (7, s)
6L. v+* 63. x- y +-l
* 2y+2 * 2x2 * 2 x*2y-22* 3
-3x ==+ -3x
3x- y*22+ 3
2x2 - 3x - Z+ 0
Using an augmented mafrix, we have
(2x+lXx-2)+0
x* -i orr +2 l0
x * -l+y * f,,, + 2=:+y + 4 2-2
ll 12 il
Points of intersection, (-+, i), (2,4)
r0
-Rr * 3-2
-3R, *
R,
R, rli 22
i
I
ft0 10
-R3 + R2+l t-4 .il
inr-*Lo ll
Rz + Rr-+ I 0-4
-Rz + R3-)
I-
lo
L0
l-4
05
-l
4R, * R,-+ | I 00
4R, + R2-+ | o l0
ln,* Lo 0l il
Thus,x * l,y * 2,2 +1.
Answer: (1,2, L)
453 qART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
f-r 15: 2s1 ft oI o
'| - 2l1l
65.1 I -23: Tlrowreducestol0 0
L2 3 -1 : oJ Loo l ,4)
Answ er: (- 1, 2,4)
67.
lt rl
ol :A- (-24) : 38 69. (2*' I)' : 4f - 4x2 +I
l_ q 2l
71. (5 4x)3 : - 64x3 * 240x2 - 300x * 125
Section 9.5 The Binomial Theorem
I You should be able to use the Binomial Theorem
:{ + nf-ry
. *'-r-*-\;z
n(.rl.-1)- + "' + nc,xn-\' + "' + rl
(x + y)'
nl
where -C, = 7-j:=, to expand(x * Y)n.
ln - r)rr!
I You should be able to use Pascal's Triangle'
Solutions to Odd'Numbered Exercises
t- --=71
I!o ,vs 7.6.5! 42
:-:21 3. ('3) : tco:om:1
12I
l.Jsl 2 '5! 2
14!
5' ,ocr, - 29l:-
15!5!
: 20. 19. 18
5.4.3.2
L7
o 1
L6
: 15,504
7.
,ocr:ffi:ff: 14!13!
14
100! 100 '99 r 100! 100 0 00
":495O
9. (';:) : r :--gg2l
r00ve8 2.1
a950 l,1. 10ov2 ZgBl- 2oI
-: : 17. +rCgo: 749,398
,rCr, : 35'960 L5. ,rC, 49'l ,420
1.3.
21. I
19. I ll
ll r2l
l2l l33l
l33l 14641
14641 l5l0l05l
l5l0l05l I 6 1520 ls 6 I
1615201561 r7zl3535217l
t 7 @rt 35 21 7 t
r I zs 56 zo@za 8 I
",C, - 21, the 3rd enFY in the 7th row' ,C, : 56, the 6th entrY in the 8th row'
454 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. (, -F l)a = nCf + 4Crri(t) + nCpz(L)2 + nCrx(l)3 + 4C4(l)4
=f+4x3+6*t4x+.
ZS. (a + 3)3 : ,C&t * ,Cra2(3) + ,Cp(3)2 + ,Cr(3)t
: a3 + 3az(3) + 3a(3)2 + (:)3
:a3+9a2+27a+27
27. 0- 2)o : oCot' - +CJ3e) + oCsp(Z)z - oCcy(2)3 + 4C4(2)4
= yA - 4y3(2) + 6yt(+) - ay(8) + 16
=yl-8y3+vlyz-32y+16
29. (x *y)t:rcuf + ,cr*y+ rcfy, + sc{r3 + scdx}f +rc,1f
: rf + sly + tof'f + toxzrt * sxf + f
31. (r + %)6 : sCof + oCrf(Zs) + oCry'(2s)2 +
oCrf(2s)3 + 6C4p(%)4
+ 6C5r(2s)5 | uCu(2s)6
: f + I2fs * 60y's2 + 160t's3 + 2&p{ + L92rf + @s6
33. (x - y)5 =,Cf -,Crfy +,Cff -,Cfyt -,COf- rCslf
. =t' -Sxt + lofl - to*rt +sxt'-f
35. (l - 4x)t: rCol3 - TCrlz(4x) + ,CrL(4x)z - 3Cr(4x)3
: | - 3(4x) + 3(4x)2 - (+x)t
- I - t2x+48*-f4f
37. (*+ 5)4 : nco(*)n+ 4cr(t')3(5) + +
:f
4C2(f)2(5)2 4c{*)(5)3 + 4C4(5)4 ,
+ 4t'(s) + 6fes) + 4*(tzs) + 62s
= rf + 2of + 150r' + scnl + 62s
'r. e
* r) ,r,L,)' * ,.,(1)', + ,c,}'r. ,r,(i)'r, * ,..(})n + scr
I 5l + lof * lot ._ 5)n
:rt+{
ri * ,-+t'
4r.2(x - 3)n + 5(x - 3)z:2f/ - 4(r9X3) + 6(t'X3r) _ 4(r)(3r; + 341 + st* _ 2(x)(3) + 321
= 2(# - l2'r3 + S4*- l0& + 8l) + 5(* -6r + 9)
: ?-f - 24f + tt3* - 24Klx + ZO7
4S5 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. -3(r - 2)t - 4(x + l)6
=l-3f + 1812 -36x+r1l-l4f +24f +af + 8013 * @x2 +24x+ 4l
= -4f - 24f - 6Of - 83-f - 42x2 - ffix + 20
45. 50' Row of Pascal's Triangle: I 5 10 l0 5 I
(3r - s)5 = 1(3r)5 + s(3r)4(-s) + l0(3r)3(-s)' + to(14'(-s)3 + 5(rrX-s)4 + l(-5)5
: 243F - 4o5fs * 27ofs2 - 9OPs3 * 15t't' - ss
47. 4th Row of Pascal's 6 4 I
Triangle: I 4
(3 - 2z)q :3+ - - aQ)Qz)3 + (22)4
aQ)t(22) + 6(3)2(2dz
= gl - 216z * 21622 - 9623 * 16*
4g. The term involvin g f inthe expansion of (x * 3;tz is ,rcr.ry'(3)8 : 495f(3)8 : 3,247,695f
51. The term involvin g f y2 in the expansion of (x - 2y)r0 is
l{
,oCf(-2i2 : ztst' +fn' : fhe coettrcrent
180fv2' The is l6u'
coefficient rs 180'
53. The term involving.t'y3 in (3x - 2y)e is ,c3(3x)6(- 2y)t = 8a9)6(-2)tfyr = -489'888
55. The coefficient of f y6 = (*)of in the expansion of (l * y)ro is ,sC. = 2LO'
s7. (*+ s)4 = (.f")n + +(.,r")3(s) + o(€1s12 + 4(-fx)(sr; + 5a
= x2 + 2ox-fr * l50x + Sgo{x + OZS
: * + 2Of/2 + 150x * smxrt2 + 625
59. (f/3 - yL/3)3 = (xz/t1t - 3(f/z'Sz gtlt) + 3(*/3) (Jt/3)2 - (Jr/3)t
-* - 3/4/3yr/s + 3i?/3i2/3 - y
fTl-D-I@)-- (x + h)t -f
^, hh
x3+3x2h+3xh2+h3-x3
h
_ h(3f + 3xh + hz)
h
:3*+3xh*h2,h+O
456 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
F5'-6 ,Fil+fi
a-
.,Fn+ fi
_ .(x+h\-x -
hL-Fn + -fl
=76fi* I
u6'h
+ o
65. (l + i)a = ocola + 4cr(l)3t + 4c2(D2i2 + 4c3t . i3 + 4c4i4
=l+4i-6-4i+l
:-{
67. (2 - 3i)u = uco2u - 6cp5(3i) + 6ce4\i)z - 6ca2s(3i)3 + 6c&2(3i)4 _ 6cj2(3i)s + 6c6(3i)6
= 64 - 576i - 21ffi + 432Oi + 4860 _ 2g|6i _ 72g
= 2O35 + B28i
o'' I t *, ./s.\t= t1 + J3i)"
.n E\i
\-z ,')
'(-l
=
l{t-tl' + 3(-D'z(Jtil+ 3(-rxJ3 il' + Uil'l
=ltj-r+t.fzi+s_z{til
:l
71. (r.u2)8: (1 +0.02)s:1* 8(0.02) +28(0.V2)2 +56(0.02)3 +70(0.02)4 + 56(0.02)5
+ 28(0.02)6 + 8(0.02)7 + (0.02)8
=If 0.16 + 0.0112 + 0.000448 * ... = 1.t72
73. (2.99)t2 = (3 - 0.0t;tz
- 3t2 l2(3)r'(0.01) + 66(3)'0(0.002 _ 2zo(3)r(0.01;, + 49s(3)E(0.01)4
- 792(3)?(0.01)5 + e24(3)6(o.ot)u _ tsz1z1'10.01)? + 4es(3)4(0.01)E
220(3)3(o.or)e + ooll;219.01;ro - l2(3)(0.e1;r r+ (0.o1yrz
= 510,568.785
457 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
75. f(*) : x3 - 4x 1
g(x) f
A A
. 6,-4x-24 V V
='ilY.6)T;(:],
: x3 + 18x2 * 1o4x * r92 -4
The graph of g is rhe same as the graph of f shifted 6 units to the left.
77. f(x) - -xz + 3x * 2
s (x)
:'
];l':: : :\;,o-*u'*,
: -f *7x- 8
The graph of g is the same as the graph of f shifted
2 units to the right
79. (a) ,rC, : 792 81. f(x) : (l - t)'
(b) (uCr)' : 36 g(t) : I 3x
(c) ,rC, + ,rCo : 792 h('):1 3x*3x2
(d) * uCs- 12 P(*):l 3x*3x2-x3
uC,
(a) and (c) are equal. since p(x\ is the expansion offlx), they have the
same gaph.
7
\ l^
8.
N='
-5
83. ,co(L)o(l)' : 3s(*X*) : 0.273 8s. ,co$)o(3)' : 7o(#X#) =: Q. 17 r
87. (a) g (r) - 7Q + l0)
: 0.0348(r + l0)2 + 5.1083(r + 10) + 4r.0250
: 0.03 48(t2 * 20t * 100) + 5.1083r + 51.083 + 41.0250
: 0.0348P + 5.8043r + 95.588
4s8 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Nuntbered Exercises and Practice Tests
89. False. The fyt term is 91. Answers will vary. See page 658.
,rc f(- 2y)' : 495f(- zltrt _ t26,7zofyr
fNote 7920 is the coefficient of rsya]
93. There are n + I terms in the expansion of (x + y)". nt
95. ncr_,
ln (n r)lt(n r)l
_nl
r!(n r)!
nl
(n r)Irl
: nC,
nl n!
97. nc, * ncr_l :
(tt- r\rl- r* Il)!(r- 1)!
(tr,
n!(n r * l) nl
(n r)lr\(n r * l) + (n r*l)l(r-l)tr
_nl(n-r*l) nlr
(n r*l)!rl (n r*l)trl
n\(n-r*l*r)
(n r * l)lrl
nI(n + l)
(n r * l)!rl
(n + l)!
(n + I r)IrI n+ lCr
99. s@) : f(x) + 8 101. s@) - f(-x)
s@) is shifted 8 units up from f(*). g(x) is the reflection of/(x) in the y-axis.
t-- 2 -l
1.03. A * B: I 8 0 ros. -3A - 58:f-r3 ::-[]
il
I
L- I -2 13 L lo-33J
lw. AB:l_13 -25 fs
ll t2f
L -s - l8 -:J
loe.
[_! ;l
459 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 9.6 Counting PrinciPles
I You should know The Fundamental Counting Principle.
nl
I ,P,: *ln is the number of permutations of n elements taken r at a time.
- r)t
I Given a set of n objects that has n, of one kind, n, of a second kind, and so on, the number of distinguishable
permutations is
nt
"tlbl - 4
n!
I ,C, : (nii{.is the number of combinations of n elements taken r at a time.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Odd integers: 1, 3, 5, 7 , 9, I 1 3. Prime integers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
6 ways 5 ways
5. Divisible by 4: 4, 8, L2
3 ways
7. Sumis 10:1 + 9,2 +8,3 + 7, 4 + 6,5 + 5, 6 + 4,7 + 3,8 + 2,9 +|
9 ways
9. Amplifiers: 4 choices 11. Chemist: 3 choices
choices
Compact disc players: 6 Statistician: 6 choices
Speakers:8choices Total:3'6=l8ways
Total: 4'6'8: lg2ways
L3. 10! - 3,628,800 ways 15. lst Position: 2 choices
znd Position: 3 choices
3rd Position: 2 choices
4th Position: I choice
Total: 2 ' 3 ' 2 ' 1-l2ways
Label the four people A, B, C, and D and suppose
that A and B are willing to take the first position. The
twelve combinations are as follows-
ABCD BACD
ABDC BADC
ACBD BCAD
ACDB BCDA
ADBC BDAC
ADCB BDCA
460 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. 26.26.10.10.100 10 : 6,760,000
L9. (a) 9'10'10:900 21. 403 : 64,000 23. (a) 6 o 5 o 403.2ol : 720
(b)9'9o$:648 (b) 6 o l. 4.1.2 oI :48
(c)9'10.2:180
(d) 10- 10.10-400: 600
nl
25. D-
ntr- 27' ,P,-
8!
:8 .7 . 6-336 29. sP+:
5!
: I2O
@ r)l 5! l!
4!
So, oPo : : l,t : 24.
0l
31. 14 . nP3: n+zP+ Note n
-
t+f , "! ,'-l (n
(n
:+ 2)l
L@ -3)U - 2)I
lfin(n - lXn - 2) - (n + 2)(n + l)n(n 1) (We can divide here by n(n 1) since n + 0, n * l.)
l4n-28: n2 + 3n*2
0- n2 ILn + 30
0- (n - 5X" 6)
5 or n-g
33. zf o :27,9W,2W 35. ,roPu -- 197,149,680 37. ,oCo = 4845
39. 5! _ 120 ways 41. (a) 24 : 16 characters
(b) 2 + 22 + 23 : 14 characters
7T 7I
: 4s.2llll!l!l!l!
43.
2nr3tlt 2t3! 42O
" .-:!-7.605o{o3:2szo
2l '
Y r ' r -r'
47. ABCD BACD CABD DABC 49. oCz: 15
ABDC BADC CADB DACB The 15 ways are listed below.
ACBD BCAD CBAD DBAC
AB,AC,AD,AE,AF,
ACDB BCDA CBDA DBCA BC, BD, BE, BF, CD,
ADBC BDAC CDAB DCAB
CE, CF, DE, DF, EF
ADCB BDCA CDBA DCBA
51.. : 4845 groups 53. *.Co
: 3,838,380 ways
^Co
55. ,*C, : 75,287,520 subsets 57. gCz : 36 lines
59. (a) ,rCo : 495 ways
(b) (rCr)(,,Cr) : (l0x2l) : 2ro ways
46r PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
8!
61.. (a) sCo:n =7Oways
(b) There are 2a = 16 ways that a group of four can be formed without any couples in the group. Therefore, if at
-
least one couple is to be in the group, there are 70 16 = 54 ways that could occur.
(c) 2.2.2.2:16ways
63. sCz -5 - l0-5 =5diagonals 65. rCr-8- 28-8 =2Odiagonals
67. False. Order matters in a permutation. 69. False. for example, ,P, : rCr: I
71. The symbol ,P, means the number of ways to 73. (b) rcPo is larger than rcCo because the
choose and orderr elements out of a set of n elements. permutations count different orderings as
distinct.
r- nl' n! n! n!
:nCo
75. nen -
@ - n)lnl Oln! n!0! (n-o|ol
.-- n!
77. n-r fu r) trl
:1[
rtLfu'! r)'J
]
_& rl
79.!*7 1
81. d/3 - 16
t2t x
8+3 :1 --ln16
3
2t
x:3ln16:8.32
1l :2t
1l
t : 5.5
2
lrs rl
l-to - nl
83. {:p2-T:
ts r0v6 8s. x-F:
v_l 8 -41 _ _:
-
384
-3
lu
128
l-8 -41
la 3sl -'il
v: 16 lol -l3o aA l{
Y:pg - 5r2 I
- r28
m:-fr-:-rr
-T
Answer: (6, - 13) Answer.'(-3,4)
87. (r- l)u: f -6xs + lsy'. -20x3 + l5x2-6x* I
89. (3x - y)a :8h1 - l08x3y + 54x)2 - L2xy3 * yo
462 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Pructice Tests
Section 9.7 Probability
You should know the following basic principles of probability.
I If an event Ehas n(E) equally likely outcomes and its sample space has n(S) equally likely outcomes, then the
probability of event E is
P(E) : j*'
n@)
where 0 < P(E) < l'
n(J,
I If A and B are mutually exclusive u B) : P(A) + P(B).
events, then P(A
IfA and B are not mutually exclusive events, then P(A u B) : P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B).
I If A and B are independent events, then the probability that both A and B will occur is P(A)P(B).
I The probability of the complement of an eventA is P(A) : 1 - P(A)'
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
r. {(H, r),(H,2),(H,3),(H,4),(H, 5), (H,6), 3. {ABC'ACB,BAC'BCA,CAB,CBA}
(r, r), (r, 2\,(7,3),(7,4),(T,5), (r,6))
5. { (A, B), (A, C), (A, D), (A, E), (8, C), (8, D), (8, E), (C, D), (C, E)' (D, E)}
7. E = {HTT,THT,TTH} 9. E: {HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,THT'TTH}
n,r) 3
P(E):;Of:C ^,-,: "(E) -7
r\Et:n($-8
P(E\
11. E={K,K,K,K,Q,Q,Q,Q.,J,J,J,J} 13. E={K,K'Q,Q,J,J}
n(E) 12 3
p(E')=ffi:;:" 4rr:n(E)=9=!
P(E)=rr($ sz 26
15. E (2,3),(3,2),(4,1)}
= {(1,4), 17. notr: {(6'6)}
n(n\: 4 | n(r):n(s)-n(notE):36-l:35
PIE): g 36:
As)
P(E):ffi = #
19. sum is 3 or 5: E = {(1, 2),(2,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2), (4, 1)}
p/p\ = n(E) :6 = I
'\u' n(S) 36 6
2r. P(E):
fr:* :
i 3. P(E) :
fr:
!rr=?
25. P(E)- I - P(E): l-0.7=0.3 27. P(E): l- P(E): l-i:?
29. P(E)- I - P(E):r-p: I -0.15:0.85 ,,t. P(E): | - P(E):t-n:*
463 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33. (a) 0.06(1.3) - 0.078 or78,000 3s. (a) 3# : 0.58
(b) (b) ffi :
ffi:0.3 0,956
o'21-t-o'16
(c) #- Q.QQ{
(c)
1.00
- 0.37
o'07't-o'03
(d)
1.00
- o.to
672
37. (a)
\ / 1254 39. p+p +2p:l
(b) 582 P - 0.25
\ / L254
: +2
(c)672 t24 548 Thylor: 0.50
rz54 r254
Moore:0,25 : 1
4
I
Perez: O.25
4
3oo3 2l
41. (a) ,rC,o - _ 0.016
,ocro 194,756 r2g2
(b) $ca . scz _ 64,350 _ 225 :
0.348
,ocro 194,756 646
. sCr ,rCro _ + _
(c) rcCg * 25,025 3003 2g,o2g .= 49 =z Q' 152
,oCro *Cro 194,756 lg4,7s6 323
43. Total ways to insert letters: 4! : 24 ways
4 correct: I way (a)
81
3 correct: not possible
243
2 conent: 6 ways (b)
8+6+l 155
I correct: 8 ways 24 248
0 correct: 9 ways
ll r
\/
45. (a)
,P, l2O
47. (a) ry
a+Lg
-0.3457
ll (b)
f
ry:2-89 x
ft)
\/ g+Ls
10-6
oPo 24
(rcr) (rcr)
49. (a)
\ / &-126:14 (4 good units) (b) _ lo8 : r?
(2 good units)
,rco 495 55 ,rco 495 55
(ncr)( rct) 252
(c)
\/ :28
,rco - 495 55
(3 good units)
At t2 good units , I-
14 54
leas
?r. 3 55 55
4ffi PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Prqctice Tests
tsl5l-lll
.
5r. (a) P(EE) =; ; =; $l p@o) + P(oE) = i* i=;
(c) p(N, < to,N2< l0) = . (d) p(Nrrur) : .
* * =
* r4 .ot = *
53. (a) P(SS) : (0.985)'z - 0.9702
(b) P(S)- I - P(FF) : I - (0.015)2 - 0.9998
(c) P(Fr) : (0.015)2 - 0.0002
, . ,/r\6
t)' (a) I l- : l
57. (0.32)2 :0.tO24
\5/ rs,62s
(b)
/4\6:ffi:o.26t$
4096
\;/
(c) 1 - o.262IM = 0.737856 = m
@S\z lts\z:' l3\z- r 9
se. r -ffi:'-(;) -|,;J - *=G
7
61. True. P(E) + P(E):1
63. (a) As you consider successive people with distinct birthdays, the probabilities must decrease to take into
account the birth dates aheady used. Since the birth dates of people are independent events, multiply the
respective probabilities of distinct birthdays.
rh\
365 3& 363 362
'-' -365 365 365 365
365
(c)pr=365:l
365 3& _3@ , _365 - (2 - r)D
Pr: = = ---rui:-"
G' 365 lu',
_
Pt: 365 3@ .363 _363
P. _ --- -
36s (3 - l)P-
zos' ios 365 365 ' Ns "
o :365 .3U .363 .... . 365 - (n- l) - 365 - (n - l)-r"-l
'n 365 365 365 365 365
(d) Q,is the probability that the birthdays axe not distinct which is equivalent to at least Zperiple having the same
birthday.
(e) n t0 t5 20 23 30 40 50
Pn 0.88 0.75 0.59 0.49 o.29 0.1 I 0.03
Qn 0.r2 0.25 0.41 0.7 | 0.89 o.97
(0 23, See the chart above.
46s PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
)
65..r-) _-4 67. t=t tr::l
3
x-2 x*2
2-4(x- 5) -4x-20 3(x+2)*x(x-2)
4x-22 3x*6*x2-2x:x2-4
*: ll2 x:-10
69. lnx : 8 =+ x - e8 - 2980.96 71.4 ln 6x- 16
ln6x - 4
*.:'i*
_e ro
73. y
x
x*y
ll . l0 .9.
77. uCr:#n:#:15 79. rrc, -
1l!
8!3! 8!6
g!
- 165
Review Exercises for Chapter g
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. an:z+q 3. an:2n,5n ,, an:
J.
72
L ,I
5(l)
ar 2.;:8
I
at:-1r;-t-) F
ar: lr :72 72
a2:2+9:5 s(2) 10 72
a2:T:36
2
L2(2)13
Llq
a3-2*!:Q, 5(3)
a3:2131 ^5 a3: 72
- t-
rz
J ;':
at:2+q42
-! a4: s(4) 20 72
a4:T:3
z@) r:
- 7
as-2+9= 16 5(s)
as: z1s; t : g
2s
.- e
723
5 5'| - J,L
r 5! 5
466 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. an - 4(0.4)n-'r
7. an:r" i ?
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o o
a
o
o
o
l8! : I I ?rsr
tt' 18!:20;;; lfu t3'
?:6.s!
6(5!)
- |
- 18!
^i:
tr. !r :6(5) :30
tr.,l u, =
+ * ** *. * * : 6 *}*i.i='#
tl. I 2F = z(r)! + z(z)3 + z(t)3+ "' + 2(10)3 = 6050
k-l
,r. f{n'+ 3):,loo * lor: ryE.l) + rr(3) = 41s
o" I I * I -L...+. I =$ t 1 2 3 9 g k
--. z(t),- 2(z).z(3,). z(20) *o:rfr
zs.
,+i*i+"'+ a=),*,
* + .000s =
n. @)2,* =,o1 *. # .,.
tdfu = .5 + .0s + .oos .5555
", _i*
= *F__,r = ** '10
: *' + : ;
2e. (a)>,'(*)- :,(*) .'(#)' .,(#)' .,(*)'
= O.O2 + 0.0002 + 0.000002 + 0.00000002
: O.O2O2O2U2
or iz(r*!}:r*t:r(#)-
=mffi
2T
zl002
=f6'gg=w
467 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31. (a) ar =zsoo(t.ry)' :2soo(r.oz)=2550 33' Yes' d= -2- 5: -7
az=25ffi(1.U2\2:2ffit
as = 2500(1.O2)3 = 2653.02
a+ = 25N(1.02)o = 2706.08
as = 25A0(1.02)s = 27 60.20
as = 2500(1.02)6 : 2815.41
at :25N(1.02)7 = 2871.71
ae: 25A0(r.02)E : 2929.15
(b) ano :25Qp,(1.02)s : 5520.10
35. Yes. d- I -+:t 37. ar: 3,d - 4
ar: 3
a2:3 + 4 - 7
a3-7 *4: 11
a4:11 + 4- 15
as: 15 + 4- 19
39. a4 : 10 aro : 28
aro: a4+ 6d
28- l0+6d
18-6d
3-d
ar: a4 - 3d
ar: 10 - 3(3)
ar: I
a2:1 + 3 - 4
a3-4+3-7
aq- 7 + 3: 10
as:10+3:13
41. ar: 35, ao*, : ak - 3 43. ar:9rek+l: ak+7
ar:35 ar-9
e2:ar 3:35 3:32 e2:ar+7-9+7=16
a3:az 3:32 3:29 a3:e2+7:16+7:23
a4:a3 3:29 3:26 a4:a3+7_23+7:30
as:a4-3:26 3:23 as:a4+7:30+7:37
an: 35 + (n lX-3) : 38 3n an-9 + (n l)(7) -2*7n
45. an: 100 + (n l)(-3) - 103 3n
itro3 3n): f to,
Lt?J
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
47.1,r, ,2i $, :2f lo(ll)l ro(3):80
J: I
3) =
j:l F,LTl
(1lx12)
4s. :?$ k+1,*:? ,
ll(4)-88
_tQ,*o) 2,.4n
Jk:l 2
--*
:2s,2so
sr.
Xto:t[ry]
53. (a) 34,000 + 4(2250)
(b)
5
)tv,ooo + (k - rx22so)l : i,l,7so + 22sok): $le2,soo
k:l
)t
JJ. a,:: r: _r
ar- 4
az:4(-i) : -l
a3: -r(-l) :i
e4: l(-l) : -*
as: -*(-i) : *
57. ar:9, a3: 4 59. ar: L20, ak+l : *oo
a3 : at* ar: l2O
4:9f a2: i(tzo) - 40
8:P =+ ':r? a3: +(40) : +
I l&\
ar-) Q1 - 9 44:ttTl:T 40
l /40\: n
az: e(3) : 6 a2 : e(-3) - *6 as: 3\9, n
aj:6(3) -4 oR a3: -6( -?) -4 an: l2o(+)"-'
a4: 4(?): 3 a4: 4(-?) = 8
3
as: 3(3) : f; as: - 3( -?) _109
61. ar_ 25, a* * I : -1"r 63. az: etr
at: 25
-8 : 16r
I
3 r
a2: -; (2s): -ls 2'
3 an: ,u( _i)"_
a3: -;(-ls): e
a4:
327
-:5\/(e) : 5
1t.(-ln'':
f1 \2l
*lffi)*t067
31 z7\ 8l
a5: -5 (-Tl : B
an: ,'(-1)"-'
469 PARI I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
u''
:'^: iilii*,1'i 6r.
2r'-' =
ff,: w
p, roo(r'os;'- r : t*[#] - 3306.60
cg.
,F; ., t-(.
, $ (-4\n=
$(-4)^-,: alt:727j
| _ (_4) 3277
n2_4,
11 )ozso(r.02)"
zr. = zso(ffiJ :
$r.nr,nr\n-".,.,/l-tor:\ trot.o,*o
{q /3\t- I 2s
zl. )to(5 24.84e
) - -
7s. 5486.4512
>100(1.06)'-t
rt.- i(:)'-'=t t,,r:8 t'' *rf?)--'=,4-.=tz
?-,\Bl - tn:8 E' ,r, t - 2/3
El. (a) a,: r20,aoo(0.7), &3. A= $rr(t\ * *)' = $3e0e.e6
(b) as : 120,000(0.7)5 = r-r l,/- I
$20,168.40 --.
85. l. S/hen n = r,z: !;sg! - ts
2. AssumethatSl = 2 t 7 + ... + (5* - 3) : - rl
!tS*
Then,s**, = 2 t 7 + ... + (5fr - 3) + [S(t + 1) - 3]
=Sr*5k+2
= %o-t)+s*+z
2
=tsr,
2
+e*+tl
: ,[(s*
I
+ 4xfr + l)]
:!*f(st*+r)-r)
t
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the formula is true for all positive integers n.
t7. l. When n = 1," =
"(=\.
\r - r/
2. Assume that
a(l - l)
s,:
-K Sor'= L-r
?-o"
Then,
sr*r = fo,,=Fj'n * o* =ff + o*
_ a(t - * + * - *+r) _ o(L - rk*t)
l-r l-r
Therefore, by mathematical induction, the formula is valid for all positive integer values of n.
470 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
,ir: ry
8e. :465
7 7(8x1sx3(72) + 3(7) - 1) 840(167) :
9l.. Zno:- 30 - 30
4676
n:l
93. at: /(t) - 5
a2- a, * 5 :5 + 5- 10
a3: az* 5: 15
a4:e3 +5:20
as:e4+5:25
i,',: '-;;:,
Firstdifferences: 5 5 5 5
Seconddifference: 0 0 0
Linear model i an : 5n
95. ar: /(l) - 16
az: or I : 16 - I : 15
a3-az l-15 1:L4
a4: L4 - I :13
as:13 l: 12
n:l 2 3 4 5
ani L6 15 L4 13 12
Firstdifferences: -1 -1 -1 -1
Seconddifference: 0 0 0
Linear model: 4,, : 17 - n
97. ,oC, : 45 ss. (?) : scq: 126
101.. 4ft number in 7ft row is uC, : 20 Lo3. 5ft number in 9ft row is /8\ :
t;/ eC+: 70
105. (a 3b)s : a5 5aa(3b) + L0a3(3b)2 IOa2(3b)3 + 5a(3b)o - (3b)t
: a5 l\aab * 90a3b2 - 270a2b3 * 405ab4 - 243bs
ro7. (: : 4/r\'" * u(I)'r' + a/r\"' +
+r-\z)
\z*r)o
') |,l)'
v4
\z) ''"\z) ''-\z)''r
f
_-:_+ x3y . 3*'y'
+:*2xy3*yo
1622_
47I PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
10e. (s + 2i)4 = (s)4 + 4(s)3(2i) + 6(s)2(2i)2 + 4(s)(2i)t + (zi)4
: 625 * 1000t + 600i2 + t60i3 + t6i4
: 625 * 1000t - 600 - l60t + 16 = 4L + B4Oi
llt. E: {(1, lt), (2, to), (3,9), (4,8), (5,7), (7,5), (8, 4),(9,3),(10,2), (ll, l)}
n(c) : 19
113. (4X6X2) : 48 schedules ttS. : 7t = SMO UZ. l0! = 3,628,800 ways
ffi*: +
permutations
ll9. mcrc: 15,504 ways l21^. ,t . , =t
123. chance of rolling a 3.with die is |. wittr two dice E = {(1, 5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1)} and p(E) : +.
The probability of rolling a 3-one
with one die is higher.
125. (a) = 0.416
soo@ f27. (0.8)3 : 0.512
(b) sm@ = 0.8
(") ,ts :0.o74
rzs. r -P(HHHHH):l f1)'-1 131. True.
\21 32
133. They differ by a minus sign.
(a) - l, t, -+, . . . (odd-numbered terms are negative)
(b) l, - t,+,. . .(even-numbered terms are negative)
135. (a) arithmetic-linear model 137. Answers will vary. See page 620. To define a
(b) geometric-exponential model sequence recursively, lou need to be given one or
more of the first few terms. All other terms are
defined using previous terms.
139. Decreasing sequence. Matches (d) l4l. Increasing sequence. Matches (b)
143. 145. In the closed interval [0, l).
n 100 500 1000 5000
an 2.70/,8 2.7 156 2.7169 2.7 r80
n 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
an 2.7 r82 2.7t82 2.7t82 2.7 r82
limit of an as n -+ oo is e - 2.7 I82
!47. This means that meterological records indicate that
over an extended period of time with similar
weather condidions, it will rain 6OVo of the time.
472 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 9 Practice Test
1. Write out the first five terms of the sequence o^ -
Gh)t
2. Write an expression for the nth term of the sequen"" {1, i, *, *' *, . . .}.
6
3. Find the sum )tzi
i: I
- tl.
4. Write out the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence wherc a, = 23
andd = -2.
5. Find c, for the arithmetic sequence with a, = 12, d : 3, and n : 50'
6. Find the sum of the first 200 positive integers.
7. Write out the first five terms of the geometric sequence with a, : 7 and r = 2'
8. Evaruate:r(3)'
e
9. Evaluate >(0.03f.
n:o
n(n+l)
10. UsemathematicalinductiontoprovethatI f 2+3+4+ ''' {-n:--2 .
11. Use mathematical induction to prove that n! >?;^,n24.
12. Evaluate ,rCo. Verify with a graphing utility.
13. Expand (x + 3)5.
14. Find the term involving f, in (x - 2)tz.
15. Evaluate roPo.
16. How many ways can six people sit at a table with six chairs?
17. Twelve cars run in a race. How many different ways can they come in first, sec-
ond, and third place? (Assume that there are no ties')
18. T$o six-sided dice are tossed. Find the probability that the total of the two dice
is less than 5.
19. TWo cards are selected at random form a deck of 52 playing cards without
replacement. Find the probability that the first card is a King and the second
card is a black ten.
20. A manufacturer has determined that for every l00O units it produces, 3 will be
faulty. What is the probability that an order of 50 units will have one or more
faulty units?
CHAPTER 1O
Topics in Analytic Geometry
Section 10.1 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas . . . .474
Sectionl0.2 Ellipses .....478
Sectionl03 Hyperbolas ....4g4
Section 10.4 Rotation and Systems of Quadratic Equations .490
Section 10.5 Equations
Parametric .. .S00
Sectionl0.6 PolarCoordinates .....S0S
Section 10.7 Graphs of PolarEquations . . . .5ll
Section 10.8 Polar Equations of Conics . . Sl1-
Review Exercises 52r
PracticeTest . . S30
473
CHAPTER 1O
Topics in Analytic Geometry
Section 10.1 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas
I A parabola is the set of all points (x, y) that are equidistant from a fixed line (directrix) and a fixed point
(focus) not on the line.
I The standard equation of a parabola with vertex (h, k) and:.
:
(a) Vertical axisr ft and directrixy = k p is: -
(x - h)2: 4P(l - k)'P *O
(b) : &anddirectrixx = h -
Horizontal axisy p is:
O-kY=4fu-h),P#o
I The tangent line o a parabola at a point P makes equal angles with:
(a) the line through P and the focus
(b) the axis of the parabola
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Y2 : -4x 3. f : -8y
Vertex: (0, 0) Vertex: (0,0)
Opens to the left since p is negative. Opens downward since p is negative.
Matches graph (e). Matches graph (d).
5. (Y- l)2:4(x- 3) 7- y:tr*
Vertex: (3, l) * -2v
Opens to the right since p is positive. * - +G)y =t h-0,ft:0,p:t
Matches graph (a).
Vertex: (0,0) v
Focus: (o, l)
Directrix: y : I
2
9. Y2 : -6x Ll.. f + 6y:0
v2 - 4(-l). + h:0,k-O,p- -t * - +(-1)v h- 0,/c:rO,O: -1
Vertex: (0, 0) Vertex: (0, 0)
Focus: (-3,0) rfI Focus: (0, -3)
Direcfiix: * :1
3+
Directrix: y :,
-l---+--+---l---+o-t---
-6-54-3-2-l
-3 't-
a
a
4+ I
474
475 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. (x-l)' +8(y+2) -0
(x- L)2:4(-2)0 + 2)
h
Vertex: (1, -2)
Focus: (1, -4)
Directrix: y - 0
15.(**1)'-40 2) =+ h--1,k-2,p- y
Vertex' (- *, z) A
Focus: (-1,2 + t) : (-t,i +
Directrix: y : I
17. y : It* - 2x + 5) v
4y-4:(x-l)' A
2
6+
(x- l)2:4(l)O- 1)
!
h:|,ft:l,p: I 4+
!
a
a
Vertex: (1, l)
a
+o
Focus: (1,2)
Directrix: y - 0
19.y2+6y+8x+25-0
y2+6yr9:-8x-25+9
(Y+3)':4(-2)(x+2)
h: -2,k- -3,p: -2
Vertex: (-2, - 3)
Focus: (-4, -3)
Directrix: x : 0
21.x2*4x*6y-2:0
x2+4x*^4- -6y+Z+4- -6y + 6
(x + 2)' : -66, - l)
(,r+ 2)':4(-t)tv- l)
Vertex: (- 2, I)
Focus: (-z,t - 1) : (-2, -+)
Directrix: y : ]
476 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
v
23.y2*x*y:0 t
Y2 +Y+ i = -, + i 2+
* i)' :4(-iX" - i)
(y
h : I,k : -L,p: -i
Vertex: (i, -;)
Focus: (0, -l)
Directrix: *:
tr
To use a graphing calculator, enter:
!r: -++ J=-.
lz: _t ,l* *
25. Y: -R
27. Vertex: (0,0) + h-O,k -0 29. Vertex: (0,0) + h:O,ft:0
Graph opens upward. Focus:(0,-i) + p:-1
f:4py (x-h)2:4Prg-k)
Point on graph: (3, 6) * - +(-1)Y
32 : ap(6) f - -6v
9 -24p
3
8:P
Thus, i2 - +(i)y =) y : !*.
31.. Vertex: (0,0) =+ h - 0, ft - 0 33. Vertex: (0,0)+ h- O,ft:0
Focus:(-2,0) =+ P : -2 Directrix: Y- -1 + P: I
(Y- k)2:4P(x-h) (x- h)2:aPO-k)
y2 : 4(-2)x (x-0)2:4(l)(Y-0)
y2: -8x *:4y or y-Ixz
35. Vertex: (0,0) ==+ h- 0, ft - Q 37. Vertex: (0, 0) =+ h : 0, /c : 0
Directrix:x-2 =+ p:-2 Horizontal axis and passes through the point (4,6)
: 4P* (v- k)':4P(x-h)
Y2
(y - o)2: 4P(x - 0)
Y2: -8x
Yz : 4P*
62 : 4p(4)
36:l6p = p:?
y2 : +G)*
!2:9x
39. Vertex: (3, 1) and opens downward. Passes 41. Vertex: (-2,0) and opens to the right.
through (2, O) and (4, 0). Passes through (0, 2).
y : -(x - 2)(x - 4) (v-0)2:4P(x+2)
- -**6x- 8 22:4p(0+2)
:-(x-3)2+l T
2:P
(x-3)':-(Y-l) v2:4(t)@+2)
'Y2:2(x+2)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. Vertex: (5,2) 45. Vertex: (0, 4) 4l . Focus: (2,2)
Focus: (3,2) Directrix: y : 2 Directrix: x - -2
Vertical axis Horizontal axis
Horizontal axis: p: 3- 5: -2 P:4 2-2 Vertex: (0,2)
(y-2)':4(-2)(r-s) (x _,):=:3'y;0, p:2-0-2
(v - 2)' : -8(t - 5) (y - 2)2: aQ)@ - o)
(v-2)2:8x
49.y2 8x:0_) y_!& 51. x2 : 2y,(4,8), p:
;,focus' (0, l)
x-y+2:0=+y:x*2
Following Example 4, we find the y-intercept (0, 0):
The point of tangency is (2, 4).
,l
dr:r-b.
,t/
{ dz: (4- t7
2
/
-3
\ dr : dz =:+ b= -8
m:8-(-8)
4-0 -4
y:4x- 8 Tangentline
Lety:0 -> x:2 -+ x-intercept(2,0)
: -2* I ^ l\
=:+ xz :
|
s3. y -tr: 4(-*), ==+ p : -;, focus: (,0, -;/
Following Example 4, we find the y-intercept (0, a):
,l
dt:; + b
(-r. *)' : +
dz: ,r/(- I - o), +
dt:dz - **u:+ + b-z
m: -2-) g - 4
-1 -
y:4x*2
I
Let):0 ==+ x : -, + x-inrercrp, (-*,0)
55. 57. Vertex: (0, 0) =+ h - O, k - 0
Focus: (0, 3.5) =+ p : 3.5
(x-h)2:4PO-k)
(x-
Y=ili?:,!'**
R - 265x - i* is a maximum (14045) when
x : 106 units.
47E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. (a) * = 4pypasses through point (tO, -!) 61. (a) Escape velocity: 17,500J2
G) *:4p(y - and,p: -4100'
- o: -160
ZSO= ap(-?) 41OO)
*=4(-L6O)y *- -16,400(Y - 4100)
f = -64oy or y: fif
(b) -0.1 :A*n* + x:8feet
63.(a) r=-{**,
:d*+75:-d*ts
-16,,, I
: I :
(b) y O = -# * 75 + rz = (15)(64) + x 69.28fe'et
65. False. It is not possible for a 67. +4,!2,tI 69. t 16, t8, +4, !2,1 1, ++
parabla to intersect its directrix.
If the graph crossed the directrix
there would exist Points nearer
the directrix than the focus.
Section 10.2 ElliPses
I An ellipse is the set of all points (n y) the sum of whose distances from two distinct fixed points (foci) is con-
stant.
I The standard equation of an ellipse with center (h, k) mdmajor and minor axes of lengths ?a and2b is:
(x-h)2 *. (v-"' I if the major axis is horizontal'
@) T t:
.., (x-h)2,O-b\2
@ v-i- * T: I if the major axis is vertical'
I &= a2 - bz wherec is the distance from the center to a focus-
t The eccentricity of an ellipse is =9
"
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
t + !' (x-2)2
f fvz
i+ g: I e'42s
3. : l -
5.
T* 0/+ l)':1
Center: (0, 0) Center: (0, 0) Center: (2, - 1)
a: 3,b - 2 a: 5,b - 2 a: 4,b - I
Vertical major axis Vertical major axis Horizontal major axis
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (d). Matches graph (a).
479 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7.
*'
"2s *!'
'16 - r s.t*4:l
" 5'9 'rr''@!=3),
lt. ' zs _I
rc *0-_5),
Center: (0, 0) Center: (0, 0) Center: (- 3, 5)
a-5,b:4,c:3 a: 3rb: 6rc:2 a-5,b:4,c:3
Foci: (t3,0) Foci: (0, +Z) Foci: (- 3, 5 + 3) - (- 3, 8),
Vertices: (+5, 0) (- 3,2)
Vertices: (0, t3)
3
Vertices: (-3,5 t 5) _ (-3, l0),
e
5 ,:1 2
(- 3, 0)
,:5 3
v
a.D (x + 5)2
13.-+(y-r)':
7
Center: (-5, l)
a:;,b - L,c: /r.S
va-r:2
Foci: (-t + +, '),(-'-+,,)
verticer' ( - t * 1, r): (-:, t)
? \ 113'\
(-'s -;.t):
\ (-z'tJ
e:ffi:6/3
6/2
1.5. 9x2*4y2*36x-24y+36:0
9(**4x +4) +462-6y+9): -36 + 36 + 36
(x!2)2+(y-3)2_l
49
a: 3,b :2,c : 6
Center: (- 2,3)
Foci: (-z,l t 6)
Vertices: (-2,6), ( -2,0)
6
e:T
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
ll. * 5y2 - 8x - 30y 39_ 0
xz
(*' - 8x * 16) + 5(y' - 6y + 9) : 39 + 16 + 45
(x - 4)2 + 5(y - 3)':100
(, - 4)'* (y _l)t
r00 20
- 1
Center: (4, 3)
a- l0,b - Z-.,B,t- JEO - 4{5
Foci' (4 + 4#,r),(+ - +-fr,1)
Vertices: (4 + 10, 3) : (14, 3)
(4 - lo,3) - (-6,3)
4_fr 2..8
e- ro :T
19. 6*+2y'*18x-lOy+2-0
27 25
o(* +r" * ?) + z(t'- 5y .T): -z *T*T
6(, .1)' + z(t -,)' :24
ry*ry:1
center'(-1,i)
a: 26, b : 2, c : Z-.rD,
Foci: (-.3.,,*rO)
verticer, ( -1,] * r{t)
o&
e:7:-t
21. 16* + 25y2 32x * 50y + 16 : 0
I6(f - b + 1) + 25bt2 12y + 1) : -16 + 16 + 25
(x- D2 . o,,+
,
r)2:1
a: 53
'ft*
4,b
- I,c: 4
Center: (1, - 1)
17 \ lr \
Foci: (;,-t),(,;, -r)
1,
verrices: " e. '/'\/- 4'- t)'l
\+' -t\.
3
e:;
)
481 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23. 5xz+ 3y' : 15 To graph, solve for y. 4
xz y2 ., 15 5x2
t*5:l v-:
J3 lt rr(
Center: (0, 0)
a_ 6,b-
\ J
6,c- fi Ir:
-4
Foci: (0,* .n)
Vertices: (0,* {5) lz:
15 - 5x2
3
25. I2x2 + 20y' - lLx + 40y - 37 - 0 To graph, solve for y.
/ l\
rz\xz - x .;) + zo(y, * 2y * t) : 37 + 3 + zo (y+ Dz:r[t-=U]
lx - (I/2)12 , (y + l)2 _
5 - 3 :r ,
!r: - I + ,['-e#]
a: ,R,b: 6,c - .[z
/' \ lz: -l
t/
lt' -
Center,
2
rFoci:
\,,vr. E*
\Z
-r ! -n--t)
Ls
I ^
-.rl
/1 \ ( )
vertices, (; * J5, -r)
e: -re
-4
27. Centerr (0, O),a:4,b - 2 29. Vertices: (t6,0), Foci: (tZ, O)
t+{:r
416
a:6,c:2,$: -m,: -f :4-,rD,
Horizontal major axis, center: (0, 0)
*'*t,
' I
36 3;:
31. Foci: (15,0) =+ c : 5
Center: (0, 0)
Horizontal major axis
Major axis of length L2 =+ 2a : 12
a-6
62-b2:Sz=) b2:ll
(x-h)z
+0 .=k)'_l
a2 bz
xz v2
I
36 ll
--r:--
4E2 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33. Vertices: (0, t5) + a -5 Point: (4,2)
Center: (0, 0) 42 22
Vertical major axis -+
b2'25 'I
(x-h)z (y-D2 lq-l-L:zJ
T+j-: I
6z-2525
400 : 2Ib2
#.*:1 400 _ u2
2l:o-
xz v2
.--r-:I
-400/21 2s
2IxzT--:yz I
400 25
35. Center: (2,3) 37. Center: (-2,3),a = 4,b:3 39. Center: (2,4),a - 2,6 -? - 1
a=3, b=t (r!-z)t *(y:g)r_,
.(r_2), *(y_4)2 _,
Vertical major axis 16 9
4l-
(, --h)'
*0 -=k\' = L
bz a2
(x-2)2 , (v-3|,2
l9
41. Foci: (0,0),(0,8) + c=4 43. Vertices: (3,1),(3,9) + a=4
Major axis of length 16 + a = 8 Center: (3,5)
b2=a2-61 -64-16=48 Minoraxisoflength6+b:3
Center: (0,4) = (ft, /c) Vertical major axis
(, --h)' 6 -=h)' +4 a2
b2
*0
'
-=k)'
02
=
-L L b2
=t
* +O-4)2:t (r-=3)'
+(y;5)2=t
48' U 9 16
45. Center: (0, 4) + a: 5
47. Vertices: (15,0)
Vertices: (-4,4),(4,4)+a:4 3 3
a=2c+4=2c+c=2 Eccentricity:i-"=io=3
22=42- b2 + F= 12 b2=a2- c2=25-9=I6
Horizontal major axis Center: (0,0) = (lr, &)
(x-h)2.(J-Dz
'r--n-: I (r-h)z.O-k)z
tz i-r-= t
", *,+0-.4)':L
f f
16 L2-:' u*to=t
49. Vertices: (tl, O) + a: 3 51. Area of ellipse- 2 (area of circle)
Half of minor axis length: 2 ==+ b - 2 Trab - znP
c2:a2-b2:g-4 -5 =+ c- #
Place the tacks ..6 feet from the center: (1..6, O) i,""tr}=:Ito''
Length of string:2a - 2(3) - 6 feet a:20
Length of major axis:2a : 2(20) : 4O units
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
53. Center: (0, 0) -> h: 0, k: 0
2a:0.34 + 4.08 :4.42
a : 2.2I
c - 2.2I - 0.34- 1.87
b2 : a2 - c2 :4.8841 3.4969: 1.3872
xz v2
-T-:r
a- D-
xz J-L-l
vz
4.88 r.39 ^
x2 ''2
)-
JJ. Fr
.trOr T -L
: l, we have c2 : a2 - b2.
-a- D-
When x : c:
s7.tg ' 16
:tto +4--l
a: 4,b - 3,c : J1
Points on the ellipse: (t3, 0), (0, t+)
recti,r;:
2b2 zQY:, 9
Length of latus
4 -
Additionar point" (*? , - Ji), (.? , Ji)
59. 5x2 + 3y' : 15
l*t:
35 I
(-+'"1) (+,fr\
a_ #,b - 6,c: O -4 4
Points on the ellipse' (t 6,0), (0, t ..,6) (-+,-,n) (+,-.nl
Length of latus rectr
'3
,;:2b2 2g: 6''R
5
Additionar points; (.f , - O), (.*, O)
61. True. If e - I then the ellipse is elongated, 63. False. c
not circular.
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
;2 ,2
OS. i *a:
b.
I
(a) c+b:20+b:2O-a
A=rab=ra(20-a)
(b) 2U = ra(20 - a)
O: -zmz * 2ona - 2&
O=tmz-2orm+2@
a = 14 or a :6. The equation of an ellipse with an area of 264 is
# . {: ,.
(c)
a 8 9 10 t1 12 l3
A 301.6 3l 1.0 314.2 31 1.0 301.6 285.9
The itrea is maximum when a : l0 and the ellipse is a circle.
(d) 380
24
The area is maximum (3 I4.t6) when a : b : l0 and the ellipse is a circle.
67. Geometric: r: ; 69.Arithmetic:d-l
71., an: dn * c: dn * (ot -d):(-i)"+(o*i) :I-1"
73. an: dn * c 7s. (- 3)" : s47 77. s(i)" : 34o.l5s
)o
as:d8+c:72
a3:d3*c:27
Subtracting, 5d : 45, d: P.
ar:a3 2d:27 18-9
Thus, an: 9n + (9 - 9) : 9n
Section 10.3 Hyperbolas
I A hyperbola is the set of all points (x, y) tre difference of whose distances from two distinct fixed poins
(foci) is constant.
I The standard equation ofa hyperbola with center (h k) and transverse and conjugate axes oflengths
?a ard2b is:
(x h)z (J L\2
<'l ff - - = I if the trave'rse axis is horizontat'
(*
rtl o -.t)t
a2 - :=h)' bz
= I if the traverse axis is vertical.
I c2 : a2 + D2 where c is the distance from the center to a focus.
{ONTINI.JED-
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
--CONTINT,]ED-
I The asymptotes of a hyperbola are:
h
(a) y = k t =@ - h) ifthe transverse axis is horizontal.
a
a
(b) y : k I
,(x -
h) the tansverse axis is vertical.
t The eccentricity of a hyperbola is : 9.
" a
I ToclassifyanondegenerateconicfromitsgeneralequationAl + qP + Dx* Ey * F= 0:
(a) IfA : C (A + O,C * 0),thenitis acircle.
O) IfAC:0(A = 0orC = 0,butnotboth),thenitisaparabola.
(c) If AC > 0, then it is an ellipse.
(d) If AC < 0, then it is a hyperbola.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Center: (0, 0) 3. Center: (1,0)
a: 3,b:5,c: ,.R a: 4,b - 2
Vertical transverse axis Horizontal transverse axis
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (a).
5. *-Y2:1 F,
l.
Y2 xz
v
14 i
a: lr$: lrc: O 3 +
t
Center: (0, 0)
a: IrS:2rc: 6 2
Center: (0, 0)
Vertices: (+ 1, 0)
t 1)
Vertices: (0,
Foci: (*.-fr'0) Foci: (0,*6)
Asymptotes: y : *x
Asymptotes: y : t:.
-2
I
-3 I
i
a
s.t--!:l
"zs 8l
a - 5,b:9,c: JGryF2: ffi
Center: (0,0)
Vertices: (0, t5)
(0,*..ffi)
Foci:
Asymptotes: y : 17 : *lgtt
486 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
LL.
(x- I)z _(O,+ 2)' _ I
4l
a:2,b - I,c : 6
Center: (l , -2)
Vertices: (- I , -2), (3, -2)
Foci: (r + 6, -2)
Asymptotes: y: -2*:@- 1)
13. 0/+6)'-(x-2)':1
a: I,b: lrc: fi
Center: (2, -6)
Vertices: (2, -5), (2, -7)
Foci: (2, -6 + O)
Asymptotes: y : -6 t (x - 2)
L5. 9xz - 36x - 6y + 18 -
- y2 o
s(f - 4x + 4) (y'+ 6y +e): -18 + 36- s
(x-2)2 _6,+3)':l
l9
a: l,b:3rc: fr
Center: (2, -3)
Vertices: (1, -3), (3, -3)
Foci: (z* fr,-3)
Asymptotes: y : -3 + 3(x - 2)
*-9y'+2x-54y-80:0
17.
(*+ 8r
J; i*-.#:;),:;'.1
y * 3: r+(x * l)
Degenerate hyperbola is two lines intersecting at (- l, -3).
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
19. 21. 9y'-f*2x+54y+62:0
g(y'+6y+9) (*'-zrc+1) --62 l+81
{y+3)'_(r-l)t_l
218
a: O,b - lrfz,c:2..R
Center: (1, -3)
Vertices: (t,-f t fi)
Foci: (t, -r r 2-6)
Asymptotes: y: -3 * l)
f,rrst for y. ln -
To use a graphing calculator, solve for y first.
9(y+3)2:18+(x- Dz
18+(x-l)2
9
Hyperbola
E
Asymptotes
-!--=
{
-E -tt'
-10
23. Vertices: (0, *2) =+ a - 2 25. Vertices: (t t, O) + a : I
Foci: (0, t4) =+ c : 4
b- + b-5
b2:c2-a2:16-4-L2 Asymptotes:y:t5x =+ -:)
a
Center: (0, 0) : (h, k)
Center: (0, 0)
t - _Or' _ (* :=h)'
a2 b2
_I
t_t:r
125
t- - *' :l
412
488 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. Foci: (0, t8) =) c : 8 29. Vertices: (2,0), (6,0) =+ a - 2
Foci: (0, 0), (8, 0) =+ c : 4
Asymptotes: Y: t4x =+ ?:+ + a:4b
b b2:c2-a2:16-4:12
Center: (0, 0) : (h, k) Center: (4, 0) - (h, k)
c2: a2 + b2 =+ 64: I6b2 + b2 (* . h)' _ (y -_k)' _ I
64:b, + az:rW4 az b2
t7 17 (x -4)z !' -
412-
I
o-D2 _@
az bz=4)',_1
vz - *?. _l
r024/r7 64/17
w r7f :I
rozi- 6s
31. Vertices: (4, 1), (4,9) =t a : 4
Foci: (4, 0), (4, l0) =) c : 5
b2:c2_a2:25 t6:g
Center: (4, 5) : (h, k)
O-b2 _(*-_h)':l
a2 b2
(y - 12 _(, - 4)'
: I
169
33. Vertices: (2,3),(2, -3) =+ a: 3
Solution point (0, 5)
Center: (2,0): (h,k)
t -,Or'
-
(* -=h)'
_ 1
az b2
y2 (x - 2)z
:9(x-: 2-)2 : 9eD2 369
9 b2
- I+ bz
y2-9 25-9 164
y2 (x - 2)z
:1
9 e/4
35. Vertices: (0,4), (0, 0) 37. Vertices: (1,2), (3,2) + a : I Center: (2,2)
Center: (0, 2\, a : 2 Asymptotes: y : x,! - 4 - x
0-2)'_*'- |
br
-: I ==t b: I
4b2^
"*-b,-2)r:l
Passes througr, (f,5)' ry - *: ll
5
bz-2-, '
4 ':;-b:2
0-2)'_x2 _ I|
4 4:
4E9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
= a- 3
39. Vertices: (0,2),(6,2)
Asymptotes: y :
22
T,y - 4 - T
b2 + b-2
;:t
Center: (3,2)- (h,k)
(x - h)2 _ (y -.k)'
_I
a2 bz
(x-3)z _(J-D2 _ |
94
4L. The explosion occutred on the vertical line
through (3300, 1100) and (3300, 0). (3300, I100)
d, - d, : 4(1 100) : MN
Hence 2a : MOO
a: 22W
c - 3300
b2:c2-a2
The explosion occurred on the hyperbola
x2 _yz
_ r'r
a2 bz
Letting x :3300, y2 : - t)
"(5
: (r:ooz - 220n2)(ffi- t)
=+ y : -2750
(3300, -2750)
43. Center: (0, 0) : (h, k)
Focus: (24,0) + c :24
: (24, 24)
Solution point
242:a2+b2 + b2:242_a2
(x - h)2 _ (y -=k)'
_I
az bz
* y2 242 242
:l
a-,-
:l:
'.t
242 - az a' 242 - a2
Solving yields a2 : (t - 6)zq, :220.0124 and bz - 355.98 76.Thus, we have f !': l.
220.0124 355.9876
The right vertex is at (a, 0) = (14.83, 0).
45.x2*4yz 6x*I6y+2I:0 47. y' - 4y - 4x - 0
A- l,C-4 A:0, C - I
AC:1(4)-4 AC:0(l)-0 ==+ Parabola
490 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
49.4P-2*-4y-8x - 15:0 51.4*+4y2- l6y * 15 =0
A=-2,C=4 A=4,C=4
AC:(-Z)(4):-8<0 + Hyperbola A:C + Circle
53. False. b * 0 because it is in the denominator. 55. Answers will vary. See Example 3.
57.(3x-*)t"* 4):3f+ r2x-ir-2 59.(x+y) + 3f2:(x+y)'+ 6(x+y) +9
=3f +?x-z = x2 +2ry * y2 + 6x+ 6y +9
61. * * 14x t 49 = (x*7)2 63.6f - Ilxz - 10x = x(6r,2 - lk - l0)
= x(3x + z)(u - 5)
6s' 4 - x * 4* - f =-i:--.1;I'1r-''
(4-rxr+iXr-;)
Section 10.4 Rotation and Systems of Quadratic Bquations
I Thegeneralsecond-degreeequationAf * Bry * Cr;z + Dx * Ey * F:0canberewrittenas
t(x')z + Cb))z + D'x' * E'y' * F' : 0 by rotating the coordinate axes through the angle
0, where cot20: (A - C)/8.
I .r: .x'cos 0 - y'sin 0
) : x'sin 0 * y'cos 0
I Thegraphof thenondegenerateequationA.f * Bry I Cf + Dx * Ey'l F = 0is:
(a) An ellipse or circle if 82 - 4AC <0.
(b) Aparabolaif 82 - 4AC = O.
(c) Ahyperbolaif 82 - 4AC>O.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. - 90"; Point: (0,4)
0
x':.rcos0- ysine- 0(cos90") 4(sin90')- -4
y' : x sin e + y cos e - 0(sin 90") * 4(cos 90") - 0
Thus, (x',Y'): (-4,0).
3. e - 30o; Point: (1, 6)
:r -y sin 0 - 30") :
x' cos 0 l(cos 6(sin 30')
+ - 3
y' :rsin 0 +ycos 0 - l(sin30") + 6(cos 30") = 3..fr
|*
Thus, (*', y )
49r PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5. xy* l-0
A=0,8-l,C:0
cot20 - +:0+ 20:;- e --
X
x-x'cosI-l'sinf, v: x'sini+l'rorf,
-x'(*)-v'(*) : .'(*)*v'(*)
x' y' x'+y'
,-_ fi- fi
ry*1 :0
(*'- v'\/r'* v'\ -0
\6)\-i)+r
.
W _(x')? _ I Hyperbola
22
7. * - 8xy * y' * 1 - 0
A:l,B:-8,C-l
cot2e:A- c -01 + 20 20:i 7r + o--!
, - 4
x : x'cos - l' sinff y:x'sin[+v'"o"f,
"^
-x'(*)-,(*) : x'(*)*Y'(*)
:;(''5 - v) : +e'+ v)
x2-8ry*y'*1-0
-3(*)' + 50)' : -l
(*)' (v')' _ I Hyperbola
r/3- r/s
492 PART I: Solutions to Otdd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9.ry-2y-4x:0
A:0,8-L,C-0
cotze-+ -_0=+ 20:;-0:i
x: x'cos
X- l'sinf, y - x'sin !-4+ l'"orf,
'9\-v'(4\
- x'l-\21 '\21 - x'({\+ ,'(4\
\21 J \21
_x'- y' x'+y'
o fi
ry-2Y-4x:O
(+)w)-4'H--(+)=,
ry'ry - {2'' - {zv' - z{z*' t 2-ftv'= s
t@),- o.rt '+ (trr)4ilr_r:nig;::g;: eo), _ (rt),
lu.
(*'- tfi)z _
_ (y, _E), I. rr
Hyperbola
t6 16
11. 5* - 6xy * 5y2 - 12 - 0
A : 5,8 : -6,C : 5
cot20 -+:0 - zg:*L4 -' 0:!
x:x,cos oo:8., - y)
i -y,sin
y :x,sin + y)
f, +y,cos i:8.,
5* - 6xy * 5rz - 12 - 0
'l*(*'-,)J' -'l*'-
yt*a' *,)1 + sl*o'+ y)f' :n
55
]tnz - 5x'y' + 7042 - 3(x)2 + 3(y )' + {x)' * ;(r)' - rz
+ 5*'y'
2(x)'+8(y)':12
w+q'r:lEuipse
6 3/2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. 3f - Z.frxy * y' + 2x + z.,fry - 0
A: 3,8
cotzo_A_c __+=o_60"
BJ3
x - .r' cos 60o - y ' sin 60o
x'- 'frv'
: x(;) - ,(+): 2
y: x'sin 0 + y'cos e -
fix'+y'
3x2-zrExy*y2 + 2x+2.,fry -o
-\ - 2-fY')I * zfi(fi*
+ 2(*' -'-\ ^* 2 I: o
Y')
, 2.,,f3x'y' , (y')z
T-T-
44
* x' - .,fry' + 3x' + -fry' -0
4O')'+ 4x' -o
x' : -0')'
Parabola
15. 9* + 24xy + l6y' * 9Ox - l30y - 0 v
A_9,8:24,C-16 i
+! a
AC :
a
+. a
a
0- 53.13o
a
cot20 - B
-*+ f a
a
a
a
a
a
a
7
cos 20 :
25
t-
ll cos20 | - ,(-7 /2s) :4
sin0- .V2 25
rT I
cos e-
/t*cos2o lr+(-7/25) 3
v2v2s
t--t-
y: x'sin 0 + y'cos 0
x: x'cos 0 - y'sin 0 / d\ /q\
: x'l;l + Jv'l:l
: x'(i) - v'(i) : 3x' - 4y' rj/
*
\5/
_ 4x' 3y'
5
9f + 24xy + I6y'* 90x - 130y - 0
- 4y'\' - 4y'\/4"' + 3Y'\ +161
. -l4x' +_3y')t _ ay'\ ,r*(x'
'\ s l * z4(y'
n(3x'
\ s /\ s / --\ s I * --\
n*fx' 5
I ---\ !3Y'\:
_
s I 0
LM(y',)' L68x'y' _288iu \2
8r(x')2 _ 2|6x',y', * *288(x')2 _ *256(x')z *384x'Y'
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
t, 144bt')2
25
* 54x' -'72y' - l04x' - 78!' : O
25(x')'- - 150y' : 0
5Ox'
- (x')2-2x'+l_6y'*1
../- W-x'
'Y63
Parabola
494 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. xz * xy *Y2:12 6
AC
cot 20 - ?-o+o:Ior45o (^ \
To graph the conic using a graphing calculator,
we need to solve for y in terms of x.
\ J
-6
Y2*xY:L2-x2
1
y2*xy -u - - 12-xz +
x2 x"
4 4
48
(, IY
3x2
2)
: x!ffi
v
2:- 2
Enter y, :
and y, -x-Jffi
19; L7*+3bry-7y':75 21. 32* + 50ry * 7y' : 52
A C: t7 +7 : 24 3
cot20 :
T 0 - 26.57o cot2e_A-C _32-7 :;+I 0:, JI.72"
U ;-- i+ 850
Solve for y in terms of x by completing the square. Solve for y in terms of xby completing the square.
-7y, * 32ry - -17* + 75 7Y'+50rY:52-3?*
vz -?, 7 -+
7' -!"' 7
yz+*"y -52-32x2
7- 7
., 32 256 A: 119 525T 256 50 T 625 52 32x2 625x2
Y'- ,xY
T
49 49 49 49 '
v- -T
'7' 49
-JLv
T
7 49
-.1- -tr -L- -^-
16 \2 375x2 - 525 | 25 \2: 364 + 4or* -
(, -Tx
t/ 4s lY-;xi
\t/49
v: T'I t6
V:
J7
25x ffi
v: l6x t sffi Enter y, : -25x*ffi
7
Use y, :
I6x+5ffi and y, -25x-ffi
7
and y,
r6x_sffi 6
6
\ \
\
\
\
\
-6
t\
\
-6
495 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
23.xy*4=0
82 - 4AC = I + The graph isahyperbola
a-f
cot20:'-==O==e
B
0=45"
Matches graph (e).
25. -?i43xy*2y2+3:O
Bz- 4AC = (3)2 - 4(-2)(2) :25 + The graph is a hyperbola.
B3 -f * 0- -18.43"
cot20=+:
Matches gaph (0.
27. 3* + 2xy + y2 - 10:0
82- 4Ac = (2)2 - 4(3Xl) : -8 + The graph is an ellipse or circle.
A-r
cot20='-=E
I =+ 0:22.5"
Matches graph (d).
29. 16* - 24xy + 9y2 I
- 30x - 40y =
(a) 82 - 4AC = (-24)2 - 4(16)(9) : 0
- Parabola
(b) 9y2 + (-24x - a0)y + (t0* - 30r):6
(24x + 40) x.
y-
l8
- (2+r + +o) t J3ffifffi
l8
/
-2
31. lsrP-8ry+7f-45:O
(a) 82 - 4AC = (-8)2 - 4(15X7) = -356 Ellipseorcircle
(0 T;z - 8ry + (r5* - 45) I=
.._s"+
v=T _8xt'ffi
L4
(c)
-
II
L/
-4
496 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice 'Tests
33. xz - 6xy - 5y' * 4x - 22 : 0
(a) 3z 4AC : (-6)' - 4(lX-5) - 56 -> Hyperbola
(b) -5y' - 6ry + (* + 4x - 22): 0
6x+
v_ --10
6xt
-10
(c) 6
) ,-l
-6
\
35. * + 4xy * - 5x - y - 3 - 0
4yz
:
(a) 3z - 4AC 42 - 4(1)(4) - 0 + Parabola
(b) 4y'*(4*- l)y+(*'-5x- 3)-0
(l I -4x*-m
v--
(c) 4
.fu
\
4
\
37. y2 - l6xz - 0 39. x2+2xy*y'-4 -0
Y2 : 16*
(x*ilz-4:0
y:+4x (x*Y)2:4
Two intersecting lines
x*Y:+2
Y:-xt2'
Two parallel lines
v
491 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
41. -x2*y2*4x-6y+4:O =+ (y-3)2-(x-2)2:l
*+y2-4x-6y + L2 -o:=t (x-2)2+0 3)2: I
2v'-lTv+16-o
20 2)O-4)-0
y-2 or Y-4
For y
x2-4x+4-0
(x-2)2_0
x=2
ForY:4i x2+42-4x-6(4) + 12 -0
.'-(:-*'l::
x:2
The points of intersection are (2,2) and (2, 4).
43. -4* - yz I6x + 24y - 16 : 0
4**y2*AOx-24v+208-0
24x + 192 - 0
24x: - I92
x: -8
For - -8,
x
- 4(64) - y2 16(- 8) + 24y 16 : 0
-y2 + 24y - 144 : o
y2-24y+144:o
o-12)'-o =+ y:12
Solution: (- 8, 12)
45. x2-y2-lb+l6y-64-0
*+v2-tzx-t6vt6!-o
2x2 24x - 0
x2 - rLx - o
x - o'r2
For x:0, -y211 ,l' *l o-
y2+ 64- o L6y
(y 8)t-0 :+ y-8
For x - 12, 144 - y2 L2(12) + L6y - 64 - 0
-vz + l6v - 64 - o y:8
Solutions: (0, 8), ( 12,8)
498 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
47.-16*- yz+24y- 80:O 49.*+yz:4
'16x2+25y2 -4(X)=0 3x-y2--O
2bP+24y-48O=O Adding *+3x-4=0
240+5)(y-4):0 (x+aXx_t)=0 :> x:1,_4
y=-5 oty:4
Forx: l' y = t-n
wheny: -5: l6xz + 25(-512- 400 = O
L6xz : -225
x: -4 is imPossible
No reat solution Solutions: (r, ./l), (t, - J3)
WhenY = 4: l6f + 25@)2 - 400 : 0
16l=0
r:0
The point of intersection is (0, 4).
In standard form the equations are:
f,o-rz1z =\
7- *
*vz
ll
25 16
51, f +2y'-4x+6y- 5-0
-x+y-4:0 =+ y:x+4
* + 2(x + 4)2 - 4x * 6(x + a) - 5 : 0
x2 +2x2 + 16x* 32- 4x*6x+24 5 -Q
3x2+l8x*51 :0
No real solutions
53. ry*x-2y+3:0+ y:= z
*+4y'-9-o
f + +(-* --t)' : s
\ x- z /
*(x - + 4?x - 3)' : 9(x - 2)2
2)z
f(* - 4x + 4) + 4(f * 6x + 9) : 9(f - 4x + 4)
t' - 4x3 + 4f * 4x2 * 24x * 36 : 9x2 * 36x * 36
f-4x3-**60x:0
* 3)(*' - 7x * 20)- 0
x(x
x : 0 0r x : -3
Note: xz - 7x * 20 - 0 has no real solution.
Whenx:o: y:.0-3:1
-2 0 2
Whenr: -3: y:#-0
The points of intersection are (o,1),(- 3, 0).
\
499 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
S5.True. 82 - 4AC =| - 4k
I
lf k < :4, then 82 - 4AC < O.
57. (x)z + (J)'- (xcos 0 * ysin q2 + Ocos 0 - xsin 0)2
: x2 cos2 0 + 2xycos dsin 0 * yzsinz 0 - 2xycos gsin 0 * *
+ y2cos2 0 sin2 0
: x2(cos20 * sin2 0) + y2(sin20 * cos2 0) = x, * y2 : P
59. S(x) :L 6r. h(t):;?: -t - 2 +_2t4
z-x
Asymptotes: x : 2,! :0 Slant asymptote: : -t
y 2
Intercepts: (0, l) Vertical asymptote: t - 2
.v Intercept: (0, 0)
(0, I
-2 -l
-2
-3
4
-;]t3 _:] : ls el
63. (a) AB:
l: t- 2s 7)
(b) BA: -;] : 30-l
t3 -i]t; l'? -20J
(c) A2:l; -;]t; -;] : - t8l
h; reJ
65. (a) AB : 14 -2 +8+ zsl:
',11]: Itz [4s]
| 3l L2 -6 tsl
(b) BA :l-41t4 -2 sl:l-I 168
L sJ L 20 -10
-20
2sJ
|
(c) 4z does not exist.
67. (x + 8)t a - 688, 128 69. (r- 4y)'o a -53,760
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 10.5 Parametric Equations
I If/and g are continuous functions of t on an inlerval /, then the set of ordered pairs (f(r), g(r)) is a plane
curve C. The equations r = ,f(t) and y = gG) are parametric equations for C and t is the pararneten
I You should be able to graph plane curves with your graphing utility.
I To eliminate the parameter:
Solve for t in one equation and substitute into the second equation.
I You should be able to find the parametric equations for a graph.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
11 7. x: lnr €+ t-d
l. x=t 3. x: {t 5. X:- + l=-
tx I
y:t+2 y:t
y:t+2 v:;t-2
Y:x+2line Y : x2 Patabola, -r > 0 I I
Matches (c). Matches (b). y:-+2
x
v:;d-2
Matches (a). Matches (O
9. x: J,y:2 - t
(a) (b) Graph by hand
t 0 I 2 3 4
Note: x > 0
x 0 I .,n 6 2
v 2 I 0 -l -2
(c) 3 (d) !:2 t-2-xzParabola
\
\
-3
In part (c), x
501 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
LL. x: tr! : -4t 13. x:3t + L,y: 2t - I
y : -4x
y:2(+\ 2 s
\ 3I 1
^:i*-torLx-3y 5-0
I
15. x- ot'Y-P 17. x- t + 5,y : i'
y : (4x)' y:(*-5),
y:l6f
L9. x :2t 21. x:3cos0 | *\' : cos2 g
y:v-21 l;/
y:3sin0 =+
(vY: sinz
., o
v
\;/
+f*y'-9
,:| + v: It-21
l;-,1
).- 4l
s02 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
: I : t3 =:+ xr/l - |
23. x e*t =+ x et 25. x
y:e3' ==> y : (e')3 y:3lnt =+ y: lnf3
Y : ln(rtll;r
v:(l \-r,
3
Y : lnr
y :1,I r)0, y>0
x"
.v
l0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
x: (*\' : . : 4 + zcos o =+ (r+)' : cos2 o
27. 4sin20 ",
29. x
\;/
sinz 2o
\zl
y:2cos20 ==>
(vY: cosz 2o , y : -l + sin0 (y + l)' :sin20
\;) lx - 4\2
|: I + 0 + 1)2 : cos2 0 + sin2 o
xz
- .u L:
yz
Sin220 * cosz 20
\21
164 (*-4)',
x2 vz 4
l)':1
:.r.- -
164 1
-+(y+
Ellipse
Ellipse
1
L J
h,
-3
-1
3L. x- 4sec0 =+ (l)t : secz o 33. *: I
\4/
: ln(r2 + l)
Y:3tan0 + f+)' : tanz o
Y
\3/ E
| *\' lvY :
t-t t;f sec2 0 - tan2 0
:
\4/ \3/
f _yz _ r
E
16gt -6
Hyperbola
-6
503 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. By eliminating the parameters in (a)-(d), we get
y : 2x * l. They differ from each other in restricted
domain and in orientation.
(a) Domain: -oo <x<oo
Orientation: Left to right
(b) Domain: -l <x< I
Orientation: Depends on g
(c) Domain: 0 <.x < oo
Orientation: Right to left
(d) Domain: 0<-r<oo
Orientation: Left to right
39. x:h+acos0 41. x: xr + t(xr- rr) - 0 + r(5 - 0) - 5t
Y:k+Dsin0 :
! lt * t(Iz- 1lr) - 0 + t(-2 0) : -2t
x-h : (Solution not unique.)
cos 4
+:sin o
(x - 1x1z (y - k)2
T+jf: r
43. From Exercise 38: 45. From Exercise 39: 47. y :3x - 2
x:2+4cos0 a : 5, c : 4, and hence, Examples:
y: I + 4 sin 0 b:3. x:t x:2t
Solution not unique x-5cos0
y:3t-2 y:6t-2
Y:3sin0
Center: (0,0)
Solution not unique
49. x-2(0-sin0) 51, x:3cos34 y:3sin30 53. x:Zcot0, v: 2 sinz 0
y:2(l-cos0) a 4
10
\ \
\4.) \ a
-1 -4
-10
55. Matches graph (b). 57. Matches graph (d).
504 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. x: (vocos0)r, y:h+ (rosin0)r- L6*
.
(a) l00 miles/hour :
100 mi/hr ' 5280 ftlmi (c) e- 23"
- :
: x- (146.67 cos 23")t 135.0r
146.67 ft/sec
x: (146.67 cos 0)r
v: 3 + (146.67 sin 23")t - l6P
3 + 57.3t - l6P
v: 3 + (146.67 sin 0)t - I6P
(b) 0- 150
60
x: (146.67 cos l5o)r - I4I.7t
v: 3 + (146.67 sin 15")t - l6P
3 +38.0r- I6t2
30
Yes, it is a home run because y > 10 when r- 400.
(d) e : 19.4" is the minimum angle.
It is not a home run because y < 10 when .r : 400.
61. True 63. The graph is the same, but the orientation is
x:t firstset reversed.
y:i2+ 1:*+ I
x - 3t second set
y:gP+l-(3t)r+1:f+1
65. x2-6x+4:0 6il . x4 - 18x2 + 18: 0
x: 6r-ffi :31 6 x2:
18+ffi :gtG
x: +Js + G,LJg G
t- t-
[Four solutions: x - +4.1 155, + 1.0309]
69.
2w(2or)
8(2oo) : 18,500 71."1
ry:+(70)-*try] --#
-, -994.5833
(?"
73.ji'o(?)": ,ot- - mfr - 29.6532
r-l
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 10.6 Polar Coordinates
I In polar coordinates you do not have unique representation ofpoints. The point (r, 0) can be represented by
(r, 0 + Znn) or by (-r, g + (2n + t)z) where n is any integer. The pole is represented by (0, 0) where g
is any angle.
f To convert from polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates, use the following relationships.
x:rcos0
y: rsin 0
I To convert from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, use the following relationships.
,: +JPTV
tan0:yfx
If is in the same quadrant as the point (x, y), then r is positive.
0 If I is in the opposite quadrant as the point
(x, y), then r is negative.
I You should be able to convert rectangular equations to polar form and vice versa.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
5 rt\
1.. Polar coordinates , ( O,'2l
!\ 3. Polar coordinates: f - l, 4)
\ \
- +.or/3) (sn\ fr
x--r 'o'\7/:
x
\2 I
- o
2
\41 -fr
)':4ri"f+) :4 y:-r,t"f+)
\2 I 2
Rectangular coordinates: (0, 4) Rectan:utut coordinates
(,n fi\
:
\2'T)
.l
-)
p
5.
Three additional representations: Three additional representations:
(-o,T), (0, -+),(- o,-t) (',f),(-',+),(-5, -+)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
11..
Three additional representations: Three additional representations:
-+),( - vi, - ou),( - *, (Zs\ ( 13'\ (-l -z\
( vi, T) \r't)'\-r'T )'\-r'-t)
13. Polar coordinates: (
(-, {) 15. Polar coordinates:
\re
- r. -lg\
4)
x:4c o'\I -;)-
zr\
2 x - _l 'o'\l-3n\ O
4 /: 2
y :+ sir( : -2.6 y:_rsin(#) :*
I
Rectangular coordinates: (2, -26) Rectangular coordinates: (*, *)
r7. Polar coordinates: (t, -?) (origint) 19. Polar coordinates: (rr.&\
\"-' z I
( x: /5zr\: 0,yy : 32tt--\ :
7zr\
r:oc o'l - o 32cosfT o, 32rtr/&\
6 )- ) 2I
32
-',
y:os'( 7''\ Rectangular coordinates: (0, 32)
''\-e/ -o t
Rectangular coordinates: (0, 0)
507 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
21. Polar coordinates , (n,236)
x: Ocos(2.36) :,-1.004
y: fisin(2.36) - 0.996
Rectangular coordinates: (- 1.004, 0.996)
23. (r, 0)
25. (r,0)_ (-4.5, 1.3) ==+ (*, y) : (- I .204, -4.336)
27. Rectangular coordinates: (- 7,0) 29. Rectangular coordi nates: ( l, 1)
r:7,tan0:0,0:O r-- O, tano: l , r:oo
Polar coordinates: (7, ,), (-7, 0)
Polar coordinates: (o, x), (-o,T)
5
4
3
2
I
-9-8 -7-6-54-3-2-r
-2
-3
-4
-5
31. Rectangular coordinates: (- 3, 4) 33. Rectangular coordinates: ? g, - fi)
r -- -ffi:5, tan 0: -t, Q - 2.214
r:JEt3:fi,tanl: l, e- 7r
Polar coordinates: (5,2.214), (-5, 5.356) 4
-\-l
Porar coordinates: (A,+), ( - '.6, 4l
-3 -2 -r
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
35. Rectangular coordinates: (4, 6) 37. (r,y): (3,-2) ==+ r- ffi - fr
e - arctan( -?) : -0.588
r: ffi-2fr,.ulnl- 1, Q-0.983
2' (r, 0): ( fr, -0.588)
Polar coordinates: Q.rc, 0.983), (- zfr,4.L24)
v
A
o* a
a
o
5+
NT
J?
,i !
'T t
--'i--'+--'+'-'+--'{'-..+-.-+--{.'>
!r 234s67
-l+
39. (", y) : (,fr,2) ==+ r: ,ffi:Jj
/2 \
4r. (,, y) : (;,il ==+ r:ffi:+
e- arctanl6) - 0.857
o - u,r,un(#)- o.4eo
(r, o) - (Jj,0.857)
(r,o): (+,o.4eo)
43. (",y) : (0,-5) -) (r,0): (5, - 1.571) : (t, -;)
45. (a) x2 + !2 : 49 47. (a) x2 + y2 - 2ax - 0 49. (a) x:12
*:49 P-2acos0:0 rcos 0 - 12
r:7 r(r - 2acos 0) - 0 r- I?sec0
(b) x2+Y2:a2 (a r:2acos0 (b) x:a
r:a (b) x2+y2-2ay-0 rcos 0 = a
P-2asinO:0 r: asec 0
r(r-2asin0)-0
r:2asin0
51. (a) e:4 53. (a) y2 : x3
(r cos 0)(, sin 0)- 4 ,r':;?;
r2 cos 0sin 0 : 4 ::::: ?'
P(2 cos 0 sin 0) - 8 sin2 0
y'sin20:8
r:;ffi:tanz0sec0 a
f-8csc29 (b) x2 : Y3
(b) Zry: I (rcosyr:$?,
2(r cos e)(, sin 0) - I
*(2 cos 0 sin g) - I : cos2 0:
r cotz^ ocsc o
fsin20:l ;;]T
f - csc20
509 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
55. r - 4 sin 0 57. 0 : !6 59. r: 4
P - 4rsin g n P-16
*+Y2:4Y tan0: wJ x2 + y2: 16
3
*+y2-4y-o y.-fi
x3
v
J3 : 'fr-,
.,[lr-3y-o
61. r : -3 csc 0 63. P:cos0
rsin e - -3 13: rcos 0
y: -3 (t,+y2)3/2-x
x2+Y2:*/3
(*'+y2)3:x2
I
65. r - 2sin30 67.
l-cos0
r -- 2(3 sin 0 - 4 sin3 0)
r - rcos e - I
f-6fsin0-8fsin30
(*+y2)2:6(*+y')y-8yt ffir-x: I
(*+y2)2:6*y-2yt x2+Y2:1 +2x*x2
Y2:2x*l
69.. r : 71. r:3
2 3sin0
r(2- 3sin0) -6
P-e
2r: 6 + 3rsin 0 *+y2:9
z(*ffi$: 6 + 3y
4(*+yr):(6+3y),
4f*4Y2:36+36Y*9Y2
4*-5y'-36y-36:0
73. e:!4 75. r:3sec0
-3
rcos 0
tan 0 : tan! x:3
4
x-3:0
::1 I
y:x 2
x-y:0 3
77. True, the distances from the origin are the same.
510 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
79. (a) (rr,0): (rr,yr) where x, - rl cos 0, and y, : r, sin 0r.
Vz, 0r) : (xz, I) where x2 : 12 cos 0t and lz : r, sin 0r.
Then xtz * yrz : rr2 cos' 0, + rrz sinz 0, : rrz and xz2 * yzz : rr2. Thus,
d-
Yzz
* vlz)
: J rr2 t, rz2 - 2(rrrrcos 0, cos 0, * rtrzsin 0, sin 0r)
_ Jrrz I rz2 - 2rrrrcos(0, 0r).
(b) rf 0r - 0r, the points are on the same line through the origin. In this case,
d- fr- : m: lr, rzl.
(c) If 0r e2 : 9oo, d - ffi, the Pythagorean Theorem.
(d) For instanc",(r, gives n:2.0s3and(-r,
4zr\ . ,
d - 2.053. (same!)
A,(-,f) +),(-*, T )grves
81,. D-l
5 -?l-s zr--16
lr
E3. D-lz I
-z rl
:3s
-31
l-r ll ll -3 el
D*: l-tt -71:-11 -21- -32 lo -2 rl
| -, ll D.:lo I
'l -31 -N
D :l
s -l1l :-15 33:-48 18 -3
I
el
" l-3 -31 o
ne-4--32
lr o -31 :88
Dr:lz
tl
Jtt
D -n'
-16 ll 8 el
v:;:
Dy -48
-*:3 lr I
D,:12
-z ol
0l :56
lr48l
J+D357
D_408
--
l'-Dv-88
JD35
_ __4.
t'D355 _{: q
85. (x + 5)8. ax3 : 175,000x3. a : 175,000 87. (2x - y)rz.of,y': - 101 ,376f,y5. a- - l0 1,376
511 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section IO,7 Graphs of Polar Equations
I When graphing polar equations:
l. Test for symmetry
@) e : rr/2: Replace (r, 0)by (r, r - (-r, -0).
0) or
(b) Polar axis: Replace (r,0)by (r, -0) or (-r, n - 0).
(c) Pole: Replace (r, 0) by (r, r I 0) or (-r,0).
(d) r : /(sin 0) is symmetric with respect to the line 0 : n/2.
(e) r : /(cos 0) is symmeftic with respect to the polar axis.
2. Find the 0 values for which lrl is maximum.
3. Find the 0 values for which r : 0.
4. Know the different types of polar graphs.
(a) Limagons (b) Rose Curves, n 2 2
r:atbcos0 r:acosn9
r=aX.bsin0 r:asinn0
(c) Circles (d) kmniscares
r:4cos0 *:a2cosZ|
r=asin| f :a2sin20
r=a
I You should be able to graph polar equations of the form r : f(0) with your graphing utility. If your utility
does not have a polar mode, use
x = f(t) cos t
y : f(t) sin t
in parametric mode.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. r:3 cos 20is a rose curve. 3. r -- 3cos 0is acircle. 5. r : 6 sin 20 is a rose curve.
7. r : 10 + 4 cos 0
7f
e - *:
z -r-
l0 + 4cos(-0)
- r : 10 + 4 cos 0 Not an equivalent equation
r:10 + 4cos(zr - 0)
r : l0 + 4(cos ?r cos e + sin zr sin 0)
r : 10 - 4 cos 0 Not an equivalent equation
Polar axis: r : l0 + 4 cos( - 0)
r -- 10 + 4 cos 0 Equivalent equation
Pole: -r : l0 + 4 cos 0 Not an equivalent equation
r -- 10 + 4 cos(zr * e)
r : 10 + 4(coszr cos e - sin zr sin 0)
:rll*ffiin,",0J,'ffill::" equation
on,*J
s12 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
6 1.1.. r -- 6 sin 0
g- r: l-rsin0
i
t:t
A7r
-r:6sin(-e)
e:!2, r: l+sin(r-0)
r:6sin0
6
r: 1 + sin zrcos 0 - cos asin 0
Equivalent equation
Polaraxis: r:6sin(-0)
6
r-1+sino r : -6 sin 0
Not an equivalent equation
Equivalent equation
Polar
axis:
r:re 6 -r:6sin(zr- 0)
- r : 6(sin ?r cos e - cos rr sin g)
6
r:1-sino -r :6 sin 0
Not an equivalent equation
Not an equivalent equation Pole: -r:6sin0
Not an equivalent equation
-r: 1*sin(zr- e)
r:6sin(zr* e)
6
-r -- 1 + sin o r : -6 sin 0
Not an equivalent equation
Not an equivalent equation
6 Answer: Symmetric with respect to 0 :
The -r: 1 + sin o
;-
pole:
Not an equivalent equation
=@ 6
6
=l-sin;
Not an equivalent equation
'Answer: Symmetric with respect to 0 :
t.
1.3. r: 4sec 0csc0
0- 7r.
2' -r:4sec(-0) csc(-e)
-r:-4sec0csc0
r :4 sec Ocsc 0
Equivalent equation
Polar axis: -r : 4 sec(z - 0) csc(ir - 0)
- r : 4(-sec 0) csc 0
r:4sec flcsc0
Equivalent equation
Pole: r:4sec(zr* g)csc(rr* e)
r : 4(-sec 0X-csc 0)
r:4sec 0csc0
Equivalent equation
Answer: Symmeric with respect to e - n/2, pole axis, and pole
513 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
15. f - 25sin20
t : ,,7r (- r)2 - 25 sin(z(- 0))
P - -25 sin20 Not an equivalent equation
P - 25 sin(2(n - 0))
P - 25 sin(2r - 20)
P - 25(sin 2r cos 2e - cos 2n sin 20)
P - -25 sin20 Not an equivalent equation
Polar axis: P - 25 sin(2(- 0))
P - -25 sin20 Not an equivalent equation
(- r)' : 25 sin(Z(r, - o))
* - -25 sin20 Not an equivalent equation
Pole: (- r)' : 25 sin(20)
P - 25 sin20 Equivalent equation
Answer: Symmetric with respect to pole.
17. lrl : llo(l sin o)l 19. lrl : la cos 301- 4lcos 3el s4
: 1ol1 sin ol < to(2) : 2o lcos 301
: I
11 sinol :2 cos 30 : tl
I sin0-2 or I sin0: -2 e_ rr 2rr
sin0: -l sin0- 3 ''t'T'n
7r2n
0-T3r Notpossible Maximum: lrl -4when 0-C''T'T'n
r:0whencos30:0
Maximum: lrl : 2|when 0 - +. rrrr5n
f' : e,r,
2
r:0when 1 sin0-0 6'
sin0:1
0:;.rrz
2l.Circle:r:5 23. r:4it
6
a circle. 25. r:3sin0
Symmetric with respect to 0:t
1
Circle with radius of'2
st4 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. r:3(1 - cos 0) 29. r:3 4cos0 3L. r:6+ sin0
Cardioid Limagon Convex limagon
33. r -- 5 cos 30 35. r : 7 sin20 37. r:- 0
2
Rose curve Rose curve
Symmetric with respect
4 petals TT
to03-
z
Spiral
,t
z
39. -102r< 0<l0n 41. 0 43. 0
n
7r
4 1 10
a :\.,\.
aaa
-1
U \
-to
'.... l'
7r
45. 0 47. 0
2
49. -2n< 0<2rr
C
6 2
I
ttl
/ A .^
\-/ \-/
\:
-6 / -2
-4
515 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practic€ Tests
51, 0 53. 0 55. r:3 2cos0,0
2 12 4
so a-
-2
-- -4
L -4
57. r:2 + sin 0, 0< 0<2rr se. r:r'"'(#),0< o<4rr
5
( )
\ J
-3
ffi -2
61. P - 4sin20,0< t.i 63. r:2 sec0
(Ut" t, : .lme and rr: - @e.) x -- - I is an asymptote.
4
2
o
o -2
-4
,)
65. ,:a e 67. False. If 0 --
+, | = 4 69. False. It has 5 petals
y : 2 is an asymptote.
3
\ u
-1
71. (a) ,-g (c) 13
-\ :)
( ( (
!) \-/ \.-/ \-/
-8 -5 -3
The angle Q rotates the graph aroundthepole. Inpart(c), r: uf t * cos(, - ;)l:6[l * sin 0].
516 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73. Use the result of Exercise'12.
(a) Rotation: Q:!
2
Original graph: r : /(sin 0)
r :/\sinlu
Rotated graph:
I tr-g))
- r(-coso)
Zt t
(b) Rotation: 0: n
Original graph: r -- /(sin 0)
Rotated graph: r - /(sin(e - n)) : f(-sin g)
(c) Rotation: Q,
: rT
Original graph: r : /(sin 0)
| |
: /lsin1 3zr\\ : f(cos 0)
Rotated graph: r e-
; ))
r:2sif^l ^ ;
v-r))
75. (a) r:zsinfz(r-f)] (b)
"L'\
- 4,i.( e -;) *'('-;) - zsin(20 - n)
. -2 sin 20
- z,in(ze - t) - -4 sin 0cos 0
- sin20- ficos20
(c) r--zsin[z(r-?] (d) r:Zsinl2(e - ?r)l
-2sin(20-2rr)
-Q,'i'( e-T),",( o-T) - 2 sin20
- 4 sin 0cos 0
-z,i'(ze-+)
: fi cos20 sin 20
77. r:2+kcos0
k:O k- I
Circle Convex limagon
4 1
r \
\ )
(\
\ J
-4 -a
k:2 k:3
Cardioid Limagon with inner loop
t
4 4
.. .(
(
IJ
.)
-1 -4
517 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
79. ar:2,a8:23 81. ar: 150, ak+l : ak - 18
as : at + (8 l)d, a2: 150 - 18 : I32
23 aj: 132 18 : LI4
at: 2, az: 5, al: 8, a4: lL, ar: 14 a4: lI4 18 : 96
ar:2+(n 1)3-3n I as:96 l8:78
d - -l8,an: 150 + (n lX- l8) : 168 r8n
20 ,ro 18
OT:840 8s. )(" + *1
' S /!t'
.2,0n -
83. ^20(2t) s) r"
n:l n:l 2 '3o\gl ,17
r-g
: 7860
Section 1,0.8 Polar Equations of Conics
I The graph of a polar equation of the form
ep or r:
ep
'= I t;"*; lt;.in?
is a conic, where e > 0 is the eccenricity and lpl is the distance between the focus (pole) and the directrix.
(a) If e < l, the graph is an ellipse.
(b) If e : l, the gaph is a parabola.
(c) Ife > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
I Guidelines for finding polar equations of conics:
(a) Horizontal directrix above the 'P
- 1*esin0
pole: r ,
(b) Horizontal directrix below the pole: r - ---92--
1-esin0
(c) Verticaldirectrixotherightof thepole: ,=
,#*"e
(d) Vertical directrix to the left of the pole: , :
T:cos 0
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1.. 3.
3. Matches (b).
f
7. Matches (d).
(Parabola e (Hyperbola e : 2)
- 1)
518 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. r:-
l-cos0
6
ll. r- 4- ocoso
=-
I
l-lcoso
e- I so the graph is a parabola. 4
Vertex: (r, 0) - (3, n) I
e: 4'P - 4
,g
2
Ellipse
Vertices:
(,,0): (i,r),(1,
')
13. . r--+:
4+3sin0 15.
4
2+3sin0
I .lsin 0 I .lsin 0
,: ] eilipse ,:I hyperbola
Vertices: (r, o) : (i, ;), (t, +) vertices: (,,0): (i,;),(- o,+)
1
17.r-# :-
1
4
2cos0
e : 2 hyperbola
Vertices: (r, 0) : (j'')'(i,4
lg- r:*,,. 126 r:
Parabola 21. f:-:-
2 coso r-+coso 23.
I ,or( t-i)
4 2
\
ellipse (r: +)
rotated parabola
n
/ \ 15
(
J
-4
\ -/
-10
V
-5
519 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
25.r: t
,rotatedellipse 27.e:Lrx:-lrp:l
4+ l rin( o +
i)^\'Lr''.'* Vertical directrix to the left of the pole
4
r: l(l) I
-
1-lcos0 1-cos0
,,)
a -E
I
29. e: ),1: l,p: L 31. e:2,x: l,p = 1
Horizontal directrix above the pole Vertical directrix to the right of the pole
(r/2)(r) |
'r=_____-______r:_
2(r) 2
l+(L/2)sin? 2*sin0 l+2cos9 l*2cos0
l*\
33. Vertex: (t,-;) ) s:l,p:2 35. Center: (3,r);c=3,o:5,":]
vertical directrix to the right of the pole
Horizontal directrix below the pole
l(2) 2
r=l*l1in0:l_rin, r=,l+(3/5)cose
9/rt).0 .=="t'
5+3cos0
2:#
o=f
'=#T*=s+*;0
. l- 3n\ 5 o r'L-
37. Center: a:4,e:i
= 5, 39. When 0:O,r: c * a: e4* a= a(I + e).
\t,;)tc
Horizontal directrix below the pole Therefore,
-_ 6/0p _ 5p
t:;6745ine:;l5rind a,:r+e\-."P
1- ecoso
.t= 5p 4(1 +exl-e)=eP
4-5sin(3it/2) a(l-e2):sp.
p: 9S --
Thus,r:
eP (l - *'la
l:;"*_0: I _r"or0.
s(e/s) e
':;_l'1n7: J_5**
106) 9.293r x tf
l-l _ (0.Ot67l2f(92.957 x
rr"- 1-o.ol67cos0 l-0.0167cos0
Perihelion distance: r :92.957 x 106(1 - 0.0167) = 9.1405 x 107
Apheliondistance: r:92.957 x lff(l + 0'0167) - 9.4509 x 107
520 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
43. Radius of earth = 4(XX)miles. Choosa r = L.
I- ecos 0
vertices: (126,800, 0) and (4119, i)
126,800 + 4il9
o:-:65,459.5
c .= 65,459.5 - 4Il9 = 61,340.5
c 61.340.5
":;: #n.r- 0.937
ta:lllilo-
^epepep,ep2ep
l- =
eco(",) L - "- r+
"= L - d2
a(t - ez\
:8525.2
Thus,P =
e
Thus.r -
-----s2--4
r-ecos0 l-0.937cos0
When 0 = 60", r = L5,U29 and the distance from the surface of the earth to the satellite is
15,029 - 4000 = 11029 miles.
_!
rr. r -.T-
43
-3-3sin0 l*sin0
False. The directrix is below the pole.
47. 4 +4: I *,2 + rvz
a2 b2
49.
169 r44 - l
*cosz0*f1llr0:l
a2 b2
a: l3,b: - 5,r: *
l2,c
ry*W:r
Pbz cos2 o + Paz - *a2 cos2 o - a2b2
-., I (25 144cos2 g 169 24,336
r:
/169) - 25 cosz 0
P(b' - a2) cos2 o + *a2 - a2b2
For an ellipse, b2 : - a2 -c2. Hence,
_ *cz cos2 0 + pa2
- a2bz
/ -\2
-P(g)-cos2 e + P - b2, e:9
\al a
-Pez cos2 e +* - b2
P(l e2 cosz 0) : bz
bz
P-
- I
ez cos2 0'
tt.# =# tt.
,o+r=90,720 55. r2ca =220 57. ,fs=720
=fQ
szl PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Review Exercises for Chapter L0
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Hyperbola 3. Vertex: (4,2) - (h, k) 5. Vertex: (0, 2) : (h, k)
Focus: (4, 0) =+ p - -2 x--3 =+ p-3
Directrix:
(x-h)2:4P0-k) (v-k'):4p(x-h)
(x - 4)' : -8(Y 2) (Y-2)2:rb
7. xz : -zvy --
I
- 4(-1)
,)v,p -- -,
/ t\
Focus:
[.0, -tl
I
4:;* b
a
I
a
a
- o)'+ (\-2 *;) --;
a
5
dz: J +
a
Q a
a
dt:dz =+ i*r:] ==+ b-2
,2
* : 4= :
Slope of tangent line
0-2? -2 -2-
Equation:y +2: -2(x-Z)
Y:-2x+2
x-intercept: (1, 0)
9. Vertex: (0, L2), opens downward
x2:4p(y-L2)
(4, l0) on parabola: 16 -- 4p(10 - 12) : - 8p p: -2
* - -8(y - 12)
Wheny:0,*:96 ==+ x:4-re
Width at ground level: S-,.ft : !9.6 meters
LL. Vertices: (-3,0), (7,0) + a - 5, (h,k) : (2,O) 13. Vertices: (0, 1), (4, 1) + a : 2, (h, k) _ (2, l)
Foci: (0, 0), (4,0) =+ c : 2 Endpoints of minor axis: (2,0),(2,2) + b : I
b2 : a2 - c2 :25 - 4:,2I (* -=h)'
+0;=k)' :1
L- t)'-+T:1
- (y - k)2 a2'62
aP (*-2)'+0-l)r:l
(x - 2)2 + f : I 4
25 2r
lS. a:5,b-4 + c-Ofr:3.
Place the foci three feet on either side of the center.
s22 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. l6(x2 - 2x * l) + 9b/2 + 8y * 16) - - 16 + 16 + 144
16(x-t)t+9(y+4)':lM
(r- I)'-(y++)z _ I
916
Center: (1, -4)
a = 4rb - 3rc: -,m - J1
Vertices: (1, 0), (1, - 8)
Foci' (1, -4 + Ji)
e: cJj 4
19. Center: (- 2, I) 21. Center: (-2,3), o: 8, c : 10,
a: l1,b:9,c- @: fr b-
Vertices;(- 2, I1), ( -2, - 9) (x+2)z _(y-3)':l
Foci: (-z,t + fr) @36
ts
v
fr
23. Foci: (0, 0), (8, 0) :+ c :- (4, 0) 4, (h, k) 25. 9(f - + l) l6b' * 2y * l) - 151 + 9
2x 16
AsYmPtotes: Y:I2(x-4)+
b 9(*-l)'- 16(y+ l)':144
-2,b:2a
(*-I)'_(y+t)'_l
b2 : cz - atz ; 4az -16 - :,2 Y ^, - & 16 g-: I
", =a - ,b-: T
(x - h)2 _(y - k)' Center: (1, -l) a:4,b - 3,c - 5
_I Vertices: (5, - l), (- 3, - 1)
az b2
(x-4)z _f__l Foci: (6, -l),(-4, -l)
16/5 U/5 I
5(x - 4)2 _5y'
Asymptotes: y: -l *?. - l)
: I
16&^
27. G -
z)z _ (y + 5)'
4"rc4 _I
a: 4,b - 2,c - 26
Center: (3, - 5)
Vertices: (7, -5), (- l, -5)
Foci: (3 r z$, -5)
Asymptotes: y: -5 * iA - 3)
s23 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
29. d, - d, - 186,000(0.0005)
x:@ + yz:b44-t)
\61- /
'::'^i., : (100, - 46.sr(ffi- t)
c, : 100
0)
>T
- 5211.57
b--ffi + y:72.2
4_4:1
a2 bz
72.2 miles north
31,. 3xz * 2y2 I2y + 29 _ 0
- l2x *
3(*2 - 4x + 4) + 2(yz + 6y + 9) : -29 + 12 + 18
3(x-2)'+2(Y+3)':1
Ellipse
33. ry-4:O
A:0,8-L,C-0
cotzo:o;c
Bv4
-o + e:!
fi6
--;(.'- v),v:
x t(*'+ Y)
x!:4
/'-) fl
t@'- v);(r'* -4
-
v)
tl
;(.)2-;(y)2:4
(*)' (t!' 1
-
88^ -- Hyperbota
35.5f -W*5y'-12 -0
A: 5,8: -2,C:5
cot20:0 - 0:t
*t.' - y),y :;(r'
$.a6 + v)
x-
5f - ?.xY * 5Y2 : T2
- v rJl*(x' *, )] +'l+(x' *, )]'
: T2
(*)r+ (s)r. r[;6)' * x',y', * !r)'] : L2
a(x)' + 60)' : t2
ry*ry: 1 Ellipse
s24 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
37. (a) Bz - 4AC: (-8)2 - 4(tO)(t) : g parabola
(b) I + (s - 8")y + (t0* - tox) = s
.._G4)r@
t:
(c) 2
ar rt.
I
-10
39. (a) 3z - 4AC: (Z), - 4(lxl) - 0 parabola
(b) y2 +(zr-zfi), * (* *2{b+2) - o
v: *+2fi+z
(c)
4l- Adding the equations, 24x + 240 - 0 -' x : - 10.
Then,
4(100) * y, - 560 - Z4y + 3M - 0
y2 - 24y - 144 - 0
(y-12)'-0 ==+ y:12
Solution: (-l0, lZ)
43.x:3cos0-3
Y:2sin20:0
45.x:3cc-
"e:T
7r
-4
Y :2sin2i:;
47. x- I + 4t,! :2 3t 49. x - 1,!
I
t -
P
t- x-l
4
t--- I
y:2 1.?/ lx - l\ x
I
3x*4y:ll l:- x-
s25 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
51. x : 6 cos 0,! : 6 sin 0 53. x: sec0,y: tan0
tan20+l:sec20
cos Q-1,sin e:L
6'---- 6
fyz
--
y2+l-f
+L - I x2-Y2:1
36 36
Hyperbola
f+Y2:36
x:-3+4cos0
a lJ
57. I
55.
Y:4+3sin0
Note that
(x + 3)2 +t +l' . \_
I
16 f:cos2o+sin2o- -6
se. (t,-+) 6r. (-],-+)
(s 7n\
(-''I) \t'6)
ls 5zr\
(-''-+) \t'- 6 )
65. (r, 0) : (',-+)
63. (r, -T)
(-'r';)
(-s-F-. 1)
(-r'-T) \ z'z)
g
2
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
67. (r, 0) : (",-;) 69. (x, y) - (0, - 9)
(*, y) : (0, - 12) (,,0): (r,T),(-n,;)
(5, - 5) 73. r:5
(ta,+),(-r ,,r2,+) -ffi-5
x2+y2:25
75. r:3cos0 77. P - cos20
*- 3rcos 0 P - I zdinz 0
x2+y2:3x /-P-2Psin20
(r'+y2)2-**y2 2y,
(*'+ y2)2 - x2 * y, - 0
79. r:, 2 2
81.x2 * yz - 9
sin0
2r - rsin 0 - 2 r,:t,
2,W:y+2
4(f+yr):y2+4y+4
4* + 3y'- 4y - 4 - 0
83. !:6 85.x2 * y, - 4x - 0
rsin 0 - 6 P - 4rcos 0: 0
r=6csc0 P-4rcos0
r:4cos0
87. e:5 89. r: 5
(r cos 0)(, sin 0) -5
f_ cos
s
,sin 0 -
5 sec 0. csc 0
-t-h'0
6
527 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
91. 0 : fro axis) 95. r: -2(l + cos 0)
,t
It 1
.,
t
a
.3.
)
^l
97. P -4sin220 + r:+2sin20 99.
Symmetric with respect to 0 : n/z,polar axis,
cos(O - n/4)
and pole The graph is a line.
Rose curve (n - 2) with 4 petals 6
2 \
Oo
oD -2
-2
\
1.01.. r:5 +4cos0 103. r: -3cos20
Symmetry: Polar axis Symmetry: Polar axis, 0- f, ror"
Maximum r-valuei r :9 for 0 - 0,2n
71 3n
Zeros of r.' none Maximum r-value: 3 for 0 : C
',v,n,T
v"'r.. e
zerosof - 7.,3n -5n -7-g-
4'4' 4'4
105. P - cos20
SymmetrY: Polar axis, 0- l,ror"
Maximum r-value: 1 for 0 : 0, nr2r
Zerosofr;0-|,,+,7
528 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
107. r: 6 cos 0 109. r- l0+15sin0
Limagon Limagon
t
t
A
tiIi\
,
111. r- 4sin50 L13. P- 8cos29
5-leaved rose Lemniscate
fr
z
115. r:- 2
€: I
!5
I- ll7. 7:5-3coso 3
sin 0'
Parabola symmetric with 0 - nr/2and the vertex
l:E;u o'" 5
at (l ,3n/2) Ellipse
,T
119. r: 6
5
+ Zsin0
I
l2l. Center: (8, jr/z)
3
Ellipse Solution point (0, 0) =+ Radius :8 =+ A: 16
r-asin0
r:16sin0
529 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
,:T:L""or.;
123. Ellipset Vertices: (5,0),(1, r) + a=3; Onefocus: (0,0) + c=2
c25
":;: i,p =,
(2/3)(s/2) s/3 s
r=
r - Q/3)cos 0= | - (2/3)cos e = 3. - 2"o, 0
125. Using a vertical axis,let , = 1fte. 127. False. There exists an infinite number of
representations.
zo: ffi* ffi= o.l856p = 3'05
Hence, p : 16.4358 and eP : l.5l2I
t=1:ffi
T.5I2T
perihelion (closest) distance:0: I + r= 1.385 a.u.
aphelion (greatest) distance: 0 --+ + 1.665 a.u.
129. (a) Vertical translation 131. 5. The ellipse becomes more circular and
approaches a circle of radius 5.
(b) Horizontal translation
(c) Reflection in y-axis
(d) Parabola opens more slowlY
530 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 10 Practice Test
1. Find the vertex, focus and directrix ofthe parabola * - 6x - 4y * I = 0.
2. Find an equation of the parabola with its vertex at (2, -5) and focus at (2, -6).
3. Find the center, foci, vertices, and eccentricity of the ellipse * + bp - 2x + 32y * 6l : O.
4. Find an equation of the ellipse with vertices (0, +6) and eccentric ity e : |.
5. Find the center, vertices, foci, and :
asymptotes of the hyperbola I6yz -f - 6x - l2gy * 231 O.
6. Find an equation of the hyperbola with vertices at (*3, 2) and foci at (+s,z).
7. Rotate the axes to eliminate the ry-term. Sketch the graph of the resulting equation, showing both sets of axes.
5*+2xy+5f-10:0
8. Use the discriminant to determine whether the graph of the equation is a parabola, ellipse,
or hyperbola.
(a) 6*-2xy+f :O G).r2+ axy+af -x-y * l7:0
For Exercises 9 and lQ eliminate the parameter and write the corresponding rectangulrrr equation.
9.x:3-2sin0,l=L *5cos0 l0.r= &,y:*
11. Convert the polar point (.D, ed/+) to rectangular coordinates.
12. Convert the rectangular point (V3, - t) to polar coordinates.
13. Convert the rectangular equation 4x - 3y = 12 to polar form.
14. Convert the polar equation r= 5 cos 0 to rectangular form.
15. Sketch the graph ofr = I - cos 0.
16. Sketch the graph of r : 5 sin20.
17. Sketch the graph of t: _*.
6 0
18. Find a polar equation of the parabola with its vertex at (6, fi/z) and
focus at (0, 0).
CHAPTER 11
Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions
Section 11.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System . ' ' .532
Section 11.2 Vectors in Space 53s
Section 113 Vectors
The Cross Product of Two . . ' . 538
Section 11.4 Lines and Planes in Space - - . .542
Review Exercises
Practice Test 550
531
CHAPTER 11
Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions
Section 11.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
f You should be able to plot points in the three-dimensional coordinate system.
I The distance between the points (x, ,!r,e1) and (*2,!2, z2) is
d - J(xz - xr)'+ (yr - r)2 + (zr:1|.
The midpoint of the line segment joining the points (r,, ! zr) and (rr, !2,
t, zz) is
(xr*xr!r*!24+22\
\ z'2'z l
The equation of the sphere with center (h, k,7) and radius r is
(x-h)2+ (y- k),+(z- j)r:P.
You should be able to find the trace of a surface in space.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. A(- 1,4,3), B(1 ,3, -2), C(-3,0, -2)
3. D
!. z
+
3E
? (-l ,2,l)
I
O
x (5, -2, -2'
7. x - -3, y = 3, Z: 4: (-3, 3,4) 9. y:z- O,tr:12,: (12,0,0)
1L. Octant IV 13. Octants I, II, III, IV (above the ry-plane)
1.5. Octants II, IV VI, VIII
:
17. d
:m
532
s33 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
2l.d:
:m
: -m - J.4I6
23. 4- :-rm5-6
dz: :",m-J-zo
q: :m-,tQ-3
d?: d3 + d:: 2e
25. dr: m_fi:6
dz: j66+4:fi
d3: Fl: l)2 + (l + 3)' + (2 + 2)z - m:.fr-6
dr: dt Isosceles triangle
27. Midpoin,, (Lf, -6+4 2s. Midpoirrt,(7, -2+2
2
Midpoinr({,
8-4 10+2\ (],',u) 33. (x-3)2+ (Y-2)2+(z-4)': 16
3L.
\L '21 -
("-
-a
3s'
Y:l;- l'":';--1"',"11'
37. Radius -
diaryeter
- 5: (x * 3)2 + (y - 7)' + (z - 5)' : 52 - 25
2
+ o o+ 6\ 17 \
39. cente. f'\ 12o,o
' 2 ' z ): (.;'o''/
Radius' .,/(, -:)' + (o - o)2 + (o - 3)' : .F: 45
4
sphere' (" -:)' + (y - o)2 + (z - 3)' : T
41. (* - 4x+4) + O'+2y + 1) + (z'- 6z+9)- -10 + 4+ 1+9
(" - 2)' + (Y + l)' + (z 3)2 : 4
Center: (2, - 1, 3)
Radius: 2
43. (r, + 4x + 4) + y' * (z' - 8e + 16) : -19 + 4 + 16
(x*2)2+y'+(z-4)':1
Center: (- 2,0, 4)
Radius: I
534 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. x2*y'*22-2x-?y 8z: _73 9
(*-2x*l)+ (yr-?y*;) + k2- 8e*16): -T+t+; +16
(x- l)2+(y-l)'* k-4)': 9
Center' (l ,\,+)
Radius: 3
49.
53. The length of each side is 3. 55. False. r is the directed distance from the yz-plane
Thus (*, y, z) - (3, 3, 3). to P.
57. In the ry-plane, the e-coordinate is 0. 59. The trace will be a line in the ry-plane (unless the
In the xe-plane, the y-coordinate is 0. plane is the ry-plane).
In the yz-plane, the.r-coordinate is 0.
61. x2: 2x* - xr : 2(5) 3 - 7 - h)':4p(y - k) p:
63. (x -5, (h,k): (-2,5)
!z:2Y^-!r:2(8) 0- 16 (x + 2)2 : 4(- s)(y - s)
zz: 2zn - z1 : 2(7) - 2: 12 (x + 2)2
- -20(y - s)
(7, 16, lz)
9
65. Center: (0, 3) Vertical major axis length 9 ==+ a:,
c:3 -> b2:a;2- cz:xL- s:T
(:,;,%* 9,-,38: r
(4s /4) (8 | /4)
5)
67. Center: (3, Vertical transverse axis
a:4rc:5rb2: c2 - a2:25 16:9
(v-s)'_@-3Y-:l
16 g
535 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section 11.2 Vectors in Space
I y = (v1, v2, v3) have many of the same properties as vectors in the plane.
Vectors in space
t Thedotproductof twovectorsu: (21, ur,url andY: (vpv2,vr)inspaceisu'v = urvr* urvr* urvr.
I Two nonzero vectors u and v are said to be parallel if there is some scalar c such that u = cv.
I You should be able to use vectors to solve real life problems.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Y- (0 - 2,3 - 0,2 1)_ (-2,3, l)
z
(c) Unitvector:
#<4,4,4>: (f,+,+)
5. (a)
7.
_2>- (-3,7,6>
9. if+<- 1, 3,2> + (5,0, -5))
(L,o,tr>
1,1. ll"ll :m:8 13. llvll : -
: J74
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
/^\ u _(8r3r-l)
rF, (a)
17' : jt: _ | ,,
+ 3i k)
ll.ril f7a(8i
I
(b) -jTotti + 3i - k)
19. 6u - 4v - 6(- 1, 3,4> - 4(5 ,4.5, -6) 21. u * v - (-1,3,4> + (5, 4.5, -6) - (4,7.5, -Z>
: (-6, 18,24> + (-20, - 18, 24> ll"+vll : :r.,,ffi:34.93
- <-26,0,48)
t-
23. llvll : :^/ry:!fr
\/4 2s' u' " -8)
g -12\
z
: f'!'ro? ; !' :i'
I z
,,v,,:(5, 1.5,-6)_
ll"ll tn \JTt'sfr'sfitl
: P.re-9-,8 -12lt\
\ 13'65' 65 I
: 29. cos 0-'
8
:16165
27. u . v 2(9) + 5(-3) + (-3)(1) - o ',t,,',,",,:
ll,,ll ll"ll
= =*Q:
-, r24'4s"
3L. cos e -'ilu'll
u' Y :6 -l2o ?
il"ll -> Q-roe'e2" 33. -;(8, -4, - l0) _ (- 12,6, 15) ==+ parallel
35. u . y : 0 =+
3 - 5+2- orthogonal 37. Y - (7 5,3 - 4, -l l) - (2, -1, -2>
u: (4 - 7,5 3,3 (-l)) : (-3,2,4>
since u and y are not parallel, the points are not
collinear.
39. Y : (-1 1,2 3,5 - 2>: (-2,-1,3)
u- (3 (-1), 4 - 2, -l - 5) : (4,2, -6)
Since u - -2v, the points are collinear.
41. Y : (2, -4,7> : (q, l, qz - 5, Qs 0) ==>
z:er I I er:3.|
5l=+
-4:Qz- tl ez: =+ Terminal point is (3, 1,7>.
7:ez ) es:7)
43. v - (+,1, -i) : G, 2, qz - t, es + *l
4:Qt-2 ==+ Qt:6
t: q, I =+ ez: ],
I
-i:qs,z-r-3, -7 %_ -i7
Terminal point: (6, ], -i)
45. cu : ci + Zcj + 3ck
ll""ll :@:lclfr--3= >c-!n:3 *?
3-m
537 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
{1. v = (ey ez, qr). Since v lies in the yz-plane, 4r : 0.Since v makes an angle of 45o, ez : es.
Finally,llvll = +implies thatqf + q? = 16.Thus, ez= ez=2.fr'andy = (0,2O',2J2>.
\
49. Er:\ (0, -24, -12..,f> tZrQi'l
Or: <r2fi,rz,-12-E>
P = (0, O,
d: (-12fi,12,-r2{zr>
Let F1, F2, and F, be the tension on each wire. Since llFtll - llFrll - llf'rll,
Qt=24(-f , ;,0)
there exists a constant c such that
Fl - c(0, -24, -r2A>
Fz- c(l2",8, 12, -1251>
F3 - c(- rz..fr, 12, - rz-Er>
The total force is - 30k : Fr * F, + F3 + the vertical (k) comPonent
: (0, 24, O)
: 5==. Qr -
satisfies_10_ _I2....,6.c
Q,z :
c Hence,
- 6J2I
= (20.8, 12, O)
Fl: t-20 \ Qg: e20.8, 12, 0)
\o,fr,-to/ P - (0, 0, 55)
I to lo
Fz: 10\
\7'Tzt- |
r t+lg
F- -10\
^"1
\f,'-E'
llF,ll : llFrll : llFrll : 10.e1 pounds
5L. True.cos0:0 ==> 0- 90o
53. (a) (c) w _ (1,2, I> : o(1, 1, 0) + b(0, 1, 1)
1:a
2:a+b
l-b
Hencea - b: 1
(d) w - <1,2,3> - o(1, 1,0) + b(0, 1, l)
1:a
(b) w- aa + bv -- a(1, 1,0) + b<0, 1, 1) 2:a+b
0- (o,o+b,bl+a-b -0 3-b
Impossible
55. tfu . y < 0, thencos 0 < 0 andthe anglebetweenuandvisobtuse, 180' < 0 < 90'.
57. x:2t - 1
y : -t + 3
/x + 1\ + x,5
Y:-\ z )r': 3- -t- t ..+
Line:2y+x:5
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
59. x:t- I
y:2P
y : 2(x + I)' parabola
ftz 43
-rl
2l: r2(3 16) - 4(-2 10) l(- 16 - ls) : -77
61. det
| -2
Ls 8 lJ
Section 1L.3 The Cross Product of Tbo Vectors
I Thecrossproductoftwovectorsu: ari * uri * zrkandv: vri * vrj t vrkisgivenby
u x v = (ur\ - urv)i - (ufs - zrvr)j * (ul, - urv)k
j
li u2 rl
:
lu,
lvr v2 "rl.
vrl
I The cross ptnduct satisffes the following algeb'raic properties.
(a)uxy=-(vxu)
(b) u x (v + w) : (u x v) + (u x w)
(c) c(u x v) : ("u) x v = u x (cv)
(d)ux0=0xu:0
(e)uxu=Q
(Du.(vxw):(uxv).w
I The following geometric properties of the cross product are valid, where 0 is the angle between the vectors
u and v:
(a) u x v is orthogonal to both u and v.
tul llu x = ll"llllvllsin 0
'll
(c) u x v = 0if andonlyif uandvarescalarmultiples.
(d) llu x vll is ttre area of Orc parallelogram having u and v as sides.
I The absolute value of the triple scalar product is the volume of the parallelepid having u, v, and w as sides.
1", u2
u.(vxw)=lv, vz "rl
vJ
tt
lwr w2 wsl
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
kl
1.jxi_
J
I ol :-k 3. ixk:
J
0
ll 0 0l 0 ll:-j
,
I I
! i
zi,'
'i -)t... :i
I
-l (0,0, -l)
a
-)+
jxl trl
5.u XY:I; -4 ol -- 14k : (0,0, 14) 2l: (-3, 5,23>
601 -ll
jrl It j tl
9.u xv:I 2 1l - <-7 ,13, 16) 11.uxY-l O 0 6l : (- 18, -6,0)
3 -21 l-l 3 1l
7i+13j+16k 18i - 6j
xl li j nl
- lo -s rl :
J
l.3.uxY:l; 4 : (ro' -2' -4> ls. uxY (-3, -+, -+)
lo -2 il l+ -+ ?l
=-3i-ti-|t
li j rl
:l xl
19. uxy:13 I :i-3i+3k
r7.uxv
I i -21
tf - (-1,-2,-l)
: _i_zj _ k
lo I
lluxvll :fr
0l
tl
: :
unit vector
ffi h(i - 3i + 3k)
li iI trl :2i-2i
2r.uxv:l; i :l :-6i+rsi-ek 23. uxY-lt -tl
I
ll 4 6l ll 1l
llux vll : @ lluxvll -zfr
unit vector :
uxv
r
1,
-:(-6i
-m' + l5j - 9k)
Unitvector:
ffi =#Qi- 2i)
ll.r
"ll :7'-Trt
l. 1.
: q(-zi+
38\
sj te 3k)
540 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
It j
S Tl :i
kl
zs.uxY:I 27.uxy-13 4 6l :26i*3j+|lk
ll 0 1l 12 -l sl
Area: llu x vll : llill : I squareunits Area : llu x yll :
: ..AG square units
zs.uxY:|J : :l : (12,-6,4>
lo z rl
Area - llu x vll :
: 14 square units
3f.(a)ID=(3-2,1-(-I),2-4)=(1,2,-Z')isparallettoDd=(0-(-1),5-3,6-8)=(1,2,-21.
ID = (-3, 4, 4) is parallel toEd = <-3,4, 4>.
r li I i kl
(b)ABxAD:l 2 -21=(L6,2,rOl
l-3 + +l
Area : llZB ,.aAl : :-,ffi-6frsq.units
(c) Ai ' fr : <1,2, -2>. (- z, -2, lL> + o -> not a rectangle
33. u: (4,-2,6r, v: (-4,0,3) 35. u - (-2 2, -2 3,0 - (-5)) : (-4, -5,5)
li j kl Y
= (3 - 2,0 - 3,6 - (-5)) : (1, -3, ll)
uxy:l + -z 6l -(-6,-36,-8) li j kl
l-4 0 uxv:
l-+I -5 lll :
3l 5l (-40, 49,t7>
Area:tll"xyll :t I -3
:r-,M: @ sq.units Area:!w;j
3 3l
37.u.(v x w): 4 0l :2(16) 3(16) + 3(0) : -16
ll 0 4l
lz3 1l
39. u.(v x w) : f
r -l ol : 2(- r) 3(t) + r(7) : 2
143 rl
Ir I I ol
41.u.(vxw):fO tl :l+l-2
Ir o rl
Volume: fu. (v *)f - Zcubicunits
"
43.u.(vxw):|3 -4-Q- 2(6)+2(o): -r2
lsozl
Volume ":
- fu. (" r tn)f 12cubicunits
541 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. u: (4, 0, 0),'y : (0, -2,3>, w : (0, 5, 3)
u . (v x w) -
l+-2o ol
3l : 4(-21): -84
l0
to s 3l
Volume : l- A+; : 84 cubic units
li j k
47. VxF-lO
I
Iror40o Isin40'l --l0cos40"i
lo 0 -20 |
llV x f ll : 10 cos 40' : J.66 foot-pounds
49. True. The cross product is defined for vectors in three-dimensional space.
li i nl
51. u xo = lu, uz ,rl= (urur- ur4)i- (rpt- u;zs)i- (upr- uru)k=o
1", u2 "rl
53. u x v : lijkl
Itot o sina 0l _ (cos asin B - sin acosp)k
lcosB sinB 0l
Area of triangle formed by the unit vectors u and v is
|(uase)(height)
: L(l) sin(a - O.
The areais also given by
lll"x yll :+lcosasin B- sinacosBl : sinacos B- cosasinB.
Thus, sin(c - P) : sin a cos B - cos a sin B'
55. tan 300o : -6 57. cos 930' _ cos 2lO' :_62
rA
5y.cos 6:cos
I7r 5n
6:-
fi
2
61. ,*Y: tan+: fi
63.4x*3y-24 Vertex z
x*3v:15 (0, o) o
3x= 9 (6, o) 36
x: 3 5)
(0, 35
(t, v) : (3,4) (3,4) 46
(6,0)
Maximum value is 46 at (3,4)
Minimum value is 0 at (0,0)
542 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Section ll.4 Lines and Planes in Space
I The parametric equations of the line in space parallel to the vector (a, b, cl and passing through the point
(\,!2,4) are
x : x, * at, ! : lt * bt,. z= Z1 * ct.
I The standard equation of the plane in space containing the point (xr, )r, z1) and having normal vector
(a, b, c) is
a(x - xr) + b(y -y,) * c(z - zr) : 0.
t You should be able to find the angle between two planes by calculating the angle between their
normal vectors.
I You should be able to skerch a plane in space.
I The distance between a point Q and aplane having normal n is
D: lbroi3Ail : lQ;fl
ll"ll
where P is a point in the plane.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. x:xr*at: -l;2t
!:lr+bt-4+4t
Z:Zt*ct-0+t
(a) Parametric equations: .tr : -I 2t,y - 4 + 4t, z : t
(b) Symmetric equations: + :+: z
3. x: xr* at : -4 *r, ! : lr* bt :l *!r, z: zr* ct- 0 - t
z3
(a) Parametricequations: x: -4*!^r,y: I **r,z- -t
z5
Equivalently: x: -4 + 3t,!: I * 8t,z: -6t
(b) Symmefricequations:
+: ? :
i
5. x: xr* at:2 +2t, ! : lr* bt - -3 3t, z: zr* ct-5 + t
(a) Parametricequations: x:2 + 2t,!:
-3 3t,z - 5 + t
(b) SYmmefiic equations: +:' * 3
2-3 - z -5
7' (a) (4' t' s) Point (6' o' 3)
; : | : f;,'j :- | ,t: ,1 ;
o)
\'
x-6 :y:Tz-3
-4
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
9. (a) y: (l (-3), -Z 8, 16 - 15) : (4, - 10, l) Point (-3,8, 15)
x- -3 *4t,Y:8 l0f,z: 15 +t
(b)
x*3:y-8 _z-15
4 -10 l
11. Thelineisx: -4 +3t,y: -l t,z:7,or
(x + 4)/3 - (y + l)/ -1, z - 7.
Only (b) and (c) satisfy the equation.
15. a(x - r,) + b(y - 1,r) * t(, - zr) - 0 17. -2(x - s) + l(y - - 2(z - 3) -
6) 0
0(x - 3) + l(y - 4) * o(. + 2) - 0 -2x*y-22*10:0
y - 4: o
21. u: (2- 0, 1-0,3-0)- (2,L,3) 23.tr: -
(4 0,I (- 1), 6 - (-2)) : (4,2,8>
y - (-2 - 0, I 0,3 - 0) :' (-2, 1,3) v - (1 - 0,0 - (- l), -3 (-2)) : (1, 1, - 1)
j li 2j
:-10i+Lzi+2k
kl
p:uxv:l2 li
kl 1 8l
:-Izi+4k -uxv:l+
I 3l 11 I -11
l-2 I 3l -10(r-0)+ 126,+ 1) +2(z+2) -0
0(x-0) Iz(y -0) *+(r-0)-0 -10r* I2y*22* 16-0
-l2y * 4z - 0 '5x*6y+z*8-0
-3y * z - 0
25.n:j:0(x-Z)+ l(y-s)+0(z 3)-0 2:'1. The vectors (I,2,21 and <4 0,0 - - 2,0 - 0) _
y- 5:' 0 (4, -2,O> are parallel to the Plane.
li j kl
n:lt 2 2l:4i*8i 10k
14 -2 0l
is perpendicular to the Plane.
Equation: 4(, : 4) + S(Y - 0) 10(z - 0) : 0
4x* 8y- loz 16:0
2x*4y-52-8-0
29. nr : (3, 1, -4>,oz: (-9, -3,L2>: -3nt 31. nr -- (2, O, - 1), frz : (4, l, 8)
nr'az:8 8:0 Orthogonal
Parallel
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
33.
(0,0, 2)
(0, 3,0)
37. 39.
4r. D-@Jt
ll"ll
: (4,0,0) on plane, Q : (0, 0, 0), n - (3,2, D, fr - <- 4,0, 0):
_ l(-4,0,0) . (3,2, l)l 12 6_m
T:n,:T
_--),
43. D _ lpQ' nl
ll"ll
P - (2,0,0)onplane,e: (4,-2,-Z),n: (2,-1, ll,Fl: (2,-2,-2>
45- (a) nl : (3, - 4,5>,D2: (1, l, - l) normal vectors to planes
ia:Fiilffii
cos e_ :m:.,6u
1,r,,',,r^l: l-of _ 6 -+ Q:60'67"
(b) 3x * 5z :
-'4y 6 Equation I
x*y-z:2 Equation 2
(-3) times Equation2 added to Equation I gives
-7Y*8e:0
y:lz
Substituting back into Equati on 2, x : Z -y*z:2-lr*z
Letting t-
-2-i,
tr,*"obtain
x:2 t,! : 8t,z:7t.
545 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
47. (a) n, : (1, l, - l), nr: \2, -5, - l) normal vectors to planes
- In,'gl:)=L:Z
cosu:ffitt;t - 66- + o-77.83"
'Fn
(b) x*y-z=O Equationl
2x-5y-z=l Equation2
(-2) times Equation I added to Equation 2 gives
-7y*7-1
-.-z-l
r- 7
Substituting back into Equation l,
x:z-v:z-+:+-+:Nu.-*')
Letting z= t,x:T,r:T'
Equivalently, lety = t,z:7t * I and x: 6t * l.
49. The normal vector to plane containing (0, 0,0), (2, 2,12) and (10, 0, 0) is obtained as follows.
vr : (2,2, l2r, v, : (10, 0, 0)
li i
v, x vr: 2 2
kl
l2l = (O,L2O, -201.
|
110 0 0l
n, : (0,6, -:1)
The normal vector to the plane containing (0, 0,0), (2,2, t2) and (0, 10, 0) is obtained as follows.
u, = (2, 2, lzr,u, : (0, 1o, o)
li 2j l2l=
kl
u, x u, = 12 10 ol (-l2O,o,2O>.
lo
n, = (-6,0, 1)
The angle 0between 2adiacentsides is givenby
coso-lffil :#:+ + Q:884s'.
5L. False. They might be skew lines, such as 53. True
: t, ! : 0, z - 0 (;-axis) and
L;. x
Lr:x:Ory:0rz:t+1
55. (a) Sphere: (x - 4)2 + (y + l)z + (z - l)z : 4
p (0' 0'
(b) Two planes parallel to given plane. Let Q = (x,y, z) Ue a Polnt on one ofthese planes, and pick =
10)
on the given plane. By the distance formula,
2 :lP? _];ii---
- - '
n :rr,l l(r' Y' z 1o) (4' -3' l)l
fl-B-4x-3v*z-lo
4x - 3y * z = l0 t zfi (Two planes parallel to given plane)
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s7. o -+ ===) tan0:-l - Y- =+ y:-x (line)
I
r:; z-cos0 0- 1 z-m-x:l
59.
= ==+ 2r-rcos ==+
-> z-m:.r + I :=+ 4(*' +y')-f *2x*l =+ 3*+4yr:h+l
61. *+y2-4x- 0 ut'
P-4rcos0:0 ,cos ;::
r-4cos0:0 =+ r--4cosg r:3sec0
65. 5x-6y+4:0
5rcos e - 6rsin 0 - -4
r(5cos e- 6sin0)- -4
,- 6 sin 0 - 5 cos 0
Review Exercises for Chapter 11
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. (a) and (b) 3. (-5,4,0)
t!, . (-3, 3, o)
,n,t,i,
:,),
(,
l.
5.d :
:ffi
:GI I
7.
dz : J(0 - 0)t + (5 iY@ : .lmS : 6
4: J(0- 3)r+ (s 1_2 _ ffi: fr
d?+d7:38+29:67:d?
/8 +5 -2+6 3 *7\:
9. Midpoinr
l;,t,t1 (+,t,t) u. Midpot*' (1T,T,
#): (t, 2,- e)
L3. (x-2)'+ (y- 3)r+(z-5)z: I 15. Radius - 6
(x- r)r+(y-s), + (z-2)r:36
547 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. (*' - 4x + 4) + (y' 6y +9)+ z2: -4+4+9
(* - 2)' +(y 3)2+22: 9
Center: (2,3,0)
Radius: 3
!9. (a) xz-trace (y 0): xz * - 7 circle (b) yz-trace (x : 0)' (y 3)' * z2 : 16 circle
- z2
21. fr: (3 2,3 (- 1),0 - 4) : <r, 4, - 4> 23.fr-(-3 -7,2
ilfrll:
I
:fi llpall : : ff
25. u.v:2(o) 3(6) +4(5) -2 27. u. v: 2(r) 1(o) + l(-l)- 1
29. Since u o v : 0, the angle is 90o. 31. Since -?Qg, -12,21>- (-26,8, -14), the
vectors are parallel.
33. The vector determined by the first 2 points is (-3, 4, L>'
The vector determined by the last 2 points is (3, - 4, - l> '
These vectors are parallel and equal in length.
Thus, the 4 points form a parallelogram'
From the first equation llbll :
35. Let t, b, and c be the three force vectors determined by ll"ll.
A(0, 10, 10), B(-4, -6,10) and c(4, -6, 10). From the second equation,
a: jrnat:;fottou
ll"ll (0, to, 10) +,H
/t0fi,:lldl (0,
From the third equation,
b :llbll ( -4,-6,r0>/-,Fsz:llbil G,#,*l
l) -3_ s\ ftnat:3oo-$nu
c: ll.ll (+, -6,ro>/-,M.: ll.ll
\;5,,-fi, _,Bl 6 :3oo -
Musthavea * b + c:300k'Thus,
rhus,
16 llbll $no|| -
*tfono-o :3oo and llbll : ll"ll : ry- 11s's8
frtton ft||ol
-o Finaily, lt"il : fi(*)( ry) ry --
$nu - "futtott -;futt.tt -t 159.10
jnu *;fom *ftuot :3oo
548 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
jkl
37.u x y : l-; 8 2l: (-10,0, -10)
lr I -ll
=l
I t0
; -ls) ll : F,r,-M,2s>
2l
lluxvll : .rc
unitvector: +?T,
J7602
- M,25>
41. First two points: (3,2,3> 43. The parallelogram is determined by the three
Last two points: (3,2,3> vectors with initial point (0, 0, 0).
First and third points: <-2,2, O>
u: (3,0,0),v: <2,0,5),w: (0,5, l).
li 3 2j kl lr 0 o ol
:-75
| 3l - (-6, -6, l0) u.(vxw):lz 5l
l-z 2 ol lo s rl
Area : _6, lO)f : Volume - l-71l :75 cubic unirs
l(_ 6,
:m
: 2fi sq. units
45. (a) Y : (5,20, -3) 47. (a) y : (1, l, 1)
x: 5t, Y : -10 * 2Ot, z: 3 3t r:3*t,y:2+t,z: I +t
x y* 10:_z-3
(b)
\-' 4-Y-2 z- I
5 20 -3 16)
I I -s I or
3-y-2-z-l
49. u : (5, -5, -2>, Y : (3,5,2> 51. n : (1, l, l) normal vector
jkl Plane: l(x - 3) + l(y l) + t(z Z) -
n:uxY-15li -5 -2|t: (0, - 16, 40>
0
x*I*z 6-0
l3 s2l
Plane: 0(x + l) l6(y - 3) + 4O(z- 4): 0
-2(y - 3) * s(. - 4) - 0
-2y*52 14:0
n
(0, -5,0)
--4
J\F-. 2
-2
(1,0,0)
2
(0,3,0)
4
s7. D-14;"t
ll"ll
O - (1,2,3),p : (2,o,0) on plane. fr: (-l ,2,3),n : (2, _1, l)
D_ :-:--1fi
J66
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
)
59. D- lpe'nl
ll"ll
Q: (0, 0, 0), p : (0, 0, 12) on plane. fr -- (0, 0, - l2),n: (2,3, l>
- 12) . (2,3, l)l _ L2 _ O"G
D- l(0,0,
-mfr,
61. True. See page 788.
li j kl
63. u x y : ll -Z tl -- (10, ll, -8)
lz -4 -31
i
yxu:lZli -4 -ll :(-10,-11,8)
tl
lr -z tl
Thus, u xY: -(v x u).
w): u x (1, -2,-l>:
li -2i trl1l : (4,4,-4>
65. u x (v + ll
lr -z -rl
u x Y - (10, 11, -8) (Exercise 63)
l i i tl
uxw-l I -Z tl :(-6,-7,4>
l-r z zl
(u x v) + (u x w): (10, 11, -8) + (-6, -7,4>: (4'4,-4')
ux(v+w)
550 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 11 Practice Test
1. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 2, -4), and (0, -2, - l).
Show that the triangle is a right triangle.
2. Find the standard form of the equation of a sphere having center (0, 4, l) and radius 5.
3. Find the center and radius ofthe sphere xz + y2 * z2 + 2x - 4z - ll : 0.
4. Find the vector u - 3v given u = (1,0, -l) and y : (4,3, -6).
5. Find the length of |v if v : <2,4, -6).
6. Findthedotproductof u: <2,I,-3, andv = (1,1,-2>.
7. Determine whether u = (1, l, - l) and y : (-3, --3, 3) are orthogonal, parallel, or neither.
8. Find the cross product of u : (-1,0, 2) and y : (1, -1,3).What is v x u?
9. Use the triple scalar product to find the volume ofthe parallelepiped having adjacent edges u = (1, l, l),
v : (0, -1, 1), and w = (1,0,4).
10. Find a set of parametric equations for the line through the points (0, 3) and (2,
-3, -3,4).
11' Find an equation ofthe plane passing through (1,2,3) and perpendicular to the vector :
n (1, -1, o).
12. Find an equation of the plane passing though the three points A (0,0, :
C: (1,2,3). = o), B (1, l, l), and
13' Determinewhethertheplanes x+y - z: 12and3x- 4y - z=gareparallel,orthogonal orneither.
14. Find the distance between the point (1, l, l) and the plane *
-r 2y * z = 6.
CHAPTER 12
Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
Section 1.2.1 Introduction to Limits .. . 552
Section 12.2 Limits
Techniques for Evaluating . . . . 556
Section 123 The Thngent Line Problem ' ' 560
Section 12.4 Limits at Infinity and Limis of Sequences . . 5Q
Sectionl2.5 TheAreahoblem .....567
ReviewExercises .....570
PracticeTbst ..575
551
CHAPTER 12
Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
Section l2.l Introduction to Limits
I If/(x) becomes arbitrarily close to a unique number L as r approaches c from either side, then the limit of
/(r) as x approaches c is L:
!ry'"f(r) =
t.
I You should be able to use a calculator to find a limit.
I You should be able to use a graph to find a limit.
I You should undentand how limits can fail to exist:
(a) flr) approaches a different number from the right of c than it approaches from the left of c.
(b) increases or decreases without bound as r approaches c.
"f(x)
(c) ,f(t) oscillates between two fixed values as x approaches c.
r You should know and be able to use the elementary properties of limits.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
L. (a)
2(r2 - x)
2(r2 - x)
(b) V - (base)height : (24 - 2*)r* : 4x(12
- x)z
(c)
Itgv - ro24
1011.5 lotz.5
maxlmumatx:4
3. liq(+ 3r): -5
x-+3
The limit is reached.
552
s53 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
- r. x- 3 I
J. llm
*]t xz 9 6
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1
f (r) 0.1695 0.1669 0.16669
,l
O.Lffi 0.1664 0.1639
The limit is not reached.
x-l I
7.lrm-
;;r xz*2x-3 4
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.0 1.001 1.01 1.1
0.2564 0.2506 0.250r ? 0.2499 0.2464 0,2439
f(x)
L
3
\
-3
9. lim
ffi-6 - 0.2236 (or,uul timit tr
x+O #)
0 0.01 0.1
x - 0.1 -0.01 - 0.001 0.001
,l 0.2225
0.2247 0.2237 0.2236 o.2236 0.2235
f(x)
0.E
al
la
-0.E
11. lim
lxl@ + 2)l -2 I
x->-4
0.4975
)
(
-3
554 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13. Make sure your calculator is set in radian mode.
,.
limsin x I
x-+0 X
x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
f(*) 0.9993 0.99999 0.9999998 ? 0.9999998 0.ggggg 0.ggg3
2
-2
ls. 1g)
(3 - r) : 1 rz.,$, sin! = -1
19. The limit does not exist because/(x) approaches 21. Thelimit does not exist because/(x) oscillates
different values from the left of r = -2 and the between 2 and -2.
right of .r - -2.
23. 3
25. 2
l
J :. 1
Vv
r
-1
-2
The limit does not exist. I
lim cos: does not exist.
x-+O X
27" g
29.
i\ 3
i\ iL
,.
-3
]l
Jx + 3 - I -
Iig#t'doesnotexist.
.-g
\l
r-+4 x-4 li1;1.t-l =_1
x__+rx!_ax+3--2
3L.
lgl (*,+3x-a):
g
33. p+ 3(l) -4-0
-/ I
lg ln(x + Z) : l.7glg (Exact limit is ln 6)
3s.
lg trmlli: W: W-3 37.lim
.r-+3
15
X
: 15
3 - s
---
555 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
lim
39' x1,-l -F -m:+-o
r/
41. lim
x+3
d- €3 - 20.0855
x -1 -l
43. lim sin 2x : stn 2zr - 0 45. lim
-- arcsin x :arcsin + : !- 0.5236
xlTr 'ii7z 2 6
4il. The limit does not exist. As r approaches 2 from the left,/(.r) approaches 5. As x approaches 2
from the right,/(x) aPProaches 6.
49. (a) : (b)
lglt/(')+g(")l:3+6:e
|ry. l-zs@)l -2(6)
(c) llm
,. fl.) 3 1
(d)
l'*.ffi:fi
;;; g(x) 6 2
-:-
sL. (a)
lg!/(")
: 23 : 8 (b)
lgg(x)
(c)
Jgi/t')g(x)
: 8 (;) :3 (d)
lg[g(')
53. True 55. Answers will vary.
57. No. The limit may or may not exist. And if it 59. f@) : 12 means that as r gets close to 5,
lg
exists, it may not be equal to 4. to 12.
f(r) gets close
x-3
: *-e 6a 5-x: 5,-t.:-l.x#5
61. 4
f(*) rfsro
3x - 15 - 3(5 - x) 3'
IL
tl -1
I
f(x)
lim JY'' - /
x)3-O
Domain: all x * t3.
It is difficult to determine the domain solely by the
graph because it is not obvious that the function is
undefinedatx:3.
65.
$f*7x-4
$f*x-z
(3x- 1X5x+a)
(3r-1X5x+2)
*.ffi (x + 3)(* - 3x+9)
(" + 3Xt _2)
: 5x*4 -'4-
1 :7,*-3x*9 x* -3
5x*2'JY' 3
x- z
d- --1 7l.d:
69.
:ffi
: J10
556 PART l: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
73.d:
-m
:66
_70
Section 12.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits
r You can use direct substitution to find the limit of a polynomial function p(x):
Ig1
p(') : p(").
I You can use direct substitution to find the limit
mit of a rational tunction
function t-, :- p(') as
4i ^^ r^-^ ^^ q(c) * 0:
long as
,(, pf,, -Oltr')'
llTl = r(c) = q\c) e<"1 + O.
I You should be able to use cancellation techniques to find a limit.
r You should know how to use rationalization techniqires to find a limit.
t You should know how to use technology to find a limit.
I You should be able to calculate one-sided limis.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. li4(10-t')=10-52:10-25:-15
r-)5 3. lim*+t-(_3)2+i-
-',31 =3f ==,3-t3) =-910
S.
Y' limfx+3_5(-2)+3_ -7
,liilz2x-g-W:IJt:
7
7-,1T, -,ffi,: -,,ffi,: JT: I
13
g. -2x2 * x
s@) -
x u. g(x) -f x-l- *
sz@): -2x* I Sz@) : xz * x: x(x * l)
(a)
lge
g(x) I : (a) -2
g(x)
lgl
(b) Jim, s(x) : 3 (b),gT, s(x) - o
(c) -s
l3Bs(x) - o
,1lT, s@) (c)
- 9- : * I - 2x -
13. lim
'-+6 xz
'x-
- 3b
fim t
xjo (x
1,6
- 6X" + 6) ts. limff:,S,f _,:_ (l + x)(l
3xz 3*)
r.
:llm: I
.r-+6 x * 6
I
t2
557 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
17. ffi-6_,:-.ffi,
limL:ltmy
,8 ...ffi,+s
y-+o t;o y ffi,+6
,. (5+y)-5
y(-,ffi, + JS)
'36
_+
;36.,ffi,+6
:2#I
-Fj -2 -,[TrftG1 -2 Fl +2
x-+-3 x* 3
1.9. lim
Fl+z
rim(x * @!7)-a+ 2)
:-,5rr ,
l(Fl
--rim+
"Jrl Jx + 7 + 2
I
4
t;-l
? : IIb I (r+x) : lgb
.. -l :
2r.
I'St ffi
I +, - I
secr I ' TU : liq +,
hmCOS.r
;;o -tan x -
23. lim does not exist'
x+0 Sin x x+0 Sln -r
2s.f(r)-ffi-6 ,n
2r-
zoo
t
-.--
L)
*20
-
-2
xs 32
lim-,-:80
x+2 X- Z
|gg/t") -o.2887 (r*u"tlimit: #)
f(x) : '=- | 2
29.
*-1 \
\o_
Graphically,,gl-
#:t
x 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 I \ -2
0.5025 0.5003 0.5
f (*) 0.6667 o.5263
Numerically, liry-
x-+l *:1 I 2
x- I x- I ri,*^ t :
:,t-T I
Algebraically,,\+
ft:,!lT-ffi I ;+ t
558 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
31. f(*) - fi
:4x-16 -0.1
l0
4-
Graphically, li1r1
'' x116* x - 16
f :-1 8
x r6 16.001 16.01 16.1 16.5
-o.2
f (r) - 0. 1250 - 0. 1250 - 0. 1250 - 0. 1248 - 0. 1240
Numerically,"In-
X: -0. L2s
Algebraically,,lin-
#:,gn -
- 'ji?.
rim -J-
Jx + 4
:-- -l I
4+4 g
33. 3
f(*)-l'-!
r-o 3s. 5
Llltra.
I
-/ \
-3
,sr- f(*) - 1,,1$r_ f(*) : - I
Limit does not exist.
liry +:Hm
.r+l-xz* I r-rti x2+l lim+-l
,'-ix2+l 2
x+2--f(r):
37. lifn ' 2 I- I 39. lim xlnx:0
x-+0+
,g- f(*) - 2(2) 3: I 7
lryan:1
6
/
-
aaa
/
llaaa...
-1
/
-6
41. lirrt
x_+O X
2 43.lim
tan x
- I
x-+O X
4
lt)
4
./ \ L
ll fr
,._..Y
-4
1
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
45. lim l-x
.
1fil -0.333
47.
x-+l 3
3
/ \o--
-t
fgi/t") -o
49. 51.
fgi/t')
:o l'* f(*): o
53. (a) Can be evaluated by direct substitution:
lim x2 sin x2 : 02 sin 02 - 0
x+O
(!) Cannot be evaluated by direct substitution:
sin x2
lim--Xo
.r+0
I
f(x+h)-M : lim
3(x+h)-1-(3x--1)
55. lim h+0 h
h->o
: lim
3x*3h I 3x* I
h+0
3h
:lim-:3
h->o h
f6 + h) - f(*) lrm-rFTt-
..
: h+O 6 *\
57. lim
h+O n n 6
-,,Fn+ G)
:ltg (x+h)-x
:lim+'-1
h+o Jxffi-fr- z-fr
f(x+h)-flx) : ((x + h)z - 3(x + h)) - (xz - 3x)
se. I'gt lim h
h->o
: lim
*+Zxn+h2-3x-3h-f+3x
h+O h
: 2xh+h2-3h : lr* Qr + h 3) - 2x - 3
lim
h+0
560 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice T'ests
6L. lim
(- 16(1) + r2S) (- t 6P + 128) ,. r6t2- 16 ,. r6(t-lXr+1)
llm--: llm
r+1 1t r-+l I -t r--+t 1t
: lg - r6(t + l) : -321!-
63.
,[T_ f@ - 30.80, ,1T_ f@ _ 33.88 65. True
Thus, the limit of/as r ->2 does not exist.
67. Many answers possible. 69. Answers will vary.
)'
*
+1
^:
J 't'
L-
I o-
t2345
_n*
:
71. Slope between (3, - 3) and (5, - 2) is 73. (5,5,0) ' (0,5, l) : 25 + O.
-2 - (-3) : I Not multiples of each other.
5 ,' Neither parallel nor orthogonal.
I
Line: y +l:;("-l)
z
+2-x-l
2y
2y-* +3-0
75. (2, -3, 1) . (-2,2,2>- -6 + O.
Not multiples of each other.
Neither parallel nor orthogonal.
Section 12.3 The Tangent Line problem
I You should be able to visually approximate the slope of a graph.
t The slope zr of rhe graph of/at the point (x,f(*)) is given
by
m=rimf{@+h)-f(x)
hao h
provided this limit exists.
I You should be able to use the limit definition to find
r The derivative of f atx is given by
the slope of a graph.
f,(x):ty"fulp
provided this limit exists. Notice that this is
the same limit as that for the tangent line slope.
t You should be able to use the limit definition to
find the derivative of a function.
561 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
l. Slope is 0 at (x, y). 3. Slope is L at (x,y).
t
J. 7. 6
r
6
\ 'f <r,-r> \
{l
/-6 :
-2
slope -/ slope - -t
9.mr"":T +h)-g(t)
s(,1 5-2(L+h)-3:-2h
hh
m--lg+:-2
sQ + n) - s@ _ Q + tiz - q(t + ti. - ?t) - h2 + 2h
ll.mr"":T:> h- h
m:lsry:lsry:l's @+2)-2
4
-z
13. ffi,"":W:+:ffi:ft,^+o
m:l,gr(*):-1
1.5.ffir"":W:#'ffi
+h)-e
Tffi:6'h+o(e 1
m:l'gt#:I
- (x + h)2 - (4 - *)
17. ffi,"":#-4 h
-,zxh-h2 _2x_h,h+O
h
m: Itg, (-2x - h) : -2x
At (0, 4), m -
-2(O) 0. -
At (- 1, 3), m -2(- 1) : - 2'
s62 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
I
L9. ffir""
sk+h)-s(x) x* h* 4 x* 4 _(x+ a) - (x+ a+ h)
h (x + h + a)(x + 4)(h)
-h -1. h+n
,h+0
(x+ h+ a)(x+ 4)h
m: lim -l -1
,,J-o(x+ h+0@+4) (x+4Y
At(0, i),*:+-:!.
(o + 4)2 16'
At(- z,t),^: (-2 ..= - i
, = +,l 4)2 4
2r. f'(x) - lirq
f@ + h) - f(x)- :lim 55- -0
ft-+o h h+O h
+ h) - - ic + a)] - [s - *'] : l-o
rim -tr. :
23. g',(x): liru s@
h
s6)
=, tim
h->o
[g
h h -tI
ll
lim f(*+h)-f(*) : (x+hY- * ,,_f-(*+2xh+hr) : ,.
: Ilm zx-h
25. f'(x) - h+o h
lim
h->o h n16 (x + h)2fh rilfr --
h=0 (x + h)zrz
2x2
t'x3
27. ffi""" : fQ+h)-f(2) (2+h)2-l 3 4h+h2
h - 4 + h,h + 0 E
m: ligo(4 + h) - 4
Tangentline: y - 3:4(x - 2) !o ,,
Itl
\ :l
Y:4x-5
-4
29. ffir"" _rc +h)-f(3) _ffi-2 FE+2 (4+h)-4
hh rGE+z nlFE+ zl
m:lim+:!
t';b Flt+2 4
Tangent line: y - 2 : lt. - 3) 6
4Y: x * 5
.H :3?
-2
s63 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
3L.
x -2 - 1.5 -l -0.5 0 0.5 I 1.5 2
f(r) 2 1.L25 0.5 0.r25 0 0.125 0.5 0.125 2
f'(*) -2 - 1.5 -l -0.5 0 0.5 I 1.5 2
\ /
-2
33.
x -2 - 1.5 -l -0.5 0 0.5 I 1.5 2
f(x) I 1.225 r.414 1.581 r.732 1.87 I 2 2.127 2.236
f(*) 0.5 0.408 0.354 0.316 0.289 0.267 o.25 0.236 0.224
4
f(x): ffi
f'(x\:+
v \' Z'Jx*3
-2
: lgb f(r+h)-f(x) lim
l(x + D2 - a@ + h) + 3J - l* - ax + 3l
35. f'(x) h h+O h
(f+zxh+hz 4x - 4h + 3) (* - ax + 3)
: lim
h+O h
2xh+h2-4h :lim2x*h-4-2x-4
lim h+O
h+O
f'(x):0-2x-4 =+ x:2
/ has a horizontal tangent at (2, - I).
f(, + h) - f(r) : 3(x + h)3 9(* + h) (3t' - 9x)
Irm
37. f'(x) - !im-
h+O h h+O n
9*h*9xh2*3h3 -9h e*
lim
h+O
f'(*):0-9x2-9 - x- +1
tangents at (1,
/has horizontal -6) and (- 1, 6)'
39. (a) y : 0.o729t3 + 7 .8919P - 192.3508r + 1955.1904 (c)
(b) 25,000
(30,5255)
When | :30, slope - 478 billion dollars f yeat.
The debt is growing at 478 billion dollars per year
in 1980.
5& PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Teits
41. True. The slope is 2x, which is 43. Matches (b). 45. Matches (d).
different for all x. (derivative is always positive, (derivative is - 1 for x
but decreasing) I forx
47. Answers will vary. 49. Answers will vary.
v
t
I
3-i'
'+
rl
*=-2 x2 (x a)(x ,+r:a)
51. f(*): f ;*-4x*3
r\'-'' z2: =:; (x-3X"-l) s3. f(*) - x *, 4 -
116 -
x *4 x - 4,x * -4
l
Vertical asymptotes: x : l, 3 Line with hole at (- 4, - 8)
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
Intercepts: (2, O),(0, -3)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -r
-2
-3
-4
4 5 6
li kl kl
5s. u x y: l-to 0
J
: (o' 42' o> s7.uxY-l ;t -+ ,il: (-
lt 0 3l
r4o, - 46, s7>
l- 8
Section 12.4 Limits at rnfinity and Limits of sequences
I The limit at infinity
lim
rJ6 f(x) : 7
means that/(x) get arbiftarily close to z as x increases without bound.
I Similarly, the limit at infinity
Jp-.f(t) = r
means that F (x) get arbiharily close to L as x decreases
without bound.
I You should be able to calculate limits at infinity, especially
those arising from rational functions.
I Limits of functions can be used to evaluate limits of sequences.
If/is a function such that lim f(x)
ifan is a sequence such that/(n) : a,, then lim an 7. =L arA
=
565 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. Intercept: (0,0) 3. Horizontal asymptote:y=4
Horizontalasymptote:y:4 Verticalasymptote:r:O
Matches (c). Matches (d)'
?+ 4x-3
s' lim l,-' : -l
7. x-+mJ lim ^-:2
9..r+-€
,lg ): o
- X 2x * I
P rexisr
1l.,l$frao"rnotexist li^o -r{t'+,?)
13. ti,n li- --"tr- I r : -l
: ,--*p-4rq4--'
1r-ry
15.,.1ir*t*-o] : o-4= -4 tt. ,'rs(+ -*)=Q-5 = -5
3x
-y: .I -x 21. 4
19.
2 )
,a
_/
-8
a : -3
-4
Horizontal asymptote: Y : 0
Horizontal asymptote: Y
23,, IG 106
x 1d l0t 103 104 105
f (*) -0.732L -0.0995 -0.00999 -0.001 -1x 10-4 -l x 10-5 -l x 10-6
"tgG-
ffi):o al
2
aaa
-_
/ -10
25. l0t 103 104 105 106
x 100 102
f (x) -.7082 - .7 454 -.7495 - .7 4995 -.749995 -.75 -,75
lim t(zx
x+6 \ - rm): -i all
1
rrllllr
-7
n. ,,1,?,*,i.):xffi= o "'+'r'f,'+''i .u'+ldoes notexist'
566 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
3L. 2,3,4,,5,6' lim
h+l)! : lim (n + 1)
jff does not exist
n)o n+@
n!
. lim (- l)"
- l, +, 3'4' -15 n+@ -o
33. -t.
z -1- n
litn an: ;
35. n+@
n 100 10t r02 103 104 105 106
an 2 1.55 1.505 1.5005 r.50005 1.500005 1.5000005
37. lim
nla
a--+t' J
n 100 l0r l02 103 104 10s 106
an t6 6.16 5.4136 5.341336 5.3341 5.33341 5.33334r
39. (a) 3soo
(b) For t - 80, the model gives fs/ : 3023 thousand
o graduates.
o
(c) As r-)oo, N+0, according to the model.
o
41. False. ,f(t) : not have a horizontal 43. For example, let /(r) : {
+does and r&) = i.
asvmptote'
Then' lirq
i= *'b*Js lfk) -s(x)l = o.
45. Converges to 0 47. Diverges
5
360
o
o o
o o
o o
oo
o'
49.f(x) - t' - x3 2Ox2 51. /(x) : x3 3x2 + 2x - 6
:x2(x2-x-20) :xz(x- 3) +2(x- 3)
- *(x - sX" + 4) - (, _ 3)(*, + Z)
Real zeros; 0, 0, S, -4
Real zero:3
25
,.1 . ,1. .
2
,, 1..
V
- 150
V I
-10
/
567 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
6
53. > (2i+3):5+7 +9+ ll + 13* 15=60 5s. >. 15= 10(15):150
iEl t=l
Section 12.5 The Area Problem
I You should know the following summation formulas and properties.
o,:i=l c:cn or l,=fu#
t= >,'=tu1#il c)
(o
>
o =fu# G)
>
(o,+ b,)=
lo, lr, ,n :
* tn,: kf,a,
I You should be able to evaluate a limit of a summation,,\1S00.
I You should be able to approximate the area of a region
using rectangles. By increasing the number of rectangles, the approximation improves.
I Theareaof aplaneregionabovethex-axisboundedby/betweenx = amdx = bisthelimitof the
sum of the approximating rectangles:
n | (b_a\i\lb_a\
A = lim ! flo
;;-a€t' \ n /\r-l n /
I you should be able to use the limit definition of area to find the area bounded by simple functions in the
plane.
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
^'?=r' 2 2 =1830
r.$i-n(n-+l) t.Io':fu#:ry:44,100
*-:r + '1
,.1o+i)='ry.ry:5850 ?' s(n) =2*=*l*+U)=t#!
n 100 101 102 103
S(tr) 1 o.3v25 0.255V25 0.25050025
n 100 10t 102 103
lim
tlla
S(n) - I
s(") 6 1.185 1.0154 1.0015
1L. s(,,):26.;X;) :;[ n(n + I)(2n
6n3
+r) +
2n1 I .^.. + 3n
-"1:-(2n'
nI 6n3 '---
.2
^ +r.\l) +-
n
n 1d 101 102 103
:
lim
n)e
S(tr) 0
S(t ) 3 0.2385 0.02338 0.00233
s68 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
13.
n(n + L)(zn +
S(n)
n 100 l0t l02 103
2
lim S(n)
S(tr) 0 0.615 0.66165 0.66617 n+@ 3
15. f(x)-x+4,[-t,2f,n
Area - Iyl.S + 4 + 4.5 + 5 + 5.5 + 6] _ 14.25sq. units
17. The width of each rectangle is |. Th" height is obtained by evaluating f at the right hand
endpoint of each interval.
: t'26s625
?_," \+l\4t €,i\i) la/
19. Width of each rectangle is 9. fn, height is
21. The width of each rectangle is 1. ,h" height is
,(#): -+(#)+4 !/rY
e\" I '
A:at-t(+).-l(#) A::*(#)'(il
n 4 8 20 50 n 4 8 20 50
Approximate area l8 2l 22.8 23.52
Approximate area 3.52 2.85 2.45 2.34
Note: exact area is 24.
23. A:,i ,(:)(;)
:,i
^(:)(;)
4nsr
:-
- ZtI
"'z i:
.:-#l(:)
:__4 n(n + l) :?$ *1i,-9$ p
n2z n€r l tt, i?t n, €,
_4n2+4n n(n+l)
2, \ , 8 n(n + l) 8 ,(n + I)(zn + l)
8
2n2 -ln) *;---^
:=(n)+i'r\'!
nnzZ n3 6
on'=*ron l- .n(n+l)
lim 12 +, 4--
A_ n-+@
lim : 2 A 4 n(n + l)(2n + l)
Znt - n-+ol n" 3 tt3
-2+4-g-33 l0
569 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
27. A
-tt\;3
n+ 2"
+ r)(zn + 1) I nz(n * l)z
n44
-/ _ I ,^,,
l) _ 1 n2(n+l)21
rim l, _1n(n+
A: ,*- - ,"tn(n * L)(Zn + 1)
L Z nz n4 4-l
117
7-, 3 i 44
15T-T_27 9 51
4444
33. fus4 : 1.0
35. y: (-3.0 . + 0.002x2
1g-0).rr - 1.05x + 400
Note that Y : 0 when x : 500'
firsn : 105,208.33 square feet
37 . True. See Formula 2, Page 843. 39. Answers will vary.
41. (a) y
(b)
_CONTINUED_
570 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
4I. _CONTINUED-
(c) y (d)
43. (u . v)u : ((4,-5) . (- l, -2>)<4, -5) 45.3u . Y (12, - 15) . (- l, -2>
: 6(4, - 5) l8
= <24, - 30)
Review Exercises for Chapter 12
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
{l. Ilm-
f. x-2 I
x+23x'z - 4x - 4 8
x 1.9 1.99 r.999 2 2.OOl 2.Ol 2.r
f (x) .1299 .r255 .1250 ? .1250 .1245 .1205
.3. yes, liq f(r) : 5. No, the limit does not exist. 7.lg (tf . ,) :)tot+ 3-s
-2-l
n, 22-l 3
9. lim 11. lim sin 3x : sin 3 rr :
x+ZXs + 2 m,:I6', x)7t
0
13. (a)
lgl U@)13
: 43 : 64 (b) g(x)l : 5:7
1'S: l3f(r)
3(4)
(c) li+ V@s(x)l : (4)(s) = 20 (d) rimryf
x+c glx)
:T 5
ls. fgltsr - 4) : 5(3) - 4: 1l
17.
frg(sr - 3X3x + s) : (s(2) 3)(3(z) + 5) : (7xll) : 77
tz+l 9+ I l0
19. lim'
t+3 t 33
t-+2.- t+2 ,. I
21. lim_
t+-2 t. - 4 lim
tJ--z (t + Z)(t -
: llm I
Z) t->-2t - 2 4
571 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
x-5 ,. x-5 : ls,
,. I I
23'
Js li s, - n: ls 1,:4-t ,1 * ro = rs
-. *-4 .. (r+2)(x-2) ,. x-2
25.,9rr3 + g = l9zlx + 21112 - 2* 1 a1:,1T2 x, - 2x + 4
-4 -l
t23
I _,
x*Z l-k-2) .. -(-r+l)
27'
)P, r+ I ='[8,ft +rX'+ l) ='ri]!,0+r)G+ lt
-l
=,[T,6+2)=-L
Ei-2 :um--J4+u-2
Zy.nm
u+o ' =;;#h'::{+E=I
'6+u+z
\/x - r: ^= .. F'z
z - F1 +z
--';;T
31. lim
x-5 ;;5 x-5
'm---a- Jx-l+2
:rm-i#-
iltft- i(tr-l+z)
-. I - I I
't]s16 * r= V 'r 2: 4
exist 35. e-2/' does not exist 37. lim^ g(x) : 2
33.
l*i /k) does not
4
Jg3
4
)
aaa k.., I \ ..r1.
YV^rl\ \,/
^*-.\
v
/ \ -4
-1
-4
Jffi-6
(b),uT. -ffi+fi
'm
39. (a) x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 x_r
0.5680 o.5764 o.5772 0.5773 :lim (2x+ l) 3
f(x)
,rJir
,tlT. f@)
- 0.577
2(x - l)
lim
- ;i.
221fi
,9,"-ffi:1:7:3
l*-sl
l1-i' a3'lia-/(x)-22-3-r
41. lir4 :-t
r-r5- X - )
572 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
4s. f(*) - l'x-J- 1l 4i'1. f(*) : =2
x2-4
4
j 4
L
-4
rl-4
Limit does not exist because - I and Limit does not exist.
Jl+ f@)
aq-
-" lim nx + +) - f(x) _ rr^3(x + h) - (x + h)2 - (3x - *)
h--+o h i1o h
_ r.^3x* 3h- f - bh- hz -3x* * :lt3o-
.. 3h-Zxh- h2
h+o h ft
:lim(3-2x-h)=3-?-x
,|-+0
51. slope : J
53. 1
55. 6
/
6
:
Y"O' -!<Ai
.-4
-2
Slope at (2,f(2)) is approximately 2. Slope ir i at(2,2).
s7. m: lim s@ + h) - s@) :
h+o tim
h l,Jo h
4h-xz-4x
h-+O h
.. 2xh+h2-4h (2, + h _ 4) : _
= ItIb----t- = Irgo
?_x 4
(a) At (0,0),2 :2(O\ - 4 = -4. (b) At (5,5),m:2(5) _ 4 = 6.
44
ss. m =,,- Jk:2-:Jk)-- ;e - 6 -;-o
li,,,
i-ro h i__r:o
:l'$ffi=l'+1,;:ft_
_,,_ 4(x - 6) -_!(, + h - 6) ..
h
_4h
=lim -4 -4
t..+o(r* h- 6)(x- 6) - (x_6)z
(a) At Q,4),m = ---!---= = /n -. = -4
(7 _ 6,1i - -"
-4 /h) Ar
(b) Ar (8,2),m
(8-r: -1.
'FART I: ,Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
5
liru l h
{q 5
6r. f,(*): h+o --,:--
ltgi: o
: s6+h)-g(x) (-4)
63. g'(x)
Itgl -iJo-4 -.h
- lim - 0
:
t- lt* + all - [s -;'l
65. h'(*) -liml)-
Itgl h
: lim -\n I
hJoh 2
f'(t): lim^ fG + -f(t) :F,rr ffi - ffi m+ffi
67.
h;-o
ry)
h i;o h ffi+ffi
: ..ltgt(t+h+5) (t-5) : ,!__ I
ttst
ZJt + 5
-
+ h) - g(s) s*h+5 s*5
6e. g(s) - s(s h
- !i+
h+0 h
lim
4s+20-4s-4h-20
h+O (s+h+5Xs+5)h
lim -4h
i'i6 (s + h + 5Xs + 5)h
:lts -4 -4
:1r45;t
71. lim
4x4 73. lim :-0
2x
ts.rim
r-+@
(o-i)
X'/
-4-o -4
r-+@/J-3 2 r+@ x- - 25 \
-:-:2 4s
77. (a) Average cost Per unit is '"
1Q
'
-L?3
2' s' lo' 17' 26
C * L2,200: e(-r\ lim an: O
xx-22.50x
e(loo) - $r44.so
e(tooo) : $34'70
(b) As x+@, e ->$22.50.
)4 6 5 14
81. an: 2 +=(r_1) - 4 - -' -2, 1,2,;,i
n. n
lim
n+@
an :,g\--;)
I
-4
574 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
nz(n!
m. It- - (;l](#):#:,- 72,:#tu+!-27 ')z
24n2+24n-27(n2+2n+l)
4n2
-3n2- 3On 27:4rp(n2+lDn
-3 +9)
+*
-3(n+lXn+9)
4nz
n ld l0t l02 103
lim Sn- -1
n+@
s(n) -15 - r.5675 -0.8257 -0.7575 4
85. Width of rectangle: |; Height is/evaluated at right endpoint.
Area:il1{r;IY:IcY+4
'l
87. f(x) - 4x -f
n 4 8 20 50
(Exact areais fOl)
Approximate Area l0 10.5 10.64 10.6624
n
A- . .](;) A- n-*
lim
[r(, i)-
91.
8e.
: .g €t
' '((;) ED:
-.g2#-,rg#Z' : tim f+
2,,-#>"]
n+@ Ln
:,g#ry-sexactarea : lim f+ n(n+l)
2n3
n+@ Ln_
_ 8,0( n + I X2n + I )l
6
-4-9: 54 exact
3
area
: Jg
e3. A
:t- - [(' . :) - r]'l(il
:.r*,l[-- (:-,)](;)
:.,g;:(,.1_#)
.qt;:,.#
: rim,-,ol1rr.#ry -T
-9+9-9-gexactarea
95. True (assuming all the limits exist)
575 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 12 Practice Test
1. Use a graphing utility to complete the table and use the result to estimate the limit
,. x - 3
ls74- x 2.9 2.99 3
,l
3.01 3.1
f (*)
f(r) :
GV2 3. Find the limit direct substitution.
2. Graph the function
^6 !gn-'by
estimate the limit
..-ffi-z
llm
r--+0 X .
4. Find the-. limi, 5. Use a graphing utility to estimate the limit
lg1
r.
lrm
sin 5x
=analytically. r+o 2x '
6. Find the limit lim L7-.
lx+21 7. Use the limit process to find the slope of the graph
x-'-2 x + '2 -fi atthe point (4,2)'
of /(x) =
E. Find the derivative of the function "f(x) = 3x - L.
9. Find the limits.
(a),g; rim L *
(b) x->-* x2 3
10. Write the first four terms of the sequen ce an = find the limit of the sequence'
#and
25
11. Find the sum > (rt + t.
t= I
12. Write the sum i a rational function s(n), and find,!g s(n)'
f-:t $
I ^
13. Find the area of the region bounded by,f(x) =|- I over the interval0 < 'r < l'
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter I Practice Test Solutions
L. 10
2. 700
) L
-10 0
r-intercepts: +0.894 No x-intercepts
3. 3x-5y:15 4. Y:F
Line Domain: (-oo,9]
x-intercept: (5,0) x-intercept: (9,0)
)-intercepfi (0, -3) y-intercept (0, 3)
5.5x* 4-7x-
4+8-7x-5x
8 6. f-s:f+r
12 : ?-x :rs(;+,)
x:6 "(u-')
5x-'J=il. rs
x:45
3x*l 2
7' 6x- ?:5 t. (x-3)'+4-(x+L),
5(3x+ l):2(6x-7) f - 6r+9+ !,-*+2x+
lIx+5:l?-x-14 -8x - -12
3x - -19
t9 x: -t2
x: -T -8
3
JL
2
g. Slope
(-s) 3
: -2 -_4J--J:-3
3 10
\
y*2--3(r-3)
y*2- -3x-9 \
y*3x:7 or y:-3x+7
-10
\
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
10. y - 5 - -3(x + 1)
\ y-5: -3x-3
y*3x:2 or y:-3x+2
\
-10
11. No, y is not a function of x. For example, (0,2) and (0, -2) both satisfy the gquation.
12.f(o):ffi:+:-1 13. The domain of 14. The domain of g(r) - F
5 consists of all r satisfying
f(x) - *-16
f(2) is not defined. 4-t>0orf<4.
isallx ++4.
f(4) :\1 -',! :?:1
(4-2) 2
L5. 10
f(x): 3 - f 16. E Relative minimum:
(0.577,3.615)
J
I
is even.
t Relative maximum:
5
:
(-0.577,4.385)
I
-10 -2
17. f(x) - f 3 is a vertical shift of 3 units 18. f(x)_ ffi is a horizontal shift 6 units
downward of y : f . to the right of y : fi.
le. (s
"/)(r)
: sff(x)) : s(f) : (.fr)' - 2: x- 2
Domain: x 2 0
20. /l\cl
a"'
\g /t '
:ry:
g(r)
3*
-f =
16
The domain is all x * +2.
2r. \--' "\ 3 I :r(+)
lf ogXx):/(+) -\ 3 I +1:(x-1)+1--x
k ofl(t) : s(3x *1) -
(3x + 1) - 1 :+ : x
33
22. Y: ffi, 0< x33 1
x-ff \.,
*:9-y2
raall
Y2:9-*
y:ffi -4
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 2 Practice Test Solutions
l.x.intercepts: (1, 0), (5, 0) 2. a:0.01 ,b: -90
y-intercepfi (0,5)
Vertex: (3, -4)
-b :::4500units
90
2a 2(.wr1
3. Vertex: (1,7) y : Ia(x -.2)(3x - 4) where a is any
Opening downward through (2,5) real number
y : a(x - l)2 + 7 Standard form y:!(3f-lOx*8)
5:a(2-l)2+7
5:a+7
a: -2
y:-2(x-l)2+7
: -2(*-2x+ l) +7
: -?* * 4x + 5
5. T,eading coefficient: -3 0-.t'-5x3*4x
Degree: 5 :x(f-5*+4)
Moves down to the right and : x(f - r)(* - 4)
up to the left. : x(x * lXx - 1)(x + 2)(x - 2)
x - 0,r - +l,x: t2
7. f(x) : x(x - 3Xr + 2) Intercepts: (0, 0), $2,fr, O)
:x(*-x-6) Moves up to the right.
:X3-x2-6x Moves down to the left.
x -2 -1 0 I 2
v t6 tl 0 -11 -t6
579 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
176^
10. x-2+ *+2x-1t'
9. 3x3+g**2ox +62+ x-3 =t1=
x-i3f *ox3 -7* + 2x- 10 f+2x-l
3f-ef f + 2*- x
ef -7* -2*+ x- 11
ef - 27* -2*-4x* 2
20* + 2x
5x-13
20* - 60r
6b-10
62,.r- - 186
r76
11. -5 313 0 0 12 -1
-15 10 -50 250 - 1310
3-2 10 -50 262 - 1311
3f+r3,y' +rb-l :3f 1311
x*5 -2.f + IOr2 -50r+262- x*5
12. -6 740 -12 15 13. 0: x3 I9x - 30
Possible rational roots:
-42 T2 0
t 1, t2, t3, t5, t6, t 10, t 15, t30
7-2 15
/(-6) :15 -2 0 -19 -30
-2430
I -2 -15 0 -2 is a zeto.
0-(r+2X*-zrc-15)
Q :(x+2)(x+3Xt-5)
Zerosz x: -zrx: -3rx:5
5t0 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
14.0- f +xt 8f -9x-9
Possible rational roots: t l, t3, +9
l
I -8 -9 -9
3r212 9
I 4 4 3 0 x-3isazero.
0 - (x - 3Xr3 + 4f * 4x + 3)
Possible rational roots of ri + 4* * 4x * 3: tl, t3
43
-3 -3 -3
ll10 x : -3 is a zeto.
0-(x-3Xx+3)(**x*t)
Thezeros of **x* lare x--lr"'6i
2'
zeros: x:3,x: -3, x - -:* fr,x: -t- +,
L5. 0=6f -5*+4x-15
Possiblerationalroots: tl, t3, t5, tl5, trl, *tr, +tr, *rf, **, tf, t|, +f
16. o=ri -?* +9r-f
0-3f-2Af*27x-10
Possible rational roots: t l, !2, +5, t 10, t+, *?, +;, tf
1 | 3 -20 27 -10
3 -t7 l0
3-t7 100
0-(x- r)(3*-!7x* l0)
Q : (x - lX3r - Z)(x - 5)
Zeros: x - l,x:?,.r:5
t7. Possible Rational Roots: t l, !2, t5, t l0
135 -10
125 l0
2510 x: I is azero.
-2 12510
-2 0 -10
1050 x : -2 is a zero.
f(x)=(x-tXx+2)(*+5)
: (x - t)(r + 2)(x + 5rXx - 5,)
5E1 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
19. 3i
t&
20. z:
-./Y
21. Vertical asymPtote: x : 0
Horizontal asymPtote: Y :,
x-intercept: (1, 0)
Vertical asymPtote: x : 0
Horizontal asymPtote: ! : 3x
x-intercept: (-+,0)
y : 8 is a horizontal asymptote since the
degree on the numerator equals the degree
of the denominator. There are no vertical asymptotes.
x : I is a vertical asymptote.
4f-2x+7:4x+z++
x- 1 x- r
so y : 4x + 2 is a slant asYmPtote'
5E2 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Nurnbered Exercises and Practice Tests
2s.f(x):#:*
Vertical asymptote: x : 5
Horizontal asymptote: ): 0
y-intercept: (0,
\ -l)rl
Chapter 3 Practice Test Solutions
1. f/s- g 2. 3x-t : E|
x:8s/t- (/F)t:2s:32 3x- I- 3-4
x-l:-4
x:-3
3. f(r) : 2-' : (+f
x -2 -1 0 I 2
f(x) 4 2 I !2 t4
4.8@):d* I
x -2 -1 0 1 2
s@) l.l4 1.37 2 3.72 8.39
583 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
s. A: r(t .:) 6. 7-z: I
49
A: sooo(r - T)"o' : _2
1
(a) $6s4 3-23 logz
49:
(b) A: sooo(r . $)n"' :$6s30.2s
(c) A: 5000e(o'oe)(3) : $6549.82
7. x: 4 - logz* E. tog o.',fi' : I logu *
.x-a
L --64
| : f;toga 8 - loga 25)
T-4 - 2-e : Ilto gu23 logu 52f
x-4: -6 : l[3 loga 2 - 2logr 5f
x: -2 : it3(0.3562) - z(o.gzzL',tf
: -0. 1464-
g.5ln x -
f,r"y
* 6ln z: ln-t' -ln $,+lne6:t(#)
10. logr 28 :
loe 28
^" 1.5166 11. log N : 0.6646
TF
N-1d.6646:4.62
13. Domain:
* - 9>0
(x + 3)(x - 3)>0
x<-3orr>3
14. ls.
tr # h(x - y) since fi: logrx'
5E4 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
16. 53 : 4l
x:logr4l:# ^.2.3074
17. x-*- logs* LE. logzx*logr(*- 3) -/
J1x-/ --ZsI logr[x(x-3)]-2
5'-* : 5-2 x(x- 3):22
x-x2:-2 x2-3x:4
0- f -x-2 f - 3x - 4 - 0
(x + lXx - 4) - 0
l: i'."1'l:l' x:4
x: -l
No solution (exfianeous solution)
d*o-x
19. *=43 20. A= p{
e(e + e-\ : lYx l2,W = 6(X)Oeo'13'
*+l:t4d ),-sP'r3t
eb-l2d*l:g 0.13t=ln2
12 + -M4
€- = --- ,:'n2
o'13
2- t = 5.3319 yr or 5 yr 4 mo
d=ll.916l or d=0.0839
x: ln ll.9161 x = 1n0.0839
x:2.4779 x: -2.4779
21. There arc 2 points of intersection: 22. y : l.O597xr-Yte2
(0.0169, -2.993), ,_;
(1.73t, I.&7)
,/
--,t
585 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 4 Practice Test Solutions
1,. 350' :r'(#) : 35n 18
., 5n
2cgg -5n
l8o
- loo'
l14 * 12 \'
3. r35" r4', 12" : l,l3s oo 36Wl
4. -22'6e"
-f"" ;.or;un(60))
135 .2367"
- -(22" 34' + 0.14(60y')
=
-' -22" 34' 8"
5. cost:i2 6. sin0: 0.9063
x:2, r: e- arcsin(0.9063)
13n
tan0-Y-- 0- 65" ot
36
x,
7. tan2}o -
35
-' 8. 0 - +,g is in Quadrant III.
x
+ - n- I
?5 ot 36"
x: Reference angle:
tan20"
--96.16L7
N
9. csc3.92- -
1
-I.4242 10. tan 0 - 6 - 9,0
t'
Hes in Quadrant III'
sin 3.92
y:-6,x:-1, r: j66+I:fr'
sosec o-4:-6.0828'
-I
7r
12. Period: 2n 13. Period:
1.1. Period; 4n 2
Amplitude: 3 Amplitude: 2
v
v
sE6 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
14. Period: 2n L5. n 16. 40
A.
-12.58
ar
/a..
VV
^l
lv
-12.56
/
-20 -40
17. e - arcsin I 18: 0- arctan(-3)
sin0: I tan9 : -3
A_ 7r
Q - - 1.249 or -7 L 565"
2
1.9. ,in(-"cos
A 20. cos\arc$n
nn^(
^-^^r- {\
a/
sino:#-0.7368 cosa- ffi
4
x= 1ffi1(,
= rrE
,1ffi
21. GivenA : {Qo, c: 12 22. Given B - 6.94", a : 21.3
B-90o-40o:50o A: :
a
90" - 6.840 83.16"
sin 40' - 2l'3
t2 sin 83.16o :
a : 12 sin 40" : 7.713
c
21.3
cos 40" :L c - sm 83.16o -
t2
b: 12 cos 40" : ).193 : 2l'3
tan 83.16o
-:)1.453b
.
o:
21.3
2.555
=' -'
tan 83.16"
23. Givena:5, b-g x 250
24. sin 67o - zs. tan 5o -
c-Jzs +gl- ffi 20 x
: 10.296 x - 20 sin 67o : 18.41 feet x:- 250
tan 5o
tanA: ; : 2857.513 feet
A: *"t"nf :29.0.55" : 0.541 mi
B - 90" - 29.055" : 60.945" 5o
250 ft
-
587 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 5 Practice Test Solutions
4
L. tan x - sec.r<0 =+ x is in Quadrant III.
y = -4,',x- -II, r _jG+r2r-ffi
4
_ ----=:
q6t r ffi
sinx csc
4
.,/ r37 137
x: --: llttt -LLffi sec r ffi
cos
J r37 ll
4 ll
tanx:;ll cot x
4
sec2 x * atat" sec2x*csc2x sec2x*csc2x
2.
I + tanz x) csc2 x * (csc2 x)tanz x sinlx
csc2 x(
csc2 x*+.
sln'.r cos- .r
sec2x*csc2x sec2x * csc2 x I
csc2 x + secz x
csc2 x*+
cos- r
3. rnltan ol - rnlcot o : ,ffi =t.l*ffil : "l#l : mltun' 0l: zrnltan 0l
. (rr x)\ : I ir true since .or\,
lr ,'\ :rinr:-J- r
+.
"orlz
- / csc
.
"r",
5. sinax + (sin2x)cos2r = sin2-x(sin2x * cos2x): sin2x(1): sin2x
6. (cscx + l)(cscx - 1) : csc2x - l: coPx
cos2x 1*sinx cos2r(l +sinx)-cos2x(l *sinx)-r
n t' ll-ilr 1*sinx I sin2x cos2x
*o' 1*cos0+ 1 *,ing.-(1
cos e
tcos0)2+sin20
sin 0(1 * cos 0)
tit 0
_:1 + 2cos e +cos2 0 +sin20 2 + zcos 0 *
: ) csc 0
sin 0(1 * cos 0) sin 0(1 cos 0) sin 0
g. tana x * 2 tan2 x * I : (tan2 x* I)' : (sec2 x)z : sec2 x) -- sec4'
1.0. (a) sin 105' : sin(60' + 45') : sin 60" cos 45" * cos 60" sin 45"
fifr1 .-I-'
-0.:+(.6* r)
222 24
: tan 60" - tan 45"
(b) tan 15o tan(60o - 45")
I* tan 60' tan 45o
I 4-z{t-1 z-fr-4
:Ll1+T-ft:T 3
-2
Ll.. (sin 42")cos 38o (cos 42") sin 38o : sin(42' 33) : sin 4o
5E8 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
t"'( tan 0 * tan(T(,4) tan0*l _l*tan0
12.
'. X) I (tan 0) tan(z( a) I - tan 0(l) I tanfl
13. sin(arcsin x arccos x) : sin(arcsin x) cos(arccos x) cos(arcsin x) sin(arccos x)
:("X") (ffiX"f) -f
t4. (a) cos( l2O') : l-2e\' t--1 2
cos)2(60)l - 2cos26o'
\21
2 tan 150", _ -z.'EG _
(b) tan(300") : tan)2(150')l - /;
I - tanz 150' - t Ll(3) -vr
'
15. (a) sin22.5o : : I- cos 45o _J2-J2
I-
,in {2
2 2
(b) tunfi:tanry:ffi: -z- 6
16. sin 0 : !,0 hes in Quadrant II cos
) ==+
cos
0 l*cos0 z l6
t: 2 10
3-
Js5
I- 9os2x .I* cos2x l' I* cos 4x1
17. (sin2x) cos2 x - 2 ==i)L -
cos,2
2 2J
:- g)2 (l (r *r cos
^ ail: lt', I
4*l ,x-
;)t cos:o! 4. I
-l
18, 6(sin s0) cos 20 : o{})sin (se + 2e) + sin(5 0 2(
- 20))ll) 3)sin7e+sin30l
- n) : 2(, ln-)(x+ d 6
19. sin(x * rr) * sin(.r
+ )l
TI X.r+zr)-(x-er)l
20.
sin vr
uur 9x * sln
-r sin )r
5x _ 'z2 stn'lx coszx
sinTx cos 2x cos?_x
cos 9x - cos 5x - -2 sin 7r rffi = -;int : -cot?s
zr. |;sin1, + v) - sin(z - v;l = |{(sinz)cosv + (cosz)sinv - )(sinz)cosv
- (cosz)sinvl}
= f;z1cos z) sin vl : (cos n) sin v
22. 4 sinz x -l 23. tanz 0 + @- - .fr :
l) tan 0 O
sin2 x _l
(tan o - t)(tan o + fi) - o
4
tan0: I or tan0: -fi
sin x +-I
-2 rr 5r
A:-or
44 e-Tor 5rr
sinx: 1 or sinx: -1 3
2 2
x- TT 5r 7t ll,rr
or x:: or
6 6 66
5E9 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
24. sin 2x = cos.r
2(sinx) cos x - cos- x 0
cos x(2 sinx - 1) : 0
I
cosx:0 or sinx- 2
rr 3n qr 5n
,;or; x:- or
LL66
25, tanzx- 6tanx*4 -0
t
tanx - -(-6)
2(r)
tanx: 6rfr2 A
- i+v)
/7
tanx:3+6 or tanx:3 #
x - I.382I or 4.5237 x : 0.6524 or 3.7940
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 6 Practice Test Solutions
tin l5o")
1. C- 180" (40' + l2') z. sin A - 5f\20 - o. rz5
1
a: sin4oo(#) - 3oe. 164 A : J .181"
fi - 180' (150' + 7.181') - 22.gl9o
c: sinlrt"(#) - 37s.ot2
b- sinr2.tw"(L) - ls.sl3
150"/ -'
\sin
3. Area - lab sin C 4. h_ bsinA
: t(3xs) sin l3oo - 35 sin 22.5"
- J .7 45 square units - 13.394
a: l0
Since a < h andA is acute, the ftiangle has no solution.
5. cosA : (53)2+(ts)z-(+g)z - 0.4598 c2: +
2(s3)(38)
6. (100)2 (300), - 2(100)(300) cos 2s"
_, 47,522.9176
A-, 62.627"
c- 2r8
(4e)2+Qs)2-(s3)2
cosB- - 0.2782 (300)2+(zrs)z-(100)2
2(4e)(38) cosA- - 0.97495
2(300)(218)
fi - 73.847"
-
A -, 12.85"
Q 180' - (42.627o + 73.847')
B:180o-(12.85'+29") :
: 43.526"
l38.l5o
a*b*c 4.1 +6.8+5.5
:
7. J
22 8.2 8. x2: (40)z + (70), - 2(40)(70) cos 168.
Area : : 11,977.626G
x- 190.4 12 miles
9.2(9.2 - 4.1) (9.2 N
: 11.273 square units t6E' ,tz"
lvl Jzs+e A i-ht
9. w- 4(3i + j) -7(-i+2i) 10. ll:
v 5i+3j 5
- l9i lOj
_5rR.-r _3.r8.
- j
34 34
591 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
11. u-6i+5j Y:2i-3j
uoY-6(2)+5(-3)--3
lul -- 6 lvl: fr
cos 0-
6fr
=:
Q - 96.116'
12. 4(i cos 30' + j sin 30") :4( {i + j,) 13. proj"u: (H)": #, -2,4>: (1,-2>
\2
- $-,fr,2)
14. r- jEi + 25: -ffi:sfi lS. cos 225": -* sin225o : -*
-5
tan0:?:-1 /4f\
z:.(,j_,;)
Since z is in Quadrant IV
: 4.n- y,f;,i
0 - 315'
, = 5J-(cos315" + d sin 315').
16.)7(cos23"+isin23.)])4(cos7o*isin7.)]=7(4))cos(23"+7)+isin(23'+7.)]
: 28(cos 30' + t sin 30")
s(,o,
+.isinj-) 9
t7.
3(cos n* isinzr) 3 ['"'(T {,o, i+trt";)
18. (2 + 2i)8 + i sin (8X45")l
: ff;:: ;; :'::l# :af,))c's(8x4s")
19.
^l nz\
z-s(cos;+isin;),n:3
The cube roots of z are:
; +isin;)
Forft:0, 16[." r( * isin +) :z(ro,
For k -r, v8[." r# *i sin
ry: z(ro'++ i
"" ?)'
For k - z,V8[r" r# *i sin
ry): z('o'
f * i sin f)
592 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
20. f - -i- t(rorY I isin
-'-:-3zr\
\
'z)
: '*
3nl2 3n/2 3n , ' 3n
_7cos 4-i* rsln
For ft o, i sin : cosT*rslnT
4
For k- t, cosry.isinry ,orf *isin+
For k-z,cosry isinry cos#.rsinf
For k-3,cosry rsinry cosf.rsin?.
s93 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 7 Practice Test Solutions
1. x*y: I 2. x- 3y:-3 + x:3y- 3
3x-Y:15 =-> Y:3x- 15 x2+5Y: 5
x*(3x-15)-1 (3Y- 3)2+ 6Y:5
4x- 16 9y'-18y+9+6y:5
x:4 9y' I2y*4:0
y:-3 (3y 2)' - o
y:1 2
x: -1
3. x* y* z-- 6 - z-6-x-Y
2x- y*32:0 2x- Y+3(6-x-Y)- 0 + -x - 4Y: -18
5x* 2y- z:-3 5x*2Y- (6-x-Y)--3 + 6x*3Y: 3
x: 18 -4y
6(18-a1)+3Y:3
-2IY : - 105
!:5
x - 18 - 4Y : -2
z:6-x-y:3
- 2x*2y:I70 + y:
170 - 2x
:85-x
4. x*y:110 + y:110-x J.
ry :2800 ry : 2800
: 2800 x(85-x):2800
x(110 - x)
0 - * - 110x + 2800
0- *- 85x+2800
Q:(x-25)(x-60)
0- (x- aO)(x-70) x:25 or x:60
x:40 or x:'10 y:60 y:25
y:70 y:40 Dimensions: ffi' x 25'
6. 2x* 15Y: + 2x* 15y: 4
4
x- 3y-23 =+ 5x - 15Y: 115
7x - 119
x: 17
x-23
y:-T:_2
7. x* !:2 + l9x*I9y-38
38x- I9y-7 - 38x- L9y-7
57x : 45
J'
! r
45 15
57 19
y:2-x 38 15 23
19 L9 L9
594 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
8- lr: 2(0.112 - 0.4x) I
tz:
* 0.3x)
(0.13
oJ
0.4x * 0.5y : OJI} =+ 0.28x * 0.35y : 0.0784
\
-l . . -? I
0.3x - O.ly : -0.131 =+ 0.15x - 0.35y : -0.0655
-1
0.43x - 0.An9
x: 0.0129
043
:o'03
0.112 - 0.4x
Y: :o'20
oj
9. Let x : amount in ll%o fund and
y : amount in l3Vo fund.
x*y:17000_) y:17000-x
0,llx+0.13y:2080
0.1 lx + 0.13(17000 - x): 2080
'O.O?x :
- 130
x : $6500
y : $10500
L0. Using a graphing utility, you obtain
y : 0.7857x - 0.1429. Analytically, (4,3),(1, l), (-l , -2),(-2, -l).
n:4,t', :2,1r,: ,, rr,}xtti:
l',2 - 17
4b+ ?a: l==+ 4b+ Za: I
2b + 22a = 17 =+ -4b - 44a: -i4
-42t: *n
u-42-il
a-€-ll
b-i(r -2(#)) : -+
y:m*b-fir-+
11. x* y - -2 ==+ -2x- 2y : 4 -9y+32: 45
2x- y* z: ll ==) 2x- !*Z:ll 4y-32:-20
4y-32:-20 -3y*z:15 .5y : 25
y--5
x-3
z-0
595 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
12.4x- y*52:4 =+ 4x- y* 5z: 4
bc+ y- z- 0 + -4x- 2y+ 2z:0
2x+4y+8e:0 -3Y + 7z: 4
2x+ 4y + 8z_0
-2x- y* z-0
3v+ 9z: 0
-3v + 7z: 4
16z: 4
z:4 I
y:-7 3
I
x:,
13.3x*2y z- 5 =:+ 6x * 4y - 2z: 10
6x- Y*52:2 + -6x * y 5z: -2
5y - 7z: 8
*72
v: 8
3x*2y z-5
Ibc-2y+IOz-4
I5x + 9z-9
332
x: 9-92
rs 5
33a 8 *7a
Letz:a,thenx: 5 andy: 5'
: a* * bx * c passes through (0' - 1), (1, 4), and (2, L3).
14. y
At (0, -l): -1 : a(0)2 1b(0) + c + c: -1
At (1, 4): 4 : a(l)2 + b(1) I +5:'a+b -
5 = e +.b
At(2,13): 13 : a(2)2 I b(2) + l4a+2b + -7 : -2a-b
1
-2: -a
a-2
b:3
Thus, y : 2*z + 3x - 1.
596 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Lror'+ vot *
L5. .s - so passes through (1, L2), (2,5), and (3, 4).
Iz:ia + vo*to ==+ 24: a*2vo*Zso
I
At ( l, l2):
At (2,5): 5 : 2a * Zvo * so -+ -5 : -2a 2ro - so
At (3 ,4): 4-2"+ 3vo*so -> 19: -a +so
15: 6a * 6vo + 3ro
-8 :-9a 6ro - Zto
7 :-3a +Jo
-19 : a ,SO
:
-12 -2a
a -6
'to : 25
vo
Thus,s - +6)tz I6t+25- 3t2 - L6t * 25.
16. .rl + vl> 9 17. x * y36
x>2
v20
18. Line through (0, 0) and (0, 7): x : 0
Line through (0, 0) and (2,3): y: |x or 3x -2v-o
Line through (0, 7) and (2,3): y : -2x + 7 or2x + y:7
Inqualities: r > 0
3x - 2y3O
2x + yS7
19. Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 7), (G,0), (3, 5)
z-30x*26y
At(0,0):z-0
At (0, 7): a - Lgz
At(6,0):3- 180
At (3 ,5), z : 220
The maximum value is z is 220.
5n PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
20,. xz + y2<4
(x - 2)2 + y2>4
Chapter 8 Pr actice Test Solutions
t
t
-2
I
41
1.
-5 eJ
-2
-3R, + R2-->
[; I _il
2R, * R,-+
I 0
I
-21
-3J
2.3x*5Y= 3 3.2x*3y -2 I
2x - Y: -11 3x-2y --8
x* y I
I
l-3 5
Lz -1 _,il l2
3
l3 2
-R2 + Rr-+ |'l 6 t4l lr I il
Lz -l -nJ Rra ft t
6 14.l 2
-2R, + R2+
[1
L0 -13 - 3eJ R,a l) 3 il
I
fl 6
'il [1
-finr+[o I -3R, + R2+ l0 -1
-2R, + Rr+ lO I il
-6Rr+ Rr-+ f l 0 -il Rz*Rr--fl 0
L0 I
_Rr__+
Answer: x : -4, y:3 lo
- Rz + Rr--+ l0 0 il
Answer: x - 6,y :-5
59E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
4.x+ 3z: -5
2x*y :0
3x*y- z-- -3
03
l0
li I -1 il
03
-2R, * Rr-> 1-6
-3R, * Rr-> li I -10 til
03
l-6
-R2 + R3+ li 0-4 1l
-3R, +Rr+ 00
6R, * Rr+ l0
-lno- li 0l _)l
Answer: x : l,! : -2,2: -z
s.
l:
4
0 _;l
li |: |-4
L s
-t1
6l
6.3A-58:
'l-i ll -'[: -:]
-i3l
l-?: ,11 ti3
l:,: jil
7. fc/') :11 ?l'- ,ll ?l.'[ ?]
:
11 ?l[; ?l n; f+ffi 3l
:lr. I li; l+t: 3l
:
l:r1 i]
8. False since
(A + n)@ + 38) : A(A + 38) + B(A + 38)
: A2 + 3AB + BA + 382.
599 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
I
2 I
9.
5 0 ?l
2 I
-3R, * Rz+ [; -l -3 ?l
2R, * Rr+
-Rzl
0
I I
-5
3 1l
21
4-r :
t-; -lJ
ll I
10.
t:
65
108
0
0 :il
-3Rt * Rr-->
-6Rt * Rr+ li
-R2 * Rr+
ll
32
42
o+
-3
-6
I
2
:l
l?
-4R, * Rr+ li
*nr*
0-?
-1
-2 .1il
in.' *
R3 *
Rt--->
Rr--+
-|nr- li
00
10
0l
-3
I
3
-iil
-1
A-r : -1
Li 2 il
1.L. (a) x*2y:4
3x*5Y:1
f1
L3
2
5
2
1
0
I
I
ft ?l
-3R, + R2-+10 -1 -3
-ZRr+Rr-+fl 0 -5
_1)
-Rr+ [o I 3
x- A-tB: f-53 -U til :[-ll]
21
L
:
x: -18, y 1l
(b) x*2Y: 3
3x*5Y:-2
x-A-rB-l--: _?l [-i]:[-l?]
L3
x:-Ig,,y:11
600 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
12. -il : 24 (-3) :27
l: 4l
3 -rl
13l: s ol : t(- 4s) + 3(zs) + (-rX- 44): 74
2 -sl
6 4 0
42 3 6
0 I 4
l-2 5 8
'|4li 5-2 -7 15. 0 0 2 7 3 :6(5)(2)(exl):s40
06 1! 0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
2
I
ll.lo 7 rl
l"I
y tl
16. Area-
tls 0 -l
rl ::(3r) 17.
| 2 7 rl : 3x - 3y + 15 : o
13 e ll l-l 4 ll
I
15.5 square units OR: x - y + 5 : 0
18. x:
l4I -11
l'1
-ll
s7
44
19. z: lil t4
lt
l:
l7zr.4 33.771'
lil
20-y: | +s.g 19.8s I 12,769.747
- Q' 1647
ltzt.+ -29.r1 77 ,515.530
| 45.9 105.61
chapter 9 Practice Test solutions
1. an:
" (n, 'n
+1)!
2(r) 2 I
'
ttr
3! 6 3
2(2) 4 I
(t-,
141246
2(3) 6 I
AoJ5! n020
At-'
2(4) 8 I
6! 720 g0
2(s) lo I
J
a<:-
71 5040 504
rF, lllll
rertns:
3' 6' 20' g0' 504
601 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
e, n+3 €
z. an:
3"
3. )tZi - l) - I + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ll : 36
':^',r:
4. ar:23, d- -2 5. : 3,,fI :50
12, f,,
az:at*d:21 an : ar + (n I)d.
a3:a2*d:19 aso: 12 + (50 - 1)3 _ 159
a4: a3* d: 17
a5:a4*d:15
Terms: 23, 21, 19, L7, 15
6. et=I 7.or:'l,r:2
ar*=2$ a2= &{= 14
n, ar=arf =56
S,: 5{a, * an) ao: arf : 56
4r, * 2oo) = 2o,roo a': atf : ll2
'mo:
s.- -v"vv
Terms: 7, 14,28,56, ll2
8. 6,r:?,,: ro g.
lo{o.o 3)n, at: l, r: o.o3
}.(3)",o,:
s _air-r)
un _o(t-Qtrro) _r7.6s7s s- I arr 1 o.o3---l--10-l
o.g7:97-1'0309
1 r I (2/3)
1(1 1).
10. For n -- 1, I - -+
2
Assumethatl +z+ 3-4+... +k-k(k+l)
2
Nowforn:k+1,
I +2+3+4+ +fr+(ft+1) :ry+ft+1
_ k(ft + l) + L)
+2(k
22
--W'
n(n* l) for all integers n ) 1.
Thus, I +2+ 3+4+"'+ n: T
LL. For n : 4,4t > 2a. Assume that kl>2k.Then
(k + 1)l : (k + lxkl) > (ft + l)zk >2 ' 2k :zk+t.
Thus, nt > 2n for all integers n ) 4.
12. ,rCo:
13!
:7t5
(13 - 4I4l
13. (x + 3)5 - xs + 5/(3) + 10x3(3)2 I 10x2(3)3 + 5x(3)o + (3)s
: x5 + lsf * 9ox3 + 27of * 4o5x + 243
ffiz PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
14. ,rCrf,(-z)t : -25,3gf, 1.5. ,oPo: :657,720
#O),
16. 6! : 720 ways 17. ,rPr: 1320
18. P(2) + P(3) + P(4): + + *+ * lg. P(K,810):+2.+-#t
_ 6 _t
36-6
: probability of no faulty units.
20. Let A
P(A): (ffi)to : 0.8605
P(A'): I P(A):Q.1395
603 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 10 Practice Test Solutions
1. *-6x-4y+ 1:0 2. Vertex: (2, -5)
*-6x*9-4y-l+9 Focus: (2, -6)
: -I
Vertical axis; opens downward with p
(x-3)'-4Y+8
(x-3)2:4(1XY+2) + P-l
(x- h)2:aPrO-k)
(x - 2)' : 4(- lXY + 5)
Vertex: (3, -2)
Focus: (3, - 1) x2 4x*4- -4y-20
Directrix: y : -3 x2-4x*4y*24:o
3. xz+4yz-2x*32v
,r2
- v +61 -0 4. Vertices: (0, +6)
(*, - 2x * l) + 4bP + 8y * 16) - -61 + I + @ , : !z
Eccentricity:
(x- D2+40+4)2-4
Center: (0, 0)
(x-I)z
+(J+q2 - I Vertical major axis
41 I
a:2,b - I,c - rE a:6r€:t
a -9 6 ==t=+ c:3
Horizontal major axis b2:6)2-e)2:27
Center: (l , -4) fyz+--l
Foci: (r t fi, -4) 2t 36
Vertices: (3, -4), (J, -4)
Jz
:rty: e :
Eccentri<' 2
5. I6y'- - 6x- L28Y+23I -0
xz
L66z- 8y+ 16) (*'+6x+9)_ -231 + 256-9
16(Y - 4)' (x * 3)z : 16
0-qz _@*3)z _1
116
a: L,b:4,c - fr
Center: (- 3, 4)
Vertical transverse axis
Vertices: (-3, 5), (-3, 3)
Foci: (-1,++ f,t
I
Asymptotes: !:4*7@+ 3)
6. Vertices: (+3,2)
Foci: (!5,2)
Center: (O,2)
Horizontal transverse axis
a:3rc:srb:4
(x - 0)2 _(J,- 2)' _
I
I6
x2 (y - 2)' _ r
T6
PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
7. 5* + * 5y' l0 :
?-xy 0
A:5,8:2,C- 5
55
cot 20 - -0
,r:; =+ 0: i
x - x'cos Oo
- l' sinlo x -.tr'cos
X
+ f sinf,
ro:'v s(v! _ro
ry - ry * Y * (x,)z v' . ry
- 0)z 2
+
2
+
2
: o
6(x)2+4(y)2-10:0
3(x)2 _20)' _ |
5'5r
(x)2 , O)2 .
I
5/3* *:
Ellipse centered at the origin
8. (a) 6x2-2xy*yr:0 (b) * + 4xy * 4y, - x - y * 17 :0
A:6,8 - -Z,C - I A: l,B:4,C:4
3z - 4AC - (-2)2 - 4(6Xt): -20<0 82-4AC:@)z-4(lX4)-0
Ellipse Parabola
9. x-3-zsin4y:1+5cosg 10. x-eT,!:g4t
x-3 v-l x>O,y>0
T: sin 4-:: cos d
-z ) y : (ezt )r: (*), : x2, x <0, y > 0
/ .l.Tl :r
(x-3\' ly-ly
\-(x-372, (y-
.....-.:-*.-: D2
I
425
tt. polar: (A,+) tz.**:":*lffi:t2
x-OcosU-
4
n(-i) -l
I
/;
tano- vr - -fi
-l
y: .,EsinY: I o_uor 5n
0- T
4
Rectangular: (- l, l) '(+): 3
2n\ . l^ 5"'\
polar: (
-"
\-z'T)or \"'T)
13. Rectangular: 4x - 3y : 12 r- 5cos0
14. Polar:
Polar: 4r cos e - 3r sin e - t2 f - 5rcos g
r(4cose-3sin0): T2 Rectangular: x2 + !2 : 5x
r: 12 x2+y2-5x:0
4cose-3sing
605 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
15. r: l-cos0
Cardioid
Symmetry: Polar axis
Maximum value of lrl: r - 2when0- rr. (2,n)
Zeroof r: r- 0when 0- 0
7r 3n
0 0 7f
2 2
r 0 I 2 I
L6. r : 5 sin20
Rose curve with four petals (-r'T)
Symmetry: Polar axis, 0 - l, anaPole
4
n3n5n7n
Maximum value of lrl : ltl - 5 when e - 7,T,T,T (t'+)
T,erosof r: r :' 0 when 0 - O,;, n,!
17. r: 6-cos0
I
r:
I
e : 1, so the graph is an elliPse.
6.
g T
3n
0 0
2 2
r 1
5
t
2
?
7
I
2
18. Parabola
vertex: (t,9
Focus: (0,0)
e: I
ep
r: * e sin 0
1
r-- _p
l*sin0
p
6: + sin( rr/2)
1
6: P-
2
t2 -- p
t2
r: 1*sin0
606 PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 11 Practice Test Solutions
1. LetA: (0,0,0),8 = (1,2,-4),C - (0, -2,-l)
SideAB:ffi:A
SideAC:m:6
SideBC: : m- 6
BC:AB2+ACz
26:21 + 5
2. (x - 0)2+ (y - 4)2 +
- l)z - 5z (z
x2+ (y-
4)2+(z-l)2:25
3. (* + 2x + l) * y, * (22 - 4z + 4) - I + 4 + ll
(x+ I),*yr*(z Z)2: t6
Center: (- L,0,2)
Radius: 4
4. u - 3v - (1,0, -6) : (1,0, -l) <12,9, -18)
-l) 3(4,3,
: (- I l, -9,17>
5. l" : *,e,4, -6>: (1,2,-3) 6. u . v : (2, l, -3) . (l ,l, -2>
lll"ll : :fr -z+l +6-g
7. Because y - (-3, -3,3) - -3(1, l, -l) - -3u, u and y are parallel.
li j I
E.uxY-l-t 0
kl
2l:(2,5, l) Ir
9.u.(vxw):10 -l
rl
ll
I I -l
: -(u x y) : (-2,-5, -l)
3l
lr o 4l
vxu : l(-4) l) + l(l)
1(-
: -4 + I + l: -2
Volume : fu . (v x w)l = l-Zl : 2
11. l(x-l) r(y-2) *o(.-3)-0
I - y+2- 0
x-y*l:0
12. fr: fr: (1,2,3>
(1, l, l), 1,3. nr : (1, l, - l), trz : <3, -4, - l)
j kl
n:ABxAC:llli I ll
nr . D2:3 -.4 + I - 0 -> Orthogonalplanes
lr z 3l-(1,_Z,
\-' l>
l(x - 0) Z(y 0) + (z - 0) : 0
Plane:
x - 2Y * z:0
:
14. n - (1,2, 1), Q (1, l, l), p - (0,0,6) on plane.
PQ _ (1, l, -5)
lArl:@-2
D--p4 ffi-fi- -tre
t
6W PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
Chapter 12 Practice Test Solutions
1.
x 2.9 2.99 3 3.01 3.1
f(x) 0.1695 0. 1669 ? 0.1664 0.1639
x-?
lim:: Q. 1667
x+3 1gz 9
lim--'-
2. ;;0x4
ffi-z I
1
--
-0.5
-.. um x3 I : .. (x-l)(r'*x*1)
3. lim d*2 : e2-2 : eo : I 4. llm
x->2 ;;i ---
x- I iJt x- I
-lim(r'+x*l):3
r-+l
sin 5- 4
lim-:2.5
5. x-+O
2X
,^,1
vv vv-
6. Thelimitdoesnotexist.If/(r): H,then/(x) = lfor x > -Z,and/(x) = -lfor x < -2'
- f(4 - f(4) + h) a rrl-\ -,,^fkjh)-:-t(r)
t.,ft(r):
7. -"o:'.t==;- Itll"T
:, lim [3(x+h)-1]-[3x-1]
-Fn-2 h h-+0 h
jq+h-2 J++n+z -r.^3x*3h-t-3x*r
n Jq+n+Z t;0 h
(4+h)-4 =[m1=lim3:3
h--+o t1
nlFE + Z) 'r--'o
:@ h
I
-7,h+0
Jq+h+2
m:lgbffi:6t:i lll
: I l-9
az: gl-4
8
+ I -3,ot: lETl-:
?
g. (a) lim i:0
\_/, ,1@
10. ar - 0, -19
f
f er4
11615
lim
(b) x1-€.
X- f J
1
,a
n 33
-- ltl : I lnzI
(c) lim
r+@ - lg- an: It.5}";nz + L: -t
1-x
60E PART I: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Practice Tests
tt.
: * * f, ='ry .'# =Ytt+ 3l ='ry= 5850
,,.
2# = *f ,' = *t4-+"")]='o#o= s(n)
lim s(z) = 1
u+@ J
13. width of rectangles,
+ =:
:4;) =' - (;)'
Height:
4".ry)
o^:21, - :l:= * - - Ln(n + t)lzn + r)
: 25 = 1
A:lim A-:l-!:?
r+@"33
PART II
Chapter P Chapter Test
r. Midpoinr: (#,T) : (r,])
(-2,5) 6
t5
: \\
Distance l" 5\
3
\\"'1l
- <64+2s--4f:9.43 2
I -'.
\(6, o)
123456
2. a48
tr
3.
€46
EU
tr
Zn
c)
940
o38
o
E_ 36
234
ot€61 \o
--
@@@co\
cco\o\c
Year
4. y:4 - ilrl 6
x:0 ==) y:4 (0,4)
r,:0 + 4:ilrl + l"l :f + x-=T
.16
\
Intercepts: (0,4), (f , O), (-f ,o) // \
-2
5. !:4 (x-2)' 5
x:0 ==> y-4-4-0 (0,0)
y:0 ===> 0-4 (*-2), + (x-2)-12 ltl
x: Or4
Intercepts: (0, 0), (4, 0)
I \
-3
6.y:x-x3 7- y : -x3 + 2x - 4
4 3
raal
rr,,\
v
Aarrrl
t
-4
\ -9
I
x:0 - y -0 (0,0) x:0 + y_ -4 (0,-4)
y:0 + 0:x(1 -rxl+x) y:0 + x:-2 (-2,0)
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( l, 0), (- I, 0) Intercepts: (0, -4), (-2, 0)
609
610 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
8. y_ 6- x g. y:L*ffi
3
5
\
\ \-/ /
at
-1
-5
f:0 ==+ v: fi x:0 =+ y:0 (0,0)
Y:0 =:) 0- .ffi ==> x:3 y:0 ==+ x:0,-3 (0,0),(-3,0)
Intercepts: (0, ...6), (3,0)
Intercepts: (0, O), (- 3, 0)
10. y- (-l):l(x-3):1rr-Z 11.. 5x*2y:3
y:1r-+ 2Y :3 5x
Additional points: (1, -4), (q,L), 6,2) y:1-]*
Slope of the perpendicular line ir 3.
y-4:?(x-0)
5y-20:2x
b-5y+20:0
12 F,: )1
t2 I --' a 6 13. 7
xx
39
13
-=
x
39: l3x \
3:x =+ x:3 -1
No x-intercepts. No real zeros.
14. 2
L5. 6
16. x2 - l0r + 9 - 0
(r-l)('-e)-0
/ :
_/ x: I,9
-ll
'.au
I
llaa
/
-2 -2
x-intercept: (0, 0) x-intercept: (0, 0)
Realzeroi x:0 Realzero: x:0
PART II: Solutions to Cha ter and Cumulative Tests
17.4* gl-0 18. - 4x2 L2x *
3x3 16 : 0
4x2 : 8l x2(3x - 4) 4(3x - 4) : 0
',
r-:T 8l
(*, - 4X3x - 4) - 0
x:=i .9
x - 2, -zrt
19. x*Jryz-k:6 20. (x' + 6)ztt : 16
JEz .k:6-x f +6:163/2-U
22 3x:(6 _x)z *:58
22 3x:36 lzx*xz x: t..68 - * 7.616
/-9x*14:0
(r-z)(*-7)-0
x:2 (r:Tisextraneous)
21. 1l :21
5.rl
lg"- 22. -e<x-'z
8x- l:21 or -(8r - 1) :21 2 -; <.r
7t7
8x:22 or -8x :20 6 <x
^,4
ll
Jr2 _5
tf ,
35x
23. 2l* -
lx-8l
8l 24.
ffi<-2
-5 < .r - 8
?-?'*' 2?
2 + 3x
3<r 3-5x+2(2+3x),-
- f'f 2+-
145678910111213
x*7 A
2+k
Critical numbers: -'. -? , Checking the three
intervals, we obtain -7 <x
-?
t
,,
25.C- 16.369t + 401 .702
C_ 16.369t + 401 .702 : 600
16.369t : 198.298
t - Iz.L or year 2002
6t2 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 1 Chapter Test
1. No, forsotnextherecorresponds morethanonevalueofy.Forinstance,if x:
Blrvv'|r,L,r1J5' l, y = 1
l:
2. f(-6): lo - ,re - 10 - 3-7 3.f(t-3) -10- ffi: l0- ffi
. f(r)-f(2)
ta
10- F-s ffi_l
'lo
x-Zar
x-2 A
2-x
5. 3 - x>0 =+domainisall x13. 6. C- 5.60x+24,A00
P- R- C-9.20x- (5.60x+24,000)
: 3.60x - 24,W0
7. (a) 0.1 8. (a) 10
VV
/
(b) Increasing: (- 0.308, 0), (O.lOg, oo) (b) Increas,";, (- m, z.o)
Decreasing: (-oo, -0.308), (0, 0.308) Decreasing: (2.0,3)
(c) Even function: f(x) : f(- x) (c) Neither even nor odd
9. (a)
v
(b) Increasing: (- 5, *)
Decreasing:
10
-2
(- oo, - 5)
1.0. (a)
-2
-10
-20
-30
(c) Neither even nor odd
L1. Relative minimum: (- 3.33 , - 6.52). Relative maximum: (0, tz)
12. Relative minimum: (0.77,1.81). Relative maximum: (- 0.77, z.lg)
613 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
13. (a) Common function S (x) : x3 14. (a) Common function g (x) _ {..
(b) / is obtained from g by a horizontal shift 5 (b) / is obtained from g by a reflection in the
units to the right, a vertical stretch of 2, n y-axis, and a horizontal shift 7 units to the left.
reflection in the x-axis, and a vertical shift 3
(c)
units upward.
(c)
-t6-t4-12-10 -8 -6 -4
L5. (a) Common function : ltl.
g (x) L6. (a) y:xz
(b) /(x) - 4l -rl - 7 - 4l*l 7 is obtained (b) /(x) - -(r - 3)2 + 5 consistsof ahorizontal
from g by a vertical stretch of 4 followed shift 3 units to the right, a reflection in the x-
by a verticat shift 7 units downward. axis, and a vertical shift 5 units upward.
(c) (c)
17. (a) (f - s)(x) - f - ffi, Domain: xsT 18. Y:x3+8
x:!3+8
(b) (f)o, = l#., Domain: x<2
x- 8:y3
(c) (f "gXx) : J\,Fx) : z * x, Domain x a2 /-t(r)::ffi
ffi
n, Interchange x and y
2-y
g-l(x) - 2 - x2, x20
19. Inverse does not exist
3x.'f,
20.y: 8
x: f,,',,
y3/z:
|t
v : (3')"' ,x
614 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cuntulative Tests
2x+2y = 100
y:50-x
700
600
A=xy:r(50-x) 500
400
Domain: 0 300
200
Maximum area:625 when x - 25. 100
615 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 2 Chapter Test
1. (a) g(x) - 2 -I
is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a vertical shift
2 units upward.
(b) g(x) : (r
- l)'ir " horizontal shift I units to the right.
2. y = * + 4x+ 3 : * + 4x + 4 -l : (r + 2)2 - |
Vertex: (-2, -l)
a=Q 9 y:l
y=0 + *+4x*3=0 (r+l)(x+l)=0 + x=-1,-3
-
Intercepts: (0, 3), (- l, 0), (-3, 0)
3. Let y : a(x - h)2 + ft. The vertex (3, -6) implies thaty = a(x - 3)z - 6. For
(0,3) you obtain
3:a(O- 3)2-6:9a -6 - a:1.
Thus,y = (r - 3\'- 0 - * - 6x + 3.
4. (a) y : -*** 3r* 5 = -+@- 6& + 900) + 5 +45
: -*(, - 3o;z * to
Maximum height: y : 50 feet
(b) The term 5 determines the height at which the ball was thrown. Changing the
constant term results in a vertical shift ofthe graph and therefore changes the
maximum height.
3x
5. x2+I 6.
3x3 +3x
x-l 2 436
x-l 9
JT T
xz^ + I 2x3+4*+3x* 6* x- ^z
7. Possible rational zeros: 8. Possible rational zeros:
t24, t!2,+8, +6, +4,+3, *2,+ l, btr, lL +2,+ 1, l?, *tr
5
rr,l lrrrl
ataaall\ 1,,,,,,,
-35 -7
2
Rational zeros: -2,1 Rational zeros: + 1, 3
g. (- 8 3,) + (- I 15t) - -9 18,
ro. (ro + ta)-(+- F-t+1:6+ zJsi+ {14i:o+(zJs+.ft4i
6t6 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Curnulative Tests
11. (2 + tX6 - t) : 12 + 6i - 2i + I
7'
La'
8+5t.6+i 48+30r+8r-5 43,38
t
6 i 6+ i 36 +I 37 37'
13. Real zeros: 1.380, -0.819 14. Real zeros: - r.414, -0.667 , I.414
15. (x - OXx - 3)(x - (3 + ;)X' - (3 t)) L6. (.- (1 + ,[2il)G - (r fit))t. - z)(* - 2)
x(x-3)(*'-6x*10) (*-2x* 4)(r'-4x+4)
/-9x3*28x2-30x f-6x3+ l6x2-24x*16
17. (. - OXx + 5X" - I ;X" - I+t
(r'+ 5xX(x - t)t +
1)
(*r+5x)(x2-b+2)
f + 3x3 8x2 + lox
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Intercepts: (2, 0), (
-2,0)
Symmetry: y-axis
Horizontal asymptote: y - -l
tg. g(x) :#: x * I +-x-l3
t0
8
Vertical asymptote: x - I 6
4
Intercept: (0, - 2)
2
Slantasymptote: y: x +1
2x2+9
20. f(r) - 5x2+2
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
5
y-axis symmetry
Intercept:
t^e\
\0,;)
21. 30 : -0.00428x2 + I.442x - 3.t36
Solving for x, x - 24.9 years(x - 3I2 is extraneous)
617 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 3 Chapter Test
I - 3 Horizontal asymptote: y : -3 looo
L. f(*) x+ 2- f(r) - 1200
1 * 4e-o'b
.T
These are two
5 *i horizontal asymptotes.
Y:
4
3 +
: 1000
right)
t . , ,)
-1oo
2 (to the
Y : 0 (to the left) -200
-54-3-2-l t2345
-2
-3
4
-5
3. 200,000 : 4. lo9o64 : 3 €) 43 - 64
'('.H)"u"'o
200,000 : P(4.952r6) + P- $40,386.38
tn(x - 2)
6.
16*\,-
r"(ftJ : rn6* -tn..F + r
5. S(x) - logr(x - 2) - ln3
-ln6*ln r2- ln(x2+ I)r/z
-tn6 +zlnx -:Ln(x2+t)
7, logr25 - logs 52 - Zlogtl - 2 8. -2lne2 + 1: (-2)(2) + 1: -3
9.8+
I
l rx/z
4
- 450 ro. 0.06\4'
(t + 4l | -3
La/z
- M2 o, tn(t * 0.06\ ln3
4- -l:4l
d/2- 1768 ln3
-i I8.M7
x_ ln 1768 +r"(r.T)
2
x: 2lnI768 -i 14.955
618 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
11.3.6 -5ln(x+4)- 22 12. y : aeb' a- $28,000 (" : 0)
-5ln(x + 4) - 18.4 20,000 : 28,000 eb(r) ==t + : et'
- 18.4
ln(x + 4) : _- _3.69 -> b: lni - -0.33647
5
:
y 28,000 rFo-tto4l)3 - $ 10,204
x+ 4: e-3.68
x: -4*e-3.68- -3.975
13. F(t)-1 e-t/3 If r : 0, p(0) : :300
(a) F(i): I eet/2)/3 - 0.154
14. (a)
ry
(b) F(2):l e-z/t-0.487 (b) p(s) : (, ##-) - 570
(c)F(5):1 e-slt:Q.811
(c) Solving 800 : you
#graphically,
obtain |- 9 years. Hence, at the end of 8 years.
15. Since the graph is symmetric about the y-axis, the L6. y 6.775(1.361)',3
function must be even. Since the graph passes
through (0, 0), it must be (c). Also, y : 6
60
is a horizontal asymptote.
619 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 1-3 Cumulative Test
1. No, for some x there corresponds two values of y. 2. f(6) : -i- =?
6-2 2
/(2) is undefined (division by zero).
t!'2
/(s+2): (s+2)-2
' -s*2'
r
40
\ .. -/
\,/
-15
Decreasing on (- oo, 5), increasing on (5, rc)
)
J. 10
I
-2
Relative maximum: (-0.408, 5.272)
Relative minimum: (0.408, 4.728)
6. (a) r(x) =t{*isaverricalshrink of y= 3iQ (b) h(x) = 1fi+ 2isaverticalshift2unitsupward.
4 4
t
v
2
r
v
4 4
(c) s@): ffi is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left.
I
-
4
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
7.(f + s)(-+) =f(-a) +g(-a): [-(-4)2 + r(-+) - l0] + [4(-4) + l]
:-38-15=-53
9. G " fi(-z) : s(f(-2)) - s( -20\ - 4(-20) + I : -7e
1.0. (fd(- 1) - fl- t)g(- 1) : (- l4X- 3) : 42
rr. fkft)) -r\x2 '_: rl/
ll
t\
n I
!2. y: -,rF,r*
X: _rffir,
Domain: x2 - I
x2
x2: y - 2 + f-t(") : x2 * 2,x
x -1
13. Y:2x2- 3x-5 14.y- 3-a(x+2)'
Vertex at x
b3 Vertex : (3 4e\ e 3-o(-4+2)2
2a4 - \a'-T) ?
/s \ 6- 4a+ a:3;:==> y:;(.+2)2+3
Intercepts: (0,-s),[;, o),(- 1,0)
\z ?
i*'*6x*9
15. -3 250 7 -6
-6 3-9 6
2 -1 3-2 0
Zxa *5x3 *7x- 6-k +3Xr'-x2+3x-2)
17.(l 3, (2i-3)-4-st 18. m(.,ns- m) : zStb.,n-z6i)
- 4fi +6",ffit
rs. ?t I J .
I* + .24i
+ 9i
+" I 3i l+3i?t - -2 lo - -15'51 20. (6 ,(5i + 4): 29 + 26i
2r. (x + lXr - 3Xr - 3Xr - il6 + 4i) I)(xsz-6x*9)(*, + 16)
5xa + 19x3 7lx2 * 4gx * 144
22. By synthetic division, - 3 and ! ure zeros. Thus, the zeros are - 3, I, x.Zt
f(*) - (x + 3)(?i - lX" + 2i)(x - zi)
62r PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
2x-l
23. f(x):#-lo: (r+5Xt- 2)
Asymptotes: x- -5,x : zry :0
-2
-4
-6
-E
-10
24. logz64 : 6 because 26 : 64
ll \ : : I 26. lnelo - 10 ln e - 10
25. logz(,G/ -4because2-o ft
tr.,
27.
/t\
tr(;/ : ln(e-r; : -3 rne : -3 28. (t.a5;''t - 6.'733
29.58v5 - 8772.934 30. e*zo/rr : 0.162 31. 4r2.s6 - J1.743
32. f(x)- -3x+4 - 5
Intercept: (0, - 86)
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
33. /(x) : -(+)
\21
Intercept: (0, - 4)
34. flx)- 4 * log,o (,t - 3)
Domain: x
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
35. /(x) : ln (4 - x)
Domain:4 - x
36. log, 2l : l!?: - 1.892 37. logn6.8:#:O.B7Z
ln5
: tn
:- -7.4g4 (;)
38. togg/+(8.61) 9=11
' rrL'r 39. /s(;) == '"
tost
rn(i)
m"'-3'036
40. 2tnx - ir"n + s) = tn x2 - ln(x + 5) t/2
- r"(7fu)
41. h(r vffi) : lnx * ln Qffi: lnx.
+ln(x - s)
42. 6eb : 72 43. 4d-3+21 -30
eb:12 4d-3 - g
2x - ln12
I, 12 : sx-3 --94
x: 1.242
,ln
x - 3-: r"r- /2\
\a/
:3*ln\;)/o\ :r.81
44. logzx* logr5:6 45. -3 * ln4x: O
logz(5r) : 6 ln4x:3'
5x-26 4x-e3
l-. &
x-;ru:?: I
r2-8 i : ;e5 -" 5.021
+
46. ln-ffi-3 47. ln4xz :7
I
it"(x+2):3 4x2
ln(x +2): 6 x-) : 11
4r,
e6:x*2
I
x- e6 - 2- 401.429 x - tlsts
z - -F 16.558
623 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
48. (a) Let;andybethelengthsof thesides 2x * 2y:546+ y:273 - x
A:ry_x(273-x)
(b) 20,000
Domain: 0
(c) If A - 15000, then x- 76.23 or 196.77
Dimensions in feet:
76.23 x 196.77 or 196.77 x 76.23
49- y 5.55 (r.41)' - 5.55e0 344x
80
624 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 4 Chapter Test
l. , ,. I3n 5n ,i 3n
(a) (b)
+ -r ZTf :
4' T-zn=-T
5n o 180
(c) : 225"
T 7r
2n rad
2. (90,000 meters /hn(*nr7*in)( z, (L) meters 3000 rad/min
\0u /\ ):
3. sin o : 4o-
:oqTI csc0: ,F
JL7 4
cos o---L=
fr- -'F 17
sec0: -fr
tan0: -4 cot0: _1
4
4. tan 0 : +> 0 =+ g is in Quadranr I or III.
o
coto-
g
11
stnd:
11ffi
i17- cos Q--W
csco -+ffill sec 0: lq 6
62s PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
5. Q : 290" ==) 0' :70" 6. secg:*<0 + Quadrantsllorlll
v tan 0> 0 =+ Quadrants I or III
Hence, Quadrant III.
n
7. If cos 0 : -;, then g is in Quadrant II or III. 0 = ISX, 2LO"
t1 : :
8. csc 0 : 1.030 + sin 0 and OinQuadrantl orII. Using acalculator, 0 = I.33,
# r*
1.81 radians.
6
g. seco
-!2m : ! and' tan 0 < 0 0 in Quadrant IV. 10. Amplitude: 2, shift"d+ to the right.
4
cos 0:z
sin0: fr 6
tan0: fr 5
cot0: ssfi-
-Jm: 11
csc0:
66fr
-n-- 11
v 12. Shifted r to the right.
4
3
7r
Period:
2
13. f(A - 2 cos (n -' 2*) + 3 - 2 cos(2x - n) + 3
Amplitude: 2
Shifted t" the right, period zr
i,
Shifted vertically uPward 3
626 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
14. .f'(x) - 2 csc (. . t) 15. f(x) - |.o, (. - t)
Shifted ro the left Shifted to the right
i t
1.6. 4 17. 6
\/I/r |l1 at
t/l/y t/ t/ t/
-4 -2
Period is 2 Not periodic
Lg. Amplitude : + a: -2. u: arc 2 : 2
t =+ cos tl t.
2, rcflected in x-axis 19. Let cos
/- z\
sinl I -
Period 4n and shifted to the righc y : -2o""'\2 l2\8 : tan u :
7) Then tanlarccos
;/ ;
21. f(*):2arccosx 22. f (*): arctan (;)
)'
il0
0: m loo
23. tan + 0: 34.5"
N
24. tan 2.5" - x
Bearing: S 34.5o W l
x: :
,*H
2290.4 f'ee[ =z 0.43 miles
^ -"
tan'2.5-
x
(Not drawn 3o scale)
627 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 5 Chapter Test
6
1. tan0=!,cos0 < 0 + Quadrantlll
tanz 0 *l = sec2 t -#* I : *= rurP e 5ss e = -6 5
^ -s -sJ6L
cosu=G= 61
sin o = tan ocoso = g(t'J : A= #
csc ^ ----;-
t: J6T
-o
"ot
e: i
2. csc2B(l - cos20 = #. sin2P = I
- ----;------;-
se,c4r - tana x [(sec2x) + x
(tan2x)][sec2 - tanz xf u
--
.r.
sec2xttanzx se,czx*tanzx - Jsu-,i - r4ll-, - .1.
- cos0 sin0 cos20+sin20 I
4.
sin 0 cos 0 sin 0cos 0 sin d cos 0
-?.:::::-:-
5. Since tan20: sec20 - I forall A thenran 0 = - jGTl inQuadrantsIIandIV.Thus,
n/2< e<r and3rfL< 0<2r.
6.? The graph appears equal.
I
I
I
I
I
I AnalyticallY' )r : cos x + sin x tan x
I I
: cos x + sinx(sinxf cos x)
I I
I I
I
I
I
I _ coslx t.sinz,r
-2
cos r
_ .l
cos .r
: sgcx: lz
7. sino. sec0= sin0-!=tan0
cos 0
t. sec2xtan2x*sec2.r= se*2;i(rarfxt l) = sssct
6?A PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulalive Tests
cosa*sina
csca,+seca-ti";+*t" sina'cosa
9.
sina+cosa sina*cosd (sin q, * cos a)
cos2a * sin2a
sin a cos c sin a cos a
: cos a sin a :cotq*
.-
sln c cos 0
tana
10. cos(x
|zr\nn
. : cos r cos - sin x sin 11. sin(nzr *q: sin n7. cos e + sin 0' cos n?r
;) ; ; . sin 0
= cos nrr
: Q - sinx: -sinx
- (- l)n sin 0
12. (sin x * cos x)2 = sin2 x * cos2x * 2 sin.r cos x
- I* sin2x
ffi24 -6-fi
tot\l-tn\ It 7.o\
t2 / -cos\r. 6): t/
/tt *,
Z
rc
V2
-Jz 6 -J6+O
l-
2
/-ln\
/
ffi,
:16=7: lffi
vfii :l
26 -2+ fi
'un\ 12
a, sinax Sln-r.
l{. m: . I cos2x. 1*cos2x
.., COS-X:
Z T
: i,t - cos2 2x) : I - i(*#) :*- cos 4x
*
L5. 3 sin 20 sin60 : l|(cos(20 - 60) - cos(20 + 60))
: l(cos 40 - cos 80)
16. cos 5 0 +cos 3 0 -z(ro, rycos ry): 2 cos 40 cos 0
629 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
17. taflzx*'tanr=0 18. sin2a-cosc:O
tanx(tan.x* l) - 6 2sinacosa - cosc:O
tan.x=0 + x=O,rt cosa(2sina-l)=0
tanr+l=0 + tanx=-l + x-+,+ cosa:o + a :;,+
zsino-l:O ==+ sina=tI n 5n
- o:a,7
r9.4coszx-J= o
..
cos'x =
3
;
cosr = !;fi
n 5r '7rr lln
*=6'6'7' 6
?,0. csc2.r - cscr - 2=0
(cscx - 2)(csc.r + 1) = I
csc.r- 2- O + csc.r=2 + sin.r:| * ,=Ort+
CSCX* I =O + CSCx= -1 + Sin x= -t - ,=!
|
2l.Lety:5cosr-ron lO,Zn). 22' - z;J
sinhu=Zsinrcos
22. sinzu u:2]
"- ' Ts4= 3
4
rhe zero is x: r.306 ;f _,
2u =
7 _ffir: 1.fi=
23. Since lcos rl < 1, lcos2x + cos -rl S 2 for all x'
24. tanloso = tan(135. - 30") = ffir%
5 =-{-':r+4
- -1
- I +-l(-r)l+ J3-r r-J3
'l\ x.'61
=-2-J3
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
"'(f
.;)
25. n =
""(;)
*
3_ ',"(f ,0")
2
""(t)
t
3 sin
t=zfsin l"o, 30" + cosjrin 30".lJ
:-- 6rinf
e
3 sin + cos
t
(r J3)sin cos 9.
:: 2
tanr:
Tq7,
0 ^(l _ \ :38.26"
arctan\
,: 3 $)
Q: 76.52"
631 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
l. C:180'- A- B = 180'-37.6 98.4:44"
c tR t
o: dZsinA: ffisin37.6": 15.99
, : #sinB : #sin98.4o - 25.92
b2 + c2 - a2 23.22 + LG - 14.92
z.cosA=T=@ = 0.g920 1y'1 = /g.lo
sinc = a - si\?6.2"
L+.v
(to) : 0.2963 --; c : r'r.2o
B= 180o - Ao - C: l80o -26.2" - 17.2" = 136.6"
3. az = b2 * c2 -2bccosA:8.42 + 11.22 - 2(8.4)(1l.2)cos58'=96.291a=).g
s'"-A
sinB - b=
t# 8.4 = 0.7269 +B = 46.6.
tt:*t' rr.2: o.s6s2 +c :.rs.lo
sin c :
Y" :
4. h : 28 sin24.f : LL.1 + Two solutions
sinB = V b= = 0.7472 I p =4g.3.or 131.2.
#rt
ForB, = 48.3", C : 180' - 48.3' - 24.6o = 107.1
andc : .{;sin, : 107.1" = 35.8
#sin
For Br= 131.7",C: 180' - I3I.7" - 24.6o :23.7"
andc: *sin C=
#sin23.7": 15.1
5. No triangle possible (5.2 < 10.1)
6. sinB =
#, = +fl 4.8 : 0.2553:+8 - 14.80
C=180"-A-B=15.2
":-IsinC=4.9
srn A
7. A: 56",a: 1070, c:' 650
sinc _
sinA
c:ry650 +c - 3o.zo
B-180:o tl"nr.r'
93.8 34" : 59.8o
Bearing S 59.8o E
PART II: Solutions to Cha ter and Cumulative Tests
8. Law of Cosines:
a2 = b2 I c2 - 2bc cos 0 : 5652 + 4802 - 2(565)(480) cos 80" : 455,438.2 + a = 674.9 ft
9. w: (4 - (-8),I - (-12)r: (12,13>
llwll: -ffi: -ffi-17"7
r0. unit vector : *llvll= --+-r--'= (7,4> : (+.+\
1@ I 16t"-r \6' Gl
Ll.. (a) <- 4, 4> 12. (a) 2v
(b) (6, - 16) (b) u
(c) (2, -24> (c) 5u
13. (a) 2v*u 13i + r7i 14. (a) 2v*u: 2(-i - zj) + (2i + 3j) : -j
(b) u-3v - r7i - 28i (b) u 3Y: (2i + 3j) 3(- i - zj) : si + ej
(c) 5u-v -i - r4i (c) 5u-v: s(2i + 3j) (-i - 2j): lli + Lzi
r s. 12
ffi : :
h(3, - s) (h, #-l
16. 250(cos 45oi * sin 45T) first force
130(cos(- 60")i + sin(- 60"X) second force
Resurtant:
l"r(*)+' r'(;)]' * l"r(*)+ I 30( - f)l
: (r2s-fr + 65)i + (tzs0 - 6sJ3h
Magnitude: Qzs O + os)2 + (lrzs O - 6s {i' - 25o.r5
Direction: o-.ron(
ffi)=* Q:t4.so
t7. cos e-ffi: ==+ Q- 105.9o 18. No, the dot product is 24, not 0.
"ffi;
rs. proj"u - #(-5, -r): (#,#):w, 20. lrl - 2-fr. z- 2-n(ro, +.isin +)
wz:u-wl: $,7> (#,#): (#,#)
u-wl*w,
21. 100(cos24D" * i sin 24O"): -50 - SO-,6i 22. 24(cos 330' + i sin 330')
633 PART II: Solutions to chapter and cumulative Tests
zs. r'(.o,
[r('"'+.isin?)]': ry.isin ry)
::!": :f)sE
l-/
24. (3 3i)6 - isinTff
L''(cos+.
: ttrr(.orff * isin ry): ss32i
zs. rza(r + -Ei): ,tu(r. +,): rru(cos
[ +isin i)
i *^'* *isin
4throots: r*6(r", ry),*:0, 1,2,3
. 4rootsare: o(ro,
fi+isin #)
o(ror#+ i""#)
o(.orV*isinry)
o(.o,Y.isinV)
26. x4 : 625i.Fourth roots of 625i : 62t(."r; +trt";)
-( (ry\+isin(ry\ 0, I,2r3
{ozs\."'\T
t-r,o"'\ ^ ) )o:
4 roots are 5("o, + t ,t" lrmginary
[ f,) axlE
t(rorT.isinf)
,(.or{,.isin?)
t(.o,#.isin#)
634 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapters 4-6 Cumulative Test
l. (a) (b) -120" + 360o : 240"
n rad
_ _2t
(c) - r20" o
180 deg 3
(d) 0' :60o
(e) srnU:
fi I
cos0--r, tan0: 6
?,
csc -+ : -zfi
0: 3
sec 0 : -2,
cot0--7-- fi
I
J3 3
2. 2.35 radians(#) -' 134.6" 3. tano: -t ==r sec2e- tan2e+ l:f;+ I:t r25
-+ sec 0 : ; (Quadrant IV) ==) cos 0 :1
4. f(r) : 3- 2 sin rrx 5. f (r)
6. f(x) -- ,sec(r * n) 7. Amplitude: 3
Cosine curve reflected about the x-axis.
Period:2 ==) h(*): -3cos(nt)
Answer: a: -3rb: rr,c - 0
-l
8. tan(arctan 6.7) : 6.7 g. tan(arcsin J) : tan y= 1
PART II: Solutions to Ch ter and Cumulative Tests
10. Let u : arccos 2x =+ cos u : 2x. Then:
:
sin(arccos 2x)
_m sin a
\tW
11. h : 22 sin 74" - /1.1 feet
sin0- I cosg sin2 0- 2sin 0+ 1- cos20
12.
cos 0 sin0- I cosg(sine-l)
sin20- 2sin 0+ sin20
cos (sin 0 - l)
2 sin 0(sin e - 1)
: Ztan 0
cosO(sin0-1)
13. cot2 a(sec2 q, - 1) : cot2 a(tan2 a) : 1
14. sin(x * y) sin(x - y) : [sin.r cos y * cos x sin y][sin x cos y - sin y cos r]
= sin2xcoszy - sin2ycos2r
= sin2x(l - sin2y) - sin2y(l - sin2.r)
: -
sin2x sin2rsin2y - sin2y f sin2ysin2x
= sin2l - sin2y
1.5. 2coszB- cos F:0
cosBpcosB-1)-0
rr 3n
cosB:0 =+ B-7,
zz^
2cosB- 1:0 ==+ cosF:;LI - p: t, 5n3
L6. 3tanz0-cot0:0 17. Graph y : cos2 x - 5 cos x - 1 on lO, Zrr).
1
Roots are x : I.765,4.519
3tan0----0
tan A
3tan2e-1-0
I 5n 7n lln
tan0 - *-fi - t: 7r
6, 6' 6' 6
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Zeros: x: I.047,5.236
I * sinx cosr
Algebraically,
cos.r I + sinx
1 + 2 sinx * sin2 x * cos2x
-+--4
cos x( I + sin x)
-4
2 + 2 sinx
cos x( I* sin x)
-4
2 A
cos.r --?
cos*:,
rr 5rr
x: t'T
19. 6
/((
1t Zeros: x= 0.785,3.927
Algebraically, tansx - tanzx * - 3-
3tan x
tanzr(tan x - 1) + 3(tan x - l) -
0
0
(tan2x*3)(tanx-l):Q
x: rr 5n
-12
tanx: I ==t
4, 4
20. I*tu = arccos 2-x + cos u = ?s
cos(2arccos2r): cos2u= co* r- sin2 u= 4x2 - (1 - 4x2) = 8r2 - I
21. Let u : arctan .r =+ tan u: x
sin(2 arctan x) _ sin 2u
:2sinucosu
:";67r'.lEm:fi1
Axl2x
637 PART II: Solutions to Cha ter and Cumulative Tests
2j2. 0 = 67o 30' = 67.5o =
|trr). Quadrant I
sin d =,*(jt,rrl) = .,ff : j@ : )Fa
tano= ryq =@-:
cos0 E Jz
{,+l
2s. cos8x * cos 4x=rr"r(q+g) *t(ry) 24. tan x(l sin2 x) :
H cos2 x: sin x cos .x
: 2 cos 6x cos 2;c : +(z sin x cos x)
z-
: 1
,i^sin?-x
25. sin 30 sin Q - |[cos(r e - 0) - cos[30 + 0ll 2,(;. sin 3x cos b- |1sin1l x + 2x) + sin(3 n - 2x))
: ,(cos 20 - cos 4e)
: t(sin 5x * sin x)
2 cos3x 2 cos 3x I sinA g :
27.
sin 4x - sin 2,r 2 cos 3x ' sin r
:
srn x
: CSC.f 2f. sin B - a
- 0.2569 ==+ B r4.go
-
Q - 180" - 46" - L4.9o : 119.1o
c : d;trin
At
C) ^' I7.O
[Note: answers for B ancl C could be switched]
29. a2 : b2 - 2bc cosA :25.436 + a:5.04
+ c2 30. ff - 180 - 24o - 101' == 55o
sinA', : 0.8 ,a
[-rr*sinB-2O.1
sin B -
a
=+ fi - 52.5o
Q - 180o - 52.5 30" : 9-l .5" c-#sinC:24.!
31. cos A:
b2*c2-a2 : 0.8982 + A - 26.1o 32, A : iuo : i,t'' 14 sirr 82" * 131.7 sq inches
2bc
a2+c2-b2
cosB- = 0.8355 + ff :33.3"
2ac
Q- 180" -26.1o-33.3o: lz0.e
638 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
33.s :a*b*c:22-t 34. u: (3,5) :3i + 5j
2
**:
35. ll"ll : O,.Unit vec
:tor:
I I +) 36. u - v-3(l) + 4(-z): -5
\A,-JZ:
32. proj,o:5#,r,5) (-*,-*) = *,
=
w2 = r - w, = (8, -2) - (-+, -*) = (f, -?+)
rr. lzl = 3Ji,r:T, *\*"!* ,,rf;) t. ,(-+*;, = -+,fr + qr
40. [4(cos 30' + , sin 30')] [6(cos l20o * i sin 120")] = Z(cos(30 + + i sin(30" + l2O.))
120")
= Z(cos 150" + i sin t5(f)
=
^(-+. +) = -rzJi + rzi
41.1=1(cos0*isinO)
""'(L?'t) .'.*(t#)* = 0, r,,
ft:0:cos0*isinO= I
k = r:"orrf + isin! = -I* f,
k=2:"orf*isin{'=-:-+,
42. f : -243.5 fifth ros of -?A3 = 243(cos a f i sin er) are
:;;a("o"
ry + i sinff), o = o, r, 2, 3, 4
,("*f * iri"f)
,(.*? * r,'"f)
,(*.?* isin?) = -,
,(""'? * ,.r"f)
,("*? *,,t"f)
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
43. tan 18o : -4 '
200
tan 16" 45' :
*
Hence, f : h- k- 200 tan 18o - z}Otan 1 6" 45'
-Q,.$:5feet.
I.II,
Tlti
{x
lgo
Jrr
44. y: 0.",(f,,) o,, - 4rt"(f,r) o-olitude 4. Peri dA - 8
45. Add the two vectors:
500(cos 60i t sin 60i) + 50(cos 30i r sin 30i) = (zso + zs-6)i + Qso-fr + zs)1
zsofi + 2s +0- 57.4
tan?:-ffi- 1.56
Direction: N 32.6" E
Speed: :543.9km/hr
: 6G+1252-1002 : 0.615 + l: 52.05"
47. cosA
2(6ox r2s)
1002+ 1252-602 :0.881 + ff -
costt:- 2(roo) (Lzs)
28.24
Angle between vectors - A * B- 80.3"
ffio PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 7 Chapter Test
l.x-y.=6 + !=x-6.Then3x+5(x-6):2 -t k=32 -) x=4,y=4-6=-2.
Answer: (4, -2)
2.y:x- l:(x- 1), x: lorl-("-I)z-*z ===> 2x*1 =+ x2-2x:0.
.Thus,x:lorx(x-2)-0 ==+ x : 0, I,2. Answer.. (0, - l), (1, 0), (2, I)
3. x-y:3 + y:x-3 4x-G-3)':7
4x-(r'- 6x+9) -7
x2-lox*16:o
(.-2)(*-8):0
x - 2,8 Answer: (2, - l), (8, 5)
4. 4x-3y: -15 y: 4x*15
J
5. y:16-*
-- y:x*4
4x*3y-- -9 -+ J3
-4x - 9
Y--
1E
10
{
,,,.N i,,, fffr ,rl
/
-6
/' \
Answer:(- 4,0), (3,7)
Answer.' (- 3, l)
6. y- lnx : 8 -) v: lnx * 8 7.2x+ 5y: -11 Equationl
3x* y* lO:21 =+ Y: -3x * 11 5x - y : 19 Equati on 2
14
I - J titnes Eq. I added to Eq. 2 produces
-Ty:T -+ y: -+
Then 2x * 5(-+) : -ll =:> J+
28
g.
llttl
:\ Answerte, -+)
-2
Answer (1, 8)
8. x-2y+32: -5 Equation I x-2y+32:-5
b z- -4 Equation 2 4y-72: 6
3Y+ z- 17 Equation 3
T, : 3 (-il Eq.2 * Eq. 3
-2y*32:-5 z:2 -) 4y-7(2):6 -+ y:s
4y-72: 6 (-Z) Eq. I * Eq.2 z = 2,y - 5 =+ x - 2(S) + 3(2)
3Y+ z: l7 x- -l - -5
Answer: (- l, S,Z)
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
9. 5x* 5y- z:0 Equation 1 5x*5y- z- 0
10x* 5y+22-0 Equation 2 -5Y * 4z:0
5x * 15y - 9z - 0 Equation 3 0: 0 (2)8q.2 + Eq. 3
5x*5y- z:0 Infinite number of solutions. Thev are all of the
form (-3o,4a,5a) or ( -Io,!o,i1*here a is any
-5Y * 4z:0 (-2)Eq. I * Eq.2
real number.
10Y-82:0 (- l)Eq. I + Eq. 3
1.0. There are many correct answers. One system is:
ittl + (-8)(l) : -4 ==+ 3x * y : -4
itol + (- 8)(2) - - 16 ==+ 2y: -16
LL. There are many correct answers. One system is:
-Lfzl + s(t) + (-?)+ : -s :=+ b + y * 4z : -5
s(2) + (-?)o : lo + 2y: 10
(-?)+ - -s =+ 4x- -9
12.6:a(0)2 +b(0) *c + c-6
2:o(-2)2+b(-2)*c
Z-a(3\2 +b(3) *c
Hence,4a-2b *6: 2 or 2a- b- -2
9a + 3b + 6':22 or 9a + 3b: -?,.
Solving this system for a and D, you obtain a - -l,u: l. Thus, y: -i* * x + 6.
r?
Lr'
5x-2 _ A * B 14. a) -7
(x-r)2 x-1 (x-l)'
5x-2-A(*- 1) +B
x- 1: 3-B
x:0: -2: -A +3 + A -5
Sx-Z 5 . 3
m:;4r @-ry
15. -4x + 6y 16. o-r4),+y,
v
g2 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
17. 2x *y 1.8. -f * xz + 4 - 4x
2x-y f - f * 4x - 4 - o
x (x+2)(*-r)(x'-x+2)-0
Intersection points: (-2, - 6), (1, 3)
19. f +y' 20. The line joining (0, 15) and (9, 12) is
x y : -lr + 15. The line joining (g, lZ) and (12,5)
v isy - -!* + 33.
Hence,
x * 3y345
7x * 3y <99
x st2
x
y> 0.
z:ZOx*lZy
t2
At (0, 0): z :20(0)
+ tz(O) - 0
l0
8
At(12,0): z:zo(r2) + r2(O):240
6 At(8,6): z- 20(8)+ 12(6):232
4
2
At (0, 8): z :20(0) + l2(8) : 96
(12,0)
2468
x The maximum value is z - 240 at (12,0).
22. Let x : number of $275 model, y : number of $400 model.
275x + 4W < 100,000 or llx * l6y <4000
x* y< 300
x,!>0
P - 55x * 75y. Testing p ateach vertex, you see
P is a maximum at (x, y) : (160, 140).
g3 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 8 Chapter Test
-1 2l 0 -l
)[i
0
'1li
-1
2
ll i-:1] 2ll I
I
I -3 l-
-r 1l
| l0
r0
-i
3
2 -3 4J 20 1l
+ 0 -1
li :i,]
-)
10
00
li i
===>
00 il
il
+li:ll
lzr22
3.12 o
02
l-2 'll
L2 -1 6 00
Infinite number of solutions. Let z - a,! : 2a + l, x : 1.5 - 2a.
Answer.' (1.5 - 2a, I + Za,a), where a is any real number
lz3r rol ft 0 0
4. 12 -3 -3 zzlrow
_2J
reduces to o 1 0
L4-2 3
I
LO 0 I :l
Answer: (5,2, -6)
I s 4 41 l- 4 -l 6
A B-L-o -?)
5. (a)
-4 oJ L-+ o -j t: tl -:-
(b) 3A:
r s 4 4l:l- ls 12 ,r1
'L-; -4 oJ L-Lz -12 oJ
3A-28:t-l; -i: '3] -l :
(c)
'l-^- -:] l-'o -i: :]
-?
6. AB:
l1 ffi l:L': ;ll
7. 4-r:A+l-'" -21 :-ll:
30 -
I f -s
40 L- l0
-41
-6J
1l-s
ro Lro
41
6J: li il
x - A-tB: ll iltn:vl- (r, y) : (13, 22)
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
l': tll :
l6-71 ezil(-.) 6(18): 67
l+ o 3l
9. det(a) : ll -8 2l: 4(-16 4)- 0 + 3(2 + 24)
It22l
: -80 + 78- -2
10. determinant : (- I0X2X5X- 3) : 300 (Upper Triangular)
l-s o rl
Ll. ll2 tl :-s(2-4) 0+r(r2 8):10+4:14
l+ 4 rl
Area:I1t+)_7
. ft lll
7Z.r==-:
--'
-,11 -432
- 576 Y: Irz
lzo ul
Po
zrl:
8l -
288
576
: I
2
l?i -ril lr2 -241
Answert(1, -l)
13.
--ril-
Q -+ cramer's Rule not applicable.
"{j]
[Note: system is inconsistent.]
14. -/ - a(-2)2 + b(-2) * c Row-reducing the augmented matrix yields
-/-a(2)2 +b(2) *c
-2:a(4)2 +b(4) *c f 4 -? I -21 fl o 0
14 2 I 2l + lo I 0 jl
I4a-2b *c: -2 116 4 I -2J Lo o I
k+2b+c: 2
Thus, y: -**' * x + 2.
lfu+4b*c:-2
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
15. Upper left: 400 * xz : xr
Upper righu xr * xt : x+ * 600
Lower left: 300 : xz * * xs
"t
Lower right: xs * xo: 100
xr-xz :400
xr + x3-x4 :600
x, * x, + xs: 300
xo * xr: 100
Solving this system,
fr -l o o o : +ool fr o I o I Tool
Ir
| o I -l o i oool
| + lo
t^
I I o 1 3ml
l0 I 0 0 I
1 0 I I 3001 l0 I
lo o o I 1 ilooj lo o o o o 'Tl
Letting x, : a and x, - b be real number$, wo have
xs: b
x4: 100 - b
x3: a
xz:300 - a b
xr:700 - b - a
Chapter 9 Chapter Test
1. en : (-3)"-
t
at: (-3)'-' : (-3)o : 1 2. ar: !2, ek+l : ar *4
4,2: -32 a2: 12 * 4: 16
as: (-?)' : 8 as: 16 +4= 2O
tzl3 :
a4: \-5l . a+:20+4:24
8
-n
I z\4 t6
as: \-5, :81 as: 24 + 4- 28
11!4!:- 11! 1l . 10 . 9 . 8 - 71
:11 ' 10 ' 9 ' 8 :7920
3.
4t7 | 7l 7T
4. ar: dn * c, c: ar - d - 5000 - (-100) - 5100
+ an : - 100n + 5100 : 5000 - 100(n 1)
12n
:o(:)'-' \lL
5. Qn: atf -1, ar : 4, ,:, 1
=+ an 6.
#t3n * I
\21
7. 3+ 6 + ... + 150 : 3(r +z+... +50) : 3' ry: 3825
7 /z(n\\ : 224 3s :
: t(;J
),{an -
8. s) 5(7) 18e
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
ro..er(*)'-' : 5[l + 0.1 + 0.01 + . . .] = 5[1.1111. . .] - 5.555. . .
50
9
11' At: to(t . : so(t .w667)
H'
.
Aroo:50[
__ll+ o.o8\goo
_ | 50(1.00667)too
\ 12 I
12. (t) Forn: 1,3J2- r(tXt-+ t)
(2) Assume Sr : 3+ 6 + . . . + 3k- 3ft(k-+ l).
2'
Then S**t : 3+ 6 + . . . + 3k + 3(k +l)
:Sr*3(k+l)
-3ft(fr+1)+3(ft+r)
2
:ry3k+ 6l
_ 3(k + r)(k + 2)
2
Therefore, the formula is true for all positive integers
,r.
13. ,cr: g4 14. ,oCr: ll4} :
15. ,rC, 8568 16. *Cra: 780
17. rCr:#:#:56 18. 26 . l0 . l0 . l0 : 26,000 ways
L9. ., 25! 25.24.23.22 :
'J " 2lI 4! :
o<l- t
24
12,650 ways
20. There are 6 red face cards
==> probability : f, : *.
21. prugs' onrv one wav coresponds to
ffi1tr;3J,:.5fJ:ffi':'f.o*n
22. (a) /30\/30\: I I I
,r\ ll ll l2l
\60/\60/ ,' ,: 4 (D)
66''6: ffi:0.0336
(c)
6;
I
: 0.0167
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 10 Chapter Test
: 8x :
1.. yz a(z)x 2. Center: (3,2)
p-2 a: I},b:9,c : .rc
Vertex: (0, O) Vertices: (3, I2), (3, - 8)
Focus: (2, 0) Focir(l,z+ fr)
3.(f -6x+9): -2y-9 +9 4.(* - 4x 4y'- 4
+ 4) -
('- (t-2)'-4Y2-!'
3)' - -2y:4( -I)r,p: -+
Vertex: (1, O) #_+:1
/ , 1\ Center: (2, O)
Focus:
\t,-;) Vertices: (0, 0), (4,0)
a:2,b:1,c: -fr
Foci: (2 t -6,0)
- Vertex: (6,
3. -2 -2), p 6. a - 7,b : 4,center: (-6,3)
(x + 6)2 : l
U+2)':a(2)k-6)
(y+2)':8(t-6) 16 *0;_3)'
49
7. Center: (0, 0), o : 3,1; :
t + b:2
94-t-
Y2 1
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
8. (a) o-A;c:t;t-o
cot2-86 ==+ 0-4or45"
4
(b) gz- 4AC:36-4:32 Hyperbola
,{
y2+ 6ry+@'-6)-0 l(
v: -e* *
2
9.x2 * 2y, -- 5- 0
4x + 6y
x*y+5-0
y: -x - 5: * + 2(-x - 5)z - 4x + 6(-r - 5) - 5- 0
x2 + zxz + 20x + 50 - 4x - 6x - 30 - 5 - 0
3f+10x*15-0
This quadratic has no real solutions.
Therefore, no solution.
10. x: ffi Ll. Many answers possible
Y:i ==> t:4Y x:t x:2t
ll
y:7-5
x: $6y y:;r-s
*-2-r6y,
y:*'F4 -'x2 J2-
12. (r, 0): (- to, 5
(*,y): (-
T)
"r\ =+ to cos
+, -t4,'"T)
: (l ,7. .n)
13. (*,y) : (-2, -2)- (r, 0) : ('a,T), 14.P-l2rsin0-0
(-,a,i),(,n,-n r:12sin0
ilg PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
15. r:2 +3sin0 16. r:8cos30 r 8
l7.r: 4+6sin0
Limagon Rose curve
:?I +trsing
Hyperbola
L8.
r:
' l+lsing
I
19. r:ffi,€:0.2056
lz,w,ooo
:
: za : ft ft:+ : (#ffi . ffi),
p 167,695,676.5 and eP 34,478,231
-
r:ffi 34,478,23L
r
i
I
:
650 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapters 7-10 Cumulative Test
1. -x- 3y-5 2. x-3y+32: L2
4x*2Y:10 2x- 3y+ z:13
x* 3Y : -5 -4x * y - 2z: -6
-10Y:30 x-3y+ 3z: 12
y:-3,x--3y-5-9-5-4 3y - 5z: -11
Answer: (4, - 3) -lly+ l0z: 42
x-3y+32: 12
y -Jr: -+
T,: ;
z: -+,y:;(-+) -+: -4,
x : 3(-4) 3(-+) + n: 3
Answert (3, -4,-l
3.3A-28: |f-7 [- ts
-10
-6 l8 ''l 4. 5A * 3B:l ,r ll
l5 - r4l
34
12 L- t6
- rJ
1
L-zo 52
f3
: lzz -31 36 31.|
s. AB l8 6. BA :[ t2 -36 |
Lsz -40 ,11 * 0 l8J
l -ns 37
7. (a) A-t: I gs
-20 'il 8. A-r : f
-r
- rs -7
I
L14 -3 | -s -l
ilB-['l]
:
L -2
(b) det(a) I
A_IB l-r
L rJ
Answer: (4, -2, l)
Alq z9 rl
9.
16 rf -60-16-4p: 10. ar:
18 lo ll
8
a2o:8 + l9(5): 103
Area : t(M) : 22sq. units
Sum :?$ + lo3): luo
1L. p, (7k - z): 135
12. SL
4Ft
: #: o'9038
€rt& + +
L3.
.i'(i)" : 34.4795 14.
,a
8(0.9;"- r
l-0.9
:80 15.
94
k - 3685
-Q
PART II: Solutions to Ch ter and Cumulative Tests
16. Forn : l,3 : l[2(1) + l]
Assume true for ft, and consider
3+7 + . + (4k - l) + [4(k + 1) 1] :
+ 1) + (q* + 3)
k(2k
=2k2+5ft+3
- (Ztc + 3Xk + 1)
: (ft + r)lz(* + l) + 1l
which shows that the formula is valid for n : k + 1.
17. (x - Zy)u - f - I2fy + 60fy2 - L60x3y3 + 24OxT4 - L9?4f * 6.4y6
18.
#:151 ,2oo
21. Hyperbola 22. Circle
k-1)2+b-2)' -Q
2)' : c0 - 24. Center: (t, +) a - 5, b - 2
23. Vertex i (2,3): (x - 3)
: -3c c:-14
(*-r)'*(s-+)'- 1
Passes through (0,0): a - 254
(x -. Z)' : -It - 3)
25. Center: (0, -4),a - 2
0 + 4)' _f _ 1
,, 16 -16
(4,0) on curv ez 4 - + :1 + 3:- c3 + c:-
4)z f
Answer'
(Y
r-e):r
+
652 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
26. c = 2, center: (0, 2) Yertical transverse axis
al
;=; ==+ b-2a c2=4:a2+b2=a2*4a2 -' or:I:+ ur:+
0-2)' * ,
r
(f)
27.32-4AC:16 8:8 =+ Hyperbola 6
cot2o:2-,1 : -4I =+ Q:38o l
-4 | | | | , rul
Graph as: 2y2 - 4xy + (f - 6) - 0 t/ a
4x*
y ---'-- - 4
-6
28. Adding the equations, ?* - 24x: e x = 0, 12
Forr:0,
-y2 + l2y - 36 = 0
yz - l2y + 36: Q
0/=6)2:0 ==r y:6
For x : 12,
lM - y2 - lU + l2y - 36 - 0
y2 - lTy + 36 - 0 =+ y=6
Answer.. (0, 6), (12,6)
29.x:4lnt =+ t-d/4 30. (r, -
+),(- r, -t),(- r,
T)
y=/'l^ g.
I' c/alz :
Y=rld , !a/z
2-
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
7rr\ 7rr\
31. (',?),(-s,X),(-', - 4) s2. (-r,-+),(r,i),(r, -T)
L
+
33. (- r, f), (',T), (r, -?) 34. -8rcose- 3rsinQ:' -5
r=,
t Scos e+ 3sin0
4r - Srcos 0:2 r=-6
4(*.lffi:='r*+2 Circle
L6(*+f\=25f^*Zox+4
9*-I6f*2Ox+4=Q
T4
3t. r:2+ 5cos0 39. r= 4*3cos0
37. r:3-zsin0
Limagon Limagon
t
t 2
2
(2X2Xl) choic-es.
4l' nCc: 156'238'908 subsets
Since the Positions are differ- hobability - i.
ent, use
tsPt = 32,7@ ways
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 11 Chapter Test
L.
(5, -2,3',)
e
I
l.
tr'
(
x
3. Midpoint: :\ (ry.-z + 41- 1\ '-
r
t ' 2 ' z ):(7,1,2)
4. Diameter :
Radius: fi
(x - 7)2 + (y - t)2 + (z - 2), : tg
6. (a) ll"ll : =ffi
(b) u.Y: (-2)(-rz) + 6(s) + (-oX-s): 84
Ii j r' :lkl
(c) uxv:l-2 6 | ^
-61 :(0,62,62)
l_r2 s _sl
7. cosg:ffi:J#ffi-o.6el8 8. (a) x-8-2t,y:-2+6t,2=5 6t
-> Q : 46.23" or 0.9069 radians (b)
r-8 _y+2 _r-5
-2 6 -6
9. Normalvector: n_uxv- (0,62,62> 10. u' Y : o - 2 - 6 +o and u * cv ->
or (0,l, l). neither
0(x - 8) + r(y + 2) + l(e s) :
- e
y*z-3=Q
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
11.u.Y:-2+3 1-0 =+ orthogonal
12. Let A(0, 0, 5) be the vertex.
+AD: (4,0,0),v: ::>
AB: (0, 10,0), w:
u - AB: (0, 1, -5)
l+ o ol
u.(vxw):lo 10 0l -4(-s0):-200
lo I -sl
Volume _ l- 200ll : 200 cubic units
13. 14.
E
(0, -E,0)
-E
(2,0,0)
4
15. n: (3,J, 1), Q : (4,3,8), P : (0, 0, 6) in
-
plane, PO (4,3,2>.
,\_lPd.nl
- _ 8 _4-fr
rr'
il"ll fr- 7
lT. diagonal length :
:ffi
:66
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 12 Chapter Test
,!, x2- I (-2)'- I 3
L. 4 llm
,1
,J-z 2x 2(-2) 4
-:
-:
./ t
-4
limit is - 0.75
2. 2 :-5
/
/
-6
limit is - 5
f. \/4
E-c L
,. sin 3x
3. 1 rllll-- 4. 1 llm-:
.r-r5 X - ) .r-r0 X
does not exist
\L
-4
-e2E
_
-YV ^l \.^
-1
VV-
_
sin 3x
f(*) :- x
)
J. r. eb- I
7
hm 6. to Slope of tangent line
r+0 X
at (2,0) is 7.
) \ /
)/(2'o)
j" -5
f(*) - 'u x
. f(, + h) - f(*) :
h h
2x3 + 6*h + 6xh2 + 2h3 + 6x + 6h - Zx3 - 6x
h
6x2h*6xh2+2h3+6h
h
:6x2+6xh+2hz +6, h+O
f'(*) : lg3 l6xz + 6rch + Zh2 + 6l : 6xz + 6
f'(-r):6(-l)2 + 6: Iz
.,"" --"l-
657 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulqtive Tests
tim +:
: t;oh -?3
+ 3 -.(42 -.7x,+
9.f'(*):lS'ry:11$ 2(x + h)z - 7(x + h)
h
3).
b2 + 4xh + 2hz - 7x - 7h + 3 2* + 7x - 3
: lim
h-+0
4xh+2h2-7h
- lim
h->o
:lim4x*2h-7-4x-7
h-+0
l0.f'(x):lSry : lim x*h+7
h+O h
x*7
: lim
x*7-x-h-7
h-+0
: lim -h
h+Q (x+ h+7)(r+7)h
: ltg -1 -1
(x + 7)2
13/'2, 13' notexist
*:JC' ) -5
lim
11. .r+@ =U- I.-o
).f
12. irm
r+@ - "]iT* #does
!4.0,i, #,#,# 15. o, 1,0,1,0 16. lvidth of each rectangle: I
lim an: i, lim an: 0 Heights: 8, E,O,l,
n+@ n+@
tuea='*[8 +E+6 +l]=+
r7. *t*tttnnt heighr
rI' width: Y {r.
- \ tH *)
nl
: (-r. +)
nl
+ 2:4i
n
\
r:2H(;) :#i,:#ry
A: lim
afl-
+.n(n-+1)-8
L
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
lE. width: :.I heighn
i\
/( ;) : .r -7
i3
A-,.), (t -
*)(*)
:,i(;- i)
:;,i I -*j
"
:lr,t-i(ry)
:t_(n+l)2
4n2
/ (n+1)2\ . I
A: lim
n-+@ \ lt -T):r-4:A 3
19. (a) y : 8.786f -
- 0.429 6.243x
(b) velocity : derivative : 17.57b - 6.243
At,r = 5, velocity *= $1.6 ft/sec
659 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapters ll-12 Cumulative Test
1. (- 4,2,3) 2. (0, - 4, o)
4.dr: 3,dr:4,d2: JW - 5
d?+d3-d?
4+0
s. midpoi*,(lt', 6. Center = (2,2, 4)
Radius: m:A
(r - 2)2 + (y - 2)2 + (z - 4)z : 24
7. ry-trace: (z: 0)2)' + (y + l)z : 4 circle
(" -
yz-frace:(x:0) 4+ (y+ 1)2+ z2=4 or (y+ 1)'+ z2:0 Point
8. (-3, 4,Lr' (5,0,2>: -15 * 2: -13 9. u' v * 0, u * cv =+ neither
j
y: lil-l
kl
ux 4
tl (8, : 11, -2O>
ls o 2l
10.g.v:-8 L2+20:O - orthogonal 11. 3u : (- 3, 18, 9) = v :=+ Parallel
lZ. fr: (0, - 2,0>, DE : (2, 0), Dfu : (0,0, 3) L, 13. (a) Vector is (5 2,8 3,25 - 0) : (7,5,25>
+
lo -2 ol x: -2 + Tt,y :3 + 5t,z:25t
lz 1 ol : 12 cubic units /L\ x *,2 -L- ?
(D)-
loo3l 5 2s
14. U - ?2,3,0),v: (5,8,25> 15.
li j kl
uxv:l-z 3 0l :(75,50,-31)
ls 8 zsl
Normal to Plane-
Plane: 75x + 5qY - 3Iz : 0
16. Il = (2, -5, 1), Q : (0, 0, 25), P - (0, 0, 10) in plane fr: (0,0, 15)
IPQ
.nl'15{
D-
llr,ll -m_ f-2'74
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
17. Normal to plane containing (- 1, - 1,3), (0,0,0) and (2,0,0) is
li j kl
: <0,6,2> or nr - (0,3, 1)
(-1, -1,3) x <2,0,0>: l-r -i 3l
lz o ol
Normal to front face is
li j kl
(1, - 1,3) x (0,2,0) - -Ill 3l - (-6,0,2> or nz- (-3,0, t)
lo2ol
Angle between sides:
cos :
o- l,tt,'',,t4:+= :=+ Q'* I
iirililFji
'51m: m A'*,g,L')Ao
84'26"
LE. (5x - xz) : 5(a) - 42 - x*2 ,. I I
lg 4 L9. lim : rrFrr :
'3!z (r + 2)(* - l) x->-2x - I 3
-
20. lim
;;i , - *'lr7
(x
-: lim+: a
7)(x + 7) ;3i x * 7 14
lim-,F+-z.JF++z_,.-
r-,0 @_+a)-a _,:__ I
21.
x ffi=lTB6;y=ti46 2+2
I
4
l--4-
x+4- X-4 l'
22. lim '^ : -l ?3. -/
Jgi/t')
24. ffi,u:f0 + h) - f(r) 3 - (t t t)z - z 3-(r+2h+h2)-2 -2h - h2
hh
-
'-
fi"a'*
PART II: Solutions to Ch ter and Cuftiulative Tests
21. ffir"" :- (-l + t4t - I 1 -4h+6h2-4h3+h4- I
h
-4h+6h2-4h3+h4
h
Slope : lim -4h+6h2-4h3+h4 : -4
- h+0
)-4-x3+4 25x5:-
zl.,gffi 29. itm,
I
.r-+@ ^Zx 2
30. lim3t*l:3
.r-+oo xt + 4
does not exist
limxz;,2!
3r. .r+q ^-o 32. $ Lr, :1 so(slxlol) - rw3r.zs
* 3x - 2 A4'46
4
10z+r3): 12(40).ry
20
33. e'v' -' 34.
Ft 6 2
: 8610 - 420 : 8190 : 480 + 672,400 : 672,880
35. Area = 114.875 + 4.5 + 3.875 + 3l : 8.125 sq. units
rr t_
: ;lffi3/+12' _r ! _ I
36' Area
I + (- L/z1z @* tTo
- r+(r/4Y-WF-R7lf ' r+r'z
rf ll
= olz{o.u) + 2(0.s) + 2(o.e4lr76) + I + il
= 1.566 sq. units
6
38. Width::
-t. g) : (-t. g) + :6i
Height,r(
'\ nl \ nl 3 n
-ii " A-,i(#) (;) :#>,'
_36 n(n + I)
n22
13 _ 18(n + l)
I --:-
t44
A-"r]ILlry] :18
r
E
a
4.,*
l
I
I
662 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
3e. width:2, heighut(-t .i): (-t *':)': I -#.#
A-i [' -! .#)(i)
:7;,
€, ^
n -!u,*e$
2r' ,tn2 ,4,
1z
2,.,
:_\n)_ 8 r(n+ 1),_ 8 n(r+ t)(Zn+ l)
a rr, 6
",
+ r)
_z_ a(n
- 4(n + r)(Zn + r)
A:rlg[
8
-4+t:t 2
-2
PART II
Chapter P Chapter Test
r. Midpoinr: (#,T) : (r,])
(-2,5) 6
t5
: \\
Distance l" 5\
3
\\"'1l
- <64+2s--4f:9.43 2
I -'.
\(6, o)
123456
2. a48
tr
3.
€46
EU
tr
Zn
c)
940
o38
o
E_ 36
234
ot€61 \o
--
@@@co\
cco\o\c
Year
4. y:4 - ilrl 6
x:0 ==) y:4 (0,4)
r,:0 + 4:ilrl + l"l :f + x-=T
.16
\
Intercepts: (0,4), (f , O), (-f ,o) // \
-2
5. !:4 (x-2)' 5
x:0 ==> y-4-4-0 (0,0)
y:0 ===> 0-4 (*-2), + (x-2)-12 ltl
x: Or4
Intercepts: (0, 0), (4, 0)
I \
-3
6.y:x-x3 7- y : -x3 + 2x - 4
4 3
raal
rr,,\
v
Aarrrl
t
-4
\ -9
I
x:0 - y -0 (0,0) x:0 + y_ -4 (0,-4)
y:0 + 0:x(1 -rxl+x) y:0 + x:-2 (-2,0)
Intercepts: (0, 0), ( l, 0), (- I, 0) Intercepts: (0, -4), (-2, 0)
609
610 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
8. y_ 6- x g. y:L*ffi
3
5
\
\ \-/ /
at
-1
-5
f:0 ==+ v: fi x:0 =+ y:0 (0,0)
Y:0 =:) 0- .ffi ==> x:3 y:0 ==+ x:0,-3 (0,0),(-3,0)
Intercepts: (0, ...6), (3,0)
Intercepts: (0, O), (- 3, 0)
10. y- (-l):l(x-3):1rr-Z 11.. 5x*2y:3
y:1r-+ 2Y :3 5x
Additional points: (1, -4), (q,L), 6,2) y:1-]*
Slope of the perpendicular line ir 3.
y-4:?(x-0)
5y-20:2x
b-5y+20:0
12 F,: )1
t2 I --' a 6 13. 7
xx
39
13
-=
x
39: l3x \
3:x =+ x:3 -1
No x-intercepts. No real zeros.
14. 2
L5. 6
16. x2 - l0r + 9 - 0
(r-l)('-e)-0
/ :
_/ x: I,9
-ll
'.au
I
llaa
/
-2 -2
x-intercept: (0, 0) x-intercept: (0, 0)
Realzeroi x:0 Realzero: x:0
PART II: Solutions to Cha ter and Cumulative Tests
17.4* gl-0 18. - 4x2 L2x *
3x3 16 : 0
4x2 : 8l x2(3x - 4) 4(3x - 4) : 0
',
r-:T 8l
(*, - 4X3x - 4) - 0
x:=i .9
x - 2, -zrt
19. x*Jryz-k:6 20. (x' + 6)ztt : 16
JEz .k:6-x f +6:163/2-U
22 3x:(6 _x)z *:58
22 3x:36 lzx*xz x: t..68 - * 7.616
/-9x*14:0
(r-z)(*-7)-0
x:2 (r:Tisextraneous)
21. 1l :21
5.rl
lg"- 22. -e<x-'z
8x- l:21 or -(8r - 1) :21 2 -; <.r
7t7
8x:22 or -8x :20 6 <x
^,4
ll
Jr2 _5
tf ,
35x
23. 2l* -
lx-8l
8l 24.
ffi<-2
-5 < .r - 8
?-?'*' 2?
2 + 3x
3<r 3-5x+2(2+3x),-
- f'f 2+-
145678910111213
x*7 A
2+k
Critical numbers: -'. -? , Checking the three
intervals, we obtain -7 <x
-?
t
,,
25.C- 16.369t + 401 .702
C_ 16.369t + 401 .702 : 600
16.369t : 198.298
t - Iz.L or year 2002
6t2 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 1 Chapter Test
1. No, forsotnextherecorresponds morethanonevalueofy.Forinstance,if x:
Blrvv'|r,L,r1J5' l, y = 1
l:
2. f(-6): lo - ,re - 10 - 3-7 3.f(t-3) -10- ffi: l0- ffi
. f(r)-f(2)
ta
10- F-s ffi_l
'lo
x-Zar
x-2 A
2-x
5. 3 - x>0 =+domainisall x13. 6. C- 5.60x+24,A00
P- R- C-9.20x- (5.60x+24,000)
: 3.60x - 24,W0
7. (a) 0.1 8. (a) 10
VV
/
(b) Increasing: (- 0.308, 0), (O.lOg, oo) (b) Increas,";, (- m, z.o)
Decreasing: (-oo, -0.308), (0, 0.308) Decreasing: (2.0,3)
(c) Even function: f(x) : f(- x) (c) Neither even nor odd
9. (a)
v
(b) Increasing: (- 5, *)
Decreasing:
10
-2
(- oo, - 5)
1.0. (a)
-2
-10
-20
-30
(c) Neither even nor odd
L1. Relative minimum: (- 3.33 , - 6.52). Relative maximum: (0, tz)
12. Relative minimum: (0.77,1.81). Relative maximum: (- 0.77, z.lg)
613 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
13. (a) Common function S (x) : x3 14. (a) Common function g (x) _ {..
(b) / is obtained from g by a horizontal shift 5 (b) / is obtained from g by a reflection in the
units to the right, a vertical stretch of 2, n y-axis, and a horizontal shift 7 units to the left.
reflection in the x-axis, and a vertical shift 3
(c)
units upward.
(c)
-t6-t4-12-10 -8 -6 -4
L5. (a) Common function : ltl.
g (x) L6. (a) y:xz
(b) /(x) - 4l -rl - 7 - 4l*l 7 is obtained (b) /(x) - -(r - 3)2 + 5 consistsof ahorizontal
from g by a vertical stretch of 4 followed shift 3 units to the right, a reflection in the x-
by a verticat shift 7 units downward. axis, and a vertical shift 5 units upward.
(c) (c)
17. (a) (f - s)(x) - f - ffi, Domain: xsT 18. Y:x3+8
x:!3+8
(b) (f)o, = l#., Domain: x<2
x- 8:y3
(c) (f "gXx) : J\,Fx) : z * x, Domain x a2 /-t(r)::ffi
ffi
n, Interchange x and y
2-y
g-l(x) - 2 - x2, x20
19. Inverse does not exist
3x.'f,
20.y: 8
x: f,,',,
y3/z:
|t
v : (3')"' ,x
614 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cuntulative Tests
2x+2y = 100
y:50-x
700
600
A=xy:r(50-x) 500
400
Domain: 0 300
200
Maximum area:625 when x - 25. 100
615 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 2 Chapter Test
1. (a) g(x) - 2 -I
is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a vertical shift
2 units upward.
(b) g(x) : (r
- l)'ir " horizontal shift I units to the right.
2. y = * + 4x+ 3 : * + 4x + 4 -l : (r + 2)2 - |
Vertex: (-2, -l)
a=Q 9 y:l
y=0 + *+4x*3=0 (r+l)(x+l)=0 + x=-1,-3
-
Intercepts: (0, 3), (- l, 0), (-3, 0)
3. Let y : a(x - h)2 + ft. The vertex (3, -6) implies thaty = a(x - 3)z - 6. For
(0,3) you obtain
3:a(O- 3)2-6:9a -6 - a:1.
Thus,y = (r - 3\'- 0 - * - 6x + 3.
4. (a) y : -*** 3r* 5 = -+@- 6& + 900) + 5 +45
: -*(, - 3o;z * to
Maximum height: y : 50 feet
(b) The term 5 determines the height at which the ball was thrown. Changing the
constant term results in a vertical shift ofthe graph and therefore changes the
maximum height.
3x
5. x2+I 6.
3x3 +3x
x-l 2 436
x-l 9
JT T
xz^ + I 2x3+4*+3x* 6* x- ^z
7. Possible rational zeros: 8. Possible rational zeros:
t24, t!2,+8, +6, +4,+3, *2,+ l, btr, lL +2,+ 1, l?, *tr
5
rr,l lrrrl
ataaall\ 1,,,,,,,
-35 -7
2
Rational zeros: -2,1 Rational zeros: + 1, 3
g. (- 8 3,) + (- I 15t) - -9 18,
ro. (ro + ta)-(+- F-t+1:6+ zJsi+ {14i:o+(zJs+.ft4i
6t6 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Curnulative Tests
11. (2 + tX6 - t) : 12 + 6i - 2i + I
7'
La'
8+5t.6+i 48+30r+8r-5 43,38
t
6 i 6+ i 36 +I 37 37'
13. Real zeros: 1.380, -0.819 14. Real zeros: - r.414, -0.667 , I.414
15. (x - OXx - 3)(x - (3 + ;)X' - (3 t)) L6. (.- (1 + ,[2il)G - (r fit))t. - z)(* - 2)
x(x-3)(*'-6x*10) (*-2x* 4)(r'-4x+4)
/-9x3*28x2-30x f-6x3+ l6x2-24x*16
17. (. - OXx + 5X" - I ;X" - I+t
(r'+ 5xX(x - t)t +
1)
(*r+5x)(x2-b+2)
f + 3x3 8x2 + lox
Vertical asymptote: x : 0
Intercepts: (2, 0), (
-2,0)
Symmetry: y-axis
Horizontal asymptote: y - -l
tg. g(x) :#: x * I +-x-l3
t0
8
Vertical asymptote: x - I 6
4
Intercept: (0, - 2)
2
Slantasymptote: y: x +1
2x2+9
20. f(r) - 5x2+2
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
5
y-axis symmetry
Intercept:
t^e\
\0,;)
21. 30 : -0.00428x2 + I.442x - 3.t36
Solving for x, x - 24.9 years(x - 3I2 is extraneous)
617 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 3 Chapter Test
I - 3 Horizontal asymptote: y : -3 looo
L. f(*) x+ 2- f(r) - 1200
1 * 4e-o'b
.T
These are two
5 *i horizontal asymptotes.
Y:
4
3 +
: 1000
right)
t . , ,)
-1oo
2 (to the
Y : 0 (to the left) -200
-54-3-2-l t2345
-2
-3
4
-5
3. 200,000 : 4. lo9o64 : 3 €) 43 - 64
'('.H)"u"'o
200,000 : P(4.952r6) + P- $40,386.38
tn(x - 2)
6.
16*\,-
r"(ftJ : rn6* -tn..F + r
5. S(x) - logr(x - 2) - ln3
-ln6*ln r2- ln(x2+ I)r/z
-tn6 +zlnx -:Ln(x2+t)
7, logr25 - logs 52 - Zlogtl - 2 8. -2lne2 + 1: (-2)(2) + 1: -3
9.8+
I
l rx/z
4
- 450 ro. 0.06\4'
(t + 4l | -3
La/z
- M2 o, tn(t * 0.06\ ln3
4- -l:4l
d/2- 1768 ln3
-i I8.M7
x_ ln 1768 +r"(r.T)
2
x: 2lnI768 -i 14.955
618 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
11.3.6 -5ln(x+4)- 22 12. y : aeb' a- $28,000 (" : 0)
-5ln(x + 4) - 18.4 20,000 : 28,000 eb(r) ==t + : et'
- 18.4
ln(x + 4) : _- _3.69 -> b: lni - -0.33647
5
:
y 28,000 rFo-tto4l)3 - $ 10,204
x+ 4: e-3.68
x: -4*e-3.68- -3.975
13. F(t)-1 e-t/3 If r : 0, p(0) : :300
(a) F(i): I eet/2)/3 - 0.154
14. (a)
ry
(b) F(2):l e-z/t-0.487 (b) p(s) : (, ##-) - 570
(c)F(5):1 e-slt:Q.811
(c) Solving 800 : you
#graphically,
obtain |- 9 years. Hence, at the end of 8 years.
15. Since the graph is symmetric about the y-axis, the L6. y 6.775(1.361)',3
function must be even. Since the graph passes
through (0, 0), it must be (c). Also, y : 6
60
is a horizontal asymptote.
619 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 1-3 Cumulative Test
1. No, for some x there corresponds two values of y. 2. f(6) : -i- =?
6-2 2
/(2) is undefined (division by zero).
t!'2
/(s+2): (s+2)-2
' -s*2'
r
40
\ .. -/
\,/
-15
Decreasing on (- oo, 5), increasing on (5, rc)
)
J. 10
I
-2
Relative maximum: (-0.408, 5.272)
Relative minimum: (0.408, 4.728)
6. (a) r(x) =t{*isaverricalshrink of y= 3iQ (b) h(x) = 1fi+ 2isaverticalshift2unitsupward.
4 4
t
v
2
r
v
4 4
(c) s@): ffi is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left.
I
-
4
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
7.(f + s)(-+) =f(-a) +g(-a): [-(-4)2 + r(-+) - l0] + [4(-4) + l]
:-38-15=-53
9. G " fi(-z) : s(f(-2)) - s( -20\ - 4(-20) + I : -7e
1.0. (fd(- 1) - fl- t)g(- 1) : (- l4X- 3) : 42
rr. fkft)) -r\x2 '_: rl/
ll
t\
n I
!2. y: -,rF,r*
X: _rffir,
Domain: x2 - I
x2
x2: y - 2 + f-t(") : x2 * 2,x
x -1
13. Y:2x2- 3x-5 14.y- 3-a(x+2)'
Vertex at x
b3 Vertex : (3 4e\ e 3-o(-4+2)2
2a4 - \a'-T) ?
/s \ 6- 4a+ a:3;:==> y:;(.+2)2+3
Intercepts: (0,-s),[;, o),(- 1,0)
\z ?
i*'*6x*9
15. -3 250 7 -6
-6 3-9 6
2 -1 3-2 0
Zxa *5x3 *7x- 6-k +3Xr'-x2+3x-2)
17.(l 3, (2i-3)-4-st 18. m(.,ns- m) : zStb.,n-z6i)
- 4fi +6",ffit
rs. ?t I J .
I* + .24i
+ 9i
+" I 3i l+3i?t - -2 lo - -15'51 20. (6 ,(5i + 4): 29 + 26i
2r. (x + lXr - 3Xr - 3Xr - il6 + 4i) I)(xsz-6x*9)(*, + 16)
5xa + 19x3 7lx2 * 4gx * 144
22. By synthetic division, - 3 and ! ure zeros. Thus, the zeros are - 3, I, x.Zt
f(*) - (x + 3)(?i - lX" + 2i)(x - zi)
62r PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
2x-l
23. f(x):#-lo: (r+5Xt- 2)
Asymptotes: x- -5,x : zry :0
-2
-4
-6
-E
-10
24. logz64 : 6 because 26 : 64
ll \ : : I 26. lnelo - 10 ln e - 10
25. logz(,G/ -4because2-o ft
tr.,
27.
/t\
tr(;/ : ln(e-r; : -3 rne : -3 28. (t.a5;''t - 6.'733
29.58v5 - 8772.934 30. e*zo/rr : 0.162 31. 4r2.s6 - J1.743
32. f(x)- -3x+4 - 5
Intercept: (0, - 86)
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
33. /(x) : -(+)
\21
Intercept: (0, - 4)
34. flx)- 4 * log,o (,t - 3)
Domain: x
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
35. /(x) : ln (4 - x)
Domain:4 - x
36. log, 2l : l!?: - 1.892 37. logn6.8:#:O.B7Z
ln5
: tn
:- -7.4g4 (;)
38. togg/+(8.61) 9=11
' rrL'r 39. /s(;) == '"
tost
rn(i)
m"'-3'036
40. 2tnx - ir"n + s) = tn x2 - ln(x + 5) t/2
- r"(7fu)
41. h(r vffi) : lnx * ln Qffi: lnx.
+ln(x - s)
42. 6eb : 72 43. 4d-3+21 -30
eb:12 4d-3 - g
2x - ln12
I, 12 : sx-3 --94
x: 1.242
,ln
x - 3-: r"r- /2\
\a/
:3*ln\;)/o\ :r.81
44. logzx* logr5:6 45. -3 * ln4x: O
logz(5r) : 6 ln4x:3'
5x-26 4x-e3
l-. &
x-;ru:?: I
r2-8 i : ;e5 -" 5.021
+
46. ln-ffi-3 47. ln4xz :7
I
it"(x+2):3 4x2
ln(x +2): 6 x-) : 11
4r,
e6:x*2
I
x- e6 - 2- 401.429 x - tlsts
z - -F 16.558
623 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
48. (a) Let;andybethelengthsof thesides 2x * 2y:546+ y:273 - x
A:ry_x(273-x)
(b) 20,000
Domain: 0
(c) If A - 15000, then x- 76.23 or 196.77
Dimensions in feet:
76.23 x 196.77 or 196.77 x 76.23
49- y 5.55 (r.41)' - 5.55e0 344x
80
624 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 4 Chapter Test
l. , ,. I3n 5n ,i 3n
(a) (b)
+ -r ZTf :
4' T-zn=-T
5n o 180
(c) : 225"
T 7r
2n rad
2. (90,000 meters /hn(*nr7*in)( z, (L) meters 3000 rad/min
\0u /\ ):
3. sin o : 4o-
:oqTI csc0: ,F
JL7 4
cos o---L=
fr- -'F 17
sec0: -fr
tan0: -4 cot0: _1
4
4. tan 0 : +> 0 =+ g is in Quadranr I or III.
o
coto-
g
11
stnd:
11ffi
i17- cos Q--W
csco -+ffill sec 0: lq 6
62s PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
5. Q : 290" ==) 0' :70" 6. secg:*<0 + Quadrantsllorlll
v tan 0> 0 =+ Quadrants I or III
Hence, Quadrant III.
n
7. If cos 0 : -;, then g is in Quadrant II or III. 0 = ISX, 2LO"
t1 : :
8. csc 0 : 1.030 + sin 0 and OinQuadrantl orII. Using acalculator, 0 = I.33,
# r*
1.81 radians.
6
g. seco
-!2m : ! and' tan 0 < 0 0 in Quadrant IV. 10. Amplitude: 2, shift"d+ to the right.
4
cos 0:z
sin0: fr 6
tan0: fr 5
cot0: ssfi-
-Jm: 11
csc0:
66fr
-n-- 11
v 12. Shifted r to the right.
4
3
7r
Period:
2
13. f(A - 2 cos (n -' 2*) + 3 - 2 cos(2x - n) + 3
Amplitude: 2
Shifted t" the right, period zr
i,
Shifted vertically uPward 3
626 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
14. .f'(x) - 2 csc (. . t) 15. f(x) - |.o, (. - t)
Shifted ro the left Shifted to the right
i t
1.6. 4 17. 6
\/I/r |l1 at
t/l/y t/ t/ t/
-4 -2
Period is 2 Not periodic
Lg. Amplitude : + a: -2. u: arc 2 : 2
t =+ cos tl t.
2, rcflected in x-axis 19. Let cos
/- z\
sinl I -
Period 4n and shifted to the righc y : -2o""'\2 l2\8 : tan u :
7) Then tanlarccos
;/ ;
21. f(*):2arccosx 22. f (*): arctan (;)
)'
il0
0: m loo
23. tan + 0: 34.5"
N
24. tan 2.5" - x
Bearing: S 34.5o W l
x: :
,*H
2290.4 f'ee[ =z 0.43 miles
^ -"
tan'2.5-
x
(Not drawn 3o scale)
627 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 5 Chapter Test
6
1. tan0=!,cos0 < 0 + Quadrantlll
tanz 0 *l = sec2 t -#* I : *= rurP e 5ss e = -6 5
^ -s -sJ6L
cosu=G= 61
sin o = tan ocoso = g(t'J : A= #
csc ^ ----;-
t: J6T
-o
"ot
e: i
2. csc2B(l - cos20 = #. sin2P = I
- ----;------;-
se,c4r - tana x [(sec2x) + x
(tan2x)][sec2 - tanz xf u
--
.r.
sec2xttanzx se,czx*tanzx - Jsu-,i - r4ll-, - .1.
- cos0 sin0 cos20+sin20 I
4.
sin 0 cos 0 sin 0cos 0 sin d cos 0
-?.:::::-:-
5. Since tan20: sec20 - I forall A thenran 0 = - jGTl inQuadrantsIIandIV.Thus,
n/2< e<r and3rfL< 0<2r.
6.? The graph appears equal.
I
I
I
I
I
I AnalyticallY' )r : cos x + sin x tan x
I I
: cos x + sinx(sinxf cos x)
I I
I I
I
I
I
I _ coslx t.sinz,r
-2
cos r
_ .l
cos .r
: sgcx: lz
7. sino. sec0= sin0-!=tan0
cos 0
t. sec2xtan2x*sec2.r= se*2;i(rarfxt l) = sssct
6?A PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulalive Tests
cosa*sina
csca,+seca-ti";+*t" sina'cosa
9.
sina+cosa sina*cosd (sin q, * cos a)
cos2a * sin2a
sin a cos c sin a cos a
: cos a sin a :cotq*
.-
sln c cos 0
tana
10. cos(x
|zr\nn
. : cos r cos - sin x sin 11. sin(nzr *q: sin n7. cos e + sin 0' cos n?r
;) ; ; . sin 0
= cos nrr
: Q - sinx: -sinx
- (- l)n sin 0
12. (sin x * cos x)2 = sin2 x * cos2x * 2 sin.r cos x
- I* sin2x
ffi24 -6-fi
tot\l-tn\ It 7.o\
t2 / -cos\r. 6): t/
/tt *,
Z
rc
V2
-Jz 6 -J6+O
l-
2
/-ln\
/
ffi,
:16=7: lffi
vfii :l
26 -2+ fi
'un\ 12
a, sinax Sln-r.
l{. m: . I cos2x. 1*cos2x
.., COS-X:
Z T
: i,t - cos2 2x) : I - i(*#) :*- cos 4x
*
L5. 3 sin 20 sin60 : l|(cos(20 - 60) - cos(20 + 60))
: l(cos 40 - cos 80)
16. cos 5 0 +cos 3 0 -z(ro, rycos ry): 2 cos 40 cos 0
629 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
17. taflzx*'tanr=0 18. sin2a-cosc:O
tanx(tan.x* l) - 6 2sinacosa - cosc:O
tan.x=0 + x=O,rt cosa(2sina-l)=0
tanr+l=0 + tanx=-l + x-+,+ cosa:o + a :;,+
zsino-l:O ==+ sina=tI n 5n
- o:a,7
r9.4coszx-J= o
..
cos'x =
3
;
cosr = !;fi
n 5r '7rr lln
*=6'6'7' 6
?,0. csc2.r - cscr - 2=0
(cscx - 2)(csc.r + 1) = I
csc.r- 2- O + csc.r=2 + sin.r:| * ,=Ort+
CSCX* I =O + CSCx= -1 + Sin x= -t - ,=!
|
2l.Lety:5cosr-ron lO,Zn). 22' - z;J
sinhu=Zsinrcos
22. sinzu u:2]
"- ' Ts4= 3
4
rhe zero is x: r.306 ;f _,
2u =
7 _ffir: 1.fi=
23. Since lcos rl < 1, lcos2x + cos -rl S 2 for all x'
24. tanloso = tan(135. - 30") = ffir%
5 =-{-':r+4
- -1
- I +-l(-r)l+ J3-r r-J3
'l\ x.'61
=-2-J3
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
"'(f
.;)
25. n =
""(;)
*
3_ ',"(f ,0")
2
""(t)
t
3 sin
t=zfsin l"o, 30" + cosjrin 30".lJ
:-- 6rinf
e
3 sin + cos
t
(r J3)sin cos 9.
:: 2
tanr:
Tq7,
0 ^(l _ \ :38.26"
arctan\
,: 3 $)
Q: 76.52"
631 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
l. C:180'- A- B = 180'-37.6 98.4:44"
c tR t
o: dZsinA: ffisin37.6": 15.99
, : #sinB : #sin98.4o - 25.92
b2 + c2 - a2 23.22 + LG - 14.92
z.cosA=T=@ = 0.g920 1y'1 = /g.lo
sinc = a - si\?6.2"
L+.v
(to) : 0.2963 --; c : r'r.2o
B= 180o - Ao - C: l80o -26.2" - 17.2" = 136.6"
3. az = b2 * c2 -2bccosA:8.42 + 11.22 - 2(8.4)(1l.2)cos58'=96.291a=).g
s'"-A
sinB - b=
t# 8.4 = 0.7269 +B = 46.6.
tt:*t' rr.2: o.s6s2 +c :.rs.lo
sin c :
Y" :
4. h : 28 sin24.f : LL.1 + Two solutions
sinB = V b= = 0.7472 I p =4g.3.or 131.2.
#rt
ForB, = 48.3", C : 180' - 48.3' - 24.6o = 107.1
andc : .{;sin, : 107.1" = 35.8
#sin
For Br= 131.7",C: 180' - I3I.7" - 24.6o :23.7"
andc: *sin C=
#sin23.7": 15.1
5. No triangle possible (5.2 < 10.1)
6. sinB =
#, = +fl 4.8 : 0.2553:+8 - 14.80
C=180"-A-B=15.2
":-IsinC=4.9
srn A
7. A: 56",a: 1070, c:' 650
sinc _
sinA
c:ry650 +c - 3o.zo
B-180:o tl"nr.r'
93.8 34" : 59.8o
Bearing S 59.8o E
PART II: Solutions to Cha ter and Cumulative Tests
8. Law of Cosines:
a2 = b2 I c2 - 2bc cos 0 : 5652 + 4802 - 2(565)(480) cos 80" : 455,438.2 + a = 674.9 ft
9. w: (4 - (-8),I - (-12)r: (12,13>
llwll: -ffi: -ffi-17"7
r0. unit vector : *llvll= --+-r--'= (7,4> : (+.+\
1@ I 16t"-r \6' Gl
Ll.. (a) <- 4, 4> 12. (a) 2v
(b) (6, - 16) (b) u
(c) (2, -24> (c) 5u
13. (a) 2v*u 13i + r7i 14. (a) 2v*u: 2(-i - zj) + (2i + 3j) : -j
(b) u-3v - r7i - 28i (b) u 3Y: (2i + 3j) 3(- i - zj) : si + ej
(c) 5u-v -i - r4i (c) 5u-v: s(2i + 3j) (-i - 2j): lli + Lzi
r s. 12
ffi : :
h(3, - s) (h, #-l
16. 250(cos 45oi * sin 45T) first force
130(cos(- 60")i + sin(- 60"X) second force
Resurtant:
l"r(*)+' r'(;)]' * l"r(*)+ I 30( - f)l
: (r2s-fr + 65)i + (tzs0 - 6sJ3h
Magnitude: Qzs O + os)2 + (lrzs O - 6s {i' - 25o.r5
Direction: o-.ron(
ffi)=* Q:t4.so
t7. cos e-ffi: ==+ Q- 105.9o 18. No, the dot product is 24, not 0.
"ffi;
rs. proj"u - #(-5, -r): (#,#):w, 20. lrl - 2-fr. z- 2-n(ro, +.isin +)
wz:u-wl: $,7> (#,#): (#,#)
u-wl*w,
21. 100(cos24D" * i sin 24O"): -50 - SO-,6i 22. 24(cos 330' + i sin 330')
633 PART II: Solutions to chapter and cumulative Tests
zs. r'(.o,
[r('"'+.isin?)]': ry.isin ry)
::!": :f)sE
l-/
24. (3 3i)6 - isinTff
L''(cos+.
: ttrr(.orff * isin ry): ss32i
zs. rza(r + -Ei): ,tu(r. +,): rru(cos
[ +isin i)
i *^'* *isin
4throots: r*6(r", ry),*:0, 1,2,3
. 4rootsare: o(ro,
fi+isin #)
o(ror#+ i""#)
o(.orV*isinry)
o(.o,Y.isinV)
26. x4 : 625i.Fourth roots of 625i : 62t(."r; +trt";)
-( (ry\+isin(ry\ 0, I,2r3
{ozs\."'\T
t-r,o"'\ ^ ) )o:
4 roots are 5("o, + t ,t" lrmginary
[ f,) axlE
t(rorT.isinf)
,(.or{,.isin?)
t(.o,#.isin#)
634 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapters 4-6 Cumulative Test
l. (a) (b) -120" + 360o : 240"
n rad
_ _2t
(c) - r20" o
180 deg 3
(d) 0' :60o
(e) srnU:
fi I
cos0--r, tan0: 6
?,
csc -+ : -zfi
0: 3
sec 0 : -2,
cot0--7-- fi
I
J3 3
2. 2.35 radians(#) -' 134.6" 3. tano: -t ==r sec2e- tan2e+ l:f;+ I:t r25
-+ sec 0 : ; (Quadrant IV) ==) cos 0 :1
4. f(r) : 3- 2 sin rrx 5. f (r)
6. f(x) -- ,sec(r * n) 7. Amplitude: 3
Cosine curve reflected about the x-axis.
Period:2 ==) h(*): -3cos(nt)
Answer: a: -3rb: rr,c - 0
-l
8. tan(arctan 6.7) : 6.7 g. tan(arcsin J) : tan y= 1
PART II: Solutions to Ch ter and Cumulative Tests
10. Let u : arccos 2x =+ cos u : 2x. Then:
:
sin(arccos 2x)
_m sin a
\tW
11. h : 22 sin 74" - /1.1 feet
sin0- I cosg sin2 0- 2sin 0+ 1- cos20
12.
cos 0 sin0- I cosg(sine-l)
sin20- 2sin 0+ sin20
cos (sin 0 - l)
2 sin 0(sin e - 1)
: Ztan 0
cosO(sin0-1)
13. cot2 a(sec2 q, - 1) : cot2 a(tan2 a) : 1
14. sin(x * y) sin(x - y) : [sin.r cos y * cos x sin y][sin x cos y - sin y cos r]
= sin2xcoszy - sin2ycos2r
= sin2x(l - sin2y) - sin2y(l - sin2.r)
: -
sin2x sin2rsin2y - sin2y f sin2ysin2x
= sin2l - sin2y
1.5. 2coszB- cos F:0
cosBpcosB-1)-0
rr 3n
cosB:0 =+ B-7,
zz^
2cosB- 1:0 ==+ cosF:;LI - p: t, 5n3
L6. 3tanz0-cot0:0 17. Graph y : cos2 x - 5 cos x - 1 on lO, Zrr).
1
Roots are x : I.765,4.519
3tan0----0
tan A
3tan2e-1-0
I 5n 7n lln
tan0 - *-fi - t: 7r
6, 6' 6' 6
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Zeros: x: I.047,5.236
I * sinx cosr
Algebraically,
cos.r I + sinx
1 + 2 sinx * sin2 x * cos2x
-+--4
cos x( I + sin x)
-4
2 + 2 sinx
cos x( I* sin x)
-4
2 A
cos.r --?
cos*:,
rr 5rr
x: t'T
19. 6
/((
1t Zeros: x= 0.785,3.927
Algebraically, tansx - tanzx * - 3-
3tan x
tanzr(tan x - 1) + 3(tan x - l) -
0
0
(tan2x*3)(tanx-l):Q
x: rr 5n
-12
tanx: I ==t
4, 4
20. I*tu = arccos 2-x + cos u = ?s
cos(2arccos2r): cos2u= co* r- sin2 u= 4x2 - (1 - 4x2) = 8r2 - I
21. Let u : arctan .r =+ tan u: x
sin(2 arctan x) _ sin 2u
:2sinucosu
:";67r'.lEm:fi1
Axl2x
637 PART II: Solutions to Cha ter and Cumulative Tests
2j2. 0 = 67o 30' = 67.5o =
|trr). Quadrant I
sin d =,*(jt,rrl) = .,ff : j@ : )Fa
tano= ryq =@-:
cos0 E Jz
{,+l
2s. cos8x * cos 4x=rr"r(q+g) *t(ry) 24. tan x(l sin2 x) :
H cos2 x: sin x cos .x
: 2 cos 6x cos 2;c : +(z sin x cos x)
z-
: 1
,i^sin?-x
25. sin 30 sin Q - |[cos(r e - 0) - cos[30 + 0ll 2,(;. sin 3x cos b- |1sin1l x + 2x) + sin(3 n - 2x))
: ,(cos 20 - cos 4e)
: t(sin 5x * sin x)
2 cos3x 2 cos 3x I sinA g :
27.
sin 4x - sin 2,r 2 cos 3x ' sin r
:
srn x
: CSC.f 2f. sin B - a
- 0.2569 ==+ B r4.go
-
Q - 180" - 46" - L4.9o : 119.1o
c : d;trin
At
C) ^' I7.O
[Note: answers for B ancl C could be switched]
29. a2 : b2 - 2bc cosA :25.436 + a:5.04
+ c2 30. ff - 180 - 24o - 101' == 55o
sinA', : 0.8 ,a
[-rr*sinB-2O.1
sin B -
a
=+ fi - 52.5o
Q - 180o - 52.5 30" : 9-l .5" c-#sinC:24.!
31. cos A:
b2*c2-a2 : 0.8982 + A - 26.1o 32, A : iuo : i,t'' 14 sirr 82" * 131.7 sq inches
2bc
a2+c2-b2
cosB- = 0.8355 + ff :33.3"
2ac
Q- 180" -26.1o-33.3o: lz0.e
638 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
33.s :a*b*c:22-t 34. u: (3,5) :3i + 5j
2
**:
35. ll"ll : O,.Unit vec
:tor:
I I +) 36. u - v-3(l) + 4(-z): -5
\A,-JZ:
32. proj,o:5#,r,5) (-*,-*) = *,
=
w2 = r - w, = (8, -2) - (-+, -*) = (f, -?+)
rr. lzl = 3Ji,r:T, *\*"!* ,,rf;) t. ,(-+*;, = -+,fr + qr
40. [4(cos 30' + , sin 30')] [6(cos l20o * i sin 120")] = Z(cos(30 + + i sin(30" + l2O.))
120")
= Z(cos 150" + i sin t5(f)
=
^(-+. +) = -rzJi + rzi
41.1=1(cos0*isinO)
""'(L?'t) .'.*(t#)* = 0, r,,
ft:0:cos0*isinO= I
k = r:"orrf + isin! = -I* f,
k=2:"orf*isin{'=-:-+,
42. f : -243.5 fifth ros of -?A3 = 243(cos a f i sin er) are
:;;a("o"
ry + i sinff), o = o, r, 2, 3, 4
,("*f * iri"f)
,(.*? * r,'"f)
,(*.?* isin?) = -,
,(""'? * ,.r"f)
,("*? *,,t"f)
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
43. tan 18o : -4 '
200
tan 16" 45' :
*
Hence, f : h- k- 200 tan 18o - z}Otan 1 6" 45'
-Q,.$:5feet.
I.II,
Tlti
{x
lgo
Jrr
44. y: 0.",(f,,) o,, - 4rt"(f,r) o-olitude 4. Peri dA - 8
45. Add the two vectors:
500(cos 60i t sin 60i) + 50(cos 30i r sin 30i) = (zso + zs-6)i + Qso-fr + zs)1
zsofi + 2s +0- 57.4
tan?:-ffi- 1.56
Direction: N 32.6" E
Speed: :543.9km/hr
: 6G+1252-1002 : 0.615 + l: 52.05"
47. cosA
2(6ox r2s)
1002+ 1252-602 :0.881 + ff -
costt:- 2(roo) (Lzs)
28.24
Angle between vectors - A * B- 80.3"
ffio PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 7 Chapter Test
l.x-y.=6 + !=x-6.Then3x+5(x-6):2 -t k=32 -) x=4,y=4-6=-2.
Answer: (4, -2)
2.y:x- l:(x- 1), x: lorl-("-I)z-*z ===> 2x*1 =+ x2-2x:0.
.Thus,x:lorx(x-2)-0 ==+ x : 0, I,2. Answer.. (0, - l), (1, 0), (2, I)
3. x-y:3 + y:x-3 4x-G-3)':7
4x-(r'- 6x+9) -7
x2-lox*16:o
(.-2)(*-8):0
x - 2,8 Answer: (2, - l), (8, 5)
4. 4x-3y: -15 y: 4x*15
J
5. y:16-*
-- y:x*4
4x*3y-- -9 -+ J3
-4x - 9
Y--
1E
10
{
,,,.N i,,, fffr ,rl
/
-6
/' \
Answer:(- 4,0), (3,7)
Answer.' (- 3, l)
6. y- lnx : 8 -) v: lnx * 8 7.2x+ 5y: -11 Equationl
3x* y* lO:21 =+ Y: -3x * 11 5x - y : 19 Equati on 2
14
I - J titnes Eq. I added to Eq. 2 produces
-Ty:T -+ y: -+
Then 2x * 5(-+) : -ll =:> J+
28
g.
llttl
:\ Answerte, -+)
-2
Answer (1, 8)
8. x-2y+32: -5 Equation I x-2y+32:-5
b z- -4 Equation 2 4y-72: 6
3Y+ z- 17 Equation 3
T, : 3 (-il Eq.2 * Eq. 3
-2y*32:-5 z:2 -) 4y-7(2):6 -+ y:s
4y-72: 6 (-Z) Eq. I * Eq.2 z = 2,y - 5 =+ x - 2(S) + 3(2)
3Y+ z: l7 x- -l - -5
Answer: (- l, S,Z)
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
9. 5x* 5y- z:0 Equation 1 5x*5y- z- 0
10x* 5y+22-0 Equation 2 -5Y * 4z:0
5x * 15y - 9z - 0 Equation 3 0: 0 (2)8q.2 + Eq. 3
5x*5y- z:0 Infinite number of solutions. Thev are all of the
form (-3o,4a,5a) or ( -Io,!o,i1*here a is any
-5Y * 4z:0 (-2)Eq. I * Eq.2
real number.
10Y-82:0 (- l)Eq. I + Eq. 3
1.0. There are many correct answers. One system is:
ittl + (-8)(l) : -4 ==+ 3x * y : -4
itol + (- 8)(2) - - 16 ==+ 2y: -16
LL. There are many correct answers. One system is:
-Lfzl + s(t) + (-?)+ : -s :=+ b + y * 4z : -5
s(2) + (-?)o : lo + 2y: 10
(-?)+ - -s =+ 4x- -9
12.6:a(0)2 +b(0) *c + c-6
2:o(-2)2+b(-2)*c
Z-a(3\2 +b(3) *c
Hence,4a-2b *6: 2 or 2a- b- -2
9a + 3b + 6':22 or 9a + 3b: -?,.
Solving this system for a and D, you obtain a - -l,u: l. Thus, y: -i* * x + 6.
r?
Lr'
5x-2 _ A * B 14. a) -7
(x-r)2 x-1 (x-l)'
5x-2-A(*- 1) +B
x- 1: 3-B
x:0: -2: -A +3 + A -5
Sx-Z 5 . 3
m:;4r @-ry
15. -4x + 6y 16. o-r4),+y,
v
g2 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
17. 2x *y 1.8. -f * xz + 4 - 4x
2x-y f - f * 4x - 4 - o
x (x+2)(*-r)(x'-x+2)-0
Intersection points: (-2, - 6), (1, 3)
19. f +y' 20. The line joining (0, 15) and (9, 12) is
x y : -lr + 15. The line joining (g, lZ) and (12,5)
v isy - -!* + 33.
Hence,
x * 3y345
7x * 3y <99
x st2
x
y> 0.
z:ZOx*lZy
t2
At (0, 0): z :20(0)
+ tz(O) - 0
l0
8
At(12,0): z:zo(r2) + r2(O):240
6 At(8,6): z- 20(8)+ 12(6):232
4
2
At (0, 8): z :20(0) + l2(8) : 96
(12,0)
2468
x The maximum value is z - 240 at (12,0).
22. Let x : number of $275 model, y : number of $400 model.
275x + 4W < 100,000 or llx * l6y <4000
x* y< 300
x,!>0
P - 55x * 75y. Testing p ateach vertex, you see
P is a maximum at (x, y) : (160, 140).
g3 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 8 Chapter Test
-1 2l 0 -l
)[i
0
'1li
-1
2
ll i-:1] 2ll I
I
I -3 l-
-r 1l
| l0
r0
-i
3
2 -3 4J 20 1l
+ 0 -1
li :i,]
-)
10
00
li i
===>
00 il
il
+li:ll
lzr22
3.12 o
02
l-2 'll
L2 -1 6 00
Infinite number of solutions. Let z - a,! : 2a + l, x : 1.5 - 2a.
Answer.' (1.5 - 2a, I + Za,a), where a is any real number
lz3r rol ft 0 0
4. 12 -3 -3 zzlrow
_2J
reduces to o 1 0
L4-2 3
I
LO 0 I :l
Answer: (5,2, -6)
I s 4 41 l- 4 -l 6
A B-L-o -?)
5. (a)
-4 oJ L-+ o -j t: tl -:-
(b) 3A:
r s 4 4l:l- ls 12 ,r1
'L-; -4 oJ L-Lz -12 oJ
3A-28:t-l; -i: '3] -l :
(c)
'l-^- -:] l-'o -i: :]
-?
6. AB:
l1 ffi l:L': ;ll
7. 4-r:A+l-'" -21 :-ll:
30 -
I f -s
40 L- l0
-41
-6J
1l-s
ro Lro
41
6J: li il
x - A-tB: ll iltn:vl- (r, y) : (13, 22)
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
l': tll :
l6-71 ezil(-.) 6(18): 67
l+ o 3l
9. det(a) : ll -8 2l: 4(-16 4)- 0 + 3(2 + 24)
It22l
: -80 + 78- -2
10. determinant : (- I0X2X5X- 3) : 300 (Upper Triangular)
l-s o rl
Ll. ll2 tl :-s(2-4) 0+r(r2 8):10+4:14
l+ 4 rl
Area:I1t+)_7
. ft lll
7Z.r==-:
--'
-,11 -432
- 576 Y: Irz
lzo ul
Po
zrl:
8l -
288
576
: I
2
l?i -ril lr2 -241
Answert(1, -l)
13.
--ril-
Q -+ cramer's Rule not applicable.
"{j]
[Note: system is inconsistent.]
14. -/ - a(-2)2 + b(-2) * c Row-reducing the augmented matrix yields
-/-a(2)2 +b(2) *c
-2:a(4)2 +b(4) *c f 4 -? I -21 fl o 0
14 2 I 2l + lo I 0 jl
I4a-2b *c: -2 116 4 I -2J Lo o I
k+2b+c: 2
Thus, y: -**' * x + 2.
lfu+4b*c:-2
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
15. Upper left: 400 * xz : xr
Upper righu xr * xt : x+ * 600
Lower left: 300 : xz * * xs
"t
Lower right: xs * xo: 100
xr-xz :400
xr + x3-x4 :600
x, * x, + xs: 300
xo * xr: 100
Solving this system,
fr -l o o o : +ool fr o I o I Tool
Ir
| o I -l o i oool
| + lo
t^
I I o 1 3ml
l0 I 0 0 I
1 0 I I 3001 l0 I
lo o o I 1 ilooj lo o o o o 'Tl
Letting x, : a and x, - b be real number$, wo have
xs: b
x4: 100 - b
x3: a
xz:300 - a b
xr:700 - b - a
Chapter 9 Chapter Test
1. en : (-3)"-
t
at: (-3)'-' : (-3)o : 1 2. ar: !2, ek+l : ar *4
4,2: -32 a2: 12 * 4: 16
as: (-?)' : 8 as: 16 +4= 2O
tzl3 :
a4: \-5l . a+:20+4:24
8
-n
I z\4 t6
as: \-5, :81 as: 24 + 4- 28
11!4!:- 11! 1l . 10 . 9 . 8 - 71
:11 ' 10 ' 9 ' 8 :7920
3.
4t7 | 7l 7T
4. ar: dn * c, c: ar - d - 5000 - (-100) - 5100
+ an : - 100n + 5100 : 5000 - 100(n 1)
12n
:o(:)'-' \lL
5. Qn: atf -1, ar : 4, ,:, 1
=+ an 6.
#t3n * I
\21
7. 3+ 6 + ... + 150 : 3(r +z+... +50) : 3' ry: 3825
7 /z(n\\ : 224 3s :
: t(;J
),{an -
8. s) 5(7) 18e
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
ro..er(*)'-' : 5[l + 0.1 + 0.01 + . . .] = 5[1.1111. . .] - 5.555. . .
50
9
11' At: to(t . : so(t .w667)
H'
.
Aroo:50[
__ll+ o.o8\goo
_ | 50(1.00667)too
\ 12 I
12. (t) Forn: 1,3J2- r(tXt-+ t)
(2) Assume Sr : 3+ 6 + . . . + 3k- 3ft(k-+ l).
2'
Then S**t : 3+ 6 + . . . + 3k + 3(k +l)
:Sr*3(k+l)
-3ft(fr+1)+3(ft+r)
2
:ry3k+ 6l
_ 3(k + r)(k + 2)
2
Therefore, the formula is true for all positive integers
,r.
13. ,cr: g4 14. ,oCr: ll4} :
15. ,rC, 8568 16. *Cra: 780
17. rCr:#:#:56 18. 26 . l0 . l0 . l0 : 26,000 ways
L9. ., 25! 25.24.23.22 :
'J " 2lI 4! :
o<l- t
24
12,650 ways
20. There are 6 red face cards
==> probability : f, : *.
21. prugs' onrv one wav coresponds to
ffi1tr;3J,:.5fJ:ffi':'f.o*n
22. (a) /30\/30\: I I I
,r\ ll ll l2l
\60/\60/ ,' ,: 4 (D)
66''6: ffi:0.0336
(c)
6;
I
: 0.0167
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 10 Chapter Test
: 8x :
1.. yz a(z)x 2. Center: (3,2)
p-2 a: I},b:9,c : .rc
Vertex: (0, O) Vertices: (3, I2), (3, - 8)
Focus: (2, 0) Focir(l,z+ fr)
3.(f -6x+9): -2y-9 +9 4.(* - 4x 4y'- 4
+ 4) -
('- (t-2)'-4Y2-!'
3)' - -2y:4( -I)r,p: -+
Vertex: (1, O) #_+:1
/ , 1\ Center: (2, O)
Focus:
\t,-;) Vertices: (0, 0), (4,0)
a:2,b:1,c: -fr
Foci: (2 t -6,0)
- Vertex: (6,
3. -2 -2), p 6. a - 7,b : 4,center: (-6,3)
(x + 6)2 : l
U+2)':a(2)k-6)
(y+2)':8(t-6) 16 *0;_3)'
49
7. Center: (0, 0), o : 3,1; :
t + b:2
94-t-
Y2 1
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
8. (a) o-A;c:t;t-o
cot2-86 ==+ 0-4or45"
4
(b) gz- 4AC:36-4:32 Hyperbola
,{
y2+ 6ry+@'-6)-0 l(
v: -e* *
2
9.x2 * 2y, -- 5- 0
4x + 6y
x*y+5-0
y: -x - 5: * + 2(-x - 5)z - 4x + 6(-r - 5) - 5- 0
x2 + zxz + 20x + 50 - 4x - 6x - 30 - 5 - 0
3f+10x*15-0
This quadratic has no real solutions.
Therefore, no solution.
10. x: ffi Ll. Many answers possible
Y:i ==> t:4Y x:t x:2t
ll
y:7-5
x: $6y y:;r-s
*-2-r6y,
y:*'F4 -'x2 J2-
12. (r, 0): (- to, 5
(*,y): (-
T)
"r\ =+ to cos
+, -t4,'"T)
: (l ,7. .n)
13. (*,y) : (-2, -2)- (r, 0) : ('a,T), 14.P-l2rsin0-0
(-,a,i),(,n,-n r:12sin0
ilg PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
15. r:2 +3sin0 16. r:8cos30 r 8
l7.r: 4+6sin0
Limagon Rose curve
:?I +trsing
Hyperbola
L8.
r:
' l+lsing
I
19. r:ffi,€:0.2056
lz,w,ooo
:
: za : ft ft:+ : (#ffi . ffi),
p 167,695,676.5 and eP 34,478,231
-
r:ffi 34,478,23L
r
i
I
:
650 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapters 7-10 Cumulative Test
1. -x- 3y-5 2. x-3y+32: L2
4x*2Y:10 2x- 3y+ z:13
x* 3Y : -5 -4x * y - 2z: -6
-10Y:30 x-3y+ 3z: 12
y:-3,x--3y-5-9-5-4 3y - 5z: -11
Answer: (4, - 3) -lly+ l0z: 42
x-3y+32: 12
y -Jr: -+
T,: ;
z: -+,y:;(-+) -+: -4,
x : 3(-4) 3(-+) + n: 3
Answert (3, -4,-l
3.3A-28: |f-7 [- ts
-10
-6 l8 ''l 4. 5A * 3B:l ,r ll
l5 - r4l
34
12 L- t6
- rJ
1
L-zo 52
f3
: lzz -31 36 31.|
s. AB l8 6. BA :[ t2 -36 |
Lsz -40 ,11 * 0 l8J
l -ns 37
7. (a) A-t: I gs
-20 'il 8. A-r : f
-r
- rs -7
I
L14 -3 | -s -l
ilB-['l]
:
L -2
(b) det(a) I
A_IB l-r
L rJ
Answer: (4, -2, l)
Alq z9 rl
9.
16 rf -60-16-4p: 10. ar:
18 lo ll
8
a2o:8 + l9(5): 103
Area : t(M) : 22sq. units
Sum :?$ + lo3): luo
1L. p, (7k - z): 135
12. SL
4Ft
: #: o'9038
€rt& + +
L3.
.i'(i)" : 34.4795 14.
,a
8(0.9;"- r
l-0.9
:80 15.
94
k - 3685
-Q
PART II: Solutions to Ch ter and Cumulative Tests
16. Forn : l,3 : l[2(1) + l]
Assume true for ft, and consider
3+7 + . + (4k - l) + [4(k + 1) 1] :
+ 1) + (q* + 3)
k(2k
=2k2+5ft+3
- (Ztc + 3Xk + 1)
: (ft + r)lz(* + l) + 1l
which shows that the formula is valid for n : k + 1.
17. (x - Zy)u - f - I2fy + 60fy2 - L60x3y3 + 24OxT4 - L9?4f * 6.4y6
18.
#:151 ,2oo
21. Hyperbola 22. Circle
k-1)2+b-2)' -Q
2)' : c0 - 24. Center: (t, +) a - 5, b - 2
23. Vertex i (2,3): (x - 3)
: -3c c:-14
(*-r)'*(s-+)'- 1
Passes through (0,0): a - 254
(x -. Z)' : -It - 3)
25. Center: (0, -4),a - 2
0 + 4)' _f _ 1
,, 16 -16
(4,0) on curv ez 4 - + :1 + 3:- c3 + c:-
4)z f
Answer'
(Y
r-e):r
+
652 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
26. c = 2, center: (0, 2) Yertical transverse axis
al
;=; ==+ b-2a c2=4:a2+b2=a2*4a2 -' or:I:+ ur:+
0-2)' * ,
r
(f)
27.32-4AC:16 8:8 =+ Hyperbola 6
cot2o:2-,1 : -4I =+ Q:38o l
-4 | | | | , rul
Graph as: 2y2 - 4xy + (f - 6) - 0 t/ a
4x*
y ---'-- - 4
-6
28. Adding the equations, ?* - 24x: e x = 0, 12
Forr:0,
-y2 + l2y - 36 = 0
yz - l2y + 36: Q
0/=6)2:0 ==r y:6
For x : 12,
lM - y2 - lU + l2y - 36 - 0
y2 - lTy + 36 - 0 =+ y=6
Answer.. (0, 6), (12,6)
29.x:4lnt =+ t-d/4 30. (r, -
+),(- r, -t),(- r,
T)
y=/'l^ g.
I' c/alz :
Y=rld , !a/z
2-
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
7rr\ 7rr\
31. (',?),(-s,X),(-', - 4) s2. (-r,-+),(r,i),(r, -T)
L
+
33. (- r, f), (',T), (r, -?) 34. -8rcose- 3rsinQ:' -5
r=,
t Scos e+ 3sin0
4r - Srcos 0:2 r=-6
4(*.lffi:='r*+2 Circle
L6(*+f\=25f^*Zox+4
9*-I6f*2Ox+4=Q
T4
3t. r:2+ 5cos0 39. r= 4*3cos0
37. r:3-zsin0
Limagon Limagon
t
t 2
2
(2X2Xl) choic-es.
4l' nCc: 156'238'908 subsets
Since the Positions are differ- hobability - i.
ent, use
tsPt = 32,7@ ways
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 11 Chapter Test
L.
(5, -2,3',)
e
I
l.
tr'
(
x
3. Midpoint: :\ (ry.-z + 41- 1\ '-
r
t ' 2 ' z ):(7,1,2)
4. Diameter :
Radius: fi
(x - 7)2 + (y - t)2 + (z - 2), : tg
6. (a) ll"ll : =ffi
(b) u.Y: (-2)(-rz) + 6(s) + (-oX-s): 84
Ii j r' :lkl
(c) uxv:l-2 6 | ^
-61 :(0,62,62)
l_r2 s _sl
7. cosg:ffi:J#ffi-o.6el8 8. (a) x-8-2t,y:-2+6t,2=5 6t
-> Q : 46.23" or 0.9069 radians (b)
r-8 _y+2 _r-5
-2 6 -6
9. Normalvector: n_uxv- (0,62,62> 10. u' Y : o - 2 - 6 +o and u * cv ->
or (0,l, l). neither
0(x - 8) + r(y + 2) + l(e s) :
- e
y*z-3=Q
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
11.u.Y:-2+3 1-0 =+ orthogonal
12. Let A(0, 0, 5) be the vertex.
+AD: (4,0,0),v: ::>
AB: (0, 10,0), w:
u - AB: (0, 1, -5)
l+ o ol
u.(vxw):lo 10 0l -4(-s0):-200
lo I -sl
Volume _ l- 200ll : 200 cubic units
13. 14.
E
(0, -E,0)
-E
(2,0,0)
4
15. n: (3,J, 1), Q : (4,3,8), P : (0, 0, 6) in
-
plane, PO (4,3,2>.
,\_lPd.nl
- _ 8 _4-fr
rr'
il"ll fr- 7
lT. diagonal length :
:ffi
:66
PART II: Solutions to C ter and Cumulative Tests
Chapter 12 Chapter Test
,!, x2- I (-2)'- I 3
L. 4 llm
,1
,J-z 2x 2(-2) 4
-:
-:
./ t
-4
limit is - 0.75
2. 2 :-5
/
/
-6
limit is - 5
f. \/4
E-c L
,. sin 3x
3. 1 rllll-- 4. 1 llm-:
.r-r5 X - ) .r-r0 X
does not exist
\L
-4
-e2E
_
-YV ^l \.^
-1
VV-
_
sin 3x
f(*) :- x
)
J. r. eb- I
7
hm 6. to Slope of tangent line
r+0 X
at (2,0) is 7.
) \ /
)/(2'o)
j" -5
f(*) - 'u x
. f(, + h) - f(*) :
h h
2x3 + 6*h + 6xh2 + 2h3 + 6x + 6h - Zx3 - 6x
h
6x2h*6xh2+2h3+6h
h
:6x2+6xh+2hz +6, h+O
f'(*) : lg3 l6xz + 6rch + Zh2 + 6l : 6xz + 6
f'(-r):6(-l)2 + 6: Iz
.,"" --"l-
657 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulqtive Tests
tim +:
: t;oh -?3
+ 3 -.(42 -.7x,+
9.f'(*):lS'ry:11$ 2(x + h)z - 7(x + h)
h
3).
b2 + 4xh + 2hz - 7x - 7h + 3 2* + 7x - 3
: lim
h-+0
4xh+2h2-7h
- lim
h->o
:lim4x*2h-7-4x-7
h-+0
l0.f'(x):lSry : lim x*h+7
h+O h
x*7
: lim
x*7-x-h-7
h-+0
: lim -h
h+Q (x+ h+7)(r+7)h
: ltg -1 -1
(x + 7)2
13/'2, 13' notexist
*:JC' ) -5
lim
11. .r+@ =U- I.-o
).f
12. irm
r+@ - "]iT* #does
!4.0,i, #,#,# 15. o, 1,0,1,0 16. lvidth of each rectangle: I
lim an: i, lim an: 0 Heights: 8, E,O,l,
n+@ n+@
tuea='*[8 +E+6 +l]=+
r7. *t*tttnnt heighr
rI' width: Y {r.
- \ tH *)
nl
: (-r. +)
nl
+ 2:4i
n
\
r:2H(;) :#i,:#ry
A: lim
afl-
+.n(n-+1)-8
L
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
lE. width: :.I heighn
i\
/( ;) : .r -7
i3
A-,.), (t -
*)(*)
:,i(;- i)
:;,i I -*j
"
:lr,t-i(ry)
:t_(n+l)2
4n2
/ (n+1)2\ . I
A: lim
n-+@ \ lt -T):r-4:A 3
19. (a) y : 8.786f -
- 0.429 6.243x
(b) velocity : derivative : 17.57b - 6.243
At,r = 5, velocity *= $1.6 ft/sec
659 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
Chapters ll-12 Cumulative Test
1. (- 4,2,3) 2. (0, - 4, o)
4.dr: 3,dr:4,d2: JW - 5
d?+d3-d?
4+0
s. midpoi*,(lt', 6. Center = (2,2, 4)
Radius: m:A
(r - 2)2 + (y - 2)2 + (z - 4)z : 24
7. ry-trace: (z: 0)2)' + (y + l)z : 4 circle
(" -
yz-frace:(x:0) 4+ (y+ 1)2+ z2=4 or (y+ 1)'+ z2:0 Point
8. (-3, 4,Lr' (5,0,2>: -15 * 2: -13 9. u' v * 0, u * cv =+ neither
j
y: lil-l
kl
ux 4
tl (8, : 11, -2O>
ls o 2l
10.g.v:-8 L2+20:O - orthogonal 11. 3u : (- 3, 18, 9) = v :=+ Parallel
lZ. fr: (0, - 2,0>, DE : (2, 0), Dfu : (0,0, 3) L, 13. (a) Vector is (5 2,8 3,25 - 0) : (7,5,25>
+
lo -2 ol x: -2 + Tt,y :3 + 5t,z:25t
lz 1 ol : 12 cubic units /L\ x *,2 -L- ?
(D)-
loo3l 5 2s
14. U - ?2,3,0),v: (5,8,25> 15.
li j kl
uxv:l-z 3 0l :(75,50,-31)
ls 8 zsl
Normal to Plane-
Plane: 75x + 5qY - 3Iz : 0
16. Il = (2, -5, 1), Q : (0, 0, 25), P - (0, 0, 10) in plane fr: (0,0, 15)
IPQ
.nl'15{
D-
llr,ll -m_ f-2'74
PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
17. Normal to plane containing (- 1, - 1,3), (0,0,0) and (2,0,0) is
li j kl
: <0,6,2> or nr - (0,3, 1)
(-1, -1,3) x <2,0,0>: l-r -i 3l
lz o ol
Normal to front face is
li j kl
(1, - 1,3) x (0,2,0) - -Ill 3l - (-6,0,2> or nz- (-3,0, t)
lo2ol
Angle between sides:
cos :
o- l,tt,'',,t4:+= :=+ Q'* I
iirililFji
'51m: m A'*,g,L')Ao
84'26"
LE. (5x - xz) : 5(a) - 42 - x*2 ,. I I
lg 4 L9. lim : rrFrr :
'3!z (r + 2)(* - l) x->-2x - I 3
-
20. lim
;;i , - *'lr7
(x
-: lim+: a
7)(x + 7) ;3i x * 7 14
lim-,F+-z.JF++z_,.-
r-,0 @_+a)-a _,:__ I
21.
x ffi=lTB6;y=ti46 2+2
I
4
l--4-
x+4- X-4 l'
22. lim '^ : -l ?3. -/
Jgi/t')
24. ffi,u:f0 + h) - f(r) 3 - (t t t)z - z 3-(r+2h+h2)-2 -2h - h2
hh
-
'-
fi"a'*
PART II: Solutions to Ch ter and Cuftiulative Tests
21. ffir"" :- (-l + t4t - I 1 -4h+6h2-4h3+h4- I
h
-4h+6h2-4h3+h4
h
Slope : lim -4h+6h2-4h3+h4 : -4
- h+0
)-4-x3+4 25x5:-
zl.,gffi 29. itm,
I
.r-+@ ^Zx 2
30. lim3t*l:3
.r-+oo xt + 4
does not exist
limxz;,2!
3r. .r+q ^-o 32. $ Lr, :1 so(slxlol) - rw3r.zs
* 3x - 2 A4'46
4
10z+r3): 12(40).ry
20
33. e'v' -' 34.
Ft 6 2
: 8610 - 420 : 8190 : 480 + 672,400 : 672,880
35. Area = 114.875 + 4.5 + 3.875 + 3l : 8.125 sq. units
rr t_
: ;lffi3/+12' _r ! _ I
36' Area
I + (- L/z1z @* tTo
- r+(r/4Y-WF-R7lf ' r+r'z
rf ll
= olz{o.u) + 2(0.s) + 2(o.e4lr76) + I + il
= 1.566 sq. units
6
38. Width::
-t. g) : (-t. g) + :6i
Height,r(
'\ nl \ nl 3 n
-ii " A-,i(#) (;) :#>,'
_36 n(n + I)
n22
13 _ 18(n + l)
I --:-
t44
A-"r]ILlry] :18
r
E
a
4.,*
l
I
I
662 PART II: Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
3e. width:2, heighut(-t .i): (-t *':)': I -#.#
A-i [' -! .#)(i)
:7;,
€, ^
n -!u,*e$
2r' ,tn2 ,4,
1z
2,.,
:_\n)_ 8 r(n+ 1),_ 8 n(r+ t)(Zn+ l)
a rr, 6
",
+ r)
_z_ a(n
- 4(n + r)(Zn + r)
A:rlg[
8
-4+t:t 2
-2
PART III
CHAPTER
Prerequisites
SectionP.l CrraphicalRepresentationofData . . . . . . . . .ffi
SectionPz GraphsandEquations . . o . . , , . . , , , . . ,ffig
SectionPs LingsinthgPlane . . . o . . . . . . . , , . o. , ,CI!
Section P.4 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically . 681
Section P.5 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Crraphically 692
ReviewExercises r . . .'. . t . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .698
ffi3
CHAPTER P
Prerequisites
Section P.l Graphical Representation of Data
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4
(0,3)
2
-..+-----l-..
-4 -2
(-1, -2)
6. A, G, -+); B: (0, -2); 8. A: ( -4;0h B: (-5, -5); 10. (4' -8)
c, (- 3,tr); D: (-6,0) C: (3.5, - 2.5); Dz (2, 0)
L2. (- 12, o)
14. If x < 0 and y <0 then (x, 4) is 16. Ifx > zand y : 3 then (r, 4) 18. If x > 4 then (x, 4) is in
in Quadrant III. is in Quadrant I. Quadrants I or IV.
20. If (-x, y) is in Quadrant IV then (t, y) rnust be in 22. lf xy < 0, then x and y have opposite signs. This hap-
pens in Quadrants II and IV
Quadrant III.
32. (a) 34. (a)
rr
(6,0)
(b) d-
- jTs+r44:13
(c)
w,ry):G,') 6ffi
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
36. (a)
.^ (6,6)
rt
\\
\\
\\
b
(10,2)
246810
(b) d- :.164+64:8.,n
lz + lo_, lo _+ 2) :
(c)\ z , z )=
G,6)
3E. (a)
-*) ..d-*,-t)
-*
\ 6' -,it
LL 2l
4t0. (a) 42. (a)
(5.906, 11.360)
o
,
(-16.8,12.3) ls t
t
3'- t
--'t-10 ) e.otg,l.zm)
I
(-5.6, 9.6) t
: "o t
t
(5.6,4.9)
x
a
-20 -15 -10 -5 (1.451,3.051)
(b) fl - Jel6.g - 5.6)2 I (12.3 - 4.tY (b) d,: J(l .451- 5.906)2 + (3.051 - 11.360)2
:=ffi ft -.rffi:9.430
, \ lt.4sl+5.906 3.051+11.360\
(c)
t-, , ):(3.67e,7.206)
ffi PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
44. (a) (1,0), (13,5) 6. (a) (1,5), (5, -2)
,=
'=
(13, 5), (13, o) (1,5), (1,
-2)
d-ls-ol :lsl :r n-ls-(-2)l :ls+21 :l7l :J
(1,0), (13, o) (1, - 2), (5,
-2)
fl - ll l3l = l-t21 = 12 d-lt-51 :l-41 :+
(b) 5z + L22 : 25 + L44 : L69 = 132 (b) 4z + 72 -- 65 : (G)'
* (Y,W) = {rsea, $4,e2s,ooo)
In 1998 the sales wcne $4,925,000
5(Ld,=ffi=Jqm)=6
a"=@:-,64=6
4=@:im=$
dt = 4. Triangle is isosceles.
52. dr=@=j686=,F+5=3#
4=.r@:-,4|F9=Jl6
4=t@=,,M6:-B=3{5
dn=rffi=F|=,ffi
Opposire sides have equal lengths ofi-E and JId. Figrre is a parallelogram.
s4(a)
W,"+*) =(ry#,tets) =(i,+)
lx, * x. Lll_yr\ _ lt + 4 -2 l\ _ /t -3\
\-t,-T)=\T, 2 ):1"^ 2)
(x, + 3x^ y, + 3y"\ (r + 3(4) -2 + 3(-1)\ /13 -5.)
\ + ' 4 /- \ 4 T):\T'4)
",
(*, ry)= (3@0, Ie?-q) = (=r, =o )
(ry,ry)=(+._r#) =(_L#)
- (-2 + o--r 4 o\)=\z'4)
- 1-1 -3\
(x, + 3my, + 3y"\ +
\ 4 -):\+-'
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
56. (x-0)2+(y-O)z:52
*+y2:25
60. r: :ffi-5
(x-3)2+(y+2)2:52:25
*+y':17
64.*+y2:16 66.f+(y-L)2:4
Center: (0,0) Center: (0, l)
Radius, .,ffi - 4 Radiust .,4 - 2
6E. ('- ?)' * (, * i)' :? 70.
Center t (?, -i)
v,
I
Radius: f bg
yUl
*E
E>
=g
t995
Year
72. Change : 1.65 1.39 : 0.26' 74. (a) Superbowl 27 was in 1993 and superbowl2l
(Answers will vary.) inches 1987.
Increase : 850 - 600 : 250,000 dollars
(b) Superbowl 33 was in 1999.
Increase : 1600 - 850 : 750,000 dollars
76. No, there are many variables that will affect the final exam score.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
78.
Fgl:
3€x
The graph shows crude oil imports on the rise from
1991 to L997.
U2. (a) (b) Solve for x in the equation P - 19:
pm 0.35r*16.99:19
E att 0.35x = 2.OL
b.9
.EE''
2.Ol
€ €tz
g16 x :0J5 = 5.74
leeo to"r lee6
The population of Texas exceeded 19 million near the end of 1995
84. f,- : m: -/i350 - 5-n:4SYards
E6. (a)
(-3,5) o o (3,5) (7,3)
(-2, l) (a t)
(2, l) o
-8-6-44 -t -6 -4 -2
o -1
(-7, -3) -1 (-3, -5) t
-.
-t
The points are reflected through the y-axis The points are reflected through the r-axis
(c)
-8 -6 (-2,l)
-4
-4
-6
-t
The points are rotated l80o about the origin.
(reflected through the origin)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
tE. rggT sales: (tggo + tggg 696.5 + 1308.7) :
lrt,Nt.
\ 2
,-
2/\ 0997,100.26)
The sales in 1997 were approximately $1002.6 million.
90. False, it would be sufficient to 92, False, the polygon could be a 94. No, the scales can be different.
use the midpoint formula 15 rhombus. For example, consid- The Scales dcpend on the mag-
times. er the points (4, 0), (0, 6), nitude of the coordinates. Sec
(- 4,0) and (0, - 6). figue P.20.
Section P.2 Graphs of Equations
2.y=*-3x*2
(a) Q,0):(2)'-3@+230 O) (2,8): (-2)2 - 3(-2) + 2 3 8
4-6+2ZO 4+6+2& 8
0:0 t2+8
Yes, the point ls on the graph. No, the point is rwt onthe graph.
4. r*:+
- f +I
(a) (0,0):
*h 3 0 O) (3,0.1): *E0.1
T
130 I9+l. so.l
I +0 lgo.t
10-
No, the point is rct on the graph. 0.1 = 0.1
Yes, the point ls on the graph.
6,*+f:20
(a) (3, -2): 32 + ( -2)z & 20 (b) (-4,2): (-4)2 + 22 & 20
9 + 4 J^20 16 + 4 &20
13 +20 20 :20
No, the point as not on the gaph. Yes, the point is on the Saph.
t. y: l* - 2*
(a) Q,-f), *Ql'- zQ)2 z -iu O) (-3, e): *t-3)3 - 2(-3)2 & s
i . g - z , 4 & -f It- rrr_;
I 8z -iu !1l i ;
3 -+ z-f. -21 +9
-f=-f No, ttre point ls not onthe graph.
Yes, the point is on the graph.
10. y:I2* - I
z
x -2 0 3 I 2
v -4 -l 0 I 2
2
670 PART III: Solutions to Even-Nurnbered Exercises
12.y:4-*
x -2 -l 0 I 2
v 0 3 4 3 0
14. y: Ft
x I 2 5 l0 t7
v 0 1 2 3 4
16. (a) y : 6x
x-2+1
x -2 -1 0 I 2
_48 !g
v 5 -3 undef. 3 5
(c)
x 5 10 20 N
v 28.8 59.4 119.7 239.9
The values of y are increasing without bound (approaching infinity). In fact' the valucs of y are apoaching
6r as x gets large. No, y cannot be negative for positive values of .r.
18. y:*-2xisaparabola. 20. y : z",frpasses through the 2i2. y : lrl - 3 involves an
Matches (c). origin. Matches (e). absolute value. Matches (b).
26.Y:x2-l 28. Y : -N2 - 4x
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. Y: ,F
38. y: (x+lXx-3) Intercepts: (0, - l), (;,
10
lltt,r\
a.,,/,.,,,, llltttlrt
\
/
-10
Intercepts:
(- l, o), (0, -3), (3, o)
ry\. Intercepts: U. Intercepfi (0,4) 46.y: T
(-4,0),(2,0), (0, -4) x
L
lo to
rrrf ',-/l
,,,\... ,/,,,,.,
l
llttlrrrr
\ /
: -10
-10
-10
No intercepts
48. y: (6 - x)-fr 50. Intercepts: (- l, O), (0, l) 52. y: -3x + 50
10 10
I
llllttttl ttttralll
a l a r a a a.- 'l | | | | | | a I
\
-10 -10
Intercepts: (0,0), (6, 0) The specified setting gives a
more complete graph. (The
y-intercept is visible.)
54. y:4(x + 5)F 56. Y:x3-3*+4 58. y:8ffi
10
RangeAMindow RangeAMindow
I
ltltrtttl
The specified setting gives a
more complete graph.
PAR'I' II l: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62.!r:l+ffi
lz:l ffi
(
.J J
,,a(,
\
ttl
\
-3 -5
A circle is bounded by their graphs.
I
64.lr:|x*(x+1) 66.!r:(x-3)'
x-3
lz:t* + 1
lz: I
Graphing these with a graphing utility shows that Graphing these with a graphing utility shows that
their graphs are identical. The Associative Property their graphs are identical. The Multiplicative Inverse
of addition is illusffated. Property is illustrated. (Except for hole at x : 3
for yr.)
68. 2 70.
ltll
\/
(a) (z.zs,1r.ro, (a) (2,3)
(b) (- I .63,2O), (3.48, 20) (b) (0.65, 1.5), (1.42, 1.5)
(4.59, 1.5), (5.35, 1.5)
72. (a) (b) E2q)
oL_
24(x'
(c) For Y : 5545.25, t- 2.'7 5, AlgebraicallY,
8100 -929t:5545.25
2554.75 = 929t
t = 2.75 yars
(d) For f : 5.5, y = 299}.5.Algeb.raically, y : 8100 - 929(5.5) = $2990'5
74. (a) Fo'r 1975, t : 25 and y : $zWl.3L
For 19912, t : 42 and y : 13,779.34
(b) Graphing the model y together with y, = 10,2(X), y> 10,200 when I > 38.2 or 1988.
(c) For 20fl2, t = 52 and y - $27,142
For 2(XX, t : 54 and, y : $30,589
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
76. y : 0.464 + 0.091r, 0 <t< 6
(a)
Year 1992 1993 t994 r995 r996 1997 1998
t 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
Dividend .464 .s55 .&6 .737 .828 .919 r.01
The dividend was 0.65 in L994 (t : 2).
(b)
(c) y = 0.65 when t = 2 (L994)
(d) For 1997,t:5 and y =O.4Q + 0.091(5) :0.464 + 0.455 = 0.919 =0.92
(e) For 20U2, t = l0 and y = .4& + 0.091(10) : 1.37
78. False. A parabola can 0, I ot 2 x-intercepts. For 80. y: (x- a)(x-b)
example,') = x2 - 4 has 2 x-intercepts: (2,0) and (-2, 0): Q = (x + 2)(x - 6) ==+ a:
(-2,0). '- -z
(5,0): Q : (r + 2Xx 5) -=> b : 5
Section P.3 Lines in the Plane
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) m : Q. The line is horizontal. Match es Lr.
(b) m: -1. Because the slope is negative,
the line falls. Matches Lr.
(c) m : 1. Because the slope is positive, the line
rises. Matches Z
6. The line appears to go through (1, 0) and (3, 5). 8. The line appears to go through (0, 7) and (7, 0).
!r: - lr :Y
Slope
xz-xr :3 9::
-!z- I 2 slope -lz-
xz- xr 7 - 0
- -l
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
10. The line appears to go through 12. Slope : -4-4
4-2 14. srope :?-
I l-?l:
g
(-3) 4 - z-
(0, 1) and (6, 5). I
Slope -!z-
!r:: - :? (1,6)
xz-xr 6-0I 3
2
I"' /
\ ,n, -0, (-1, -z)J
-E -3
16. Because m is undefined, r 18. Since m : -2,y decreases 2 Since rn : -+,,y decrease. I
does not change. Three other for every one unit increase in for every increase of 2 units in
points are: (- 4,0), (- 4,3), x. Three other parts are r. Three points are (1, -7),
(-4, s). (1, - l1), (2, - 13), (3, - 15). (3, - g), (5, - g).
22. Li F2, - 1), (1, 5) Lr: (4, 8), (-4,2)
5 (-l) 6 ,{
mr:1-1U,r:t:z 2-8 -6
mr:ZA::g:7 3
Lzi (1, 3), (5, -5)
Lzi (3, - 5), (- t,+)
ffiz: -5
3 -8 ,t \t
-z (r/3) - (-s):4':
L6/3-t4
ffiz:
; lin: ,r"tr"r** parallel nor peryendicular. -l - 3
-:T: The lines are perpendicular.
t0
..1 ill3 ,(4' 8)
(4,-lr' tl,z\/
b
(5, -5)
-t
(-t'*)
\tr, -s)
-8
(a) b+3y-9 -0
3Y: -2x + 9
y:-Ir+3
Slope: rn : -?
y-intercepfi (0, 3)
(a) 3x*7:Q (b) (a)-11 8Y:0 (b)
x: -l 8y: -ll
Slope: undefined
y: -T
y-intercepfi none
Slope: m : O
'(0,
y-intercept: -{!)
fls PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. (a) x-y- 10:0
x-10:y
Slope: m : I -2
y-intercepfi (0, - 10) 4
4
{
-10
34. m: -1, (0, 10) 36. m :4, (0,0)
y - 10: -1(r - 0) y - Q = 4(x - 0)
Y- 10: -x !=4x
x*y-10:0 4x-y:0
3g. m:1,?2, -5) 40. m : 0, (- 10, 4)
y+5:1@+2) y-4-0(r+10)
4y*20:3x*6 y - 4: o
Q:3x-4y-14
a, m: -1,(2.3,-g.5) 44. (4,3),(-4, -4)
y* 8.5: -ie-2.3) y-3:#@-a)
2y*ll: -5x* 11.5 1
2y * 5x * 5.5 : Q
4
-3
y-3:r(r-4)
*f
4y*10x*11-0 -5
-6
8y-24:7x-28
-7
-8 7x- 8y- !,-- 0
+
4
/
7
,/
-1
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numibered Exercises
46. (- I ,4), (6, 4) c
y- 4 = 6:4- -:4::(,
(-l) + l)
y-lp-0(x+l) aaala
y-4:o -2
48. (1, r), (., - 3)
y-1= -Zl 1)
I
y-1: -;(" - r)
l1
y-1: -ix*t
3y-3: -x* I
x*3Y-4:0
so. (i,*),e,i) s2. (-9,0.6), (2, -2.4)
y-0.6:
73 #k+8)
3 4-rl 3\
Y-r: y -0.6: -*O I
4 3\"-A/
-t-
8)
7 l0y-$--3(x+8)
3 3( 3\ lqy-f : -3x-24
Y-r:-zsf-A/ 3x*lOy+18-0
339
Y-r:-Ex*fOO
100y+ lzrc- 159-0 rataa
3
\
-5
IT
-1
ct7 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. *ab+Y-- 6 s6. L a
t:1
xy *1:
-62 -'0
-7 ' 't'ltttt'-
//
ltr
++4:r
y: r(t.;) 4x*5y*20=0
-2
a
v:
and b arc the
i*, x- and y-intercepts.
sB.'+Y--
ab
60. 10 to
L-Y - I \
34
45 \
\
4,3 :- 3 -10 , -ro
5*'7v 5 The first setting shows the x- and y-intercepts more clearly.
L6x * 15 v- 12:0
62. Lri!:?r; Io:y: -Irt; 4:y:?, + 2 64. Li!:x-g;Iz:y-x* l;
I'iy: -x * 3
L, is parallel to Lr. Lris perpendicular to L, and 13. L, is parallel to I+.L, is perpendicular to L, and I-.
ffi. x*y:7 6t.5x*3Y:0
Y:-x*7 3y : -sx
Slope: m: -1
y:-l*
: -;
Slope: rn
(a) m: -1,(-3,2) (b) rn : 1, (- 3,2)
(a) m: -i,(3,i)
y-/--l(x+3) y-2-l(x+3) v-3:-ik-3)
Y : -x - 1 Y: x * 5 24y-18:-ao(x-3)
x*Y*1:Q x-y+5-0 24y - 18: -4Ox + 35
4Ox+24Y-53:Q
(b) m:3,(3,i)
y-1:3k-3)
40y - 30 :24(x - 3)
40y-30:24x-21
24x-4Oy+9-0
Clt PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70.6x*2y=9
2Y=-6x+g
Y: -3x *?
SloPe: m = -3
(a) m : -3, (-3.9, - 1.4) O) |'' : |, 1-f.l, - t.+;
y+ 1.4= -3(x + r.q) y+ 1.4 =f1x+ f.9)
y = -3x - 13.1 3y + 4.2 *r * 3.9
30r+ lOJ* 131 :0 -x*3y *0.3 = 0
1&-3OY-3=0
72. Set the distance between (3, -2) md (x, y) eqoal o the distarrce between (-7, l) and (*, y).
JT-:] fy=ry:JT+7|T+.$- 1Y
(x2 - 6x+ 9) + (y" + 4y + 4) = (x2 + l4x + 49) + (y2 - 2y + t)
-&+4y+13=L4x-2y*50
-2Ox+6Y-37:O
20x-6Y*'37:O
This line is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting (3, -2) and (-7, 1).
74. (a) m = 4ffi. The revenues are inmeasing $2t00 per day.
O) z = 100. The rerleru€s are increasing $100 per day.
m : O. Therc is no change in revenue. (Revenue re,rnains constanl)
76. (a) Years Slope
1988-1989 0.39 - 0.37 = 0.M,
1989-1990 0.45 - 0.39 = 0.06
- 19911991 0.51 - 0.45 : 0.06
l99L-1992 0.58 - 0.51 : 0.f/
lW2-1993 0.67 - 0.58 : 0.09
l99t-19,4 O.77 - 0.67 = O.l0
199+1995 0.88 - 0.77 : 0.11
1995-1996 O.94 - 0.88 = 0.06
L99G1997 1.06 - O.94: O.l2
1997-1998 1.10 - 1.06 = 0.04
Greatest increase: LWGtgn
Smallest increase: 1998-f989
(b) (tggg, 0.32), (1998, 1.r0): ) - 0.37 = H(r - r)
y-0.37:0.073(r- l)
t=0.073x+0'297
73r-l@y*297=O
(c) Between 1988 and 1998, the dividend per share increased at a rate of$0.073 per year
(d) For 2OOl,y : O.Ul3(14) + 0.297 : $t.32, which seems reasonable.
fl9 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
E
I r*
80. (r, LS6\,m = 4.50
zs.
run=1= ,Qz)
3 x V-156=4.50(t-1)
4: 16 V-156=4.5t-4.5
4x=48 V=4.5t+151.5
x=12
The ma,rimum height in the attic is 12 feet.
gZ. (L,?AS,cl0O),n = -56(X) t4. The y-intercept is 12.5 and the slope is 1.5, which
represents the increase in hourly wage per unit
V - 245,0N: -5600(t - l) produced. Matches graPh (c).
V - U1W: -5600r + 5600
V= -5600t+250,600
E6. The y-intercept is 600 and the slope is - 100, which represents the decrease in the value of the word Processor
each year. Matches graph (d).
E8. F.= lc + lz
F=oo: g:2rc+32 e- -10":F=?(-10)+32
-ZZ=?C F= -18*32
-17j*C F:14
c=too: p=t1to;+rz F=68o: 68,=lC+12
F = 18 t 32 3O:?C
F= 50 2O: C
F:g0": gg:!c+32 C:177": F=?G77)+32
sa = ?c F: 318.6 i 32
32.2=C F:350.6
C - 17.9" - 10' 100 20" 32.2" ll7"
F 00 t4" 500 680 900 350.6"
90. -(1998, 2546), (2000, 2702)
y - i\'
zs46
- 2546 (-
- ?7Vt* - 1998)
2ooo - 1998
y - 2546: 78(x - 1998)
y:78x - 153,298
For x:2N4,y:75(2W4) 153,298: 30L4 students.
PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
92. (a) (0, 25,000), (10,2000)
2oog- 25,ooo(r
v - 25,ooo: t0-0 - o)
V- 25,000: -2300t
V- -23Nt +25,000
(b) 25,000
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v 25,000 22,7W 20,400 I 8,100 l5;800 13,500 11,200 8,900 6,600 4,300 2W0
(c) t:0: V - -2300(0) + 25,000 : 25,000
f : l: l/ - -2300(1) + 25,000 : 22,7N
gtc.
94. (a) (590, 50), (025,47)
x-50:ffib-s8o)
x-50:#b-580) 1500
x: -1rse-. 266
3
,, O : 65,x :45 units.
(c) If p : 595, x : 49 unirs. Algebraically, x - -*(OSS) + ry : 45.
Algebraically, x : -f,ft95) .ry:4e.
O,-,'= 7+4
96. False. The slopes are different: +
-1+8'-7 0
98. one way is to calculate the lengths of the sides.
d(B,C): :.,rffi6: rFt
firen [d(a, B)F + ld(A,C)y : Id(n,o]r, and the triangre is a right triangle.
l(X). Yes, any pair of points on a line can be used to
calculate the slope ofthe line. The rate ofchange
remains the sarne on the line.
681 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section P.4 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
, x *6x _I9
aoz'7 4.
-u'
g*sl :24 -ffi2
o'T:-l
14 2(x - 3)
(a) x- -2 (a) x: -3 (a) x- -16
-2,6(-2)?19
2 =T:G
-14 - 12 LLe
(-.3.+ sx-3
2
- 3) L z+
-17 'l zq
Tt-?
ffi+_z
1414/ ;:
L
16 is not a solution'
re -6 +
-26 L 0) ; : ;
24
14 t4 : -3 is not a solution.
: -2 is not a solution.
x
x
{6-E ? 2
(b) x= -2 33
(b) x:1 (-2+s)(-2-3) +24
,l
-2- -2
I * 6(1) L!2 2
x:0isasolution.
2'7
L9 19
14
:lI2" + 24 (,t) x=9
u: 14 x : -2 is not a solution.
{FE :?2
3 3
x:lisasolution. (c) x :'l
I
1+-2
(c) *:; (7 + sX7 3) ,l
+24 x:9isnotasolution.
(d) x:16
24:24
ll2 -'(i) zts
,
x:Tisasolution.
rffi- [ ?
2714 33
7 (d) x:9 2+ -2
;*6 ?D (e+sxe-3) Lzq x- 16 is not a solution,
A:G 2
19,19 42+24
n-A x-9isnotasolution.
I
x:
tit not a solution.
(d) x:7
7 , 6(7) L9
2714 ---
\
7'z+ o:
19
z 14
p zre
214
x:Tisnotasolution.
62 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
8. -7(r - 3) + 4x = 3Q - .r) is an identity by simplification. It is tnre for all rpal values of .r.
-7(x - 3) + 4x : -7x + 2l + 4x = 2l - 3x - 3Q - x)
10.rP+2(3x-2)=*+6x-4isanidcntitybysimplification.Itistrueforallrealvaluesofr.
5?
12. = + = =?/lisconditionaL Therearereal valuesof rforwhichtheequationisnottrue(forexample,r = 1).
xx
14. Method
37 _ z :6 16. ; -;:3
1:
8r0
(t I \
'\g-1ol-$ '(i-;) :l
(zz\
'l8o/
- $
'(#) :3
^'z-gP :ry-/r.8182
-L' x-(+),
22 ll
Method2: Graphy, :+-frand lz=6in x---10
the same viewing rectangle. The lines intersect
atz: /1.81 82:T.
3t
* lo - 2): ro 17 +y + y :100 15-
20.
yv +?2 22.
xx Q,-9*g
18.
24"
(4)f;)* , -l- - 2): (4)10
,,,,,/3r\ , (4)*
0)17+J+ (i32+Y:1000)
15 _ 6
:7
vy xx
6x*(x-2)-{Q 17*y*32*y:lQqy 9:7
7x-2:40 49+2y:100y
x
7x:42 9-7x
49 :98y
:6 2
I 7:x
,:v
A.
4x-3-{
4x:7
7
4
683 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4
?'5' u-l =++=
?u*I 3u*l
15
4615(z tffi
(u - r)(3u+ l)- + - l)(3r + = (u - lX3r + t)3, +
I
4(3u + 1) + 6(r - l) : l5(r - 1)
LZu*4t6u-6=l5n-15
l8i - 2: 15n - 15
3u: -13
u: -T
13
2E. + A' ' 6 - 2 : 3(-3+5)
- 4-
9- 3(x 5)
unecK:
; -3 + 3 -3(-3 + 3)
x(x+ 3)9 - x(x *
'x rrz :.:-. lry- - o : -3(o)
-/'A2-6
;; .-;i :::;;.;lo.3) Division by zero is undefined. Thus, x = -3 is not a
6x* solution, and the original equation has no solution.
18-2x:3x* 15
4x*18:3x*15
x:-3
2
30. 3-,/+ z+2 -
Ir- 2
z+2
z*2:2
z=0
32.y:-l*-3
Let1,:0: 0 : -/*- 3+?*: -3-r x- -4=+(-4,O)x-intercepts
Letx : 0: y : -itOl 3 : -3 =+ (0, -3) y-intercept
34,y:4-x2
I-et):0: 0 - { - x2+rc:2,-2+ (2,0), (-2,0)r-intercepts
I-etx:0: y:4 - 02:4+ (0,4)y-intercept
36. y: -1x,ffi +I
Lety:0: Q: -Ixffi + I +Ix...,ffi: I =+ r-ffi -2
+*(x+3)-!, 1x3+3*-4:0
=+(x- l)(rz * 4x +4) - 0=+(x- lXx +2)2 = Q
Q y : I =+ (1, 0) (r : -2 is impossible)
Let x- 0=+y - I +(0, 1) y-intercept
ffi PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. y : 3 - tft + 1l
Let) = 0: 0 - 3 - rlr + ll =t il* * ll : 3 ==+ lr + ll : 6
=+ x :5, -7 (5,0), (-7,0) x-intercepts.
-
Let x = 0, 1, : 3 - t : 2.5,(0, il y-intercept.
40. - x2 + 4y: Q
42y 42.y:3(x-5)+9
Let):0: -* = Q=+.r - 0
=+ (0, 0) x-intercept.
Letx:O:4y:Q+y-0 tll / ttti
=+ (0, 0) y-intercept.
-4
/
: x- 3- l0
44.Y:x3-9x2+18x 46. Y
x
1
12
,, ,1, rr.r/
-12
V /
-a
/
48. I 50. 4
/
frflrr^1
'a
| | tatr /
/ /
-l -4
g=lx+2 0-10+2(x-2)
-tr:2 O=10+2x-4
(-i)(-f")=(-*t)' o=6*2x
,: _2 _?*:6
Intercepfi (-i, o) r : -3
The solution to 0 = tx + 2is the same as the Intercept (-3, 0)
.r-interceptof y =t, * 2.Theyarebothx : -2. Thesolutionto0: l0 + -
2(.r 2)istlresamsas
ttre.r-intercept of 0 : tO + Z(x -
2) They are both
x= -3.
685 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
52. 3.5x - 8:0.5x 54. I20O : 300 + 2(x - 500)
3x=8 900 :2x - lm
x:3 1900 -b
y:3.5x-8-0.05x=0 x=950
x- 2.667 y:1200 - 300 - 2(x - 500)
: 900 - 2(x - 500)
r*;ol
-3
I
-l@
56. 0.60r + 0.40(100 - x) = 50 5U. x-3 x-5
-A ;;_=-
'25 12
. O.6Ox + 40 - O.4Oic: 50 r2(x- 3):25(x -5)
: l0 0.20x
r:50 lzx-36:25x-I25
y - 0.60x + 0.40(roo - r) - 50 - 0 l3x : 89
Jr = 50.0 r:9=,6.846
IJ
x-3 x-5
(5g,or/ J25
V = --.---
12
I
-3
/ -\
\
\
-1
x = 6.846
60. q+-L
x r+) -! rv:
6.
-T
x'x*5
g a
r^)
: 3x\x + 5)
6(, + 5) + S1
6x*30+91:3*+15x a
I
I
[.
Q :3*+x-30
,r l0
x: Jr -7
: (r - 3X3x + l0)
I -13
x - 3, -3.333
62. (x+ I)2+2(x-2) = (x+ lXx- 2) I
x2+2x* I *2x-4=x2-x-2 I(*,ol
5x:l
r=3
y= (x+ l)2+ 2(x-Z) (x+ lX" -2):Q -3
, x= 0.20
6E6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
64.4x3 + lhz-26x-U =Q 66. xs=3+2x3
)c : -4.206, -0.735, 1.941 f 3-2x3:Q
x : 1.638
A Jl
r \
allal
2
-40
IJ -E
53 I T- jE4:3
70.
68. x x*2
x-2:9
t_ 1-..r:Q 3
x: tl
x
x= -3. L62,3.L62 1
li
i
-lO
L -a =/-
in *l
ill-n
72. 2x*y=6==+Y:6- 2x 74'3x*Y:2 =+ Y:2-3x
-x*Y=0=+Y:x f *y:Q =+ Y: -f
6-?-x:x 2 3x: -f
6:3x f 3x*2:O
)c - Zry : x - 2 (x- LXlz*x-2):Q
(r, y) : (2,2) (t-lXt+2)(x-l)-0
x- lr-2
(r, y) : (1, - l), ( -2,8)
76. (t, y) : (6, 4) 7E. (r, y) : (0, 0) (3, -3) t0. (r, y) : (1.670, 1.6@)
A Tw
\
-1
82. 9'/'2-1-0 t4. * 10x+9-0 86. 2* = I9x + 33
(3x+1)(3x-l):Q (x-e)('-1)-0 ?*-L9x-33:Q
3x*1=QQ1s:-+ x-9:Q)76-) (2x + 3Xx - ll) : Q
3x* I -0+x:+ x - I : Q=$1: I 24+3-0Q76---1
x - ll - 0 Q16: ll
ffl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
EE -x2 *8r: 12 90. 9t :25
,25
x2- 8x* 12-0 tg
ts
-
-
(x - 2)(* - 6) - 0 x: *G= *i - t !.67
x:2,6
92. (x - 5)z : 20 + :
**;=:f;fr^
94. (+x 7)2 44
x- J: *,4
r:5 tz-fr:9.47,0.53
x: -1 *L.n
x : -3.41, -0.09
96. (x + 5)t : (x + 4)2
(x+5)'-(x+4)?=s
[(x+5) (x+a)J[(r+s) + (x+a)]:o
2x,+9:0
':-1 ,
9E x2-b- 3:Q 100. *+ 8x*14:0 102. 9* - l?-x: 14
x2-2t+l:3+l *+ g1 : -!4 *-t*:t
(x-l)2=4 *+8r+42:-14+16 *-t*+G)':lf+3
(x + 4)2 :2 ('-?)'=E
x- I =*2
Jc:1t,2
x*4-*.-n ('-?)':z
x:3r-l
x:-4*,fi *-!:*O
x:? r O
104. * - lOx + 22 - 0 106. 4*-4x-4-0
x:
_btffi *-x-l:Q
2t
_ -t- ro) r x:
2(r)
_ lot..F88
2
l0 t z.,fr :Jt 6
6E8 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
108. - 6x - 35
9xz :- 110. ll* * 33x:
x:
_btm Q
' 1\*+3x):Q
Q
z" ' x(x + 3) - 0
_6t x:0
2(e) x*3 -0==);P: -3
6*,36
18
:- 75
3'3
ll2.x2-l4x+49:Q l!4. *+3*-1-0
k-7\2:o * + 3x * e)' :1+7
x:7 ('+t)':3
x +1:11 fi
v-
-! 2
-!
.r- #
1.16. 2Ax3 L25x - 0
5x(4x2-25):Q
5x(2x + 5)(b - 5) : Q
5X:0==+X:0
2fi+5:Qg.r: -]
2J - S: e ==)1: i
11g. f-64:O
f:
(f
8Xf+8):Q
(x - 2)(*' + 2x + aXr + 2)(* - b + 4) - 0
-2-0+x-z
* + 2x + { : 0 No real solution.
x*/- 0==+x: -2
* - 2rc + !, - 0 No real solution.
120. 9f - 24x3 + l6f : Q
*(9f-24x*16):Q
*(3x-4)':Q
* - 0+x:0
3x-!,:0=+x:t
122. f+tf 8r-16:0 124. f+5*-36:0
f(*+2) 8(x+2):Q (f+e)(*-4)-o
(f 8)("+2)-0 (f+e)(x+z')Qc-2):Q
(x - 2)(* + bc + aXx + 2) - 0 *.:i=3
x-2-0+x-2 :': :sorurion
f + zrc + 4 - 0 No real solution. 2 - 0=+r - 2
x*2- 0-x: -z
689 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
/c\2/c\
126. 36f+29P-7:Q rzt.6[ +f* rl
\s
+ s{
\s +
-=}-
ll 6: o
(36t2-7)(tz+1)-0
Let tr : s/(s + 1).
(or+ lt)(ot-rt)Q'+ 1)-o
6u2*5u 6:0
6t + -Jn :o ==+ t - -Jj (3u-Z)(2u+3):Q
6
6t-Jj-o+t-Jj 6 3u-2-O-u:? 3
t2+ I -0 Norealsolution. 2u+3-0+u:-1 2
s2 :
J + I t==+s
-2
s33:
s+ I
-t:?s: -5
130. 3xrlg + Z*/3 _ 5 132. 1ffi+3-o
2f/3+3xr/t-5-0 lffi: _3
(zxrtt + 5)(xt/3 l) - 0
bc+5: -27
,t. 5
XLts : _r+ X:
-125
g b- -32
xrlt:1=+x-l x: -16
lg4. tETt : ffi 136. -fr + jE - 2to -- lo
x * 5: x- 5 .lC:10-ffi
5:-5 (,fr)' : (ro - -lE - zo)z
No solution rc= loo -2g.lm*x-zo
-80: -2gJm
4:ffi
L6:r-20
36.:x
138. (*-x-22)4/3,-16 140. a*@ - l)'t' * 6x(x - L)t/z - 0
*-x-22L*16 ?*lLx(x l)ttt + 3(x l)4/3)
' 2x(r - l)t/312x + 3(x- l)l :-
0
*-x-22:!.8 - - O
x2-x-30:0:>x:-5,.6 2x(x-l)t/3(5x-3)-0
*-x-14:0=+ x:l*'-61 b-0=+x:0
2 x - I - 0=g.r: I
5x_3:e==+r:3
t42. I-1:r
x36
. ,4 .5 ,z.r
(tu)-- (6x)|:(6x);
xJo
24 10x-*
x2+lOx-24-0
(r* Iz)(x-2) -0
x*12:0==+x:-I2
x-2-0==+x:2
690 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
xl
t44'.
fr+ **r-3
(x+ 2)(x-2)h* ft+ 2)(x-Dh= I
3(x+ 2)(r-z)
x*x-)--3*-12
3*-2x-10:0
a:3, b- -2, c: -10
x: -(-2)r 2tffi
:T:--6 2r2-El_Lt.
=T .El
146. 4x*1 -3 14t, ltx + Zl - J
x 3x*2-7+t:i
: k)l
(x)4x+ (x)l -(3x+2)-J
x
4f *r:3 -3x-2-7)Y:-3
4**x-3-0
(4x-3Xx+l)-0
3
4x- 3-0+x:A
r* I - 0g; = -l
150. fx- l0l -*- 10x
First equntion: Second equntion'
x-10:*-lOx -(x-10)-f-lOx
Q = * - 1l.r * l0 Q: *-9x- 10
e=k-lXr-10) Q:(x-10Xr+1)
0=x - I + x : 1, not a solution 0- x- 10+x:10
Q: x- 10+x= 10 Q : x * I =+ x: -1
152.Y:x4-lDf^+9
(c) Q:f-lo*+9
Q :(*-lxr'-e)
,l , / \' Q:(r+ lXx- lXx+3Xt-3)
V V -20
x* 1-0 =+ x: -l
X- 1-0 ==+ x: 1
r*3:Q + x:-3
x-3:Q + x: 3
(b) x-intercepts: (t 1, 0), (t3, 0)
69r PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
154. y:b- jffi 156. y: x *,* 9 , - 5
(a) 6
ttl ,/ ., , , , tlat
I
-6
-1C
(b) x-intercept: (l,O) (b) x-intercept: (2, 0)
(c) : bc- jm
Q
jB4:2x (c)Q=x*+-s
x*1
q
15 -4x=4* Q- x(x * l) * (x + t), + f - 5(x + l)
0-4*'*4x-15
Q: (2x+S)(?.x- 3)
0- *+x*9- 5x-5
:2x+5--+x:-z Q: *-4x*4
Q
Q= (r-2)(x-2)
Q :2x-3=+x:1
0=x-)'ax:2
x : -i ir extraneous. The x-intercept ir (1, 0). x-intercept: (2,0)
(d) Same intercept
(d) Same intercept
15t. y: lr-zl-3
(a)
/
\ \
\/
-5
(b) x-intercepts: (5, 0), (- 1, 0)
(c) 0- l*-2i'
3 :lr_Zl
First equation:
x - 2 - 3:>x = 5
Second equation:
-(x-2)-3
-x * 2 - 3 ==+ x -- -l
x-intercepts: (5, 0), (- l, 0)
(d) Same intercepts
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
160. (a) 300
5
r50
(b) x: 14.696
75.82 - 2.II(14.696) + 43.51-m : /l 1.6o F
(c) 240 :75.82 - 2.llx + 43.5L{x
0 - -164.18 - 2.11x + 43.5l-,fr '
a : -2.t1, fr - 43.5t, c : -164.18
, r -43.51 * J(+l.Sl)z - 4(-2.11X-164.18)
'/x: 2(-2.1t)
l-+r.sr - Jsut.wr - .. --
x:l-ffi|
L -+.zz
-2u'874
J
l-+g'st+ t<1t^Int- =u'tx
'=l-ffi\L a.-- I
Because x is resqicted to 5 3r S 40, choose x : ?.4.725 pounds per square furch.
162. False. fui equation can have any number of extraneous solutions.
I:il. (a) axz * bx: Q (b) Mz - ax:- I
rc(ex + b) : Q ue(x-1):Q
.r:0 .r:0
x : -b/a x:1
Section P.5 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. x>5 4.0< x<Z
Matches (a). Matches (b).
693 PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6..-J<2x-131 t. fx - 101
(a) rc : -, (a) x- 13
-s Lz,-i) rgr ll3 rol 3 3
-s 2 -l Ii I 3
-sZ-23r Yes, x : 13 is a solution.
Yes, )c : -Ltis a solution. (b) x: -1
(b) x= -i l-r rol 3 j
,
-s 22Fr) 13 1
l-1rl
-s2-63r 11
No, x : -i ir not a solution. Yes,x:-lisasolution.
(c) x=t (c) x:14
-5 ,lLze) rl r lr4 - rol 3 3
o ?
-s < i - I 4
'l("1
-s < i Yes,x:14isasolution.
No, tr : I ir not a solution. (d) x:9
(d)r:0 ,
?,, le rol
;3
-5 < 2(o) - I I
-5 No, x = 9 is not a solution.
Yes, x :,0 is a solution.
10. 2x> 3 =+ *r| 12. 2x + 7 <3 14. -2<3x * I < 10
i h<-4 -3 < 3x<9
0t23
I
x<-2 -l < x<3
r r
-4-3-2-10 -l 0t23
16. 0s2(xta) 18' o<#'s
z
20. 3x - I <5
0 3x36
0Sx * 3< 10
-8 x32
-3<x<7
-43x<6 -1 .r
10
-4-3-2-t0r234557
...[ r I t r l.-,
4-20216 lFltrrrrrr
-10
694 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
n.3@ + l)<r+7 a. -Io<4(x- 3) < 8
3xt3<x*7 -10< 4x-12<8
2x<4 2<4x<20
x<2 L., < 5
to
10
rFlrrrllrr
aaaaa
-10
-10
26. e Using the graph, (a) y
Algebraically, (a) y
?*+1
llr-1
,/ ?x<4 l*
-2 x
2t. 4
\
\
-2
Using the graph, (a) - I
Algebraically, (a) - 1
-1
-9
32x
30' lr - 32. lr - 2Ol
I:^-za s 4 x-2A>4 orr-20<-4
16 S x S 24 x2%[or x316
r t l"-"+"-'r'-'+--l t r t
-+.....H.4->r
14 16 lt 20 22 24 26
14t5l8?n222426
lx - 3l
-l
34-
v" l--2 > 5 36. 3|14 - 5rl < 9
| | -
l4-5rl <3
lx - 3l -3<4-5xS3
x-3 -7 < -5x< -1
x 3 >'>l
-7 13
x
* <'s3
-9-6-3 0 3 6 9 12 15
JI
't'H t't'
012
695 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. y : l** + 1l Algebraically,
'9 , (a)y34 (b) y2l
lL* + 1l<4 li* + tl> I
./
-4<i*+L<4 ir+ l<-1 or i*+ l>l
L* < -2 or
Lrr>o
\_ -s s lxs3
-2
-.l0SxS6 x3-4 or .r)0
40. The graph shows all real 42. The graph shows all real 44. All real numbers more than 5
numbers no more than 3 numbers no more than 4 units units from -3
units from 0. "1"*r;.n
from
-1. l'r+31>5
lx-ol>3
l"l>3
46. (r+6)258
*+t/J.+2850
T,oos: x--tzx 'ffi
2(r) = -6x.2fi
critical n'mbers: x = -6 + z,fz,x = -6 - Z.fr J4*,-..-J1**,
(-*, -ro --t -6 -1-
Test intenalst -O - Z-D\ + * + Lb + 28>O -2
(-0, - z.fz, -o + 2.ft\ + * + t2s + 28 <o
(-o + z{z,a) +*
+ tb + 2B>o
Solution interrnrl: [-O - 2,/1,, -O + Z./i.]
4t. *-6x+9<16
*-6x-7<0
(x+ 1)(x-7)<0
Critical numbers: x: -!,x = 7
Test inuvals,
'(--, -1) =+ (r + t)(x - 7) >O *+..*.-,li**,
(-L'7) =+ (x * lX'r - 7) < 0
Q,q)+(.rf 1)(x-Z)>0
Solution intennh (-1, 7)
50. f(* - 3) <0
Critical numbers: : 0, .1 : 3
x
Test intervals: (-o, 0) =+ f(* - 3) < 0
r2345 -
(0,3)+f(x-3)<0
(3,o)=+f(*-3)>0
Solution intervals: (-oo,0] u [0, 3] or (-€, 3]
696 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
52.y:i*-Zx* (a) ys I (b) y27
i*-bc+t<l L* - 2x * r>7
12
* - 4x<0 f - 4x - 12>0
x(x-4)<0 (x- 6Xx +2)>0
\ y<1when0<x14. y27 whenxs -2orx)6.
\.//
-4
54. !:f-*- 16x*16 (a) ySO (b) y>36
.E
f - f - L6x * l6s0 x3-f-I6x*16>36
f(x- 1) l6(x- 1)<0 x3 - f - L6x - 2o>o
nV (x- lX"t- 16)s0
y < 0 when -@ <x S -4,1 <x <4.
(r + 2)(x - 5Xx + 2) > 0
y 2 36 when x : -2,5 <.r < @.
-21
xt12
56. 'I - 4<o 58.
x*2 -3>o
x + L2 - 3(x + 2)
+<o x*2
6-b>o
>0
: r: i
1
Critical numbers: x 0, x*2
Critical numbers: x : -2, x : 3
Testintervals: (-rc,0) + ry<o
x\ 6-2*<0
Test intervals: (-oo, -2)
I l\ * 1-4x
.l-4x>o -; + z
fo';l (-2,3) ==+ - >0
6 zrc
It \ <0 )c +z
[;,-f=+
\+lx
Solution interval: (-@,0) u (}, *)
(3,oo)'
-+<o
x+2
Solution interval: (-2, 3f
i >t
t
2(x - 2) (b) y28
60. r x* I 2(x- 2) .,
x*1
I
-15
J I
'rr-ffii
-6x- L2
>0
>0
i r*1
-8
-6(x + 2) >0
(a) yS0
x*1
y)8when -2<x< -1.
2(x- 2)
x*1 <0
y<0when-l<x32.
'PART
III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
5x
62. y: *++ il.Jm
(a) v) 1
Need: x2 - 4
5x k-2)(x+z)
* + 4>r Criticalnumbers: x:tZ
5x - (* + +) > 0 Testing each interval, the solution is x 2or
(*++)
4
xS -2.
ft-aXx- 1)>0
f++ laaaa
/
Domain: (- oo, -21and lZ, *l
y2lwhenl<x<4.
(b) ysO -1
5x
i, + 4<o
yS0when-€<x<0.
ffi. l6n 68. !Q*z
Domain: all real x Need: - xz4
x2 - 4 s 0
(r-2)(x+2)s0
Testing each interval, the solution is -2 S r ( Z.
Domain: l-Z,Zl
70. (a) 72. fh - 501 s 30
-30
20<h
ft must be in the intervall2D, 80].
Maximum 80, minimum 20.
(b) Graphing D together with lz : 25W, we see
that D
74. False. If c
a:l,b-/andc:-3.
76. l* -
ol
Matches (b).
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Review Exercises for Chapter P
Solutlons to Even-Numbered Exercises
Quadrant III Quadrant III
-2,
4
4
-8
6L If ry = 4 thcn the coordinarcs have the same sigr. This happens in Quadrants I and m.
t.
€r* (0,8.2)
oE-
5t
I
$.8
za
*
E2(n
EI
\
.I
rY/
$ 5EE
Ycrr
E
-2 246
fl- 9.2)2
ffi=-,m:g.g
4: =.JWI:6:JO
l0 dz: = jm:.rm
t d3-- : 'JN|:6:JO
6
dt: : jm:fr
4
Opposite sides have equal lengths of .,/16 and 5J7,-
2
14. 16. Radius:
o
: nm:'.ftig
,,(1.9,7.4)
,
,
(x - 3)'+ (x + l)2:68
-3 I -l
-4
/ton, -3.ss)
-8
(-0.6, -14.,
a
I
Midpoint:
ll.B - 0.6 7.4 - 14.5\
(-t:,f): (0'6' -3'ss)
PART III: Solutiotrs to Even-Numbered Exercises
18. y- -I*+2
x -2 0 2 3 4
v 3 2 I I 0
2
20. Y-2x-3:Q x-5=Q
y-2x+3 x : 5 is a vertical line through (5, 0).
Line with x-intercept ( -2,0) and v
y-intercept (0, 3)
A. Y: -ffi
Domain: (-o,5]
x 5 4 I -4
v 0 I 2 3
y*?i:Q
y : -?* is a parabola.
x 0 rl T2
v 0 -2 -8
2E. x*y2:9
-9-y2
Parabola opening to the left Intercepts: (9, 0), (0, 3), (0,
- 3)
700 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
30. y = i(" + 1)3 92. y:if -i
a
I
rrtll ll rtlll
/.,r,
ll
VV
-o
-a
Inte,rcepts: (- 1, 0), (O, l) Intercepts: (0, o), (tz 5,0) = (t2.83, o)
34. y=xJg-* 36. y: lr-al -4 ,
. r.l t r a | |
\ /
\/
v -E
-3
Intercepts: (0, o), (t1,0) Intercepts: (0,0), (8, 0)
3t. (a) '!P
(c) 600
o
o
2> 2r-
rto cto
(b) y:16.7x + 584.6
(d) For 2000, | : 10 and y : 75l'6 dollars
For zWL | : 12 and y : 785 dollars
: 51510
slope
ffi^'rdefined
Slope : 2-(j) :3-:-
663 -
_1 _1 - -
42 4- A 4
: 104
.-: 8
35 -3
701 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
46. Slope:4:+:l
l0 - (-6) 16 4
-74-5-4-3-2 I t-5
(-1, -1.2)
-2 4110
-3
9
-4
-5
--:r-5
4
(4.7, -6.3) -6
-7
t:s-2:g
44
Srope:ffi:#:#:J
48. slope==ul'=.:1
8 - (-3) 1l
50. (a) y - 5 : -1t, + 3)
3 3 (-1) 2y- 10: -3x-9
ll -3 - t 2y*3x:l
-9 - 3t:4 (b) Three additional points:
3t : -53 (-3 + z,s - 3) : (-1,2)
l: -T 53 (-l +2,2-3'):(1,-1)
(t + z, -L - 3) : (3, -4)
(other answers possible)
52.(a) y-Q: ?k-3) s4.(a) y-3=-ffr-0)
3y:-b+6 4Oy - 35 = -i2*
3Y+2x:6 4OY*3?x:35
(b) Three additional points: O) Three additional points:
(3 3,0 + 2) : (0,2) (o * s,3 - 4): (s, f)
(0 -3,2 + 2): (-3,4) (s * 5, -+ - 4): (ro, -#)
(-3 - 3,4 + z): (-6,6) (lo + s, -# - +) : (rs,-?)
(other answers possible) (other answers possible)
56. (a) y - 8 : Q(x + 8) : Q 58. (a) Slope is undefined, line is vertical: x : S
y:8 (horizontalline) O) Three additional poinrs: (5,0), (5, l), (5,2')
(b) Three additional points: (0, 8), (1, 8), (2, 8) (other answers possible)
(other answers possible)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. (a) Slope is undefined, line is vertical: .r : 0.
(b) y
62. (a) y- / - 2 -;(- t;O @ + z)
-L - J
y-2:+@+2)
-5y+10: lzx + Yl
-5y : lb+14
12 14
_TX-T
v:
G4. (a) v - 6-=(r - 1) (b)
I
y-g:+(r-l) 3
2
I
-3y*18:4x-4 -l r2 3 4 5
-3Y:4x-22 -2
-3
y: -+..+ -4
: -?
66. Slope of given line rn 68. y - / is a horizontal line.
(a) y - 3 : -?@ +8)+ 3y - ) - -%c - 16
(a) Parallel line through (9, -+): y : -4
O) Perpendicular line through (3,-+): x : 3
+br*3y+7:Q
(b) y - 3 :/1x +8)+ 2y - $ - 3x * 24
E
aJy-2y+30-Q a ra
,X.,,,\ -t
/ \
-5
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
tt 7 ,rtr5,l2
70.6-3:3+'
x 'Jc
,-.
x-5 x*5 x2-25
3: 19x 5(x.+5)+(r-5) _
-T- 2
x2-25 x2-25
3x=18 6x*20=2
x:6 6x--18
x- -3
74. x-5y:20
Letx: 0: -5y :20 =+y : -4. y-intercept (0, -4)
Let / = 0: x : 20. x-intercePt (20, 0)
76.y:25-*
Let x : 0: Y : 25. y-intercept (0, 25)
Let) = 0: o:25 - f : (5 - r)(5 * x).x-intercepts(5,0),(-5,0)
78. y = 6 - 2l* - 3l 80. 10
\
aarta
/
A \ -10
\
Solution: x : 9.4
r-intercepts: (0,0), (6, 0)
y-intercepfi (0,0)
82. 10
84. 20
J
f .....-/:
L 'j tal
-10 -2
Solution: x : -2.722 No solutions
E6. x-y:3 8E. y:-x*7
2lx+Y:12 Y:2f-x*9
Adding,
3x- 15=>x:5==ey: x - 3 -5 3 -/ 2f -x*9= -x*7
Intersection point (5,2') z#+z-0
f+l:e
(x+ r)(*-x* 1)-0
=+ x: -l =+ y: -(-1) *7:8
Intersection point (- l, 8)
7M PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
90. 15*x-2s2:Q 92. l6x2 : 25 94.x2+6x-3-0
(s +?n)(3-x) -0 a: Irb:6rc -- -3
x2:U _6+m
5+ 2: Qg.r: _l
2
x:t^lL=t-
lzs s
x--
2(L)
3 - x: Qg.r: 3 -V 16 -4
-6 *,R _
-3 rz.,fr
2
96. -f - x * 15 - Q 98. -2* - l3x - 0
f + x ..15 - 0 -x(2x+13)-0
x: -ltre z _-lt-,,GI
: r:0, x:-+
2
100. 2l6xa - Jc: Q 102. 4f - -
6*z 0
x(ztef 1) : Q x2(4x - 6) - 0
x2:0=+r T 0
'("-*X* +l'**) -o
4x - 6 - o=,*:,
3
r:0, i
lo4. F- 8:Q
jE4:8
x-2:64
x: 66
106. s-,fr- F- $
s..fr:6+ F
25x:36+1}.F*x-1
24x - 35: l2-F
576x2'- 1680x+ L225:144(x- 1)
576x2 - L824x * 1369: Q
x: -(-
rsz+) t
2(s76)
lg24 r ,m _1824 *240. 6
TL52 rr52
38 + sJ5
x: 24
x:
38 s.fr ,extran@us
25
l
108. (x + 2)z/+ : 2l 110. 1,:3
x- L
x*2-27gtt I :3(x-2)
x*2:81 :3x-6
1
x :79 7 :3x
7 :x
3
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
I
ll2. *:
(r + l)2
I 114. lU+tl-J
2x+3-J or 2x+ 3: -7
l:(r+l)2 ?;c.: 4 b: -10
Q: t2+2t x:2 x:-5
0- t(t+2)
0- ta t = 0
Q=t+2+l--2
116. l*' - 6l - x
x2-6:x _(x, _6):x
x2-x-6:0 x2+x-6:0
(x-3Xx+2)-0 (x+3Xr-2)-0
x-3:Q+x-J x - / - 0=+ x:2
x * 2 - 0+ N: -z,extraneous x * 3 - 0 ==) ; = -3, extraneous
ll
11t.
;(t - x) ,;(, 3x) l2O. -6 s 3-2(x -5)
-6 s 13 -b
3(3 -x)>2Q- 3x)'
9 - 3x>4
-l9 s -b
- 6x
3x> -5 f=.
x> -5,
5
(j,*) __L .r 19
2<xs7
_g
'rl 3 t t _!22
t lrt te
-2-l 0t2 r
-l 0t234567t910
I22. lrl l24. fx - 31
-4<x34 ' x-3
'-[ ] I
4-2024
I f.r.t x>7 or x
r
-2-r0r2t456789
126. lx+91 +7 128. 4* - 23x 3 6
lx+el 4*-23x-6
x*9 (r-6)(ax+l)s0
x>3 or x Critical numbers: 6, - f. Testing the three intervals,
(- oo, -21), (3, *) weobtain -i <xS6
t I
I
130. t2f - 20/'2
i
4*(3r - s)
-2-r0t2
r
Since 4*
7M PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2 3 r+R
rf I s-n
132.+ x-L nt. #-z<o
r+)
2(x.- 1).-3(rf l).0 .ris-z(x+s) _,,
@sv -;1-3-cu
' , 19.1 5) '. = o
(x+lX.r-l)-
-',-? .0
x*5
Critical numbers: -5, - l, 1. Testing the four Critical numbers: -5, -2. Testing the three
intervals, we obtain [-5, - 1) u (1, @). intervals, we obtain (--, -5) u (-2, oo).
l{+++++Ft+,
-5-5.4-r-2-r0r2tas -5
<+|...{+-F>r
136. True. ab :0 means a : Q or b : Q. 138. An identity is an equation that is true for every
real number in the domain of the variable. A
conditional equation is true for just some (or even
none) of the real numbers in the domain.
CHAPTER 1.
Functions and Their Graphs
Section 1.1 Frmctions . .70t
Sectionl2 GraphsofFunctions ....714
Section 13 Shifting, Reflecting, and Snetching Craphs . . . .7m
Section 14 Combinations of ltrnctions . . . . .78
Sec{ion 15 Inverse Functions . .732
Review Exercises . .739
7t7
CHAPTER 1
Functions and Their Graphs
Section 1.1 Functions
Solutlons to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. No, it is not a function. The domain value of - 1 .4. Yes,it is a function. Each domain value is
is matched with two output values. matched with only one range value.
6. No, the table does not represent a firnction. The E. Yes, thc table does represent a function. Each
input values of 0 and 1 are each matched with input value is ma0ched with only one ouput value.
two different output values.
10. (a) The element c in A is matched with two elements, 2 and 3 of B, so it is not a function.
(b) Each element of A is narched with exactly one element of B, so it does r€fsent a fuirtion.
(c) This is not a function from A to.B (it represents.a function fron B o A instead).
(d) Each element in A is matched with exactly one elernent of 8, so it does rc'prcsent a function.
la Readingfromthegraph, 14' x=f + y=!-fx 16' x*f =4+y= x-F*
f\194\ isappoximately 16 Thus,y isrotxfuirctionof.r. Thus,y isnotafilrctionof.r.
million.
l& x: -y + 5:gy: -x* 5. 2O. y=.ffi n. lyl= Q,- x+y=4- xor
This is a function of r. This is a fiurction of x. y = -(4 - x)
thus, y is tpt afimction of x.
24. y = -2 is a furrction of r, a constant function.
26. s@)=*-2x 2t g(Y):1 -3Y
(a) se):(2r2-2(2)=0 (a) g(o):J - 3(0) = 7
(b) g(-3)=(-3)2 -2(-3)=15 O) s(,z) =7-3fi) :e
(c) g(r+ l) = (t+ l)2 -2(t+ l\:t2- L (c) e(s +2):7 -3(s+2)
(d) g(r*c)= (x+ --7 - 3s-6:1- 3s
")'-2(x+c)
=*+2cx*c2-2i-2c
30. Y(r) :
A
|nf n, f@) = 1{a s a, 2
" o (a)/(-8)=@Er2=2
(a) Y(3) 36r
=;r(3)3 = O) /(l) : t2 5
4 2't er 'rffiE =
(c)f(x-8)=rc-:E+d*2:{r+z
(D) v\t/ : 4/3\3
-.-/3\
3\r) : i. Tn: T
(c) V(zr) =
o ')'
,a{Zr,-32nF
3
708
PART III: Solutiotts to Even-Numbered Exercises
34. q(t) : 2tz+3 36. /(x) : lrl + 4
t2
(a)f(2):l2l+4-g
(a) q(2) :'QY=! t : 8+3 1t
: l-2f + 4 = 6
(2)' 4 (b) /(-2)
(c)f(*):l*l+4-*+4
(b) q(0) :2@f=: 3 -Division by zerais undefined.
(0)2
:2( 3 :N ! -t
(c) q(-x) tx)z.!
(-x)' *
3E./(x):{: j,': x(l
t?*+2, x>l
/(-2): (-2)2 + 2 -
(a) 6
(b)/(l): (I)2*2:3
(c)f(2):2(2)2 1-2-10
s@): ffi
s(3): ffi:Q
g(4): ,lm,:1
s(5) iE\: .,n
=
sG): 164: 6
sQ): ffi-l
x 3 4 5 6 7
g(r) 0 I ,n fi 2
42. f(s)
- 2l
- l"s-2
lo-21:.T:-rz
/(0) o-2 -2
lr -21 r
f(r) I -2 -l -I
,\;) _ li3 - _ _i- _ _1
zl s 0
3 5
4
-r 1 2 2
-n
2L2 -!
_l]-zt _L_l /(s) -l -1 -1 I I
5 .r l-r
{;) zz,
f(4)
_ 4-2| _?_,r
4-2 2
JC I 2 3 4 5
tdx) 8 5 0 I 2
7lO PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12-x2
46. f(x):5x * I - 0 4E./(r) =-:Q
5
5x: -1 12-x2:O
I
x: -5 x2:12
x - I"'m': *Z-ft
50. f(x) = Q 52. f(x): ,ffix = Q
f - x: Q 4x2- x- 0
x(*-1):Q x(4x-1):Q
x(x*lXx-1):Q x:0rr = i
r:0
x*1:Q=+y---1
x_1:e==9y--l
t@: g(r) 56. f(x) : g(x)
*+b+ I =3x +3 x4-?*:?-*
*-x-2:O x4-4*:Q
(x-2)(x+1):Q *(* - 4): Q
x-/=0+x:2 *(x + 2)(x - 2): Q
x+l=QQy---l *-0==+r=0
x*/-0=+x:-2
X - /- 0==+ X:2
58.g(x):1-?* 60. : 3l
r(y)
v+5 =
Because g(x) is a polynomial, the domain is all real y+5t0
numbers x.
v#-5
The domain is all real numbers Y + 5.
62. f(t):11ffi 64. f(x): 1m,- x2 + 3x: x(x + 3)
Becaus e f(t) is a cub root, the domain is all real Domain: v 1 -3 orx
numbers t.
;
10:
66. h(x):r-/.x 68. /(x) :#.x* 6
*-b+o x * -6 for denominator. Domain: r > -6.
x(x-2)+O
The domain is all real numbrs x * 0 and x + 2.
f(x) : x2- P : k - 3Xt + 3)
70.
#7.
denominator. Domain: x
-l), (o, o), (1, l), (r, l]
7lI PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
7a. f6\ = ;x + tl 76. By ploaing the data, you can see that it represents
{(-2, L),(-1, O), (0, l), (1, 2),(2,3)} a line, or/(.r) = cl. B@ause (0,0) ana (t, t) are
on the line, the slope is |. Thus,/(r) : |r.
78. By plotting the data, you can see that it represents E0. g(x) = 3x - I
h(x) = c.,M. Because ...f'4[ / and - /:Tf : 1,
but the corresponding y values are 6 and 3, you
have c :3 and h(x) - 3fi.
82. - 5x - f
f(x)
f(s+h):s(s +h) (s +h)z
:25+5h-(25 + lOh+h2)
:25+5h-25 Luh-h2
-h2 - 5h
/(s):;fl -,f:,
f(s+!r)-f(s) _-tP-sh
hh
:#:-@+s)' h+o
M.f(*)-,lc*x
f(, + h) : (r + h)s + (x + h) - f * 3x2h * 3xE + tf * x + h
f(x+h) -f(x): (rt + 3x2h+3xlf +h3 * x+h) (t' +x)
:3xzh+3xh2+h3+h
: h(3x2 * + h2 + 1)
3xh
M- n(lxz + lxh + hz + t)
hh - ixz * 3xh + h2 + r, h# 0
t6. /(x) :#
f(7):+:1
7+l 2
41
M)__x+r-r_ s-(x+t) = , 71,,
x'-7 x-7 2(x+lXx-7) 2(x+l)(x-7)
,
-l
---rtrT7
2(x + 1)'--
712 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
8t. A = Ibh,in an equilateral riangle b: s and:
/s\2
s2 : h2+
\;)
fu:ffi
.:v7-7:
t1
fm,fr, z
. I .Et
A:rt' ,frsz
2: 4
90. Let r be the length of the sides, and ft the height. Then
(r \2 h':
\fl !
,
x2
h2:xz-i;',
l+- i-t
h2 :l.',
tu: +randr:
#
-|:y -h : : :
Area
XHa ftn, *0,
92. (a) Units x Price Prcfit P
rvz 90 - 2(0.15) lm[n - - 102(60) : 3029.40
2(0.15)]
104 90 - 4(0.15) 104[90 - 4(0.15)] - 104(60) : 3057.60
106 90 - 6(0.15) 106[90 - 6(0.15)] - 106(60) : 3084.60
108 90 - 8(0.15) 108[90 - 8(0.15)] 108(60) - Jl 10.40
110 90 - 10(0.15) I 10[90 - 10(0.15)] - I 10(60) : 3135.00
trz 90 - 12(0.15) ll2lg0 - rl2(0.15)l - 12(60) : 3 158.40
(b) 35oo
Profit:Revenue-Cost
: (price per unitXnumber of units) (costXnumber of units)
: [90 - (x - 100X0.15)h - 6Ox, x> 100
: (90 - O.15x * l5)x - 60x
rool_
30@
: (105 - 0.15x)r - 60x
: l05x - 0. ls.y' - ffix
Yes,Pisafuirction. : 45x - 0. l5*, x > 100
(c) P(L}O) : 3240, P(130) : 3315, P(140) : 3360
(d) P(r2O) : 45(r2o) .15( r20)z : 3240
P(130) -- 4s(r30) .15(130)2 : 33ls
P(140) : 45(140) .15(140)2 :3360
94. A-l.w:(Zx)y:2x!
Buty- ffi,soA :yt1ffi, o( x<6.
7t3 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. For 1978,t : -2 and p : $15,200 98. (a) C(x): 0.95x * 6000
For 1988, t - 8 and p: $25,600
For 1993, t - 13 and p : $34,500
(b) e&): c(t)
- 0.95x * 6ooo : 0.95
, 6000
x
For 1997,t: 17 and p: $47,400
100. f(y) : !49.76,ffiytt'
v 5 10 20 30 40
r(y) 2.65 x ltr 1.50 x lF 8.4'l x ltr 2.33 x lff 4.79 x lff
(Answers will vary.)
(a) F increases very rapidly as y increases.
(b) to,p
(c) From the table, y * 22 ft (slightly above 20). You could obtain a better approximation by completing the
table for values ofy betrreen 20 and 30.
(d) BV graphing F(y) together yith the horizonal lireh: 1,000,000, you obtainy = 21.37 fwt.
102. (a) 28lynx
^1992):
6y .flleea) -/(12!-=
e @
3 = -+3 = -r7
-=
1994,- t99l
This represents the average loss per year of lynx.
/n\ A/r.f _ 434t + 4387
45P-55r+100
t 1988 1989 1990 r99l 1992 1993 r994 t995
N 9 20 44 54 3l t7 10 7
104. True. The first numbr in each ordered pair corre- 106. The domain is the set of inputs of the function and
sponds to exactly one second number. the range is the set of corresponding outputs.
10E. 110.
6
-2
-4
-6
714 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
112. Centcr: (0,0) 114. Center: (10, l)
Radius: 9 Solution Point (-2, -4)
(r-g;z+ (y-e)z=92 (r- r9;z+ (y- r)z=P
.x2+y2=8t (-2-ro)2+(-4-1)2=P
144i25=f
r:13
(r-tO)z+(y-l)2=169
Section 1.2 Graphs of Functions
Solutlons to Even-Nunbertd Exerclsee
2.f(x)-f -3x+2 4.h(*): -ffi 6. g(x) : - fr - 1l
Domain: (-*, *) Domain: l-+, +J Domain: (-o, oo)
' Range: (-*, Range: [0,4J Range: (- @, 0]
-)
t. /(r) : -x2 - I 10. h(t): ffi 12. f(x) : -i lr - 5l
4-P>o + P34
Domain: f-2,21
Range: [0,2]
rraartll alalalal
Domain: (-*,
Range:
/ \
-o
(- @, -
*)
1]
a \
-1
s Domain:
-E
(- m, oo)
Range: (- @, 0]
l4.y=f,f 16.x2+y2:25 lt.r=lY+Zl
A vertical line intersects the A vertical line intersects 0re A vertical line intersects ttp
graph no more than onoe, so y graph moe than once, so y is graph more than once, so y is
is a function of x. not a firnction of x. Cnaph the not a frurction of .r. Graph as
circleas !r-x-z,rrO
yr: -Ff !z= -x - 2,x 2 o
rz= -'JE4
n.f@)=*-4x n-f@)=.Ft
(a) The graph is decreasing on (-o,2) and increas- (a) The graph is decreasing on (-o, -1) and
ing on (2, e). increasing on (1, o).
(b) f(-x) = (-r), - 4(-x) = x2 + 4x (b) /(-r) = m. = ,FI =.f(x)
* flx)
+ +x + The function is even.
*+4x+-l@)
The function is neither odd nor even.
715 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
A. f(x): -f - 2il4 26. f(x) : -f/4
(a) 1 (a) 1
ataaaal
aaaa aaala
I
I -5
(b)Thegraphis on(-e,0)anddecreasing (b) Thegraphisdecreasingon(0,*)
on (o' o) (c) The fuirction is neither even nor odd. (Domain:
(c).f(-r) = -(-r)6 - 2(-a\t - -f - tf : f(x). (0, *)
The function is wen
28. f(x) : x(xz * l)rtz 30.
"f(r)
: - lx + 4l lr + 1l
',/ -ro aaaaaaar
5
/ / \
-a
(-e, e)
(b) The graph is increasing on (b) The graph is irrcrcasing on (-e, -4), constant
(c) /(-r) = (-r)(-r)2 + t)rt2 on (-4, - 1), and docreasing on (- 1, o).
(c) From the graph, it is clear that/is neither even
= -xk2 t l)rlz = -fl").
' \--'- rcr odd'
The function is odd-'
32. o 34. , 15
36.
, ,l
I
-e
V ta
/
Relative minimum: Relative minimum: (4, -17) M*i.; (2.67,3.0g)
(0.33, Relative mrudmum: (0, 15)
- 5.33)
716 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
3E (a) f(x) = 3x2 - 12 40. (a) f(x): -f * 7x
Relative minimum: (0, - 12)
(b) 3 Approximate relative minimumt (- 7, -l\
-12
I I 12 Approximate relative malrimum, (1, l)
10
(b)
-13
I
t/
Relative minimum: (0, - 12) -10
(c) The answer are the same.
Relative minimum: (- 1,.53, - 7.13)
Relative maximum: (1 .53,7.13)
(c) The answen are close.
#1. (a) /(x) = .tml o) 6
-9
\ /
-E
Relative minimum: (0, l)
Relative minimtrm: (0, t)
(c) The answers are the sarne.
4t.,f(-x)::!';1-::;;
is even.
"f
J
0
/
-2
717 PART III: Solwions to Even-Numbered Exercises
50. ft(r) -* -5 52,f(-x):(-F 54. Because the domain is s
,(-r) the function is neither even nor
odd.
;:s1;' +
*
f(x)
-f(')
+ -h(x)
The function is neither even
The function is neither odd nor odd.
nor even.
s6. (-;, -t) 5E. (5, - l) 60. (?n,?fi)
(a) If/is everr, another point (a) It f is even, another point (a) It f is even, another point
i'li,-t). is (- 5, - l). is (- ?n,%).
(b) \t f i.s odd, another point is (b) It f is odd, another point is (b) It f is odd, another point is
(i, z). (- 5, l). (-za, -2c).
62. f(x) : -9 64. f(x) : J 3.r is neither even ffi. f(x): -xz - 8 is eveil.
is even. nor odd. 1
"f -1t
I
\
\
\ -zb
-l
-11
*.-t'
: 11Ql f (x) : {T
6rt. : - fr - xS -1
sG) is neither even 70. f(x) 5l is neither 72.
nor odd. even nor odd. L*-2, x> -l
r
4 E
tl .1.
- /
'z
t,
,a
a -3
-2 -E
The graph is neittrer odd nor
evgn.
^
74. f(x) : 4x + 2 76. t@: -f - 4x
>o
f(x) f(x) > o
4x * 2>O * - 4x2O
4x2 -2 x(x - 4) >0
*> -| (-*,0], [4, oo)
V*,*)
7lt PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
7E. /(r) : x2 + I > gforallr. t0. /(x) = -2m > 0for E2. f(x) : +Q, + l"l)
(- oo, oo) r: 3 only.
= I + ilrl
(-o,o)
s@) :2(rx - [i'])' p:100-0.fr)01r
Q-350,000*30r
p- R- c-xp-Q- x(100-0.000k) (350,000+30r)
/,-/J - x(100 - 0.0001x) 350,000 - 30r
:.,;H*L*+7ox-3s0,000
-a
Domain: (-@, @)
Range: [0,2)
o
Pattern: Sawtooth
Maximum at 350,000 units
tt.' MoQel: (Total cost) : (Flat rate) + (Rate per pound)
:
Labels: Total cost C o{
Flat rate : 9.80 arc
ar{
alo
Rate per pound = 2.5Q[xn, r ) 0 ar{
o.o
Equation: Q - 9.80 * 2.5{rl, r ) 0 a'{
sgt
fu-top-bottom Y2.fu-top-bottom 94.L-right-left
:J -(4x-*) -/-*, -/-w,
-t-4x+*, 0S x3 8 0<yS 4
0< x31
PART III: Solutions to Even-Nuntbered Exercises
96. Interyal Intale Pipe Drainpipe I Drarnpipe 2 9t. False. The domain must be symmetric
[0,5] Open Closed Closed about the y-axis
[5, 10] Open Open Closed
[lo, 20] Closed Closed Closed
l2O,30l Closed Closed Open
[30,40] Open Open Open
[40, 45) Open Closed Open
145,501 Open Open Open
[50,60] Open Open Closed
100. f(r):Qznx?nIabt-zxh-z I ''' *ozxz*ao
r(-x)=Z::Y:"::l:::n'**o,*::::!',.o"
f(-x) : f(*); thus, f(x) is even.
lUL. Yes, N : y2 + 1 defines x as a function of y. (But not y as a function of x)
l(H. (a) fl - 106. (a) fl -
: aGm:.,ffi:46 JreE|: -,n
=
l-z + 6 7 + q\ : (2,5)
(b) midpoint: l-t-,;)
G-i -1 \
(b) midpoint : (=, +): G,i)
110. f(x): x'.,ffi
(a) /(3) - 3-ffi = Q
(b) f(r2): Lzm
: tZ(3): j6
= t2J9
(c) /(6) :6affi:6.,,8
ll2. f(x) : x2 - 2n + 9
f(3+h):(3 +h)r-2(3+h) +9:$ +6h+h2-6-2h +9
:h2+4h+12
f(3):32-2(3)*9:12
f(3 + h) - f(3) _ (tP + 4h t r2-) - L2 _ n(n ! +) _ h + 4, h + o
hhh
720 PART III: Solutiotts to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 1.3 Shifting, Reflecting, and Stretching Graphs
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exerciscs
(r)
,x
14. (a) (b)
(e) (f)
16. Horizontal shift 3 units to left lE. Constantfunction: y: -8 20. Horizontal shift 3 units to the
of y : .r: y : x * 3 (or verti- right of Y : 6, followed bY
cal shift 3 units upward) reflection in the y-axis:
v:@:ffi
72r PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22. Horizontal shift 4 units to the 24. Reflection in the x-axis of 26. Horizontal and vertical shifts
right of y - lxl, fotlowed by y : x2 followed by vertical of y :.x3
reflection in the x-axis fol- and horizontal shifts y:(x-1)3+l
lowed by vertical shift 3 units
Y: I (x+ l)'
downward.
y:-lx-41 -3
28. y: -&- lis/(x)reflect- 30. y: ffi is/(r) shifted 32. y: ffi is/(r) reflect-
ed in the x-axis, followed by a left three units. ed in the y-axis, followed by a
vertical shift downward 1 unit. horizontal shift to the right 3
units.
34.y:lrl 3isf(x):l"l y :l-"1 is a reflection in the 38. y : il.l is a vertical shrink.
shifted down three units. y-axis. In fact y : l-"1 : f"l.
40. S@) : - (x - 4)3 is obtained 42. h(x): -2(r- 1)3+3is 44. p(x) : [3(" - 2)]3 is obtained
by a horizontal shift of four obtained from f(*) by a right from f(x) by a right shift of
units to the right, followed by shift of one unit, a vertical two units, followed by a verti-
a reflection in the x-axis. stretch by a factor of two, a cal stretch.
reflection in the r-axis, and a
vertical shift three units
upward.
46.f(x)-f 3x2+2 4E. f(x) :.f3* + 2
s(r) : f(x - l) : (" - 1)3 - 3(r - l), + 2 is a s@): -f(x) : -(rt 3f + 2)
horizontal shift one unit to the right. (reflection in the x-axis)
h(x) : 2f(x) : 2(f - 3x2 + 2) is a vertical stretch. h(x) : f(-x) : (-x), - 3(-x), + 2
(reflection in the y-axis)
4
hH: alI
d'
{ w Y ry-4
The graph of g is obtained from that of f by first 52. (a) /(r) : x2
shifting horizontally two units to the right, and
(b) S@) : (r - 8)2 is obtained from/by a horizon-
then vertically upward one unit. Hence,
tal shift 8 units to the right.
g(x) : (x - 21t 3(x - 2)2 + 1.
(c) (d) sk) : f(x - 8)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. (a) /ft) : x2 56. (a) /(r) = x2
(b) g(x) (b) s(x) : -l(r -
+ 2)z 2 is obtained from fby a
horizontal shift l0 units to the left, a reflection horizontal shift 2 dnits to the left, a vertical
in the x-axis, and a vertical shift 5 units upward. shrink of i, a reflection in the x-axis, and a
vertical shift 2 units downward.
(c)
' (c) v
-4 -2
-4
4
-8
-t0
-12
-14
(d) g(x) : -f(x + 10) + s
(d) s(x) : -Ifl, + 2) - 2
sE. (a) f(x) -f (a) /(x) : x3
(b) e(r) : - x3 - 1 is obtained from/by a reflec- (b) g(r) : - (r + 3)3 10 is obtained from fby a
tion in the r-axis followed by a vertical shift 1 horizontal shift 3 units to the left, a reflection in
unit downward. the x-axis, and a vertical shift 10 units down-
ward.
(c) t
(c)
(d) s@) : -t@ : -f(x + 3) l0
1
(d) g(x)
: x3
62. (a) /(x) (a) /(x) : Itl
(b) s@) : - *(* + 1), - 5 is obtained from fby a (b) s(x) - $ - l" + 5l is obtained from fby a hor-
horizontal shift I unit to the left, a vertical izontal shift of 5 units to the left, a reflection in
shrink, a reflection in the x-axis, and a vertical the x-axis, and a vertical shift 6 units upward.
shift 5 units downward. (c)
(c)
(d) e(x) - $ - f(* + s)
(d) g(r) : -LfQ + 1) - s
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
ffi. (a) /(r) : lrf 68. (a) :
/(r) ltl
:
(b) sft) l-x + 3l + s:
l-(" 3)l +- e: (b) g(x) : tl* - 21
3 is obtained from fby a
fx - 3l + 9 is obtained from fby a horizontal horizontal shift 2 pnits to the right, a vertical
shift 3 units to the right, followed by a vertical shrink, and a vertical shift 3 units downward.
shift-9 units upward.
(c) v
(c)
t2t45
(d) g(x) :
: LA*
- 2)
f(x - 3) + e : f(-x + 3) + e (d) g(x) 3
70. (a) /(r) : -f. 72. (a)/(*) : ..fr
(b) g(x): Jm + 8 is obtained from fby a (b) sk) : - affil - 6 is'obtained from/by a
horizontal shift 4 units to the left, and a vertical horizontal shift I unit to the left, a reflection in
shift 8 units upward. the x-axis, and a vertical shift 6 units
(c) y
downward.
(c) y
(d) s@):flx+4) +8
(d) s@) : -f(x + 1) - 6
74. (a) /(x) :
.f. 76. H(x) : 0.00212 -tr 0.005x - 0.029, l0 s x s 100
(b) g(x) : -iffi - I is obtained from/by a (a) 25
horizontal shift 3 units to the left, a vertical
shrink, a reflection in the r-axis, and a vertical
shift 1 unit downward.
(c)
(b) K(x)= = 0.002(*)' + 0.00s(*)
4*)
- o.o2g
: 0.0007 8125x2 + 0.00 3125x - o.o2g
where x is in kilometers/hour. This is a vertical
shrink.
7A PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
7t. (a) M-1.5",fi-1.25,5 s t< lTisobtained 80. True. lrl : l-rl implies f(r) : lrl - 5 = l-rl
from f(x): '.fr by a vertical sftetch of 1.5 fol- -s=sb)
lowed by a vertical shift 1.25 units downward.
y(l ?s
€En
ttsr
EE,
€Er EI
5 t0 15 ?xt
fear(5 e+ 1985)
(b) S(t) : M(t + 10) = 1.5.,fl+-Td - 1.25,
-5
V2. (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4
tl,,,
alata |\ /,,, rttll
/
-rl -a
I -1
(d) 1 (e) I (f) 1
ttt,\ 1,., rtlal L,, I t r,L ) rtll
-1 -1 -1
All the graphs pass through the origin. The graphs of the odd powers of .r are symmcnic to the origin and the
graphs of the even powers are symmetric to the y-axis. As the powers increase, the graphs become flatter in the
interval-1<r<1.
84. 4 K. f(r) : x2(x - 6)' tt. "f(t) : x2(x - 6)'
I
I 100
| | | | , ,J, |
I
|
tl | | ,-1, I I t r
-4
-270
The graph of y - (x - 3)3 is a
horizontal shift of/(x) : x3.
90. Domain: All x + 9 92. Domain:- 100 - x2
-) -10 1v
725 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. 98.
-5 4-91-l
Section L.4 Combinations of Functions
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. f(x) - ?.rc - 5, g(x) - 1 x 4. f(x):2x- 5, S@):5
(a) (f + gXx) -2J- s+ r-x (a) (f+d@):bc- 5+s-bc
:x-4 (b) (f-gX;):b- 5 5:bc- 10
(b) (f- sxx):b- s (1 -x) (c) (fd@) : (bc - sX5) : 10x - 2s
:bc- 5 1*x
:3x-6
(d)(f)r:T:?r*-,
(c) (fd@) : (2r - 5X1 - x) (e) Domain: -oo<x<oo
:?*-2*- 5 *5x
: 2**7x-5
/f\,. bc- 5
(d) l: lk)
\8/ r- x
(e)Domain:1-x+0
x*1
*
*+t
x*f+f
x*1
4- x-f-f
(b) (f -sxx) - u3
r+
x*1
*rE4 (c) (fd@):;fr-f. : x*1
f
*+l
\'
(d) (l)r'l :4x* + r
\gl" I
* x*1 f *(x+1)
(e) Domain: f - 4>0 (e) Domain: x * 0,x * -1
*>4- 76) 2or x< -2
Domain: lrl >2
10. (f - deD : f?2) - 8(-2) 12. (f + sxr):/(1) + g(1)
I
:4+ I (-6) :!l'.1+(1)-4
: 11
PART III: Solutions to Even-Nurnbered Exercises
02+1 :
(f)r, : /(o). - 1
!6.
s(o) 0- 4 4
: (37x- 10)
: -370
18. (1 +s)Q-4)-flt-4) +sQ-4):(t-4)'+1+ (t-4)-4
= P-Bt+ 16+ t + (t- 8)
- P-7t+9
20. U)QP) :f$P)IQP) : l(3P)' + rlpP - 4l 22. (f),' . e\'Lt-i;Q+z)
_f(t+2) -(t+z\2+t
(t+z) 4
: (ef + L)(3P - 4)
:27f-36f+3P-4 _P+++5 +, 2 A
t - z 't
24., 4 26. 5
h
/
\
\(
-2 -1
28. f(x):**,s(i: -x* 4, 30./(x):4-x2,8(x):x,
(f + gX") : {x * (-x + 4): a-?* ff+ sxr) : (a- x') * x: -x2 * x+ 4
fi f(x) : - t, s@): -3x2 -
rc
32. f(x) - 2'
s(x): 34. x2 1,
(f + sX') :r+
Xt-
Jx (f + gX'): (* -*) + (-3x2 - 1) : -2*z -I 2
10
,ry
4
t,
\
./ r+ej ('
-2 4
S@) contributes more to the magnitude of the sum
for 0 3 x S 2. f (x) contributes more to the magnitude g contributes more on both intervals.
of the sum for x > 6.
727 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
36. f(x) - 1/c - r, s(x) - f + 1
38./(x):f,s@)-1
(a) (/ " sxr) : /(s(x))
:f(f+1) : rflD>
:m
:1/6s:x
(a) (f " s)(')
: /(,1)
" \x/
O) k "fl@): sff@)) : /1\':7I
:gQF) \;/
:(F)'*1 O) (s " f)(*): g(/(x)) : s(f) :
*
-(x-1)+t--x
(f "sxx) : fk(x)) : - 1)
40. (a)
:m (b) 4
f(r,3
::/6s-x ttttl
k "/X") : sU@D: s(ffi) /
:11,ff11t 1 -4
-(x+1) 1:x
They are equal. (f " SXx) : (S "r(x) : x
42. (a) (f "s)(x) - (s "fl@) -- & - xt/+ (a) (f " sxx) : /(g(r)) : 7@ * 6) : lx + 6l
(b) 3
k "fl@) : s(flx)): s(lxl) : l"l + 6
(b) I
-1
They are equal.
J \
-1
/
l
They are not equal. However, lr + 6l : l"l + 6
forx ) 0.
46. (a) (f " d@) : fl4x + l) : il(aix + 1) 1l 48. (a) (f "sxx): f(:ffi): t{6i.m]3 - 4
: il4xl- x :(x+10) 4-x*6
(s - r)l + k"fl@)-s(r 4): ffi
:':::; ff :Y@
"/)(")
::ffi
(b) They are equal because.r : x. (b) They are not equal because x * 6 + <m.
(c) (c)
x fre@)) sU@)) x fG@)) sU@)
-l -1 -1 -2 4 fr
0 0 0 0 6 %
I I I I 7 {1
2 2 2 2 8 w
3 3 3 3 9 w
728 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
-3x -'5
(s"n@):'(#.) :-(#-.)
:ffi-6
6,
(b) They are not equal becaus + + ^-
" -Jx- 5' 3x- 5'
(c)
x fG@)) sU&))
0 _9 0
5 5
I _1 3
4
_6
2 tl -6
3 _1 3
2
7
52. (a) (f - sxl) : f(r) - 8(1) (a) (f o 8X1) : /(g(1))
- 2 - 3: -1 :/(3) - 2
(b) (fd@) : f(4) - 8@) (b) (s o f)(3) : ?vQ))
_4.0:0 :8(2):2
56. (a) (s " sxl) : sk(l)) : s(3) : 1 58. h(x): (1 - x)3
(b) (s " sX0) : sk(O)) : s(4) : 0 One possibility: Letg(x) : 1-xandf(x)-f.
(f osxx) : f(I - x) : (1 - x)3 : h(x)
60. h(x): ffi 62. h(x):6h
One possibility: I-et S@) One possibility:
(f osxx):f(9 -x): I-et S(x) : 5x * 2andflx)
4
x2'
(f osxx) : f (5x + 2) : 4
(5r + 2)2
64. h(x):(x+3)ztz 66. (a) Domain of f: x* 3
One possibility: (b) Domain of g: all real numbers
: x * 3 and f(x) - f/2
I-et S@)
(/" :
ff"s):f(x* 3)
(c) Domain of s)(x)
4;): Et'
: (x + 3)t/z - h(x)
t*t
729 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
68. (a) Domain of f: all x * 0 70. (a) Domain of f: all x * IL
(b) Domain of g: all x + 0 (b) Domain of g: all real numbers
(c) Domainof (.f"s)(r):t{ra) : 2x,x#o, (c) Domainof (/"sxx) :f(x+r):1"1#=
isallx+0. :;z *33
u: *1* + 21
is all real numbers + 0, - 2.
,r.flx+h)-flx) [s(.r+&) + l] - (sx+ r) ,n.flx+n)-flx) _l(x+h)z+ al-(x2+ a)
hh'-'hh-
-5h-sh+o
JIT
x2+zrh+h2+4-x2-4
h h
:Tbch+h2 _h(U+n)
h
-bc+h,h+O
22
16 f@ + h) - f(x) _@ - 7 _?-xz - 2(x + h)2
to'hh
b2-2(xz+uch+tP)
h(* * h)2x2
_ -4xh - 2lF
h(x + h)z*z
h(-ax-2h) _-4x-2h , r A
@:G+hw'h+u
7n flx+h)-flx) --@+ h &.-&m- !@
h -4@-G
4(x + h) 4x
hl-@-fid
4h -4
_-2
-rFn+ {ih+a
80. (a) Total sales : Rr * Rz
: (4go - gt - o.gP) + (zs+ + o.zgr)
: 734 - 7.22t - O.8P
(b) e
R3
Rl
R2
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
84. (a) r(x) :;
Ir* lz*.lg
(b) A(r): n*
(c) (A o d(x) : A(r(x))
: Af*\ :\z) I
/x\2:an*" ?'
\r)
A o r represents the area of the circular base of
For 2000,f - 10 and (y, * yz + yJ(10) : 613.95
the tank with radius x/2.
x $14 billion.
86. x: - (450 mphXr hours)
150 miles (a)R-p-1200
v: 2N miles - (450 mph)(r hours) (b) ,s - 0.92p
s': w
(150 - 450t)z + (200 - 450t)2
(c) (R o sxp) - 0.92p
(S :0.92(p
- I20O
- 1200)
"R)(p)
: 50 (d) (R o SX18,400) : 15,728
(S oRX18,400) : 15,824
The discount first yields a lower cost.
90. False. (f "SXx) :7$x) : 6x * 1, but (S "fl@) - g(x * 1) :6(x + 1)
92. Letf(x) and S@) be odd tunctions, and define h(x) : f(x)g(x). Then,
h(- *) : f(- x)s(- x)
since r",'ds are both odd
: 'rr//:l;' :'fli
Thus, h is even.
Letf(x) and S(x) be even tunctions, and define h(x) : f(x)S@). Then,
h(- x) : f(-x)g(-t)
: fb)S(i since f md g ne both even
: h(x).
Thus, h is even.
s4. sei: +lri *) + f(-(-r))l : tlf(-*) + f(x)l: s(x),
which shows that I is even.
h(-*): +l/|. i - fF(-"))l : tlfl-n -/(")l
: -Lfrf.l - f(-r)l : -h(x),
which shows that ft is odd.
73r PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. (a) f(x): g(x) + h(x)
=
f;trul + r_*)l * f,rx-l - r?x)l
= j{*" - bc + t) + (x2 + 2)c + t11 * lU* - 2x + r) - (x, + u + t)l
: (x2 * t) + (-2rc): (even) + (odd)
O) /(x) = g(r) + n(x)
: f,rral + r(-,)l * rL/(*) - r(-r)l
: tt("i, . +)
. +t(ri. - +) : * +
#
:7*+
-1
7ft:
x
(even) + (odd)
98. Three points on the graph of y :
I*t 4x2 +1 100. Three points on the graph of y : *"
ft
are (0, 1), (1, - 2.8) and (- , -3.2).
1
(o, o), (t, -i) *o (- t,1).
102. y_5_:=(x_ 1) ro4. y-1.1 :+#(x-o)
y - s: +@
J' - 1) Y - L'1 : 1
-r)c
3y-x-L4:0 2y+x-2.2:O
106. 1,09.
LL0.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 1.5 Inverse Functions
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. The inverse is a line through (0, 6) and (6,0). 4. The inverse is a reflection in y : x of a third-
Matches graph (b). degree equation through (0,0). Matches graph (d).
6- f(*) : !, 8. f(*): x- 5
f-r(*) : 5r f-t(x) = x + 5
f(f-'(r)) : 7$x): |1sr) : x ff-r@)\: f(x + 5) : (x + 5) - 5 : x
/-'(f(')) :f'(}r) : s(l') = x f-rV@D: ft(x - 5) : (r - 5) + 5 : N
t
- -4 f(*) - f
1
10. f(*) 12.
f-r(x) : lE
ft(r) :4x * I f(f-r(x)) = fw): w)':: '
:|,F x
f-t(f(")) :fl(t')
f(f-'(r)) :y(4x + l) - ,4'+f - 1 :+: x
14, f(x) = x - 5, g(r) = x + 5
flg(r)) :f(x + 5): (r + 5) - s = x
s(f@\) = s(x - 5) = (* - 5) + 5 = x
16. f(x): I - :+ 4x,Sft)
/(g(r)):t(?) -!--(?) =3 (3-x):x
:3 - (3,- 4x)
sffcc)): s(3 - 4x)'44 =Y - x
lt. /(x) : i, g(x) ::
1
:h:1 k
l
I
/kk)) =r0 f-:
x
1o
T: *
sfff,))=r0 =i:r
I x
f-= 1. l:t
x -1
Reflections in the line !: x
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
10
I
10
0
Reflections in the line y : x
0 <x( 1
_l :x
x 1-rc I
-+
xx,x
l*x_ 1 x
: l*x l*x I *x x*l :x
I I I *x ' l
1*x 1*x
4
-
Reflections in ttre line y : x
f
0
A.
-8:x
(b) Note that the entries in the tables are the sarne except
x -8 -5 -2 I 4
that the.rows are interchanged.
f (x) 0 1 2 3 4
x 0 I 2 3 4
eft) -8 -5 -2 I 4
26.(a) f{,i)):tF6;): t'?]'= ? = x
g(flx)): r(f) : :w: x
'(f)
(b) The enfries in the table are the same except that the
x -5 -1 0 1 5
rows are interchanged.
f (x) -25 -3
I
0 t
5 25
x -25 _!5 0 !5 25
s(x) -5 -l 0 I 5
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
28. (a) /(g(r)) =r(+re)
?
(3x-10:)+10 :T:N
su.u'D:8({6;-i0) - lvrx - 3to- + to - 3x
-n
(b) 2 l0 ll The entries in the table are the same except that the
x 3 3 3 3
6
rows are interchanged.
f (r) -2 -l 0 I 2
x -2 -t 0 I 2
2 l0 ll
sk) 3 3 3 3 6
.,'\ 4-x 2 x
30. s(x):T:t -6 32. f(*): *(r + 2)'- I
g is one-tg-one because it passes the Horizontal /does not pass the horizontal test, so/is not
one-to-one.
Line Test.
4 21
\ --
-a -E
y. f(r): -zxm 36. f(r)-Qp-3*/3
is not one-to-one because it does not pass the is not one-to-one because it does not pass the
Horizontal Line Test. Horizontal Line Test.
N
.A I\
U /
-n \
-o
38. f(*) : - 0.65 40. f(*):f -7
is not one-to-one because it does not pass the is one-to-one because it passes the Horizontal
Horizontal Line Test. Line Test.
2
-2
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
42.
- 9l
f(x): - l-tlx+61 44. f(x) - 3x
y:3x a
is not one-to-one because it does not pass the
x:3y
I
Horizontal Line Test. 'x *
--v
tlttl
f-'(*) - L3 -1
Reflections in the line y : x
46. f(*)-,f+l 4 4E. f(x) -, f ,.r > 0 4
v=f + I y:*
x: y3 + I /,,, x:f
+/
rrrrf
x- I =y3 = fi:y
lFL:y f'(r): fi o
f-r(r) :11Q1
-a
Reflections in the line y : x Reflections in the line y : x
50. /(x) : -ffir -4 < y 10 52. f(x) - 7Pt5
Y:-ffi Y:fts
x: W,-4 sys o
X = Y3/5
:
isR (J3/s)sR
f-16-f xsR=y
)p:16-t f-'(x) :
y: -m, o< a14 '.5R
Reflections in the line y : x
r talaaar.
)
4
54. f(*): + 56. f(x) : )
is not one-to-one.
Y:T6 "f
For instance,"f (l) : f(- 1).
x:+
-/Y
/does not have an inverse.
E
.36
x-:-
v ) rL
36
v:7, x
f-t(r) : #, x -E
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
58. /(r) = 3x + 5 6 60. q(x) : (r - 5)', I 1 5, is one-to-one.
/is one-to-one. y:(r-5)t
I
4
Y:3x*5 -t x: (y - s),
Jc:3y+5
x-5:3y -6:y -5, y
y:-'.fr+5
x-5 :y -8
: - ,fr
3 The inverse is q-t(t) + 5
This is a function of r, so/has an inverse.
6
.r-) -
f-'(*) : \-
-E
62. f(x): l*-2,, x32+y20 6
y=lr-2|1,x12,y20 \
x:ly-2|,,y32,x)0 \
-x:y-Z
2-x:y \
-€
f-,(r):?-x,x20
ffi. f(x): ffi+rc>z, Y)0 66. f(x):h
y: ffi,'x)2, Y2o is not one-to-one.
x: F) y22, x>o "f
For instance/(l) : ,f (- 1).
xz:y_2, x)0, y22 Hence,/does not have an inverse.
x2 +2:y, x)0, y2Z I
,fis one-to-one, so/has an inverse.
f-'('):rc2+2,x>o ;\-
6
/*- -a
aarr
-6
68. f(*) r c is not one-to-one. For instance, 70. If welet/(r): I -f, r)0,then/hasan
/(0) : /(1) : c. Hence,.f does not have an inverse. [Note: we could also let x < 0.J
inverse. f(x): 1 - f, x20=+yS I
y:1-f, x20, yS1
x: I -!4, y20, x<t
y4:1 - x, y20, xal
y: *iG, x1l, y2o
Thus, f-'(r) :1ffi, x3L.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
72. If we let/(x) :
l* 2!1, r ) 2, then/has an
- 74. x f (x) x f-'(x)
inverse. [Note: we could also let r 32.1
-3
f(*) : l, - 2|1, x22
4 -3 4
f(rc)-x-Zwhenx22. 3 -2 -2 3
y:x-2,x22,y20 -t 0 0 -l
x:y-2, x)0, y22 -2 6 6 -2
x*2:y, x20, y22
Thus,f-'(*):x+2,r20.
76. (a) and (b) 78. (a) and (b)
4
ttttl
/
-4
(c) Not an inverse fimction since it does not satisfy (c) Inverse function since it satisfies the Vertical
the Vertical Line Test. Line Test.
In Exerrclses E0, t2, and 84,/(.r) = i" - 3, S@) = f, f-r({, = t(.r + 3), g-1(r) = {,f.r.
80. (ft " /-t)(-3) : {t(f-t(-3)) :
E2. (g-t
" s-1)(-4) f(s-t(-4))
_
8_'(8(_3 + 3)) : {litra)
_ : {o:
8-t(0) Q
-1|1fi:-%
E4. b-'" f-'*) - g-ry-t@))
- s-'(8(x + 3))
:1'@)
-)1ffi
InExcrclscc36andSSr"f(r) =x * 4, S@)- f.v -5,t-r(r) =r - 4, g-1(r) =+.
E6.. f-r o g-t(") : f-rg-t(r)) 8t. (s "/Xr) : s(fk))
: "f-tl/rlj\
: g(x + 4)
\21 :2(x+4)-5
: x*5 :2;c+8-5
2 -+ : 2x + 3. Now find inverse:
_.r*5-8
2 Y:2x+3
3 Jc:2y * 3
x-3 _2y
x-3 :y
2
3
(gol)-t(x):'
2
Note that (g "/)-t = f-rog-r
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
90. (a) y = 0.03f + 254.50,0< x< 100 (b)
x:o.o3f+254.50
x-254.50:0.03f
x - 254.50
= )P
0.03
: 1l, .r > 254.50
(c) 0.03,/ + 254.50 < 500
0.03r' <245.5
f-'(x) : x - 254.50
0.03 f <81831
. x: temperature in degrees Fatrenheit x <90.46
y : percent load for a diesel engine Thus,0 < x <W.46.
92. False. Consider f(*) -* which is even, but does 94. Answers will vary.
not have an inverse.
96. If/(r) : k(2 - x - f) has an inverse and 9E. (f - sX4):f(4) -s(4) =27 1:26
: J. Thus,
/-t(3) = -z,then f(-2)
f(-2): k(2 - (-2) (-2)3): 3
kQ+2+8):3
Lzk: J
,31
K: E,: i.
Thus, O :
I'
,oo.(fX;) :fg:=: -, :-
"/1\ |_ s _,I
3
I
3
l:U2.Y:5x*8
Jc:5y+8
y: x-8
,il
- :(x
I
f t(r) _
)' 8)
104. Y:1F7
rc:G1
x3:y-7
Y:x3+7
f'(*)=x3+7
739 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Review Bxercises for Chapter 1
Soludons to Even-Numbered Exerrciscs
2. (a) Not a function. r is assigned 2 different values.
(b) Function (c) Function
(d) Not a function. w is assigned 2 different values
and n is unassigned.
4. Yes, y : ?* - 3. 6. No, does not pass vertical line test.
t. g(x) = f/t 10. (-o, m)
(a) C(8) : $ah = 2a = 16
(b) gG * 1) = (t +'1'1+rt
,.-,, s(8)
\:/ - s(l) - 16 -I- ls
8-l 8-l 7
(d) g(-x) : (-a)+/t = a1/3
12, **8x=r(r+8)>0 14. f(r):LU*O.3xr4*0.Domain: attx+ -t
Domain: (--, -8] u [0, @)
16. Be)={-o.et" -2.845x + t4.l6o -5 3x <2
20 1 For 1985, x : -5 and B(-5) : I2.61billion dollars
)r lz For 1990, x :0 and B(0) : L4.16 billion dollars
For 1995, x :5 and B(5) : 16.2 billion dollars
lE. Domain: ?* - I
Range: [0, @)
20. Domain: all real numbers
Range: [0, oo)
22. (a) 24. (a) ,--lg
rJ
o
tta
\
\ \
,/
€ -10
(b) y is a function of x. (b) y is not a function of x.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
f(r): Fg It t 8l
26. 2t. f(*) - 2
v
0
\ /
/
-8
-8
Increasing on (1, *). Decreasing on (- €, - 3)
Increasing on (- 8, o). Decreasing on (- oo, - 8)
30. f(*)-*-x- 1 32. f(r) - f - 4* - I
4
-t2
\ /
\J
\/
-3
Relative minimum: (0.5, - 1.25) Relative maximum: (0, - l)
Relative minimum: (2.6'1 , - 10.48)
v. f(*) ={t.7 x<1
a) 36. f(r) = 2.f - f is neither even nor odd.
Ll-5x*6 I
.
3t.sk)--f-2isobtainedfrom/(r)=.fbyareflectioninthey-axis,followedbyavcrticalshift2units
downward. g(") = -f(x) - 2.
u.
741 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
48. 50.
-5 -f -t -2 -l
-2
-3
-l
-5
-6
-7
-t
+
s6. (f + ,rx5) = /(s) + h(5)
: -7 +77
:70
s8.fi),',:#=i 60. G
"fl(-z)
: sQ): Jj
62. ioo 64. f-'(x) : Izx
)r+
)1
l2
20
| : L2, lr : 1L6.6, lz =
For 2W2, 4'1 .9 and
*
)r Yz: t645 billion dollars.
66. f-r(*) = x - 5
k
6t. (a) y - 5x -,7 O) a (c) f'(f(r)):/-t(5r-7)
x:Sy-7 :T5x-7 +7
,2.-
x*7-5y
:x
f-'(*\ :': I
7
5
-a tif.'(")):r(#)
-(x +
t\
-s(, , /-7
742 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70.(a) y:f +Z (c) f-'(f(x\) : /-'(f + 2)
)c:y3+2 a- =ffi
x-2:y3 | | , r( f. :x
f-r(x): 1ffi -l -/
-a
-(x-z)+2
-N
72.fb)=# 74. f(r):f -z
r ):f-2
r= r(zr+ r) ,=f _2
| , ^\ x+2:y3
x: i(7r + 3)
k:7y*3 frb\:!ffi
8x-3=7y
I
f '(r) =;(& - 3)
76. f(*) : 4*,Ft, r 3 6,y 2 0
v=47
x=4-,ffi,ys6,.rzo
f:t6(6-y)=96-l6y
l6Y:96 - *
96-*
Y:T
f'(r)=Y,"=o
7t. False./(r) = * or.f(r) = r satis$.f = f-,.
CHAPTER 2
Polynomial and Rational Functions
Soction2.l QuadraticFunctions ....74
Section22 PolynomialFunctionsofHigherDegree ..1il
Scction 23 Real Zeros of Polynomial Ftmctions . . . .759
Secton2.4 ComplexNumbers .....76
Section 25 The Fundanpntal Theorem of Algeb,ra . . .769
Sec{ion2.6 RationalFunctionsandAsymptotes ....776
Section 2.7 Graphs of Rational Frmctions . . .779
RevlewExerrises .....7t1
743
CHAPTER 2
Polynomial and Rational Functions
Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exencises
2. f(x) = (x + 4)2 opens upward and has vertex 4. f(x) - t - x2 opens downward and has vertex
(-4,0). Matches graph (c). (0, 3). Matches graph (h).
6. f(x): (x + l')2 - 2 opens upward and has vertex 8. : -(r - 4)2 opens downward and has vertex
"f(x)
(- I , r). Matches graph (a). (4,0). Matches graph (d).
,
10. (a) Y:f + 1 O)Y:*-l
6
\
/
\/
t.
-2
Vertical shift 1 uirit upward Vertical shift I unit downward
(c) y:f +3 (d) v:t-3
1
,,.\. ,L,
\ /
-4
Vertical shift 3 units upward Vertical shift 3 units downward
12. (a) y:-it.-2\,+ 1 (b) y:Lt.-2)r+ I
ttt ^r4... |,
/ \
-6
Horizontal shift 2 unis to right, vertical shrink
Horizontal shift 2 units to the right, vertical
aV *, reflection in the.r-axis, and vertical shift I
shrink UV l, vertical shift I unit upward
unit upward
-CONTII{UED-
74
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12.
-CONTINT]ED-
(c) y:-itr+z'12- I (d) y:Lt.+z7z- I
r
2
aaaaall
/
\/
\-/
\ -3
-6
Horizontal shift 2 units to left, vertical shrink by Horizontal shift 2 units to left, vertical shrink by
|, reflection in r-axis, and vertical shift 1 unit |, and vertical shift 1 unit downward.
downward
14. f(x) : x2 - 7 16, f(x): 16 - Ir' 18. /(x) : (" - 0\2 + I
Vertex: (0, -7) Vertex: (0, 16) Vertex: (6, 3)
Intercepts: (*Ji,o), (0, -7) Interceptq: (+8,0), (0, 16) Intercepts: (0, 39)
30
A
IE
12
S(x):x2+2x,+l:(x+ r), 22. f(x) : x2 + 3x + f, : (r i l)' - z
Vertex: (-
1, 0)
Vertex, (-tr, -2\
Intercepts: (- l, 0), (0, 1)
Intercepts: (-f t O,O), (O,i)
24. f(x): -x2 - 4x * I : -l(az * 4x - 1)
: -1[(t +2)' -5]
: -(" + 2)2 + 5
Vertex: (-2,5)
Intercepts, (-2 t 6,0), 10, t;
P RT III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26.f(x\:?*-x*1 28. EI
=2(*-t.) + I
: z(, - i)z - L + 1
:2(x - l), +l
I I
-3
Vertex: (i,3)
Intercept (0, 1)
v
Vertex, (- i,+\
Intercepts: (5, 0), (-6,0), (0, 30)
f(*): -(*, * r - 30)
: -(*, * x + i) + I + 30
: -G +r)'+ff
30. 2
...L. r I at
V -€0
Vertex: (-5, - 11) Vertex: (3, - 5)
Intercepts: (- 1.683, 0), (- 8.317,0), (0, 14) Intercepfi (0, - 4l)
f(r):x2+ lox* 14 r('):
: (*, + l0r + 25) - ll -4,
: (r + S\, - ll -T:T,l+36
y. 2 36. (0, 1) is the vert€x.
r.....
f(*\ - o(* - 0)i + 1 : ax2 +I
V -10
Since the graph passes through (1,0),
e: a(l)2+ l:a*
f(*): -x2 + l.
I + a: -l
Vertex: (- 3, - 8.4)
Intercepts: (0.742,0), ( - 6.742, 0), (0, - 3)
f(r) = 3 (*, + ft - s)
:3(*, + 6r + 9) 3 -T
:I(x+ rr-ts
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. (-2, - 1) is the vertex. 40. (4, - l) is the vertex.
f(x):a(x+2)2-l f(*):a(x-4')2-1
Since the graph passes ihrough (0, 3), Since the graph passes through (2,3),
3:a(0+z'12-l 3:a(2-4)'-1
3-4a-1 3=!,a I
4:4a 4:4a
1--a. l:a.
Thus,y:(x*2)'-1. Thus, f(x) : (x - 4)' - 1.
42. (2,3) is the vertex. 44. (-1, 3) ir the vertex.
f(*)-a(x-2)2+3 f(*): o(* + i)' +/
Since the graph passes tluough (0,2), Since the graph passes through (- 2,0),
/-4(0-2)2+3 o- "(-2+i)'*7
/-4a+3 ( 7\, :15-
3 o\-
-1 - {4 -r: il
4ea
4: a.
-V+ : 49a
Thus, f(x'l: -itr - 2)'+ 3.
a: -4
49
rhus, f(x):#('. i)'+1.
6. (-;,0) is the vertex. 48. Y:*-6x+9 50. Y:2* *5r-3
f(,) : o(' + ]\'+ o .r-intercepfi (3,0) x-intercepts t $,0), (-3, 0)
: o(' + 1)' Q: *-6x+9 Q:2#*5x-3
e:(x-3), Q: (2n- lXx+3)
Since tr:rOunh passes through
x:3 x:;,-3 1
?4,-rt
-r
Thus, f(*) : -f (t + z)'.
=:l_1;:Y"
52.Y:-2x2+10x 54.Y:4x2*25x-21 56. y: rt@, * L2* - 45)
V v
10
-16
\
atli
-t
n -70 -60
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (5, 0) x-intercepts: (-7,0), (0.75, 0) x-intercepts: (3, 0), (- 15, 0)
Q: -2x2+ 10x Q:4x2*25x-2L e : #(*, * tzrc - 45)
Q: x(-Zx* 10) : (x + l)(ax - 3) S:x2+l2x-45
x=0,r:5 x : -7,1 :(r-3Xx+15)
x:3,-15
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
58. /(x) : o(* - gXr - l0) : ax(x - l0).
Many correct answers: /(x) : x(x - 10) : x2 - 10x opens upward, f(r) : - x(x - !0) : - x2 + l0r opens
downward.
oo. ,f(x) : 2[* - (-il]t' - 2) 62'
:2G+i)t'-z) HH, ; lT :TTl :T'-:ffi:;*ffi',:.
P(x):xY:x(S-x).
:
= 2(* + i* s)
P(x)-Sx-*
?-f * x - 10, opens upward
: -* *Sx
S(x) : -f(*),opens downward (2 sP\
/
: -lxz
s(x): -2x2-x* l0 -^Srau----
.'rt'
4 4l
I
\"
Many other answers possible. I s\',s2
: -\'-;) *+
The muimum value of the product occurs at the
is s2/4. rhis happens when
;"ry ":;Band
il. I..etx: firstnumberandy = sccondnumber.Th6nx f 3y: 42,y: trt+z - x). fireproductis
P(x) : ry = A@Z- : t4x - Lrxz.
")
P(r): -!x2+t+x
= _l1xz _ 4zx)
= -l1xz - 42x + ut) + t47
= -|ft - 2t)z * r*
The maximum value of the product is 147, and occws when r = 2l and 1, : +(42 - 2l) = 7.
66. Let x: length of rectangle and y : width of rectangle.
2x+2Y:36
y:18-x
(a) A(x) : ry: x(18 - r) O) 1oo
Domain:0 <x< 18
(c) The area is rnaximum (81 square meters) when
x : y : 9 meters. The rectangle has dimensions
9meters x 9metetrs.
68. (a) 4x * 3y :2W =+ y:ltzoo -4x\ (b)
x v Area x v Area
2 *tzoo - 4(z)J Lw:256 2A itzoo - 4eo)) ?.ry :' 1600
4 Itzoo - 4(4)l zxy : 49O 22 Itzoo - 4(zz)l 2,ry: r&3
6 *tzoo - 4(6)l zry :7M 24 Itzoo - 4e4)l ?-ry: lffi
8 Itzoo - 4(8)l Lw: 896 26 *tzoo - 4e6)l Zry: lffi
l0 itzm - 4(to)l ?-ry : 1067 28 tlzw - 4el)l 2ry: l@3
t2 Itzoo - 4(r2)l ?-ry : 1216 30 *tzoo - 4(30)l 2'ry : 1600
-CONTINUED;
749 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
68. CONTII\IUED-
(c) A: b! :1'*: o*) : 34+)(so - x)
\31 3
- 8x(50 - x)
3
(e) A: fx(50
5
- x)
8,
= -; (*. - 5ox)
:+w-5ox +62s-62s)
8-,
= j[(' - 2s)2 - 62sJ
: +(x- 2s,12.ry
' The maximum area occurs at the vertex and is 5000/3 squarc fet. This happens when r = 25 feet and
y = (200 - 4(25\)/3 = t@ft feet. The dimensions are?.x = 50 feet by ff! te"t
70. Graphical Solution: Graph C = 10,(X)0 - ll0r * O.45x2 in the viewing window [O ZSOI x [0, 10,000]. Use the
zoom and tace featue.s to determine that the minimum is $3T17.78 at x = L2I2.XL - 122 units.
fuialytic Solution:
. C:O.45x2-110x+10,m0
= o.ot("" -ry,+ #) + 1o,ooo - !q#
:oot('-s)'*ry
---,
Th,,o /lloo ry\ =) = (122,3277)is the vertex.
\ 9, n
72.P:-0.5*+20c+23O
= -0.5(12 - 4A + 400) + 230 + 2W
= -0.5(.r - 2o1z + 43o
Since the vcrtex is (20,43O),x : 2O yields the maximum profit of 430. Equivalently, the maximum p'rofit occurs
at the vertex,
,:; -b = t(_'D
-20 :2o,or $2000.
4..24
74.y:--n*+;x+12
24
x: : _ 9 _?
The -u*irnum height of the dive occurs at the vertex, -!2a - 2(- f)
Ttt height atx:3 is -;Q), +!Ol + 12: 16.
The maximum height of the dive is 16 feet.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
76. (a) zs Analytically,
0.002s2 I 0.005s - 0.u9 : 10
2s2+5s-29:10,000
2s2 + 5s - L0,O2g: e
a :2rb - 5rc : -l0r029
(b) The parabola intersects y : l0 at s ^' 69.6. s: -5t 2a)
Thus, the maximum speed is 69.6 mph.
s: -sr M
4
s ^, -72,Ir 69,6
The maximum speed if power is not to exceed
10 horsepower is 69.6 miles per hour.
78. (a) EO
o
oo
oo
o
o
o
40
(b) y : -0.352P + I 1.830r - 2l-245 (d) No. The model begins to decrease at a rapid rate.
Bo. True.For/(x),*: -#: -+: -i 8;2. x*Y= 8 + Y:8-x.Then,-?**
y:-4x+(8-x)-g
/\ -b -30 -30 -5
R)rglx), - -1* : -2=+ x :$ and y :8 - g :T
?r:M:A-:T (r.2,6.8)
In both cases, x -- -i it the axis of symmehy.
E4. Y:x*3-9-x2 86.3x-4Y:12 8E. Y:ffi
x2+x-6:0 -4Y:12-3x Yes, y is a function of x.
(t+3Xt-2):Q y : _I0z 3r)
x: -3rx:2 y:t- - 3
Thus, (- 3, 0) and (2,5) are Yes, y is a function of x.
the points of intersection.
Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. f(x) : x2 - 4r is a parabola with intercepts (0, 0) 4. f(r)- - 3x * I has intercepts (0, l), (1,0),
2n3
and (4,0) and opens upward. Matches graph (h). (-l - i6,o) and (-t + tfi,o). Matches
graph (a).
751 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
6. f(x): -!rt + * - i has y-intercept (0, -1). 8. ,f(r) : lrf - 2x3 + 3r has intercepts (0,0), (1, 0),
Matches graph (d). (- l, 0), (3, 0), (-3, 0). Matches (b).
10. Y =.t'
(a) /(r) : (x + 3)t (b) /(x) - xs +3
Horizontal shift three units to the left Vertical shift three units upward
(c) f(x): t - lxs (d) f(x) : -l (' + l)5
Reflction in the r-axis, vertical shrink and verti- Reflebtion in the x-axis, vertical shrink and hori-
cal shift one unit upward zontal shift one unit to the left
12.Y:f
. (a) f(*) : -*tr (b) /(x) : x6 - 4
Vertical shrink and reflection in the x-axis Vertical shift 4 units downward
(c) f(r): -f,xe +I (d) f(*)': (x + 2)6 -+
Vertical shrink, vertical shift upward one unit, Horizontal shift two units to the left and vertical
and reflection in the r-axis shift 4 units downward
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. f(r) : 3xa - 6x2, S@) : 3xa
E
,t
v at
\ t/ IJ
-6 -1
18./(r):*f+5x 20. h(x): I - f
Degree: 3 Degree: 6
Leading coefficient: + I-eading coefficienc - 1
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is The degree is even and the leading coefficient is
positive. The graph falls to the left and rises to the negative. The graph falls to the left and right.
right.
22. f(x) : ?-x5 - 5x + '1 .5 24. f(*)-3f-2x+s
4
Degree: 5 Degree: 4
Leading coefficienfi 2 Leading coefficient: i
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is The degree is even and the leading coefficient is
positive. The graph falls to the left and rises to the positive. The graph rises to the left and right.
right.
26. /(s) : -$(rt * 5s2 - 7s * 1) f(r):49-,l'z
Degree: 3
Leading coefficient -l x:!7
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is
negative. The graph rises to the left and falls to
the right.
30./(r):*+10r+25 32. f(x) : 2*z - I4x + %l 34. f(x) : x4 - x3 - 2Ox2
:(r+S)z : 2(x2 - 7x * 12) :x2(x2_x_20)
x:-5 :2(x-3Xt-4) __
xz(x + 4@ _ s)
x - 3,4 x:0,-4rs
36. f(x) : trr'+ 8" - t
: +(sxz + gx - 4)
: +(5, - 2)(* + z)
x:3r-2
2
38. (a) I (b) zeros: -0.4L4,2.414
(c) sG) :
llallt r .1 , r r I l I l
5(*'-bc-l)
x: 2r =lta (--0.414,2.414)
2
-11
(i r .fr,0)
753 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40.y -Ixt1* - 9) 42. (a) 6 (b) kros: 0, t 1.732
(a) (b) Zeros: 0, t3
tttlrtll I lltttl
rttl fi tttl
!
-6
(c) s@-f 6t3+9t
: t(f -6P+9)
(c) 0- i*'(* e)
: t(ir - 3),
x :0, t3
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (13, 0) | :0, t fi(: o, rr33z)
(o, o), (rJr, o)
44. (a) (b) No real zeros 46.y:4x3 * 4x2 7x*2
(a) (b) kros: -2,t
,,, f il.r,,,,
--te
(c) /(x) : 5(f * 3x2 + 2) I
-2
: 5(x2 + l)(r, + 2)
no real zeros
(c)d:4x3*4x2-7x+2
: (b - t)(2x2 * 3x - Z)
: (bc - I)(zx - lXx + 2)
x : -2r,
x-intercepts: (-2,0), (1, O)
4E. (a) I (b) Zercs: 0, t t, t2 50.
.T
1
-8
,,,,,,f\ tt ttllll
!
lJ L
-0 -7
(c) y:f -5x3*4x Relative maximum: (0,1 1l , -2.942)
:x(f-5x2+4) Relative minimum: (- 1, -5)
: x(xz - a)(*2 - l)
: x(x - 2)(* + 2)(x - lXx + l)
Zeros: 0, t l, !2
(0, o), (+ t, o), (tz, o)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
s2. 25
54. /(x) : (r - 0)(r - (- 8))
A
I
-10
\ Note:
:x(x+8)
:x2+8x
f(r) :
nonzero real numbers a.
ax(x + 8) has zeros 0 and - 8 for all
Relative maximums: (0.915, 5 .646),
(-2.915, 19.688)
Relative minimum: (0, S)
56. /(r) : (r - (-+)Xt - s) 58. /(x) : (r- 0X" - 2)(* - 7)
:(x+aXx-5) : x(x - 2)(* - 7)
:x2-x-20
Note: f(r) : a(x + 4@ -
-i3-9x2+l4x
5) has zeros -4 and 5
Note: f(*) : ax(x - 2\(x - 7) has zeros 0,2,7 for
for all noilzero real numbers a.
all nonzero real numbers a.
- lx' - 2) f(r') - ('- (o + €X" - (o - *))
6o /(x)
: 1,1 ;il|ill,ffjf
: x(xz - 4@2 - l)
62.
:(r-6)r-3
: x(xa - 5x2 + 4) : x2 - lzx + 36 - 3
:x5-5r3*4x
:x2-l2x*33
Note: f(r') : ar(x * 2)(x + lXx - lXx - 2) has
zeros -2, - l, 0, I ,2 for all nonzero real Note: f(*) : a(x - (o * fi)(* - (o - A)
numbers a. has zeros 6+ fi and 6 - ,n for all nonzero
real numbers a,
64. f(x): ('- 4)G - Q * J1))(. - (z - J7)) 66. (a) The degree of g is even and the leading coeffi-
cient is 2. The graph rises to the left and rises to
the right.
:('-4{ft -z)r-7\
: (r- 4)(r'-4x-
(b) S@) - f - 4x2 : x2(x2 - 4)
3)
: x2(x - 2)(* + 2)
:x3 8x2+ l3x* 12
(0,0), (t2,0)
zeros: O,2, -2:
(c)' (d) v
6E. (a) The degree of g is even and the leading coefficient (c), (d)
is - l. The graph falls to the left and to the right. l0
(b) g(x) : -x2 + lOx - 16: -(*, - lOx * 16) 8
: -k - 8Xr - 2) 6
4
Zeros: 2,8: (2,0), (8,0) 2
755 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70. (a) The degree of f is odd and the leading coeffi- 72. (a) The degree of fis odd and the leading coeffi-
cient is - l. The graph rises to the left and falls cient is - 4. The graph rises to the left and falls
to the right. to the right.
(b) /(x) : I - x3 : (l - rxl * x * x') (b) /(x) = -4x3 * 4x2 * l5x
kro: 1: (1,0) : -x(4x2 - 4x - 15)
(c)' (d) v
: -x(zx + 3)(?n - 5)
zeros: o, - ,,],(- r.5, o), (0, o), (2.s, o)
(c), (d)
74. (a) The degree of f is even and the leading coeffi- 76. ,(a) The degree of h is odd and the leading coeffi-
cient is 3. The graph of/rises to the right and to cient is |. The graph falls to the left and rises to
the left. the right.
(b) /(r) = 3f - 48x2 : 3x2(xz - 16) (b) h(x) = I*@ - 4)2
= 3x2(x - a)(* + 4) kros: 0,4: (0,0), (4, 0)
bros: 0,4, -4: (0, 0), (t+, O) (c)' (d) v
(c)' (d) v
78. (a) The degree of I is even and the leading coeffrcient (c), (d)
ir
*. The graph rises to the left and to the right.
(b) s(x):+d(x+1)'("-3)'
Zeros: - 1, 3: (- 1,0), (3, 0)
80. (a) 7 The function has three zeros. They are in the intervals (0, 1), (6,7) and
rv
(l r, tz).
ll
-7
(b) 0.845, 6.385, 11.588
-.CONTINT]ED-
7ffi PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
80. -nCONTINIIED-
(c)
x Ir x Ir x Ir
0.81 -0.2336 6.36 0.07947 11.55 -0.2298
0.82 -0.167 6.37 o.M775 11.56 - 0.1695
0.83 - 0.1008 6.38 0.01604 11.57 - 0.1099
0.84 - 0.035 6.39 - 0.0157 11.58 - 0.0479
0.85 0.03049 6.N -o.0/74 l 1.59 0.01363
0.86 0.09559 6.41 - 0.079 I 1.60 0.07536
0.87 0.1@35 6.42 - 0. troT 11.61 o.r37u
82. (a) 4
il il
-21
The function has four zeros. They are in the intervals (0, l), (3,4), (- 1,0) and (-4, -3).
(b) Notice that/is wen. Hen@, the zeros come in symmetic pairs. Ze,ros: io.4s2,t3.130
(c) Because the function is even, we only rc€d to verify the positive zenos.
x Ir x Ir
0.42 0.26712 3.09 -2.315
0.43 0.185r9 3.10 - r.748
O,M 0.10149 3.1 I - r.t7 |
0.45 0.01601 3.t2 - 0.5855
0.46 -o.a712 3.13 0.01025
o.n - 0.1602 3.r4 0.6t571
0.48 -0.25W 3.15 1.231
84. h(x) : tr, 3 86 S(x) : -x2 * 9x - 14
,4,
5
to
ltrl
./
-6
\
757 PART III: Solations to Even-Numbered Exercises
88. h(*) : f(x - 4)' 90. s6):*(x+ r)z(x- 3), 92. f(x) : x4 - 2x2
l
2
ttttt
I
t
A/ I -€
/ VV
-2
No symmetry. TWo x-intercepts No symmefiry. Tlvo r-intercepts Symmetric with respect to
(o, o), (4, o) (- 1, o), (3, o) y-axis
Three x-intercepts (0, 0),
(*.-fr,,0)
94. h(x): l(x + 2)2(3x - 5)2 i)6. (a) V(*): length x width x height
No symmetry; two x-intercepts = (U - - 4x)x
Zx)(Za
: Bx(r2 - x)(6 - x)
(b) Domain: 0<x
(c)
tt ttl 720
-3 600
480
360
2&
t20
x
r23456
Maximum occurs at x : 2.54
98. 60
\
-5
Point of Diminishing Returns: (15.2,27.3)
15.2 ysan.
100. (a) lr : 0.A750113 - 2.7605P + 37.3522t - 15.0200
(b) lz: -0.004619f + 0. 1576P + 2.8238r + 59.6796
(c) ry
50
The median price of homes in the South is less than the median price of homes in the Northeast.
75t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
102. True. The degree is odd and the leading 104. (1 + sx-4) : t?4) + g(-4)
coefficient is - 1.
59 + 128:69
,06. (/s)( -+):r{-+)'( -+) 108. (f " sX- l) : fG(- I l) == /(8) : 109
:(-lt,(%ts)
: -6-
1408
-28'73n
110. 3(x - 5)
3x-15
-8 < .r
t
rr2. sx -3
x- | = a
5x-2_4<0
x-7
5x-2-4(x-7).0
x-7
,*r!
-'t =o
x
lx + 26 2 0and x - 7 .<O]or [x + 26 < 0 and.r - 7 > 0]
l, > -26 andx < llotlx < -26 andr > 7]
impossible
-26<x<7
7
<r-{'.-r-r-}++>r
-9 -26 -rt O rt 26 9
-6)
114. Vertex: (3, 115. Vcrter (4,-4)
,f(")= a(x-3)z-6 .f(t): a(x-+)z-4
Point (-1,2) +2=a(-l-Z1z-U Point (1,t0) ==r 10=c(l -4\'-+
8= lfu l4=9a
a:L a=t
f(x\=L{r-3'yr-u f(x)=#t"- 4\2-+
759 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 2.3 Reai Zeros of Polynomial Functions
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4 ?q
l'r:3+
rz x- 3
4.yz:x2-8+*xz*5
_3(r-3)+a _(x2-gXx2+5)+gg
x-3 *+s
_3x - 9 * 4 f-8x2*5x2-40+39
x-3 x2+5
3x-5 f-3*-J
x-3 *+s
:)r Ir
E 6
lttll
,r\
\/ v
/
\ -2
-4
:x-3* 2(x+4)
6. lz x2+x*1 6
_ x(x2 + x + l) - 3(xz + x + L) + 2(x + 4)
x2+x*l lltttla
_xg + xz + x - 3x2 - 3x - 3 + 2x + 8
x2+x*l
I -4
: x3 2n2+5
p***t
:tt
5x*3 xs + 3x2 1
8. x-4 5x2-l7x-L2 10. x*2
5x2 - 2Ox t'+zf
3x-12
3xs * 6x2
3x-12
0 3x3 * 6x2
5x2-I7x-12 :5x + 3 -x - z,1
x-4 -x - 2
0
t'+5x3*6x2-x-2
xt2 --x3+3x2-l
7ffi PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4
12.2x+1)&-5 14. x2 + l)r, * 0x2 * 0x - 9
8x*4 x3 +x
-9 x-9
8x-5 x3-9 :x- x*9
2x+1 -4- b+1 x2+l ,
x"*1 ,
x2
16. x3 _ 1)rr * \xa * 0r3 * ox2 * 0x + 7 18.(x-l)3-f-3f*3x-l
x5 x2 x*3
x2+7 f 3x2+3x-Llf
xs +7 ,z*,1 f -3x3*3x2- rc
:I-T nr*
x3-l x3 I 3x3-3*+ tc
3f-9**9x-3
6f-8x*3
f :x+3*- 6x2-8x*3
(x- l)3 ft-rr
20. I 2 6 -14 9 42. -6 2 t4 -20 7
2 8 -6 -r2 -12 192
2 8 -6 3 2 2-32 t99
?i * 6x2 - l4x + 9 :?x2+8r-6+L ? ?f + l4x2-2Ox+7 :?x2+2x-32+ ^tgg
x-1 x-1 x*6 x*6
24. -2 50 68 0 -729
20 -52
-10 81 729
5 -10 26 -44 19 81
5x3 + 6x + 8 c_-2 M f-72e : x2 * 9x + 81
x*2--Sxz-10x+26- x*2 x-9
28. 1
30. f(*) l;xa + loxs - 6x2 + 14, ft - -?3
2
15 l0 0t4
3t 34e
48
3
-10
-6
0 4-8
3x3-4x2+5 : _1349
^1.r,= ls o-6 4 +
-;xr;---
2 4 8x-12
x-2
3
12\-\34
: (.' * ;)(!5x3 - + 4) +
f(*) 6x
;
^l 2\ 34
/\-,/:T
761 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercrses
32. -.rfr 2 -5 -4
-..fr 5- 2.,8 10
2 ..8 -2{s
f(x): (' + 6\* + (z - ,[s), - z.'5) + 6
r(-A-6
34.2 + o 8 l0 -8
-6 - 3.,n -2 - 4.,n g
-3 2 3.,n g-4.,n
f(x): ('- (z * O)\(-3xz + (z - 3-,fr)x + 8 - 4.n)
Az*{?)-o
36. g(r)-f-4f*3x2+2
2
240 t2
200 3 6 t4:sQ)
(b) -4 0 -4 0 302
-4 16 -48 192 - 780 3t20
-4 t2 -48 195 -780 3tZ2: s(-4)
(c) 3 0 -4 0 3 02
3915 45 144 432
3515 48 144 434: s(3)
(d) -l I 0-4 0 302
-1 1 3 -3 0 0
-t 0 2-g(-1)
38. f(x) - 0.4x4 - 1.6x3 * 0.7x2 - 2
(a) I 0.4 -1.6 0.'l 0 -2
0.4 -1.2 -0.5 -0.5
0.4 -1.2 -0.5 -0.5 -25 : /(l)
(b) -2 0.4 -1.6 0.7 0 -2
-0.9 4.9 -11 22
0.4 -2.4 5.5 -11 2o = fF2)
(c) 5 0.4 -1.6 0.'l 0 -2
2.O 2.A 13,5 67.5
0.4 0.4 2.7 13.5 65.5 : /(5)
(d) - 10 0.4 - 1.6 0.7 0 -2
-4.0 56.0 -567 5670
0.4 -5.6 56|l -567 5668 : f(- l0)
762 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. -4 1 0 -28 -48 (2. -2 1 2-3-6
-4 L6 48 -206
I -4-12 0 l 0 -3 0
Zetos: -4, -2,6 f + 2x2 - ix - 6 - (x + 2)(*, - 3)
N3 - 2Bx - 48 = (x + 4)(x, - 4x - lZ)
: (x + 2)G + J3)(" - fi\
= (x + a\@ - 6Xx + 2) hros: -2,-4,-,fr
u. -3 1 -1 -13 -3
-3 t2 3
I -4 -1 0
f - xz - I3x - 3 : (r + 3)(x, - 4x - l)
:(x+lX'- Q- /s)X'- Q*.as))
Zeros:2-'-.R,2+ _fr,-g
6. (a) -3 2 -19 6 4E. (a) -2 8 -r4 -7r -10 ar
-9 2L -6 - 16 60 22 -24
-7 8 -30 -ll 12
-72 8 -30 -11 12
6-2 32 8 -12
3 -l 0 82-30
(b) Remaining factor: (3t - 1) (b) Bx2 +h - !- (+x + t\(u - l).
(c) /(x) : (r + 3Xr - 2)(3x - 1) Remaining factors: (4x - l)
+ 3),(?-x
(d) Real zeros: -3,2,t (c) /(r) : (r + 2)(, - 4)(4x + 3)(b - l)
(e) (d) Real zeros: -2,4, -1,,
A VI
50. (a) !2 -t -10 5 52. f(*):x3-4x2-4x*16
1 0 -5 p : factor of 16
2 0 -10 q : factor of I
-$ 2 0 -10 Possible rational zeros: t 1, *,2, *4, *8, t 16
_z-fr 10 htos shown on graph: -2,2,4
2-2..6 0
(b) Remaining factor: x - -,fr
(c) /(x) : (?* - lXx + .,6)G - JS)
:G-l)G* 6)(2.-26)
(d) Real zeros: t, - 6, 6
(e)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54.f(x):4f -gy- 5f + l*xz*x-2 56. f(x) : -3x3 * 2oxz - 36x * 16
Possible rational zeros: !2,t 1, *L, +i (a) Possible rational zeros:
krosshown on graph: - l, -*, 1,2. t 1, *2, +,4,t8, t 16, +1, r?, rct,t!, tf
(b) E
talrl h /l ttllltl
l/
-4
(c) Real zeros: ?,2,4
58. f(x):4x3 t2x2 -x*15 f(*):4x4-t7x2+4
(a) Possible rational zeros: (a) Possible ration al znros: t !, t2, *4, *L, *I
t1, t3, t5, t15, rr,lctr, (b) e
i],tf, *1, ri, t;, tf; ll ta
(b) 15
il
-15
IE
lttlllla
(c) Real zeros: 12, *t
-3
(c) Real zeros: - l, 1,]
62. f(x) - 4x3 * 7xz - 11r - 18
7 -lt -18
(a) Possible rationai zeros: t 1, t2, t3, t6, t9,
18, *.t, lc|, t?, *r,*i, *?
't 4 -l -9 0
(b) Thezeros of'4x2 - x- gare
I a I I I
^r
tfr r | | | l
:- 1-re
8 88
q.
/\
-21
Real zeros: -'g * 8
- -2,1 '
t' - x3 - 29.12 - x - 30 : Q. Using a graphing 66. 2yo * 7y3 - 26y2 I 23y - 6 - 0
utility and synthetic division, x : 6 and x : -5 Using a graphing utility and synthetic division,
are rational zeros. Hence, l/2, l, and -6 are rational zeros. Hence,
(r - 6Xx + 5)(x2 + 1) : Q-> x -- -5,6. : Q=+ y:
(y + 6Xy - D'6 - t) -6,r,r.
7Q PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
69. xs _ x4 _ 3x3
* 5x2 _ 2s = Q 70. S(r) =x3-4x2-2x* 8
x(x4-x3-3x2*5.r-2)-0 (a) kros: 4, 1.414, - 1.414
lll -r -3 5 -2
I 0-3 2
(b)4 I -4 -2 8
4 0 -8
0-3 2 0
1 0-2 0
-2 l 0-3 2 x:4isazero
-2 4-2 s(r):(x-4)(*r-2)
1-2 I 0 :(x-a)(x+{t6-O)
x{x-lXr+2)(x2-b+1)-0
x(x-lXr+z[x-lXx-l):Q zeros: 4, *..n
The real zeros are -2, 0, l.
72. fk) : s3 - l2s2 *40s -24 74. sft) : 6xa - 1lx3 - slxz * 99x - 27
(a) Zeros: 6, 5 .236, O.7@ (a) x: t3, l,!
(b) 6l I - L2 40 -24 -51 99 -27
6 -36 24 2l -90 27
I -6 4 0
7 -30 9
/(r) = (s-6Xr2-6.r+4) 6 7 -30 9
-18 -9 33
6 -1r 3 0
g(x) : (r - 3Xx + 3X6r2 - lk * 3)
: (x - 3Xr + 3)(3r - l)(?-x - 3)
76. f(x) : ?-x3 - 3xz - I2rc + 8 7E. f(x):?-xa-8x*3
-t2 8 -8 3
20 32 618 54 138
25 40 2618 6 l4L
4 is an upper bound. 3 is an upper bound.
8 (b) -4 0 0 -8 3
-6n -45 -8 32 -r28 544
2 -9 15 -37 2-8 32 -136 547
-3 is a lower bound. -4 is a lower bound.
E0. f(x):rQ#-3x2-23x*Iz) E2. f(x) : t (6zs + tlzz 3z 2)- -
Possible rational zeros: t L,*2, t3, !4,!6,*12, Possible rational zeros: t l, *'2, *t,*i, *?, *I
*t,*Z -2 | 6 11 -3 -2
-3 -23 12 -1222
8 20 -r2 6 -l -1 0
25-30
f(*): *(x + Z)(6x2 - x - l)
f(*) : t(x - 4)(2xz * 5x - 3) : *(x + 2)(3x + r)(zx - l)
: tft - 4)(zx - lXx + 3) Ration al zeros: - 2, -Lr,,
Rational zerosr -3, 1., +
765 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
E4' f(x): E6. f(x) -:i'r.l?O
il -'wl(* * {?* + tfr)
Rational zeros: 0 : x(r + O)('- O)
Inational zeros: I (t : fr) Rational zeros: I (x : 0)
Matches (a). Irrational zeros: 2 (r = *,fr)
Matches (c).
88. (a) and (b)
M - 2.4lr6f 15.5574P - 90.4885t + 2056.6169
(c)
t -t 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
M 2r30 2044 r986 1807 1705 161l 15 18 t472
Model 2129 2057 1953 1833 1710 16fi) 15t7 rn5
(d) lr - 15 .5574 - g0.4gg5 2056.6169
26.5276 120.6722 332.0207
2.4116 l0.g702 30.1937 2399.6376
For z0f,l (t : l1), lyl : 2,389 thousand
No, the model predicts that M denreases indefinitely.
90. (a) Combined length and width: (c) : 4x2(30 - x)
13,500
4x*y:I2A+y:120-4x 4x3 120x2 * 13,500 : 0
Volume-1.w. h-xzy x3 - 30xz + 3375: e
: x2(l2o - 4x) l5 l -30 0 3375
: 4x2(30 - x) 15 -225 -3375
(b) I -15 -225 0
(x- l5Xx2- l5x -225):Q
Using the Quadratic equationi
x:rt,Y
o
Dimensions with maximum rplume: The value of
15 - 15""6- r^
is -^G possible because it
not -AAA
Z
2Ox2Ox40 is negative.
y2. P: -45x3 t25m.x2 - 275.000
800,fi)0 = -45x3 t2,ffixz -275,W0
0=45x3 -25c[,x2 + 1,075,(X)0
0=9r3-500x2+215,000
The zeros of this equation ane.r :
- 18.0, x = 3l.5,and x = 42.O.Because 0 <x < 50,
disregard r = - 18.O2. The smaller remaining solution is x 31.5, or $315,000. :
76 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
94. True. The degree of the numerator (3) is larger than the degree of the denominator (2).
P+ 6r+ g
!r6.f +3 ,
98. A divisor divides evenly into the dividend if the
,3n + 3i?n remainder is zero.
6p + 27f
6f" + 18*
9,l+27
9,I"+27
0
x3n+g*"+27f,+27
f+3 -,fn+6f+9
fNote: lety = I and calculate
(f *
+ gy, 27y + 27) + (y + 3)l
lffi. (a) (f" d6) = 7Q + 4) = (x + 4)2
(b) (s ."f)(r) : t(*) : * + 4
f(x - 3) = lr - tl + z
102. (a) ("f . gXr) =
(b)(g".fX")=e(l"l +z):(1'1 +z) -l=l'l -l
104. (x - OXr + 12): x2 + l2x
105. (r - 0)k + tXr - 2)(*- 5) = (x2 + x)(x2 - 7x + l0)
-f-6f+3x2+l0x
Section 2.4 Complex Numbers
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.a*bi:12I5i 4.(a+6)+2bi=6-5i 6.3+J4=3+3i
a:12 2b=-5
b--s at6=6
o=-tr
a=O
8. 42 - 42 + 0t 10. -3i2+i--3(-1)+i 12.(A)'-7:-4-7
:3 + i : - ll
14. vfonoo4 - o.ozi 16. (U - 2i)+ (-3 + 6t) - 8 +4i
rr. (z +.FTE) - (g * s-nil : 7 +3^/i,i - t -t-/I,i = +
20.22+ (-5 + 8t + loi: 17 * l8i 22.-e+3t - (;-t, = -1-l-li+li
19 37.
12 30.
7tr1 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
24. -(-3.7 12.8i) (o.t ffi) = 3.7 + 12.8i
/4'
- 6.1 + !T'
: -2.4+ (rr., .ry),
= -2.4 + 17.75i
2G. G. .,/m- (..ftxJio,) 2s. (ffi)' : (nt)' :7siz - -7s
= ,ffip - J.frt-tl: -Sfi
30. (6 -2i)Q -tOI,i,_r*,t-4i+6i2 32. -si(e *oi)I
;:r:;r:r,,
s. (r + .AXz - ..Fid) = (r + ,Sl0 - Vmi)
= 2r - rJi6i + tJii - .Fsoi,
= 2L t.fo + l.fsi - l-fri
= Qr s-E) + (t,tS - gJid)i
+
35. (l - 2i)2 - (l + 2i)2 : | - 4i + 4i2 - (1 + 4, + 4iz)
= | - 4i+4i2 - I - 4i-4i2
: -8i
3& The error is -F4 + 4i. The correct statement is .,F4 : 2i.
4o (8- 120(8 +rzi)=sz-(r2t)z n.(-t+ &)(-t- {zl =(-3)2 -(nil'
=82tL2? =g+2:LL
=&+14=2O8
44. .l4: ,Ei-(frr(- fri):13 rc. (t + .,CEXI -,aE) : (r + J5il(r - JE,
:1+8:9
48. j '|:+:5i 5u.
? 1+i 3+3t 3+3i 3
t t, L+t I -i'z--z 2 ,'
3.
-'-
-,, 8 - 7i 1 + 2i 8 + l6i - 7i - 14i2
Jt' zOio-2i :-:-t6i - 40i2
54.8 +Lt lO-4i
r-2t'L+zi:
' ^. -2i -4i2
22+9i 22 9
- 5 :T*S'
76 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
s6.W o--
2-3i
2-3i
(lor - rsi2)(2 3'
4-giz
-A
ru'
2i . 5 2i(2-t
2+i+ z4: Q+i)Q-i)* Q+i)Q-i)
5(2+i)
z}i-30i2-30i2+45i3 _ 4i - 2i2 + l0_+ 5i
l3 4-iz
60+20i-45i 12+9i
l3 5
60-25i 60 25. 129
:T*st
13 13 13
60. 4i2 - 2i3 : -4 + 2i 62. (-i;r : (- 1Xt3) : (- lx-il - i
(n\6 : (nilu :8i6 - : -8 1 I 1 8t 8t l.
64. 8iai2 66'
Arr: ot:-a;'E:fiF:;t
68. -l -2i 70.2-6i
72. 74. Inaginary
rxie
-t -3 -2 -l -8-7-6-5 4-r-2-r
-2
-2 -3
-t 4
4 -5
76. 2 78. -i
22+2:6 (-t)'-i--1 -i
62+2:38 (-1 i)2 - i - i
382*2:L446 iz - i - -l i
lM62+2=2,090,918 (-l i\2 - i - i
4.4 x 1012 iz - i - -1 - i
Not botrnded. c -- 2 is not in the Mandelbrot Set. Bounded. c : -t is in the Mandelbrot Set.
80. -1 E2. 24 - 16, (-2)n : 16
(-1)2-l:Q (2i)o-24i4- 16(1):16
V - 1 : -1 (-zi}o - (-2)4i4 - 16(l) : L6
(-1)'- I - o
02 - 1 : -1
(-r)'-1:Q
Bounded. c : - I is in the Mandelbrot Set.
84. False. A real number a + 0t : a is equal to its conjugate.
86. False. i4 + g1s0 - i74 - 1l0e + Ft : I I+I i+i- I
8E. (a + bi) + (a - : bi') ?.a, a real number
(a + bi) (a - bi) : 2bi, an imaginary number
769 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
90.5x- 4y=8
5x-8=4y
y :1r - Z slope: I
(a) Parallelline: - (-Z): t1x - f)
y @) Perpendicularline: y (-2) = -f1x - f)
-
4y+ 8:5.x- 15 5y+ 10: -4x* 12
4y - 5x*23:0 5y * 4x=2
92. y : -x2 + 6 94. y: l* - +l + I
Let):0: x2:6 + x:I.,,re. Irt ) : o: lx = al + I - 0 impossible. No
(J6,0), ( - ,ft, x-intercepts.
x-intercepts: o)
Let x : 0: y : 6. y-intercept: (0, 6)
Let x : 0: y : | -41 + [ : 5. y_intercept: (0, 5)
96. Let x : the amount withdrawn and then replaced.
(l.0Xx) + (0.50X5 -r): (0.60)5
x+2.5Q-.5r:3.0
:
.5r .50
x: I liter
Section 2.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Solutions to Even.Numbercd Exerclses
2. f(x) : + r)(x2 - 1)
x2(x a. f@): (r * 5)(x - 8),
= x2(x + gxr + lXx - 1) The three zenos are.r - -5, 8 and 8
The five zeros are r: O 0, - 3, - l, l.
6. h(t): (r- t)(t-z)(t - 3t(r+ 3t &h(m): (^- t\z(m-2+ 4ir(m-2- 4i)
Thefogrzerosare t= 3,2,3i,-3i = (m - a\fu - a\@- 2 + 4i)(m - 2 - 4i)
fire fonr zeno6 arc: 4,4,2 - 4i,2 + 4i
10./(.r):x3-4x2-4xit6 l2.f(x)=x4-3x2-4
=x2(x-4)-a@-$ =(a2- 4Xr2+ t)
=(xz-g(p-Q . =@+2)(x-Z)(x2+t)
= (x * 2)(x _ 2)@ _ e Zrlfsj: t2,*.i
The zeros ane: x = 2, -2, and 4. This correspords to The only real zcros are r : -2,2.T\iscorresponas
the x-intercepb of (-2,0), (2, 0), and (4, 0) on the to the.r-intercepts of (-2, 0) and (2, 0) on ttre graph.
gaph.
770 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. g(x) : xz + 10r + 23 16.f(x):x2*6x-2
znros:x : -10 + J8
2
- -5 t fi /has no rational zeros. By the Quadratic Formula,
the zeros are
sft) = (r + s + ,fr)(* + s o) r: -6r :-3t-nl
18./(x):x2-x +56 20. f(y) : y4 - 625
Zpros:x:ry kros:x:t5,+5t
f(y) -- (y + sXy - sXy + 5t)(y - 5t
f(x):t-ry[ ry)
22. h(x\ : x3 3x2 * 4x - 2 24. f(x) : x3 + llx2 * 39x + 29
-tl l ll 39 29
l-2 2 -1 -10 -29
1-2 2 0 110290
kros:x: -r, -1o 2 ''/G; -
*-
kros:x:l2r"fri
rt2 -1 !,i -5 rzi
h(x) : (x - lXr - I ;)(r - I +j) f(x) : (x * lXr + 5 + }i)(x + 5 - 2i)
26. f(s) : 2s3 - 5sz I IZs - 5 ?t. f(x) - xa + 29x2 + 100
: (r, + 2S)(x2 + 4)
btos:x:tzi,tst
rlaaaaall f(x\ = (x + zi)(x - zi)(rc + 5tXx - 5t)
The graph reveals one raro at x - t.
I2lz'rlt -5 rz -5
1-2 5
2-4 10 0
Zeros:s:
I 4 t ,lG|' rzi
,,+:1
/(s) = (2s - lXs : 1 + 2tXs - I - 2i\
771 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
30. h(r) : x4 + 613 + tqx2 + 6x + 9 9. g(x) : x5 8xa * 28x3 56x2 * 64x - 32
-3 I 6 r0 6 9 10
-3 -9 -3 -9
:J 13130 .ataaaata ..t aaaaaa
-3 0-3
1010 -10
htos:x:-3,ti The graph reveals one zrlrc at x : /.
h(x) : (r + 3) 2(x * tXx - t)
1 -8 28 -56 & -32
2 -r2 32 -48 32
r -6 L6 -24 16
2 -8 16 -16
1-48-8
2-4 8
1-240
kros:x:2r2rrr*:1z- t -Bi
s@):(x-D'6- l+ {til6- 1 ,Bi)
Y. (a) /(x) : x2 - l2x + 34. By the Quadratic (c) r-intercepts: (o * .n,oXo - 0,0)
Formula,
(d)
x:12* :6t,,n \
2
The zeros are 6 * ".n and 6 - $,.
(b) /(r) : ('- (o * {2))(. - (o - OD
'\...^/...
-10
=(r-6-fi\r-6+O)
36. (a) f(x) : x2 - l6x + 62. By the Quadratic 3E. (a) f(x) : f + l0x2 * 33x + 34
Formula, : (r + Z\(xz a 8r * t7)
x:16r@2 -gt .,n Use the Quadratic formula to find the zeros of
x2 + 8x * l'l .
fire zeros are 8 + Oand 8 O,.
(b) f(r): ('- (s + &DG - (s O))
x:-8*m2
:(r-8 -tr\*-8+ O) -g * .F+ : -4+i
(c) x-intercepts: (e * O,o),(g {,o)
(d)
The zeros are -2, -4 + i, and -4 - i.
(b) /(r) = (x + 2\(x + 4 + tXr + 4 - t)
(c) x-intercept (-2,0)
(d) t0
ata
r -to
PART III: Solutions to Even-Nambered Exercises
40. (a) /(") - f - 8ri + L7x2 - 8r + 16 (d)
: (r, + l)(r2 - 8r * 16)
: (*, + lXr - 4), \
The zeros are i, - i,4 and 4.
(u)
{") = (*' + l)t(r - 4)'
(c) x-intercepfi (4,0)
e. f@'): (r - 4Xr - 3Dk + 3r)
= (:- 4)(x2 + 9)
=x3-4x2+9x-36
Note: /(.r) = a(xt - 4x2 * 9x - 36), where a is any nonzm rpal number, has the trg{cs 4,3t ald -3t.
4A. f\*) = - 6Xr - (-5 + 20)k - (-s - 20)
(x
- (.r - 6)(* + ta + 29)
'-f+4*-llx-174
e f@) = (, - 2)t(x - 4i[x + 4i,
= - 6x2 + lzx - gxr2 + 16)
(13
= x5 - 6x4 + 28fit - lmxz + l9?r - 128
Note /(.r) = a(xs - 6x4 +28gs - l@lxz + ly2t- I28),whereaisanyno'nzerorealnumber,hasthezercs
2,2,2,4i, -4i.
4t. Since I + -fri is a zr,ro, so is 1 -/Li.
f(*) = (r - O)t(r - 4Xr - I
:lf :A[;-'-..\
-f - 6xa + 11.f - l2x2
50. /(r) : N4 * 6xz - n
(a) /(r) = (*' + 9)(x' - 3)
(b) /(r) : (x2 + e)(; + 6)(, - A
(c) /(x) : (x + 3tXx - 3i;)(x + 6)(, - 6)
52. f(x) : x4
(a) /(x) : (r'+4)(r2-3r-5)
I
O) /ft) = (x'+-)F-ry[ ry)
(c) /(x) : (x+Zi)(x-rD( x-ryx, ry)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. f(x) : 2,f - f + 7* - 4x - 4
Since 2i is a zero, so is -2L
2i12 -1 7-4 -4
4i -8-2i 4-2i 4
2 -l +4i -1 -2i -2
-2i 2 -l +4i -1 -2i -2i
-4i 2i 2i
2 -l -l
Thezeros of?.* - x- l: (2r + lX.r - 1)are.r = -landr: l.Thezerosof/are
x=!2i,r=-L,andx=1.
Alternue Solwion
Since.r : *2iar€:ze(Nofflx), (x + Zi)(x - 2i) = * + 4 isafactoroffl.r).Bylongdivisionwehave:
?*- x- I
*+ 0r+ 412;/- .t'+7*-4x-4
?i +ot' +Bt
-.f - *-4x
-f+O*-4x
-**ox-4
-**0r-4
0
firus,/(x): (*+4X2,f -x- l)
: ft + 2i)(x - 2i)(b + tXr - t)
and the zeros of/are x - *2i, x : -t, and x : l.
56. s@) = 4f + 23f * 34x - lo
Since -3 + i is a zgro, so is -3 - i.
-3+r | 4 23 34 -10
-12+4i -37-i l0
4 11 +4i -3-i
-3-i 41l+4i -3-i
l2-4i 3+i
4 -1 0
The zeros of 4x - I is x : |. The zeros of g(x) arex : -3 + i and x:i.
CONTINT]ED-
774 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
CONTII\IT]ED-
Alteruate Solution
Since -3 t i are zeros of
g(r),tr - (-3 + t)l[x - (-3 r)]: [(r - 3) ;][(r + 3) + r]
:(x+3)2-P-,*+6r+10
is a factor of g(x). By long division we have:
4x-l
*+6x+19
4x3+24**4ax
-*- 6r-10
-*'6r-10
0
Thus, g(.r) = (* + 6r + 10)(4.r - l) andthezeros ofg are.r = -3 + iand'r : l.
5&
"f(r) =
x3 + 4xz + l4x + 20
Since -1 - 3dis azgro,sois -1 * 3i.
-1 -3i | 41420
1
-l 3i -r2-6i -20
33i 2-6i
-1 + 3i 33i 2-6i
-l + 3t -2+6i
120
The zero of .r + 2 is.r : -2. The zeros of/are x : -2, -t t 3i.
6a. f@) = 25x3 - 55x2 - 54x - 18
,Fz+ &i):#isa
I
since z*ro,sois
#.
F -55 -54
-2+JZt |'25 -lo+s,./,,i $",ni
5
-Z - .,fr,i 25 -65 + 5 -fr.i -30 - Lsrti
5 - l0 - 5.frt 30 + rs{zi
25 -75 0
The zero of 25x - 75 is x: !. The zeros of/are x : t, -2* oi
ff
62. f(x) :x3*4x2*l4x+20
(a) Zeros: -2,-| t 3i
_ (b) x: -2
4t420
-2 -4 -20
12100
x2 + 2x + l0 has zeros - I *. 3i
775 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
il. f(x) : 25;J - 55x2 - 54x - 18
(a) kros: 3, -0.4 + 0.2828i
3125 -55 -54 -18
(b) 75 60 18
252060
25xz * 2ox+ 6 has zeros -0.4 t 0.28 28i
#:
66. No.Setting p- R- Q- xp- C- x(140-0.0001x) (80x+ 150'000) : 9,000,000 yields a quadratic
with no real roots:
-0.000LlF + 60x - 9,150,000: Q
68. True. The complex conjugate of the zero 4 + 3i is 70. (a) No, the answers will not change if the graph is
also a zeto. shifted to the right 2 units.
(b) No, the answer will not change.
72. f(x) : [x - (a + bi))tr - @ - bi)]
:f: i,\tffiY-a)+bil
-*-2ax*a2+b2
,t'r(*):
-f..-1111 + 6+ !
: -(r -t)'+f
Vertex, (r,T)
f(x) : - (r, - x - 6) : - (r -, 3Xr + 2)
Intercepts: (3,0), (-2,0), (0, 6)
-8t- i(2 + 3i): -8t -zi+3 6-i 6-r 1+4i
:3 10,
80.
1-4i 1-4i 1+4i
-:-a-
_6+23i+4
t+t6
:19 '-23,
ri* n'
776 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 2.6 Rational Functions and Asymptotes
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.f(x) =*
(a)
x f(r) x f(x) x f(x) x f(x)
0.5 -5 1.5 l5 5 6.25 -5 4.167
0.9 -45 1.1 55 10 5.55 -10 4.545
0.99 -495 1.01 505 100 5.05 - 100 4.950
0.999 -4995 1.001 5005 1000 5.005 - 1000 4.995
O) Thezeroof thedenominatoris.r = l,so.r = I isaverticalasymptote.Thedegeeof thenumeratorisequalto
the.degree of the denominator, so the liney = i : 5 is a horizontal asymptote.
(c) The domain is all real numbers except.r = 1.
3
4. f(*) ----
fx - ll
(a)
x f(x) x f(x) x f(x) x /k)
0.5 6 1.5 6 5 0.75 -5 0.5
0.9 30 1.1 30 10 0.33 -10 o.273
0.99 300 l.0l 300 100 0.03 - 100 0.0297
0.999 3000 1.001 3000 1000 0.m-3 - 1000 0.003
(b) The zero of the denominaor is r: :
l, so.x I is a vertical asymptote. Because the degree of the numerator is
less than the degrce of the dc,lrominator, the .x-axis or y = 0 is a horizontal asymPtot€.
(c) The domain is all real numbers exceptx = l.
6. f(*) --*-1
to*
(a)
JC
f(x) x f(x) x f(x) x f(*)
0.5 -2.G 1.5 4.9 5 0.933 -5 - 0.933
0.9 - 18.95 1.1 20.95 10 0.40 -10 0.40
0.99 -r99 1.01 20r 100 0.04 - 100 0.04
0.999 - 1999 1.001 2001 1000 0.0o4 - 1000 0.004
O) Thezeros of thedenominatorarer: tl
sobothx = l andx = -l
arevertical asymptote.s. Becansethedegree
of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, the .r-axis or y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
(c) The domain is all real numbers exceptr = t1.
777 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
8.,f(r):* 10. /(x) : 1-x
Vertical asymptote: x - 3 Vertical asymptote: l : 0
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0 Horizontal asymptote: y : -l
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (e).
*2 14. f(*')
12. f(x): -xx*4 (* - 2)t
Vertical asymptote: x - -4 (a) Domain: all real numbers except x: 2
Horizontal asymptote: y : -l (b) Vertical asymptote: x: 2
Matches graph (0. Horizontal asymptote: 1l : 0
[Degree of p(x) < degee of q(x)l
(c)
2-5x 3x2+1
16. f(x) : 2+2n 18. /(x) : x2+x*1
(a) Domain: all real numbers except x : -l (a) Domain: All real numbers. The denominator
has no real zeros. I Try the Quadratic Formula
(b) Verticalasymptote: x- -1
on the denominator.]
Horizontal asymptote: y : -,
(b) Vertical asymptote: none
[Degree p(x) : degree q(x)]
Hdrizontal asymptote: y: 3
(c) I :
[degree p(x) degree q(x\J
-ta (c) E
l-t
-
-2
-=t),s(r) = r
n. f@) =*?
r-5x
(a) Domain off all rcal numbers except 0 and 3
Domain of g: all real numbers
' (b) Because * - 3x is a common factor of both the numerator and the denominator of/(.r), neither.r : 0 nor
r: 3 is a vertical asymptote off, Thus,/has no vertical asymptotes.
(c)
x -1 0 1 2 3 3.5 4
f(r) -1 Undef. I 2 Undef. 3.5 4
g(x) -l 0 I 2 3 3.5 4
(d) /and g differ only where"f is undefined.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
b-B 7
22. f(x)=ffi'e@)==,
-r\
(a) Domain of/: all real numbcrs cxcept 4 and 5
, Domain of g: all real numbers except 5
(b) Bccause.r - 4 is acommon facorof both the numeratorand the denominator of f,x - 4 is not a vertical
asymplote ofl The only vertical asymptote is.r = 5.
(c)
x 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
f(x)
2
5 -! 2 -z -l3 Undef. Undef. 2
-25 -t2 -23 -l
s@') -2 Undef. 2
(d) /and g differ only atx: Q, where"f is undefined and g is defined.
I
24.f(x)-/++
x- 5
26. f(x):#
(a) As x to,/(x) -+ 2. (a) As x too,/(r) -+ 0.
(b) As x (b) As x -> o,f(x) 0 but is greater than 0.
(c) Asr --) -o,"f(r) --t 2but is less than2.' (c) As x --+ -a,f(x)
2E.g(x):#o 30. h(r)-6+.4.=
x-tz
The zero of g corresponds to. the zero of the There are no real zeros.
numerator and is x : /.
s2. (a) c: ?ry(lt-)
100 -
: 15
urr.76 (b)c=m:25,ooo
The cost would be $441L.76. The cost would be $25,000.
(c) c: ?g'(?
lm-90
:22s,ooo (d) 3ooigoo
The cost would be $225,000.
(e) No. The model is undefined for p= 100.
(a) use oata (to, |), (zo,t), (ro,*), (n,h), (so,*). The least squaf,es line for this data (r, 1/y) is:
::I 0.164 - 0.0029x-y:
v O.l& - O.N29x
: 154,000
25260 - 447x
154,000
3(8420 - r49x)
(b)
x 10 20 30 40 50
v 7.4 9.4 13.0 20.9 52.9
(c) No, the function is negative for r : 60.
779 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
36. The moth will become satiated at the horizontal 3E. False. A rational function can have at most n
asymptote: vertical asymptotes, where n is the degree of the
l.:.o denominator.
y: ffi: 0.247 mg
4a.f(x):- =1, ,: x2+x-2
'
1
f(r) : one posible answer.
(x+2)(*-l)
42.
#is
is one possible answer.
M,225x - 50rP -0 46. 222-32-35:Q 48. 2'lx3 - I47x - 0
25x(9-2;'z)-0 (zz + 7X-5) - Q 3x(9x2 - 49): Q
x: O,*3/O z: -l,s x :0, tl
4l1 5 6 52. -5 2 I -11
-10 45
1942 2-9 34
x2+5x!6:x+9 + 42 2x2+x-ll _^. g _ 34=
x-4 x-4 = x*5 x*5
54. (x- 8Xr- 5iX" + 5t): (r - 8Xr2 r-25) -f U2 *25x-2OO
56. (x - 6Xx - (3 + i)Xr - (3 - t) : (x - 6X(" - 3)2 + 1)
=(r-6)(az-&+10)
=f - 12*+6x-@
Section 2.7 Graphs of Rational Functions
Soludons to Even-Numbercd Exerclses
2.t4rr6.
t
I
j
r
t\
\J
h -1
-6
I
l -1
Horizontal shift one unit to the Horizontal shift two units to the Reflection in the x-axis
right left, and vertical shrink
E. 7 10. I 12. 4
L.
; t
i
-h,-
1 -4
[-
1I -4
*A
F*h y-value i, *ofriplied by Vertical shift one unit upward Each y-value is multiplied by i.
f Vertical shrink
. Vertical shrink
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerclses
14. f(x):;= 16.P(x)=1-rt:3t-L
I -x x- I
y-intercepil (0, -1) -r-' /1. o\
x-inrerceor -/
Vertical asymptote: x : 5 \3'
y-intercepfi (0, 1)
Horizontal asymptote: 1l : 0 Vertical asymptotO: x: I
HorizonAlasymptote: y - 3
x -1 0 2 3
v 2 1 5 4
L--
I
I
2t-1 20. h(*) : x2
x2-9
(*,0) Intercepfi (0,0)
r-inrercepn
\zl
Vertical asymptot€: I : 0
Vertical asymptotes: r : t3
HorizonAl asymptotei y : -2 Horizontal asymptotei y =I
x -2 -1
I2 I 2
y-axis symmetry
,y -T2 -3 0 -1 -32
22. g(x) :76
Intercepts: (0, 0)
Vertical asymptote: x : t3
Horizontal asymptote: y: 0
Origin symmetry
x -5 -4 -2 0 2 4 5
v
_5 4 2 0 _2 !7 5
l6 7 5 5 l6
781 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
1
24. f(x): - (, - 2)'
y-interceptr (0, -
il
Verticalasymptote x=2
Horizontal asymptote: 1l : 0
x 0 ! I 3 5
3 !2 4
2 2 2
v -T4 -L9 -1 -4 -4 -1 _T9 -! 4
2
26. h(x) - *(*
- 2)
Vertical asymptotes: .r 0, : r-/
Horizontal asymptote: y 0 :
x -2 -t ! I g 5
3
2 2 2
v -! 8 -23 -f -2 -!gI
l6
25
z
9
(x+2)(x-1)
Intercept: (0,0)
Vertical asymptotes: x : -2, I
Horizontal asymptote: 1l : 0
x -4 -3 -1 0 ! 2 3
2
v
4
5 -32 I 0
4
5 I I5
8-
30. f(r)-/+ La J
=/+=qI
Jx2-3 ^ -6x2-+-8x-6-x*o
3x2-3 '
5X--
Vertical asymptotes: r : tl
Intercepts: (- 1.869, 0), (0.535, 0) [(0, 2) is not on graph.]
Horizontal asymptote: !: 2
x -3 -2 - 0.5 0.5 2 3
I z 2
v 9 3.79 9 3.78 3
32. f(x) : 3-x x-3 x 0 I 3 4
2-x x-2 !2 !
x-intercept (3, 0) v 2 0 2
y-intercept (0, 1) 4
.l \
Venicalasymptote: x:2
Horizontal asymptote: y : I tal
Domain: allx*2
-4
I
7t2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
34. r,(r) -*-2
x-3 :l,t
E
x-intercepfi (2,0)
\._
-f -- (,0,3)
y-intercepn \
\-,3/
Vertical asymptote: x : 3
4
Horizontal asymptote: y : 1
Domain: allr + 3
x 0 I 2 4 5 6
v
2
3
t2 0 2 !
2
!
3
rc
36.g(r):- (* - 2)2 I
(---, 2) U (2, a)
tlltltl
Domain: all real numbers except2 OR
Vertical asymptote: x : 2
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
v
-1
!
0
0
1
-t
1
2
-6
5
2
-10 -3
3 4
-l
-7
\r
9
x*4
f(x): f, tu 4
-3 and 2 OR (-o, -3) U (-3,2) U (2, m)
I
Domain: all real numbers except
Vertical asymptotes: x - -3, x :
..L
r
2
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0 t t) tl
x -6 -4 -2 -1 0 I 3 4
\
v
_l 0 -t _! _z
-54 7 ! -a
12 2 2 3 6 7
/ 1 l\ 30
r\q:Jl
\r-4 x+2J'-- (x-4@+2) e
Domain: all real numbers except -2 and 4
Vertical asymptotes: x: -2,x: 4 ) 1....L
Horizontal asymptote: / : 0 :
h.
:l
x -4 -3 -l 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 I 'l
-9
I
v
15
8
30
7 -6 _15
4
_10
3
_15
4 -6 47 TE
I
l0
9
42. f(x):-+
Jg*x2
4 There are two horizontal
asymptotes: y: tl
{
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
xl 8F rl +
44. f(x\- -813-t
x-2 - 2-x 4l.g(r) -3f -5x*3
f+l 4E. g(r) -*+t:r+!
xx
t5 I Vertical asymptote: x: 0
I
Slantasymptotez y: x
.--,/ Origrn symmetry
-26
There are two horizontal
r -A -3
V-
The graph crosses its
asymptotes, y - -8 and horizontal asynptote, y : 3.
y-8.
Vertical asymptote: x: 2
*:
-\
50./(r):*:x+* 52. f(*) = x2+4
Intercepfi (0,0) No vertical asymptotes
Vertical asymptotes: r: *1 Horizontal asymptote: y : I
Slantasymptote: y: x Intercepts; (* 1, 0), (0, -l)
Origrn symmetry
54. f(x) : 2* - 5N + 5 :?*- I + 3
x-2 x-2
y-intercept (0, - *)
\ Ll
Vertical asymptote: x : 2
Slantasymptote: y: b - 1
+4-3
56. (a) r-intercept: (0,0) 58. (a) r-intercepts: (1,0), (2,0) t
b
(b) Q:
x-3 (b) 0 - x - 3 +? t/
I
0: ?* o- *-t*iz
0:x 0-(x-lXr-2) ,/)
x=lr2 -0
Domain: allx* -3
Vertical asymptote x : -3
Slantasymptote: y=x*2
7U PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6z.h(x)-12-2x-* I I* 2
z(4+r) -V+ a'* t0
Domain: all real numbers except -4 \\
OR (-m, -4) u (-4, m) r,..\.) \rr
x-intercepts: (-4.61, 0), (2.61, 0) \
,trf.f Lr /0.
y-interceot: 1\ -o
\", Z )
Vertical asymptote: x: -4
Slant asymptote: y : -, .I
64. y:20 x*1 -) 66. Y:x-- x
(a) (a)
a
-12
,,,, ,/,, ,,/.,,
-12
/
-t
I
x-intercepfi (-3,0) x-intercepts: ('3, 0), (3, 0)
/2
(b) o-2ol+- 3\
O) o- r-2x
--\x+ 1 I
x/
9
3: 2 -:x
x
x x* 1
9:f
tus- 3(x+ 1)
t3:x
2x-3x*3
-3:x
68. (a) Area=ry:500
v: 500
x
(b) Domain: x > 0
(c) ,
r20
tm
EO
60
40
20
t0 20 30 40 50 60
For x- 30,y:#: LQmebrs.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70. (a) The line passes through the points (a,0) (c) A a29 :a+3 - -
and (3,2) and has a slope of
a -J a- J
Vertical asymptote: a : 3
m: 2-O ? tt:rasymptote: A:a +3
3-a 3 a
y - Q : +(x - a) bythe point-slope form
y:#:ff,
5-A
-z(a -
!.0< x1a
a 3'
(b) The area of a triangle is A A is a minimum whena - g andA : 12.
- lbh.
b:a
2o
h-ywhen x:o,so h-z("-9-
a 3 a- 3'
. I ( 2a \
A:-al-l:
ol"
'z\"-31 a 3
72. C- 0.*+10r+5
x 0.5 I 2 3 4 5 6 7
C 20.1 15.2 12.g : t2.3 12.05 L2 :12.0 12.l
The minimum average cost occurs when
r:5.
Distance
74. (a) Rate - Distance o,t Rut"--:
x Time Time (c)
x 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
100 100 200:+ .
r50 87.5
xy50 v 66.7 56.3 50 45.9 42.9
?szs.
--r
xy I
The results in the table are unexpected. You would
expect the average speed for the round trip to be the
25Y*25x:ry average of the average speeds for the two parts of
25x:ry_25y
tn,"Jto'
ZSx:y(x-25) (d) ,
y:3
(b) Vertical asymptote: x : 25
Horizontal asymptote: y - 25 30
(e) No, it is not possible to average 20 miles per hour in
one direction and still average 50 miles per hour on
the round trip. At 20 miles per hour you would use
more time in one direction than is required for the
round trip at an average speed of 50 miles per hour.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
76. (a) Nr : - 0.4552t + 16.8394 1
(b) Nr: 0.003780r + O.M37l
1000
:
": 0.003780r + 0.M371 3.78t + 43.71
(c)
t 8 9 l0 ll t2 13 t4 15 l6 t7
Nl 13.2 12.7 12.3 11.8 tr.4 10.9 10.5 10.0 9.6 9.1
N2 13.5 12.9 12.3 tr.7 tl.2 10.8 10.3 10.0 9.6 9.3
Both models fitthe data well' Either model will do.
?& False. A rational firnction can cross its horizontal asymptot€. See Exercises 45,M.
* +x - 2- (x + 2)(x - l) 4
80. g(x) - x- I x- I
Since g(x) is not reduced (x - 1) is a factor of both the
/
numerator and the denominator, x - I is not a horizontal
asymptote. / -1
82. y: x* I + *has slant asymptote y : x* I g4.v:zlx-l)
v!! r
x- L (x+ l)
and vertical asymPtote x: 2. This has a vertical asymptote at x -- - 1, the zero
of the denominator, a horizontal asymptote at
0- -2+ 1 *# y :'2 because the degree of the denominator
equals the degree of the numerator, and has x : 3
as a zero of the function because 3 is the zero of
r=+ the numerator.
a: -4
x2-x-6
Hence,!:x*1+#: x-2
86. -y* 3x*8:Q gE. 7x*3:Q 90. x-Y- 1:Q
Y:3x*8 x: -l 3 Y:x-1
vertical line
v
7Yl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
92. 7 94. 6
/ ta
\
\
-t -11
Domain: all x Domain: all x
Range: y > ..re Range: y<0
Review Exercises for Chapter 2
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) y:x2-4 (b) Y:4-x2
Vertical shift 4 units downward Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 4 units
e upward
E
,,. r.\. ,1,,,,,,
|l.l ,rl
\ /
-t I -6
\
(c) y: (r- 3),
Horizontal shift 3 units to the right
(d) y=i,*'-1
3
Vertical shrink and a vertical shift I unit downward
6
lalttlal
atlat \ \/ I
-t I
-6
4.f(x)=(x-4)2-4
Vertex: (4, -4) t4
t2
y-intcrceph (0, 12) t0
t
r-intercepts: (2,0), (6, 0) 6
1
2
?tt PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6. f(*) : 3* - Izx + 11
:t -4x+4-4.+) t4
t2
l0
: rlo - 2)'-
:3(x-2)2-1
l t
6
1
2
Vertex: Q, -I)
y-intercept (0, l l)
:
x-intercepts: x
ryI - 2 * +6
I I - \| t= \
fr*;Jt,o),12-,Jt,o1
8. Vertex: (2,3) =+ f(x) : a(x - 2)2 + 3 1o'/(x)=51
Poinfi (- l, 6) :e $ - a(-L - 2')2 + 3 3x1il-16+ro
$:9a*3 =(r+4)2-6
The minimum occurs at ttre vertex (-4, -6).
i:ea
t:a
f(r): l(x - 2)2 + 3
14' h(x)
'2h(x\ r + f;)
: +[(* + t)'+
=^fr**oiiit- 3J
-a(r+l)'+12
=-'t*T44) The **,* occurs at the vertex (-i , !i-
The murimum occurs at the vertex (2,7).
r(x)
'6' * +;)
=-*.:;r;i'
: q(* + l)2 + 4
fire minimum occurs at the vertex (-1, 4).
18. (a) (c) vertex atx: *= ;ffi: 15
"\-r)
P(15) : 432.5
Vertex: (15, 432.5)
(b) Vertex: (15, 432.5) (d) The vertex represents the amount (S1500) of adver-
tising that yields a maximum profit $43,250.
PART I'II: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. Y: f
(a)
24. f(x) : rf + 2r Xi. h(x) : -f - 7f + 10r
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is pos- The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is neg-
itive. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right. ative. The graph rises to the left and falls to the
right.
2t. a
'r{ ,
-12
30. (a) kros of h(") : -N - x2 * x: r(- 2n2 - x * l) : x(r * l)(2, - 1) are 0, - t,r.
790 P RT III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. (a) /(x) : - (x + 6)3 8
(b)
(x + 6)' : -8
-6 -1 -2
x*$- -2 -,0
x: -8 -.6
-t
-10
-t2
-14
34.(a)f-4t2:O
P(P - 4): Q
ir(t --z)(t + z) : e
|:0r0,2,-2
36. (a) Combined length and girth: (b)
2rrr + h:216+h:216 - 2rr
Volume : n*h: rP(216 - 2m)
The volume is maximum when r =72 : 22.g,
fu:216 - 2r(?2.g) :'12.1
'Ir
3t. (a) /(- 3) 4l). (a) f(-2)
/(- r) /(0)
/(3) O) zeros: - 1.89'1,0.'|-38
(b) zeros: -2.979, -0.554,3.533
xa+1
42. Ir:74
5
!z:x2-2+ *r*, l2
_x2(*+z) _z(*+z) +
*+z *+z f+2
=5
_x4+?*-2*-4+5
t\
* +.2 I
xa+1
:72
+ z: )r
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
t 3* +3
44.3x-214x+7 46. * - t)3f + 0f + 0* * 0x + 0
a* -\ 3f -3*
29
3
3* +0
4x*7 429 3* -3
3x-2 3 3(3x - 2)
3f : 3* + 3 + 3
*-l xz-1
=
3*+5x*8
48.2* *0x- t)ef + 10x3+ tl*-x+z
6f+ 0x3- 3*
l0x3+16,/2-5x
10x3+ O*-5x
16*- o+2
16*+ 0-8
l0
6f + 10x3* 13*-5x+2 :3x2+5x*8+
2*-1 #
50. 0.1 0.3 0
5 -0.5 s2. t 2 2 -l 2
0.5 4 20
1?i
0.1 0.9 4 lg.5
0.1.f +0.3* -0.5 : 19'5
2 3 t'e
24
x-5 Q. l* + 0.8.r + 4+ x-5 2n3+2x2-x+2 :2x2*3r I
x - (I/2) '+r+ffi 9/4
54. (a) -I 9 -14 -3 (b) 9 -t4 -3
f(- r): Q
?
-20 1l 3
15183 0 fc): Q
20 -n -3 2A 24 4 0 0
(c) o -14 -3 0 209
0 /(0):Q
(d) I -t4 -3 0
0 0 20 29 15 t2 /(l) : 12
-14 -3 0 20 29 15 t2 t2
56. -? 2 -15 -10
2010 f(-?) = Q 5E./(r):1013+21,;-x-6
0 -15
: (" + ?)O* - ts) -20 -2 6
3x3 + zf - r1x - 10 l0 1-3
: (3x + 2)(f - s) Zercs: - 2, -?,,
: (rx + \(x + 6)(* - $)
Zeros: -?, t.,fr
60 t0x3 t3* - l7x * 6 : (, - Z)(x + lXl0x - 3) + kros:z, -l,t
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. f(x\: 5f + 126'z + 25 64.8 | 2 -5 -14 8
f(x) = (sf +r)(f +2s)
5*+1:Q 2 11 74 592
All positive Q I : 8 is upper bound
x2 - -i -4 2 -5 -r4 8
x:= 65,
-8 52 -r52
2 -13 38 -rM
*+25-0 Alternating signs Q a : - 4 is lower bound.
f - -2s
' x: t5i
66. 68. -iz-4i:1-4i
70.
72. (1 +6tX5 -2i):J -2i +30t+ L2:17 +28i
74. ;(6+t(3 -2i): t(18+3t- Izi+2): i(20 -et) -!+zoi
76. (4 - i), - (4 + i)': (16 - 8t - 1) (16 + 8t - 1) : -r6i
3+2i. 5 - i _ L5 + rci - 3i + 2 _r'l + Li
78.
5+i 5-i 25+1 26 26'
I
80.
(2+r)n (4+ 4i- 1x4 +4i- t)
-1 + 4i
-: : ,1,
(3+4tx3+4i)
-5 4-3 -2 -l
9+%li-16 -2
-3
*f
.-7 -24i -5
. -7+A$ -7-24i
_-7 -24i
49 + 576
:6-
-7 24
62s'
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
7i 86. sft) -f -3*+3x*2
(a) o
I I | | ,l
-5 -,f -3 -2 -l I
-2 -2
O) One real zero because the graph has only one
x-intercept.
(c) fire zero is r = -0.M.
(a) 10 (b) One real z.ero because the graph has only one
x-intercept.
:
tl ll
(c) The zero isx 1.72.
tJ
r-30
9o' (") ::*o t
"f
-t;';ltJ ; 17) e2'r(x)=:T-_';';:T-.\
8* :4*.i
2
x:- zx,@__r*,fri
-3,4 + i,4 - i
zeros:
f(*): (x + 3Xr - 4 - i)(, - 4 + r;) zeros:],t+.fr|,t -fsi
f(*): (?n-s)G-t $il6- l+ -Rt)
e4'f (x)::l::ffi 96. f(r) : (x - lXr + 4)(x + 3 - srXr + 3 + 5t
:T;.'::t+2s : (* + 3x - aX(x + l), + ZS)
: (*, + tXr + 5)2 : (r + txr - txr + S)z : (*+3x-4)(**6x+34)
zeros: ti, -5, -5 :x4+9,f+49-f+7gx-136
e8/(x)=llil1fi-f
lG-r+.*i)
100. f(*)-f -4f +3x2+ 8r- L6
(a) /(x) - (r' - x - 4)(*' - 3x + 4)
(b) x:lr 222
:+ *fr-
f(*) (r'-3x+4)
(c) )c :
f(*): (' - i - +)(' - ; . +)(x -, * +)(c - i - +)
794 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
lVL. Domain: all x * -12 104. The denominator x2 + x * 3 has no zeros.
Horizontal asymptots: y - 5 Domain: all .r
Vertical asymptote: x : -12 Horizontal asymptote: y : 2
Vertical asymptotes: none
106.Y=0 108. No horizontal asyrnptote 110. Y = tl
(degree p(x)
ll2. (a)Wh enp = 25,C: $ n6million. (b) When p :50, c = : $528 million.
m- -
'l-?t(59
100 50
(c) when p: 75, c: m - $1584 million. (d)
(e) As P + 100, C tends to infinitY'
No, it is not Possible.
x-3
ll4. f(x) : x-2
x-intercept:
y-intercept'
tr, t
(0,;/
Vertical asymptote: x : 2
Horizontal asymptote: y: I
x -1 0 I 3 4 5
v ! I2 2 0 t2 z
3
3
2*
116. y =
*-4
Intercepfi (0,0)
y-axis symmetry
Vertical asymptotes: x : 2, x: -2
Horizontal asymptote: y : 2
x r5 T4 r3 rl 0
g l8
v
50
2l 3 5 -z 3
0
4
118. h(x) - (.r - r)'
y-intercept: (0,4)
Vertical asymptote: x = I
Horizontal asymptote: y : 0
x, -2 -1 0 2 3 4
4 4 4 T
v 9
1 1
9
795 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
: 3x-l 3x-l
120. f(r) x2+5x*4=, (x+aXx+1)
titercepts: (0, -i), (|, O)
Verticalasymptotesix: -4,x: -l
HorizonAl asymptotes: y : 0
24
122. f(*): f I , ?n lf , b I
:7+t*24:3Lt+rz-2J
3x2-6
Interceptst (0, O)
Vertical asymptotes: r : X,-n
Slantasymptote: y:+.
E
: 5x 2x2 * 7x-* 3 :
124. y
*-4 126. f(x) - x*1 ?x+ 5
x*1
Intercepfi (0,0) Intercepts: (0, 3), (- 3, 0), (-1, O)
Vertical asymptotes: r: 2,x : -2
y=0 Vertical asymptote: x - -I
"""^"jasymptote: Slant asymptote: y : 28 + 5
12& False. The degree of the numerator is two more than the degree of the denominator.
CHAPTER 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Sccfion3.l ElrponentialRmctionsandTheirCraphs . . . . .7n
Sccf,nn32 logarithmicFunctiqrsandTheirCiraphs .' . . .Em
Secdon33 noeertles of logadthms . . Effi
Section34 Solving E:rponential and Logarithmic Equations . . . . .812
Secdon 35 Expmential and Logarithmic Models . . .E19
RevievEnercises ' ' ' ' ''iai
796
CHAPTER 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponentiat Functions and Their Graphs
Soludons to Even-Numbered Exencises
2. 5000(2-t'5) =u 1767.767 4. 5-1t: 0.006 6. LffiiE : 673.639
8. e-3h - O.472 10. e3'78 : 43.816
12. S@) = /Lu+6 14. f(r) : 5-" : 3
S@):53-':53.5-r
h(*) = -5'-3: -(S"'5-3)
:=n;:;
64ezy Thus, f(x),S(x) and h(x) are all distinct.
: 64(4)
: h(x)
Thus, s(r) : h(x) butg(.r) * f(x).
16, : -T is negative and decreasing. Matches graph (h).
f(x)
18. /(x) : -2-x is negative and increasing. Matches graph (b).
20. flx) : T : I is increasing and has (0,2) intercept. Matches graph (f).
22. flx) - /-2 is increasing and has (0, l) intercept. Matches graph (d).
A. f(x): -Y 26. f(*) : 0.3"
g(x)-5-T:J:f(x) g(r) : -0.3" : J : -f(*) - 5
Vertical shift five units upward Reflection in r-axis followed by vertical shift
5 units upward
7n
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2E. f(x): €f 30. h(*): €)-'
x -2 -l 0 I 2 x -2 -1 0 I 2
4 2 I 3 2
v
2 3 I z !
v 9 3 2 4 4 2 3 9
(a) Asymptote:y - 0 (a) Asymptote:):0
(b) Intercepu (0, 1) (b) Intercept: (0, 1)
(c) Increasing (c) Decreasing
32. g(r) : eY*' 34. f(x): €)-" + 2
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 x -2 -t 0 I 2
t7 7 g 22
L z I 2 2
v 3
v 9 3 2 4 4 2 3 9
(a) Asymptote:):0 (a) Asymptotei!:2
O) Intercepc (0, f) (b) Intercepfi (0, 3)
(c) Increasing (c) Decreasing
38. f(*) : T-l
36. f(*): €)-'
x -2 -l 0 I 2 x -l 0 1 2 3 4
I f (x) 0.25 0.5 I 2 4 8
f (*) 6.25 2.5 0.4 0.16
7D PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
N. f(t) : e-x 42. f(x) - /s-o'Sx
x -3 -2 -l 0 I 2 x -3 -2 -l 0 I 2
f (x) 20.1 7.4 2.',I I 0.37 0.14 f (x) 9.0 5,4 3,3 2 1,2 0.7
4. f(*) : {x-3 + 3 46. 3
x -1 0 2 3 4 5
f (x) 3.(X)4 3.U2 3.25 4 7 19 / \
-t
Asymptote: y = 0
4t. 9
50. 5(t) - 2812' 52. S@) : I * e-x
I 9
I
-12
,./ // \
rl::illl L-_
Asymptote: y : -2 -3 -3
Asymptote: 5 : 0 Asymptote: y : I
54. (a) (b) 3
x -l -0.5 0 0.5 I
| \
f(x) I
S
2 1.4142 0.707 0.5
s@) 4 2 I 0.5 0.25
(If.(t)'forx>o
(i) (if.(i)'forx>o
(ii) (if t(t)'forx<o
800 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
56. (a) --19 58. (a) _-19
\- l
I
I
-2 -2
(b) (b)
x -15 -2 -t -0.2 - 0.1 x -15 -10 -1 -0.1 - 0.01
f (*) 3.93 3.5 3.0 0.61 0.05 f (*) 5.9 5.9 5.1 3.2 3
0,2
x 0 0.01 0,2 I 5 x 0.289 I 4 t0
ln2
f (x) undef. 8 7,4 5.0 4,2
f ('\ undef. 27t5 7.1 6.3 6.1
Asymptote: ! : 4 Asymptote: y : 6
x: ffi:
0.2
o'2885
A
60. (a) 10 62. (a)
A
al
-2 -12
(b) Increasing on (-o, -2) and (0, -) (b) Increasing on (-m, -0.91)
(-2,0)
Decreasing on
(-o'91' oo)
Decreasing on
(c) Relativemaximum: (-2,2.943) (c) Relativema*imum: (-0'910, 13'562)
Relative minimum: (0, 0)
64. P = 1000, r : 6Vo = 0.06,t = l0
n I 2 4 t2 365 Continuous
A 1790.85 1 806.1 1 1814.02 1819.40 1822.03 t822.12
66. P - 1000, r: 6Vo: 0.06,t : 40
n 1 2 4 r2 365 Continuous
A L0,285,72 10,640.89 10,828.46 10,957.45 11,021.00 1 I ,023. l8
68. P = 12,000, r: 6Vo: 0.06, compounded continuously; A: Pen - 12,000e(o'oe)t
t I 10 20 30 40 50
A 12,742.A4 2t,865.43 39,841.40 7 5,595 .77 132,n8.12 241,026.M
E01 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70. P - 12,000, r : 7.5Va: 0.075, A - fZ,OOO(f ..,.
H)tut'
t I 10 20 30 N 50
A 12,934.51 25,402.M 53,771.98 t13,826.52 2&,952.19 510,056.46
72. (a) 500
Conoond
inGrest .
Simple interest
0
o
(b) A : 5@(1.07)'
A : 500(0.07)t + 500
74. P(t): 2500"o'o2e3t 76. Q : Ia(l)'rstto
(a) 1992: P(2) : 2651 (a) O@): lo(t)o : lo grams
1995: P(5) : 2894 (b) QQow): lo(')*/s',o : 7.8s grams
1998: P(8) : J160 (c) o
(b) ?
Ee':
€P 6
fio 4
oE 4{n0 8(xn
m Tlme (in ycrs)
(c) 2ffi5: P(15) ^, 3880
2010: P(20) : 4492
(d) P(15) : 250qeo'v2e3(ts) ^' 3880
P(20) : 2500eo'o2%(n) - 4492
78. (a) T - -1.239t + 73.021 (c) |: 54.438(0.9U)t + Zt
60
80
o
35 0
The temperature decreases at a slower rate (d) The horizontal asymptote of the
as it approaches the room temperafiJre. exponentialisT-0.
(b) T - O.O34P - 2.2Ut + 77.29s
The parabola is increasing when |- 60.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
E0. (a)
T I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v 15,fi)0 11,250 8437.50 6328.13 4746.09 3559.s7 26tr,9.68 2W2.26 1501.69 1126.27
t2. False. e is an irrational number.
E4./(x)=(t.TI and g(x) : eo'S : 1.6487 86. (c) and (d) are exponential functions.
(a) and (b) are polynomials.
(Horizontal line)
j I
4
- I
(a) As x-)o, f(x)-+g(x).
t\ L
(r
\/ +
\ xl)'*
(b) er asr-)oo
8E. /has an inverse because/is one-to-one. 90. .f has an inverse because/is one-to-one.
Y:5x-7 y:1ffi
x:5y-7 x:1ffi
x*7-5y l3-y*8
f-r(*):l@+7) x3 8:y
f-r(*) : x3 8
2*
92. f(x) -- x-7 , 94. f(x) = xz + llx + %t (x+3Xt+8)
Vertical asymptote: :7 x Vertical asymptote: x : -3rx: -8
Horizontal asymptote: ! : 2 Horizontal asymptotes : y:0
Intercept: (0, 0) Intercept: (0, 0)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. logr8l -4 =+ 3a:81 4. logro# : -3 + 10-3 :#
6. logru8:? + l6t1e- 8 t. ln4 : 1.386... ==+ e1.386... - 4
10. 82:@ + logg64:2 12. 9z/z : 27 ==+ logr27 :1
14. l0-3 : 0.001 ==+ logro 0.001 : -3 16. d:4 =+ x: ln4
lE. en : 23,t4. . . =+ tr : ln23.l4 . . . 20. logn P : logn 272/g : ?
22. logz i : logz 2-3 : -3 24. logro0.l : loglo 10-l : -1 26. rc: logr5:1
2t. ln I : lnr 30. logz2-r : x 32. logro 145 : /.161
1:x -l : X
34. logro T: logro QZ.S) 36. tn(..,6 -2)=-1444 3t. ln ,ffi, o' 3.311
- l.w7
40. -3logro0.@:J.137 {2. -5.5 ln34 : -19.395
44,. f(x) : 5', S@) : log, x 46. f(x) : 10", g(x) : logro x
and g re inverses. Their gaphs are reflected about f and g are inverses. Their graphs are reflected about
"f
thelineY:x. theliney:x.
4t. /(x) :
-log, x 50. /(r) : logg@ - l) 52. f(x) : -logr(-x)
Asymptote: x : 0 Asymptote: x : I Asymptote: r = 0
Point on graph: (1,0) Point on graph: (2,0) Point on graph: (- 1,0)
Matches graph (0. Matches graph (e). Matches graph (a).
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. g(x) :
log x 56. /(x) :-logu(x + 2)
Domain: (0, m) Domain: x * 2>O -> x> -2
Vertical asymptote: x: 0 Vertical asymptote: x * 2 : O + x :'2
x-intercepfi (1, 0) x-intercepfi (- 1, 0)
y : logrr :+ Q : x
x t6 1 & 36
v -1 0 I 2
2
y: logr(x- 1) +4 60. f(r): -logr 6 + 2) - 4
Domain: .r - 1>0 + r> 1 Domain: (-2,m)
The domain is (1, @). Vertical asymptote + : -2
VerticalasymptotPi, x- 1:Q ==+ x: I
r-intercept logr(x - 1) + 4: Q x-intercept: logr(x + 2): -4
logr(r-1):-4 x*)-3-+
5-4:x-1 -161
+:r-1 x-- -2+3-4- 81
625
s&!
The r-intercept it ffi, 0).
625
rnrercept: (#,0)
y: log5(x - 1) + 4 =+ 5v-4 11 : x 'x -l 1 7
x 1.00032 1.0016 1.008 1.04 r.2 v -4 -5 -6
v -1 0 1 2 3
t05 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. y : logro(-x) 64. h(x) : * 1) ln(x
Domain: -x>0 + r<0 Domain: x* l>0==+x>-1
The domain is (-@, 0). The domain is (- l, oo).
Vertical asymptote: x : 0 Verticalasymptote: x* 1:Q =+ x: -1
r-intercept logro(-r) - 0 x-intercepfi ln(x * l) : Q
ld: -x eo-x*l
-1 - x l:x*l
fire.r-intercept is (- l, 0). 0:x
Y : logto(-x) + -10 : x The r-intercept is (0, 0).
_l _l
y:ln(x*1)=+ sr- 1-x
JC
100 l0 -1 -10
v -2 -1 0 I x -0.39 0 1.72 6.39 19.09
I v -! 2 0 1 2 3
\. I
\
-3
-a
: l?lnx
66. f(x) - x) ln(3 6g. g(x) - x
Domain: 3 - x>0 + x<3 (a) J
The domain is (-oo, 3).
Verticalasymptote: 3-x -0 =+ rc:3
r-intercepu ln(3 - x) : Q
eo-3-x
N
I
L r||r|.||
l=J-x
,
11
I
2:x (b) Oorn"n: (0, o)
The x-intercept is (2, 0).
(c) Increasing on (0,2.72)
y: ln(3 -x) + x-3-st Decreasing on (2.72, *)
x 2.95 2.86 2.63 2 0,28 (d) Relative maximum: (2.'12, 4.41)
v -3 -2 -l 0 I
a
lttttal r\r
\
a
-1
x
70. f(x) - lnx
(a) J O) Domain: (0, l) (1, oo)
V (c) Increasing on (2.72,0).
tlllrrrrl
Decreasing on (0, 1) (I,2.72)
(d) Relative minimum: (2.72,2.72)
-a
t06 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
72. ltl - 19,440(ln 9 - ln 3) : /1,357 ft - 16
lnk
74' r --
0^055
(a) (b) 50
k I 2 4 6 8 l0 12
t 0 12.6 25.2 32.6 3',1.8, 4l.g 45.2
76.P- L02.303e-o.r37h (b)
h 0 5 10 t5 20
(a) t lo,cxlo
lnP rr.526 10.910 10.056 9.406 8.531
lnP=-0.150h+11.585
13
oL
E
(c) p - e-o.tsoh+11.585 : 107,473.5r-o-r5h (d) Answers will vary.
(a) 45 (c) When x:2,! : L3.126.
Since the rope is 10 feet
long, the third side of the
shaded right triangle is
Jm4r:6.Thus,
the person is at
13.126 + .'56:22.924.
Domain: 0
(b) Asymptote: x:0
(d) p:y* M: 10h(
10+ @1 (e)
The position of the
x) person changes most
at the beginning.
80. Y :80.4
30
- 11 lnx E2. | - r6.6zs
^
(ffi) "' 3o years
84. Total amount : 897.72(30X12) : $323,L79.20
Interest - 323,179.20 - 150,000 - $ 173,179.20
86. False. You would reflect y : 6r in the line y= x.
y(300) : 80.4 1l ln 300 : 17.66 ft3 /min
807 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
EE. (a) False, y is not an exponential function of x. (y can never be 0.)
(b) True, y could belog2x.
(c) True, x could bdZ).
(d) False, y is not linear. (The points are not collinear.)
e0. y - (x - 1) - t(x - 1)2 + itr - 1)3 - ik - l)n 4
The pattern implies that as we take more terms, the graph of h '-
y will more closely resemble that of ln.r on the interval -4
(0, 2).
(\.
-4
92. verticarasymptote: .r = -8 ga.
f@) = ffiy= 6ff;;
Horizontalasymptote: y:0 s
Vertical asymptotes: , : ;, -3
Horizontal asYmPtote: y=0
96. er2 : 162,754.791 9t. e-s : 0.007
Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. f(x) : ln r 4. losz { - i}+ : o:nz 6. logr/e 64 : t"-ql
/ \ logto x
8(r) : ;-
t" l'l\
togrc e \l_/
3 _ ln82 _ _.,e
-ln 8
f(x) -- s@)
8. los,r, (o.ols) :
*P 10. log, ns =
ffi = L637 12. (a) log,x =
ffi
*
\;/
(b) logtx =
= 3.823 H
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. (a) logr/sx:
log'o,f,
- Ilogrox rl.(a)ros,(i) :#
ro'ro (+) rog,o 3
, /l\
(b) losr/g x:jfr:# (b) rog.(i) :++
tn
\rl
18. (a) logz.r x : log,o x
Iogro 7.I
20. f(x) - lo& x:il;
(b) logz.r x:#
--,,.
(
-3
22. f(x): logr /nx: + a- f(r) : logr z4x : lnr
ln L2.4
26.f(x)::our(;) :ffi
'"li/ 3
-lnx
3
tn4
-9
r
-Trr
-3
a
ltl
\
-3
28. logro l0z : logro 10 + logro z : I * loglse 30. logro logro y - logro 2
;:
32. lo& z-3 : -3 log5 z y. lnd: lntr/3: 36. h2:hx*lny-lnz
ilnr z
3E.
\ xr t::ho3- l)lXr- -ln.t'1)l - 40. nlf:'L{)'
^(+)
ilfi
ln x3
1) * ln(x - 1) 3lnx :|ttn f -lny3)
:Ir^nr-3tny)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
It\-
42. 111lll+ ll :hx-tn',ffi. 44. ln'M: ln[x2(x + 2)]rtz
\Jxz : ln[x(x + 2)r/21
: lnx - ln(x2 + l)rtz :lnx*ln(x+2)r/2
: lnr -tLn(r2 + 1) : lnx + lh(x
'z
+ z)
4t, fit' - ,(€\
n:,n\F,l
o
I
4G. loga loga lo96{
7:
: loga xrlz * lo96 y4 - lo96 za l,
lz: ir"x - ln(-r - 2\
: I * 4log6y - 4lo96z
rltll
,logax It: lz -2
50. lny*lnz-lnyz 52. logrS logs t:togri
q
s4. -6loso b - logu(2x) -6 - 56. (, - 4) : logr(z - 4)s/z
""(#) irot
5E. 2ln 8 + 5 lnz : ln 82 + lnes 60. 3 lnx * 2lny - 4 ln z : lnr3 * ln y2 - ln *
: ln 64zs : ln,r3f - ln*
: ,ln-f)P
{
62.4[tn z* ln(z + 5)] -zln(e - 5):4[lne(r + 5)] ln(e - 5)2
: lnlz(z + 5)lo - ln(e - 5)'
. {(, + 5)4
:rn
tsy
64. 2lln x - ln(x * 1) - ln(x - 1)l :
'[r"
: zfrn (x+
1)(r- 1)
tlO PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
G6. lltn(r + t) + zln(r - t)] + 3ln x: l[tn(r + t) * ln(x - t)r] * ln.f
: |1tn(r + lXx - l)rl * ln.f
: ln[(x + lXx - l)zfrtz * h.f
: ln[(x + t)r/z(x - t)] * ln.f
: hlri(x - t)..FiJ
?a
?? 1
6E.
ir" 5t6 -i tn f - ln(5f)3 /2 - ln(tt'1tt+ 70. !r: ln x *|tnO * l)
:ln5g/zP-lnf lz: tn(t{,Fl)
, 5.Rte :
Ir=lz
(
:;:5, -2
72.!r=irn[f(*+l)]
lz: lnr + | h(/ + l)
6
\
I
-8
firey are not equi\xrlent. The.domain of y, is all r€al numbers except 0. The domain of y, is x > 0.
74. lo& li6 = lo& 6r/g : I lo& g - lttl :I 76. logs # - logs 5-3 : -3 logr 5 : -3(1) : -3
?8. loga(- 16) is undefined because - 16 is not in t0. logn 2 * logo32 = logq4r/2 + logn 45/2
the domain of logo x. :tlogo4+|log*+
: l(l) + i(r)
-3
t2' 3rn * t4. lnl:Q
:i,
=i?|,-i
t6. lnIG: ln e3/s: 3 t8. fogr(*) : log, I- log, 15 = Q - (logr3 * logr5)
-1 - logr3
90. logr(42 ' 3n) : logz qz + logr3a 92. logro # : logro #
- 2logz4 + 4logr3 : logro 3 - logro 10
- / logz 22 + 4logr3 : logro 3 logro 102
- !,logr2 + 4log,3 :logro3-2logrol0
- 4 + 4logr3 : logro3 - 2
811 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6
'rt
94. ,ni:
t
tn 6 - ln ez
: [2 _:',"'
96. f(t) :ror0- 15 logro(r+ 1),03t<I2
(a) (b) When | :0,/(0) : 90.
(c) /(6') : 7l
(d) /( L2) : 73
(e) /(r) : 7 5 when t : 9 months.
98. If y : :
aF, then lny ln(ary) : lna * x lnb, 100. f(ax) : f(a) + f(x), a> 0, r > 0
which is linear. If y : then : cx * d, True, because
*, i f(art) : ln (rx -- ln a * ln x
: f(a) *
"f(x).
r02. ffi:rf@);False. 104. If/(x) < 0, then 0 < x < l.
-ffi : ffican't be simplified further. True.
A'6 :hn..,fr = ln xr/z : L2hr = rf})
105. ln2 : 0.6931, ln t : 1.0986, ln 5 ^, 1.6094
ln?: 0.6931
ln 3 : 1.0986
ln4: ln2+ln?:0.6931 + 0.6931 : 1.3862
ln 5 : 1.6094
ln 6 : ln 2 + ln 3 : A.6931 + 1.0986 : 1.7917
ln 8 : ln23 :3ln /:3(0.6931) = 2.W93
ln 9 : ln 32 : 2 ln 3 : 2(1.0986) - /.1972
ln 10 : ln 5 * ln ) : 1.6@4 + 0.6931 : 2.3025
lnl2: ln22 * ln3 - )ln2 * ln J:2(0.6931) + 1.0986 :2.4848
ln 15 : ln5 * ln J:1.6094 + 1.0986 :2.708O
ln 16 : \n2o - 4ln2: 4(0.6931) : 2.7724
ln18: ln3,'*ln2-/ln3 * ln/:2(1.W86) + 0.6931 :2.8903
ln20: ln5 * ln22: ln5 + 2ln2:1.6094 + 2(0.693I):2,9956
10t. Let x : loga z, then u : U and un : W.
loga un : loga b* : nx : nlogu u
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
110. f(x) = -L(.', + 4x) lI2. f(*): -(r + 2)s + I
Intercepts: (0, 0), (2, O) Translation and reflection of Y = f .
114. ?f * 2Ox2 + 50r : Q 116. 9xa - 37xz + 4: Q
Zx(xz + 10x + 25): Q (*r_a)(9x2_1):Q
ZJ(x + 5)2: Q (r - 2')(x + 2)(3x - 1X3x + 1) = Q
x=0r-5r-5 x: *2r!+
1lt. 9xa-226x2+25-0 120. ffiL:6.072
(Jcz-25)(9x2-l):Q
(r - 5Xx + 5)(3x + lX3x - 1) : Q
x : *5, t+
l?:2. l7()(4-r'r) az 36.998 l?A. logro(3) ^, 0.146 r?fi. m(s J7\: 0.856
Section 3.4 Solvtng Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Solutlons to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. /3x+r : 32
(a) x: -l (b) x:2
23(-l)+1 :2-2: i 2t(z)+r:T=l2g
No, x - -t isnotasolution. No, x : 2 is not a solution.
4. -4d-r = -@
(a) )c - 1 * ln 15: -4e0+tnl5)-l : -4dar5 = -4(15) : [email protected].
(b) x:3.7081: -!4p.ta81 -l: -4i2.7otr F -60.Yes.
(c) x: ln 16: -4*16-1 : -23.5 + -60. No.
t13 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
ls \ :/€=)#
6..&\;r/ -)
r"(i . 2o.zurr)
(a) x:20.2882:
#:1.965 +2. No.
(b) x:#' b&(;.#) : roso(36) -- /.Yes.
lq \
rn[f2.2))
(c) x=7.2: +z.No.
-io6-:1.3869
I -,_. \ 5 I
E. cr rn(Z +x):;
itn(z+x):;
(a) x =, eZS - 2: ln(2 + &S - 2): ln e2S : 2.5.Yes.
(b) x:#, t(r.ffi) :2.s-Yes.
(c) * : *,
z\
n(2. i) : o.el63 * z.s.No.
10. /(r) : g(r)
27*-)
nx = /1213
x:?
Point of intersection, G,g)
to
I
f
-2
12. f(x) - Jlogs x : 3. lry
ln5
14. : ln d-2 '= x -
f(x) 2
g(x) - $ g(r):3x*2
Intersection point:
I ./.. e e2, -4)
5 {
/
-e
Intcnsectionpoint (25,6) x-2:3x*2
3lo9r.r=6 -4=2'x
logrx=z x--)1(-2'-4')
x = 52: lJ 1 (25,6\
t14 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. 3" : 243 18.7r:* 20. (}f :32 22. (ir:a
3':35 7x - 7-z (t)': (il-' (ir: (i)'
x:5 x: -2 x=-5 x=3
2,/'rlnx-ln2:O 26. d :2 ?"E. lnx: -1 30. lo&x:3
lnx: ln2 r = ln2:0.693 e-l:x 43:x
x:2 I
, : =r: 0.369 7_@
32. logrox-2-0 34. logro x : -t 36. ln(3x+5):8
logro x: 2 e8_: 3x *5
:10- r/2 :
tG:x 7c -L
"..m rc:|cr - s)
x:100 : 0.31,6
= 991.986
38. ln&-r : ?* - I 40. -l * ln & - -1 + 2x - fu6 - 1
42. -g+dtnf:-8+.f -f 8 44. 65': 3000
ln 6s' : ln 3000
(ft) ln 6 : ln 3000
ln 3000
5r: 1"6
ln 3000
tr: ffi:0.894
46. 4eu : 40
eb:10
?-x: ln 10
x- itn 1o : 1.151
48. : 0.10
4-3t 50. 8-2-r : 431
ln 4-3t : ln 0.10 : -2 - x
logs 431
(-3t) ln 4 - ln 0.10 ln 431
x:-2-logs43L= -o-L - h8 ^, -
4,9L'l
_3t:*P
t- -T9'19:0.554
3ln4
PART III: Solutions to Even-Nu
52. 1000e-+x :'15 54. -14 * 3d = ll 56. eb-5d+6-0
e-$c: t 3d :25 (d-zxd-3):Q
d:+ d:2 or d:3
^"-;:il* lnd: tn? x : ln?: 0.693 or
x: -l tn* :0.648 x: h? : ).L20
x=ln3=1.099
5E.
525
: 275 ('u.%f)":,0
1*e-' 6{0.
1 * e-x:ffi
525 --.+
.f
3rln\r6
o.gzg\ ln30 r
E)=
--: 525 '.-: 250:- l0 ln 30
v=_? 275 275 11 t -- : 3.4012
Itn(r6+T) ffi%l:0.409
-x: hit
x: -rni?: hi*: o.oe5
62. x 1.6 1.7 l.g 1.9 2.0 il. x 0 I 2 3 4
f(x) 24.53 29.96 36.60 44.70 54.60 f(x) 2W 292 352 381 393
76 400
/
-c J,, ./ :
x : 1.956 x : I.g4;
66. 4-r/z : 0.10 6E. 8(l0i : 12 70. 8(lo-'; - g
The r.ero of y - {-x/2 - 0.1 is The zero of y = 8(109 12 The zero of y - 8(lo-'; - 40
x: 3.322. is x= 0.059. is r = 4.535.
72.
. 2.47r\e, :2r
|
74.#o-7
\4- 40 )
3.939225et : 2l
The zero of y : 119
-7 isx:0.572.
The zeto of y : 3.938225e' - 2l is f: A.247. e6x - 14
t16 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
76. f(x) - Jt3x/2 -'962 78. h(t) : - 8 80. lnx : /
"o'r25t
The zero is x : 3.847. The zero ii r o' L6.636. eb' : e2
10@ 11 x: e2 :7.389
/
,,J
raa
-1100 -11
82. ln4r:1 E4. 2lnx : '7 86. logro,r2:6
,ln4x - el lnr :l 10log,o *- 106
4x- e
x: e7/z :33.115 o.=l%:
e rlooo
x - i- 0'680
88. 4 logro(r- 6) : 11 90. h..,FE:5
log,o(r-6)=+ |tn1'-8)-J
1011/4:x-6 ln(x-8):10
x:6+ l}rr/4:568.34I elo:x-8
x:8 *ero:22,034.466
92. ln(x2+1)-8 94. logg x * : log, 8r
logr(xz - 8)
*.::h:'*54s8e logr[x(x2 - 8)] : log, 8x
x(xz-8):8x
f - l6x: Q
x(x*aXt-4\ -0+ rc:0,t4
The solution is x - al* = 0, -4 extraneous].
96. ln(x * 1) ln(x - 2) : ln x2 9t. logro4x - logro(tz + -n -)
hf"*l\:tnr ,4x
---\r 2l
-
logro
nftx:z
4x
*:::-2*
ffiE:rG:1oo
4x- 1200+ 100..6
0:.f-?*-x-1 : -,fr
From the graph, we have x : 2.547.
x - 25..fr - 300 Q Quadratic in
r 25t 25 r.M
'/x: 2
Taking the positive root, and squarin5, x : 1L46.5.
Et7 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
100. 102.
x 4 5 6 7 8 x 150 155 160 165 t70
f(x) 8.99 9.66 L0.20 10.67 I 1.07 f(x) 10.85 10.92 10.99 I 1.06 1 1.13
12
-.t-
'/
I
tll
f,.rrrrrrrrrrr
0
x = 5.606
104. Solvin g y -- logro x2 - 4- 0, r: f 100 1.06. Solvingy : ln4x - 3: 0, x: 5.V21
108. logzx * logr(x + 5) : logz(x + a) 110. ln.rr * ln(x' + 4) - 10
logr(r(x + 5)) : logzft + a) SolvingY : lnx * ln(x2 + 4) 10 : 0,
x(x + 5) : x + 4 x : 27.984
x2+5x:x*4
x2+4x-4:0
x : 0.828 (- 4.828 is extraneous)
ll2. !t: -4 ll4. !r: 500
lz: -3'+t - 2 lz: l!Ne-'/z
qp
The graphs intersect at (x, y) : (-0.369, -4).
I \,,
lz
\
\-
It
-200
-7
From the graph, we have (r, y) : (2.197,500)
116. h: l0 118. (a) r:0.12 o) 3000 : 1000e0'1?
lz:4 ln(x - 2) A- Pen 3: go'r2t
t8 2000 : 196910'r? :
ln 3 O.l2t
)r
Z - eo.t2t
ln3
ln2: ln ,o'r2t '
I
6 ln? : 0.12t
o.l2
f : 9.2 yearc
ln2 _]
-3 l
From the graph, we have (r,y) ^, (14.182, 1o). o.l2
t : 5.8 years
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
rzo. p -##-
(a) (c) When P - @7o or P :0.60:
0.83
0'60:1*r-n*
I + e-o'b: ffi
o'83
o-o.h -
'e 0.60-
I^
O) Horizontal asymptotes: y 0, Y :
0.83 :
!
\o.oo- I
The upper asymptote, = 0.83, indicates rn e-o.h: h/9'!3 1\
^
that the proportion of correct responses
will approach 0.83 as the nunrber of trials
increases. -0.2n: h(ffi- t)
n:-{ffi,-') : J trials
rzz.p=sooo(r -#)
(a) \Vhen p: $600: (b) lVhen P:
,*(,-#)
$400:
\'
4oo:sooo(r -#
O.l2:lI -
4
0.08 : 1
4+ e-o.w2x 4 + e-o.wb
4 4
@=o'88 @:0.92
{- 352 + 0.88 e-o.wzx 4- 3.68 +0.92e-o'w?3
0.48 : 0.88 e-o'w?a O.32 : Q.9\e-o'oozr
6
': e-o'w?s
8:
e-o'fx)zrc
11 23
,6
tni: 1n"-o'oo?'x ,8
ln-: ln e-o'w2x
ZJ
.6 :
to
,, = -0.002r x - tn(8/231
,ffir, 528 units
x : "{u1=t=t) : 303 units
0.002
124. /S : 68(10-o'on, 126. (a) y : 21..37 - 78.58 ln x
IVhen N : 2L: )=-3+ll.E8lnx*t#
2l : 68(10-o'04',)
- 78.58 ln.r
2l :' y =21.37
1g-o'o4x
68
2r
logro
A: -0.04x
i- / 68)
: 12.7 6inches Answers will vary.
x: oo4 -l' (b) Graph the models together with y : 30. they
-loe(2L
intersect at y : 1.2 and 0.9, respectively.
1.2 meters, 0.9 meters.
Answers will vary.
E19 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
l?8. True
130. Yes. The doubling time is given by 132. f(*) : 3"+3 - 5
2P : Pen
2:en
ln2- ft
r:ln2
r
The time to quadruple is given by
4P: Pen
4:en
ln4: ft
t: ln4
r
_1n22 _21n2 :21141
r r LrJ
which is twice as long.
134. f(*) = -Y+z - 6 L36. logr.ll' :
ln l=1
ln7 ^'
!.232 138. loss g :i# : 0.815
v
Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models
Solutions to Even-Numbened Exercises
2. Y - $s-x/a 4. y : 3e-k+zY/s 6. I: J-
r -e-b
This is an exponential decay
Gaussian model
model. Matches graph (e). Logistics model
Matches (a)
Matches (f)
8. Linear model 10. Exponential model 12. Logistics model 14. Linear model
16. vI 18. Iogarithmic model
E20 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. Since A=20,0ffid'1o5',thetimetodoubleis 22. SinceA = 10,000e'1.andA = 20,0(X)whenr:12,
given by 40,000 = 20,000d'1st, and we have we have
r= : 6.60 years. 20,000 : 10,000er2'
#A 2 - er2r
emountaae. lo years:
A = 2o,61616g.roi(ro) = $57,r53.o2 , =Y = o.os776 or 5.78%
After l0 years, A - l0'000s(o'05??5)t0 : $17,81?.57.
Z. Since A=ffiOen andA: 1505.00whenf = 10, 26. Since l- psp'o8t andA:20,000whent:10,
we have we have
20,000-p'o'oa(to)
rs0s.00=600€,(,Q) ) y=*(:ffi#)
: o'@,2 9'2%
u
P=
ffi: $8e86'58'
The time to double is given by
Doubling time: 1200 : ffi{ ln2
t: U'ooYears'
2: { 006'=
ln2= ln2
t =; ffi,:7.5 years
28. : P(l + r)'
3P (a) r 2% 4% 6Vo 8Vo lOVo 12%
3- (l + r), ln3
t-ln(l+r) 55.47 28.01 18.85 t4.27 I 1.53 9.69
ln3: ln(l + r)'
ln3 : tln(l + r) (b) 60
o
ln3 _ -.
ln(l + r)
I
30. 3 32.
I
: Cek06n) 54. 2C
'z
: 9r!{?4,360)
,C
ln 0.5
n,_-
ln 0.5
- k - 1620
- 24,3,60
Given y:
1.5 grams after Given y : 0.4 gfams after
1000 yffirs, we have 1000 years, we have
1.5 : Cet$"o.sr/rc2n[(loo0) 0.4 = Cel0no.sr/24,3661(t00o)
; the graph ,sr%com- Q :2.3O grams. Q :0.41 grams.
pounded daily gro\rys faster than
6% simple interest.
36. P - 240,3ffito'or2t
275,W0 - z&,3@eo'ora
, 27,500
\"ffi:0.Ol2t
r _ln(27,500/24,036) _ ll
0.012
The population will reach 275,W in 201l.
821 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. L997: t:0;2020: y: ae
t:23. Model
(a) Crcatia: For | - 0, 5.0 : aeb(o) : a
For t- 23,4.8:5.Oeb(23!. -+ b:*'"(1*) :- 0.00177
: 5.0e-0'Oor77t
y
In 2030, 1 : 33 and y : 4.7 million.
Mali: a:9.9.For l- 23,20.4:9.9e23(b) + b - 0.0314
y : 9.9C0'o3r4'
ln 2030, t : 33 and y : 27 .9 million.
Singapore: a : 3.5. For t - 23, 4.3 : 3.5t23b =+ b : 0.00895
ln 2030, g : 33 and y : 4.'l million.
Sweden: a:8.9.For t-23,9.5: 8.9e23b =+ g - 0.00284
In 2030, 1 : 33 and y : 9.8 million.
(b) D gives the growth ra!e.
(c) The negative value for D (Croatia) indicates that the population is decreasing.
40. N - Zl0ekt 42. y:C&
280 : 250st0oy I
;C : g"s73ok
, ln l.l2 z
K-
lo ,l,nr: 573Ok
N - 250et@r-t2)/rolt
500 : 25}e[Qnr.r2)/ro} , ln(l /2)
ln2 K: s?n
f_ : 61'16 hours
(ln L.r})/ 10 The ancient charcoal has only 15% as much radioac-
tive carbon.
0. 15C : Cet(t"o.s)/573olr
lno.t5:HO
ln o'15
| :5730 ^' 15,683 years
ln 0.5
44. (a) V-mt*b
Y(0):4600-+ b- 4600
V(2) : 3000 ==+ 3000 :' m(2) + 4600 =+ m: - 800
l/ - -800r + 4600
(b) v - a4'
Y(0):4600-+ a:4600
v(2) :3000 -) 3000 - 46ffie2k :=+ ft -;h(#) : -0:137
v - 4ffioe-o.2r37t
-CONTINUED-
t?:2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
44. _CONTIhIUED-
(c) uP
The models depreciae the same in 2 years.
(d) Linear: V(t):3399
V(3):226
Exponential: Y(t) : nA.92
Y(3) = A22'88
(e) The slope of the linear model, -800, is the annual decrcase in book value.
46. S: l0(l - €t")
r = 5 (in hundrcds), S = 2.5 (in thousards)
(a) 2.5 = l0(1 - cw')
0.25:l-dL
esk = O.75
5ft = ln 0.75
k = -O.O575
s=10(1 -e-osnsx)
O) lVhenx = 7,,S = 10(l - e-0'qn5o) = 3.314
which corresponds to 3314 units.
4t. p(t)
I + ge-ur6s6t looo
(a) rM (b) P(s) -l* * zo3 animals
9e_o.r65E
1000
(c) 500:6
I *9e-o.r656t-/
9"-O.1656t : 1
The horizontal asymptotes are y $ and : e-o.t65o : 1
:
y 1000. The asymPtote with the larger 9
p-value , !:
1000, indicates that the populatibn
t- -':\Vl :13 months
size will approach 1000 as time increases. 0.1656
50. R - logro +:logro/since Io:1.
rg
(a) : logro /
8.6 G) 6.'l : logto /
108'6 : | ^' 398,107,171 106'7 - | o, 5,01 1,872
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
s2. sr)- to*,(*) =
lo"r,(mh)
(a) B(to-3'5) : to tog,effi) = ,o log,o(ld's) = t0(8.5) = 85 decibels
(b) p(10-3) = to t*,'ffi) = tot ) = eo dccibels
(c) p(10-r'5) = tot"t,r(ffr) = 10(10'5) = l05decibels
I :
B=lo',sgro Io 55. 5.8 -logro[H*]
10-5'8 : H+
loe/ro = +
to H+ : 1.58 x 10-6 moles per liter
|- Io lga/rc
vo decrease =
ro 108-8 : Io l0?'2 l0o 97%
/o lga'a "^. =
5t. pH-l=logro[H*]
-(PH- l):logro[U*]
lg-(pH- r) : tH*]
lg-pn+t : [H*]
lg-pn.l0=[H*]
The hydrogen ion concenfiation is increased by a factor of 10.
o.o'l5t
60. u -120,000f
L
(a)
(b) From the graph, when r = 120,0(X), t o 21.2 years. Yes, a mortggge of approximately 37.6 ycars will result
in about $240,000 of interest.
62. (0,4) + a=4 il' Y=a&'
(5, l) + I -{sb(S) ==+ b-*m(i) I -as\(q + I ='a
: -lln !, : -0.2773 I:
db(3)
y: 4"-o'?it73x 4
/l\ = 3b
,t"\o/
'0/0-
3
[ + t:-0.4621
Thus,
y= g-O'4621x.
E24 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
66. (a) Linear Model: V - 21,263.81 1059.86r
Quadratic Model: V - 73.15P - 1428.61t + 21509.64
V =73.75P - 1428.6t + 21,510
(b) The slope represents the average depreciation per year.
(c) No, it will ultimately rise to the right.
(d) Model : V : 2r,345.69(0.9 4487)t
".rr::ntial
15,000
The model fits well.
(e)
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
4.587 5.120 5.206 5.573 5.841 6.2t9 x 10-s
v
I + 3.054 x 10-6r
4.661 x 10-s
v
I 10e
v x l0-5 + 3.054 x 10-61 46610 + 3A54t
4.66L
29,000 Fits well.
150q)
(0 V - 0. As time increases, the value approaches zeto.
68. (a) Exponential Model: y : 31.432(1.030)t 70. (a) h - 0 is not in the domain of the logarithmic
function.
(b) 55
o
(b) fu - 0.863 - 6.447 ln P
o
(c)
O o
a
17
38
1.2
(c) For 2005, r - 25 and y : 62.9 million (linear "-,E
model) and y :65.8 million (exponential
model). (d) rfp : 0.'15, then ft : 2.'12 kilometers.
(e) nh : 13, then p : 0.15 aftnosphere.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
72. (a) !r: 6.091x * 49.115 (b) 1@ r€0
o
lz: -40.733 + 66.366lnx
ls : 65.046(1.053)'
17
80 80
(c)
l-lr (y - h)2 (y - yr) (v - h)2 (y - yt) (y - h)2
7 - r.752 3.0695 r.5907 2.5304 -3.373 tt.37 4
8 0.257 .06605 0.8288 0.6869 -0.2213 0.0490
9 2.766 7.6508 1.612 2.598s 3.1677 10.034
10 r.475 2.r756 -0.58M 0.3368 2.4805 6.1527
11 1.084 t.t75l - 1.206 r.4538 2.4024 5.7717
12 - 1.107 1.2254 - 3.08 9.4883 0.2182 0.w16
13 - 1.798 3.2328 -2.992 8.9546 - 0.7886 0.62185
t4 - 5.089 25.898 -5.r11 26.t19 - 4.735 22.419
15 o.a2 0.0004 1.51 1 2.2917 - 0.6397 0.4090
l6 4.129 17.M9 7.427 55.166 2.0809 4.3303
(d)
Sum (y - y,) Sum (y - h)2 Sum A - yr) Sum (y - h)2 Sum (y - yr) Sum (y - h)2
- 0.015 61.54 - 8.2 x 10-s r09.62 0.594 61.21
Models y, md y, seem best.
(e) The sums represent the sum of the errors and the sum of the squares of the errors, which is more useful.
74. False. The domain could be all 76, True. For the Gaussian model, 78. False. It is shifted vertically
real numbers. v upwards 5 units.
E0. Line with intercepts (5,0) and 82. Line with intercepts (2,0) and 84. Vertical line. Matches (a).
(0,2). Matches (c) (0,4). Matches (e). Intercept (- 2, O).
86. * 8 -36 54 -27 E8. -5 100 -3 1
12 -36 27 -5 25 - t25 640
8 -24 18 0 I -5 25 -r28 64r
8rP-36x2*54x-27 xa-3x+ I ? <_2)_o
x-z 3 -8x2-24x*18,x+1 x*3-:x3-5x2*25x-128+tr
90. f(x): -2x-r I 92.f(x): -3x+4 y
E?6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Review Exercises for Chapter 3
Solutions to Even-Numbened Exercises
2. (6240)r/5 : 5.742 4. 136(5-t't) :23.156 6. f(*) : 4-'
Intercepfi (0,1)
Horizontal asymptote: .tr-ods
Decreasing on: (-o, oo)
Matches graph (0.
8. "f(x) : 4* * 1 10. /(x) : {-x+ t
Intercepfi (0, 2) Intercepu (0,4). Decreasing. Matches (c).
Horizontalasymptotei y = I
Increasing on: (-rc, o)
Matches graph (a).
12. f(x): 0.3' : ffif 14. g(x) : 0.3-'
x -2 -1 0 I 2 x -2 -l 0 I 2
v
!@
9
!a
3
I _3-
l0
2_
100 v 0.09 0.3 I 3+ rli
lt. f(*) - ! - e-x-2;Horwontal asymptote: y :
16. f(r) = d+2; y - s! shifted to left 2 units 3
20. f(x) : 6e-3/',, > 0; Horizontal asymptote: y : 6 22. h(*) : Lz(I I s-x/z)
20
WI PART I: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
24. f(x): -ge-a/' 26.f(x): - I +4-x
L2
\-
l
-fO
5
I
.a ltttaaa
f
Asymptotes: y: -8, r: 0 -10
Asymptotes: }: 0, y - -12
28. q6 :9.356 30. -lt-3/5 : - 0.915
92.2oo,ooo : ,(r+ o'lo\t"
\ L2 I
P - I, 2ooiOry
g.1g\r2'
l1 +
\ 12 I
--l
t I t0 20 30 40 50
P $181.042.49 $73,88l.3g $27,292.30 $10,08 L.g7 $3724.35 $1375.80
34. Y - 28eo'6-o'ol2s, s>50 36. 35 = 243
.t 50 55 60 65 70 logr 243 - 5
v 28 26.4 ?4.8 23.4 22.O
l2-t : #, 40. logrl : Q
be,,(#) : -1
42. lo& 10^4 : lo& 45 : 5logn4 : J 44. logro0.00l = logro l0-r = - 3
6. S @) : logsft - 3). Vertical asymptote: .r : 3 45. f(r) : logs @ + 2) - 3. Vertical asymptote:
x: -2
x 3.2 4 8 28
v -1 0 I 2
x - 1.9 -l 3 23
v -4 -3 -2 -l
-34-r t234567
-2
-l
-2
-3
4
-5
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
50. /(r) = ln(r - 3) 52. f(x) : iln r
Domain: (3, m) Dornain: (0, o)
Verticalasymptots x:3 Vertical asynptote: x : 0
x 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 x !
2
I I2 2 5
v 3
v -0.69 0 0.41 0.69 o.g2 v -0.17 0 0.10 0.1'l o.23 0.27
-l -l
4 4
-3 -3
-f -f
-5 -5
14 ln.r
54. Y=-zlogto(4-x2) 56. Y:;.Domain:x
7
aat
\ ,r/
lll
N
l. . r
-{
-7
Domain: (- 2,2)
5t lnl : Q
60. -|tor-to/u : -l(-it) : li
G4. .!E19 L
togrpl: logro( : -),.322
) | /2)
x W) 11'4)
(ff\. (a) ftot,o(5.623 =
3tor. Q.aT9 x lo23) - 11.4)
1.07 log1p|:
ffi: -2.322
x Lw) - 11.4)
fOoar(6.310 : l.0l
(b)
x W) 11.4)
3tor,o(4.467
x w) 11.4)
(c) 3tor,o(4.467 : 1.10
x to2t) ll.4)
3tot,o(3.981
PART I: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
66. logr O.2g:
ffi"'-1.159
loss0.28:t#--1.159
6t. ln45 - 2ln3 : ln(5 . 9) - 2ln3 : ln5 * ln9 - ln9 : ln5
70. t"(il : ln2 - I'r5 :iln4 - ln5 72. : tosrz"S - log6e - llogr5 - zlog6 3
""(?) :2(0.8n 1) 2(0.596) :
- 0.525
74. loga3O : logup r J o 5) : loga 2 + logr3 * logr5
: 0.3562 + 0.5ffi + 0.8271 : 1.7479
r:
76. logzt-logz fi-togr4 7E. tl#l : hlx - rl - rnfx * rl
: logz xuz - logT 4
: I, x - logr 4
rlogz
*. r^ffi= i"ffiJ :
|rnt+,r - r) - |r't+* * i
= + Lr(b- t)l - rol+rr * ry
]rn1zr f
= + t) + tn(b - l) - h(ari + l)l
lr,r"
t2. lo6y - 2ro4z - tog"*
I "o,
^oi
t4. 5lnl.r - 2l - lnl.r + 2l - 3lnlrl = lnl.r - 215 - lnl.r + zl - lnl.rl3
:,1ffi1
E6. 3[nx - zln(*+ l)] + 2ln5 =ln.t' - ln(f + t)c a 652
. 2sf
:m1"z1f
SE. /(0) : 85 14 log,o(O + 1) : 85 90. 3" : 729 : 36 +x: g
f(4) : 85 14 log,o(+ + r) : 75
The average score fell l0 points.
triO PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
y2. ff-2 = 1296- $a1t- 2= 41y= $ 94log,?A3 = 5:+.t' =/{l = 35=:es = 3
96. & =E 9t l4€p*+2:560
lnek = ln25 &+2=N
3x = l1-?S lnd"+2 = ln40
ln25 3x*2 = ln40
':T= l'ul3 (ln4o) - z _ 0.563
,=
'3
100. er - 28 = -8 lt2. 2(12,): 190
d = ?.O lT:95
x = ln20 = 2.996 xlnl2 = ln 95
': il?; = r.833
104. e?x-6d+8-0 106. ln5x : 7.2
(e - +\(e - 2): Q 5x : it'z
d:4 or d:2 x - *a., :267.886
x:ln4 or x:ln2
x:1.386 x:0.693
10t. 4ln3r = 15 11O ln..FE' = 3
tn3x:E ltn(r+8)=3
ersl4
3x -- ln(.r + 8) = 6
x:!4s/n*L4.174 xt8=6
x:d-t:395.429
ll2. lnx - ln5 - {,
-4
''(;)
4:Ls
x :, 54 : n2.991
114. logro(x + 2) - logro x: logro(x + 5)
lx + t\ :logrs(x+5)
,toe"(T/
x+2:Jc+5
x
.r+/-x2+5x
Q: x2+4x-2
x: -Z x. 6 F2 - ,re exfianeous)
x: -2 + &: O.Mg
ffil PART I: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
116. logro(-x - 4) - /
-x-Q,-lG:100
-x - 104
x=-104
118. P:500-0.54'n)4:
(a) P :450 (b) P = 400
450:500-0.5e0.fi)4: 400=500-0.54.m4r
0.5e0.004r : 50 0.5e0.004r : 100
4pomx - 100, gO.N,4x :2ffi
0.004x : ln 100 0.004r : ln 2W
x: 1151 units x = 1325 units
l?,0. y : 4&/3 Intercept (0, 4) Increasipg. Matches (b). 122. !: 7 log(x + 3). Vertical asymptote: x -- -3,
decreasing. Matches (d).
lA- y: #. logisticsmodel. Matches (c).
t
lzli. 2p : p$zfi,fito)
z
t
lV:25O,(X)0&=+
2so,ooolc= ' - -l|$^:-z.77xlo-6
ls - ?cr
73#'p*
A(5000) - ik{ffit. : 0.986, or 98.6Vo remains
/ r\
l?t. (a) ft: loSto(6): log,o(I)==r I - lOR
(a) | : 108.4 : 251,188,643
O) | - 106'85 :7,W9,458
(c) | : 10e.r ^, I,258,925,412
(b) Average score is 71,. (x-value of murimum)
132. Y : a&'
/-aA@==+a=2
1= /sp(r+, : db+ 5b= ln I + | -l tnl : -* rn / = _0.13g6
Y- 2t-o'l3t6x
134. y : a&'
4-adb(o):a ==+ a-4
I
-2 : 4Cb(s)
I
-:db
8
I:
lo;85 ln8 * :
5b -> $- -- -0.4159 --+y 4e-o.4r5ex
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
136. (a)
138. ;.-I : ir . e-r = !
gt- e
True (by properties of exponents).
E€
uE
il
=E*
€rm
t
'""., (o t+ l99o)
(b) p - l8l2.i(1.076)'
140. ln(x + Y) : ln(x ' Y) False. !42. False. The domain of/(x) : lnx is x > 0.
ln(r' Y) : ln x * lnY * ln(r + Y)
CHAPTER 4
Tligonometric Functions
Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure . . . . t34
Scction 42 Circle
Thigononrtric Functions: The Unit .... . E38
Section4S RightTriangleTrigonometry ....U2
Section 44 Trigonomefiic Ftrnctions ofAnyAngle . .Wl
Section 45 Crraphs of Sine and Cosine Function . . . . t55
Scction46 CtraphsofottrerTrigonometricFunctions . . . . .Edi
Scction 4.7 Functions
Inverse Trigonometric . . YrO
Section 4E Applications and Models . . .g76
Review Exercises . E83
833
CHAPTER 4
Tligonometric Functions
Section 4.! Radian and Degree Measure
Solutions to Even-Numbened Exencises
2. L Theangleshownis The angle shown is
\ approximately 5 radians. approximately -4 ndians.
\
\
\t
+
6. (a) Since
+ .T .Zr,+hes in Quadrant IV. (b) Since
+ .# .3r,+iesinQuadrantll.
7T
(a) Since -; (b) Since - T < -2. -It- -Z lies in Quadrant III.
A. 3n (b) Since - rr < -2.25 <
10. (a) Since
T .5.63 <2r;5.63 lies in Quadrant IV. -;, -2.25 lies in Quadrant ltr.
12. (a)-7r
4
o)+
14. (a) 4 o) -3
15. (a)
+ *2rr
19Er
6
o) -+*2'-:X
+-2t : 5r
6
-+-zr: 23rr
834
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
8t r| ^__ 78n
lE (a)
+*2r:T /r^\
(D'
35
zt: 35
qr 8n ,,
-9rr - ztr: -
7 62rr
T-2t: f 35 -33-
20. (a) complemenr
t - #--# O) Complement does not exist
Supplementin-V:#
Supplement: qr - #: V
22. (a) Complement does not exist. (b) Complemenfi
t - 1.5 : 0.0708
Supplemenfi rr - J:0.1416
Supplement: r - 1,.5 : l.@16
24. \ The angle shown is 26. / The angle shown is
approximately t20". / approximately -300o.
\
L L /
/
\.-/
?8" (a) Since 0" (a) Since -27t
(b) Since 180" lies in Quadrant II.
Quadrant m. (b) Since - 90o
Quadrant IV.
34. (a) - 450"
fi. (a) ll4o + 36f : 474o 38. (a) -Mso + 720' : 275"
114" - 360o : -246" -445"*360':-85"
(b) -3q)" *72O" = 330" O) -740" + 1080' : 340"
-390o * 360o : -30" -740"*720":-20'
40. (a) Complemenfi 90" - 87" : 3o (b) Complement none (t6l'
Supplemenfi 180" - 87" = 93" Supplemenfi 180" - t67" : 13"
42. (a) Complemenfi none (130' (b) Complement none (170"
Supplemenfi 180o - 130" : 50o Supplemenfi 180" - 170" : 10"
E36 PART III:"Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
44. (a) 3l5o: rrr{r#J :T 6. (a) -270o: -270"(1f,J: -T
O) r2oo: tr"(*?i :T o) r44o:t*"(t#) =
+
4E. 83.7o : 83-7'(#) "' l-461 radians 50. -46.520 = -46.52" (#) ^' -0.812 radians
l',r\
52. O.il' = o.S+ffi = 0.009 radians s4. 395' = 395o (#) - 6.894 radians
50. (a) 7t -f;:l
t"/ry) =-ro5o
, t st.c)+=+(#) =45r
o);=f(#) =r' o)?28n=t(?/
28al18tr\
=33c
n. Y= !g
---13 1/1q) o
13\r/ fio.76r 62. -'\rl
6.str = 6.5.ofw) : llTr
il. 4.s- 4.8(+t) -2it5.a2ff G6. -0.48 = -0.48(#) * -27.5v2"
6& (a) n5? lO' : 2i15" + ffi' - TI5o + 0.16l' = ?il5.l6t"
(b) 9'12'= 9o f (#)' = g" + O.2o = 9.?i
70. (a) -125"36"= -125"'- (#)" = -125" - 0'01": -125.01'
(b) 330" 25o:330" + (#fu)'^'330" + 0.00694 - 330.00694" ^'330.ggr7o
72. (a) -345.12o = -345o 7' 12" (b) 3l0.75o : 310' 45'
74. (a) -0.355 : -0.355(*) (b) 0.786s : 0.78*fl!97
\nl
- -20.34 : 45.0631
: -(20" + (0.34X60')) : 45o + (0.0631X60)
: -(20' + 20' + 0.4(60")) : 45o + 3' + 0.786(60')
: -20" 20'2A', : 45" 3'47'
76. s=r0 7t. s=r0
3l: 120 6O = 750
e =#= 2rzzradians e:#: f radians
Because the angle r€er€sentcd is clockrvise, this
angle is -f
raAians.
t0. ^r105
0=;:;= 82. r= SOkilometers,s: l6Okilometers
frradian
0=8; = 160
g0
: zraolans
837 PART III:, Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
E4. r:9feet, e- 60o:? 86. r =40 centimeters, 0 =
+
s : ro -\rl : jtrrwt
:9fg\ 'l
s = ro:ooH :3oncentimeters
t& r = 4000 miles 90. r = 6378 kilometers, s : 8(X) kilometers
0 : 3lo 4'l' + ?6o lO' = 57o 57'
=l.O1radian e=;=# =o.r25radians=o.trt(1!{)
s = r0 = (4{f00X1.011) = 4e44 ndlst
=7.1f
s r?'
9L0:;:7=r.,4radians : 2.4f180") :
\tt t37.s"
g4. Linear sDe,ed = ! - f0 - (gw +-!250)2T : l70n * 534.U7
tt90
96. (a)
ffi =# = gorevfw (b) Radius of saw btade :
T: r.rrrn.
Angular speed = Qd@O) = ffl.r:tad/w Radius in fe,et : 0.3125 ft
m:
SPeed: l=4=
ttt '9
: r(angularspeed)
: 0.3125(S0t) = 78.54ft/se*
9E (a) Arc length of larger sprocket in feet: s = r0 = =!W,
@O-l
The angle 00f the smallef sprocket i, = = nr.
a
i = ffi
The arc lengrh of tbe tire is s = r0 = (OJ*" =
ffro.
soeed = -
q ft l4n''
(14213)
' t lr* =-l-*"o
o) (T"'*)(3600 scc/hr)(,#) = romi/hr
lfX). No, - 12ffi is cotcrrrinal with 180o t:UL. lf 0 is constant, the length of the arc is
proportional to the radius (s = r0), and hence
increasing.
104. Let A bc the area of a circular sector of radius r and central angle 0. Then
A 0 + A=jr70'
r_
1fr- z,t
-=- a
106. Becauses = r0, e= E. Hence,A =1120 = |tSz(ft) = 90ft2.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
110.
ll2. ll4.
Section 4.2 lbigonometric Functions: Ihe Unit Circle
Soludons to Even-Numbcrtd Exerclscs
2. (x,y)= F3,+) 4. (x,y) : (
\n'13 I \ 5' s)
sin f : y : sinf : y: -i
5
13
cosl-- r:13t2 cosl--x:-!
y slri
tant==L-':-
s
tant:::#:1
x 12/13 12
csct:-ll13
y s/13 s csct:i:+:-;
sect: -
1113 secr:l- I :-:
x 12/ 13 L2 x -4/5 4
x r2/r3
cott: - - -s
12
cott:;:#=:
y s/r3 s
6. t::=+ (1,+) 2{ (_A _.E\
o _sr +\-t,-Tl
u.r:4
ro. | : +coresponds
to (i, -+) 12. l: fi =+ (-1,0)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. r : rort"sponds to the point: 16. | : -Xcoresponds to thg point:
f
(r,y): (i,g (x,y): (*,_*)
.rr y:
sm]: 6 .l zr\ y: -TO
$n\-7):
2
nl
cost:*:, I
cos\-T)-
zr\
x:
O
2
ny6/28
t"nt:;:@:,/3 ,l''\-7) :;=-6--
*\ v -{z/z -r.
4r I t J3\
lt. | : -;coresponds to (-;,; ) ?,0. r-
+coresponds. (i, -+)
sinr :;=+ sinr : y: -+
1
: *:, I
cos t- JC: -, cosl
v
tant:f,: _.,n tant:L:x -6
t - -2n colresponds to the poinfi (r, y) : (1, 0) 24. t:+corresponds r" ( -+,il
sin(-2er):y:Q
: x: I
cos(-Zr) sint:y:*
tan(-Zqr)-Y:9-0
xlv cosl:x:-'6' 2
vl
fant: -:
x6
I
csct =:v - /
12
sect:-:xJ3
cotf :-:x -6
v
3n 3r
|: : l) 28. | - -; corresponds to (0, 1)
2,(;.
T cofiesponds to the point: (*, y) (0, -
.3Tr-' Y: sint : y: I
sin
T: -l cosl-x:0
3r tant :: undefined
cos
T: r: 0
3n:Y -1 + undefined
tanV:;: csct:
t
I
- 0 t:
3rl1
cscT:r:J=-l sect:;
1
undefined
3rr1l cotf :',r:o
sect=;=;+undefined
3ox0
cot;:;: J =Q
t40 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
30. Because 5rr : 4rr * rr: 32. Becau t+ -- 2r +
Xl
cos5rr= cos(4zr+ d:cos7r- -l
sinT: . l^ * t\
_r_9n _ sin\Zn _
=
. jr O
sm;:
i) 2
34. sin(- 3d : sin r = 0 36. Because -T = -4n ++,
| 8zr\ |
cos\-i)= cos\ -4r * +)
"4rr
= cosT
:' I
2
3E. sin( - t): 18 40. cost- -73
(a) sinf : -sin(-t) : 3
(a) cos(-t : cos | : _1
8
4
I : 8
(b)'csc t- =t,'. = : -j . 14
sin(r) - sin(- r) 3 (b) scc(-|
cos(-r) cost 3
a. cost: 45 44. tun4: r.732r
.J 46.cot1:tantr:0.il2!
I
(a) cos(er - t) : -cos ! : -I 5
(b) cos(r + n) : -cos | : _I
5
1
48. cos(-2.5): -0.8011 50. sec1.8 --:cos 1.8 -4.4014 52. sin(-0.9) o, -0.7833
54, (a) sin 0.75 : Y = 0.7 56. (a) sin t : -0.75
(b) cos2.5:x: -0.8 | :4.0 or t : 5.4
o) cos | : 0.75
t: 0.72 Or t ^o 5.56
58. At t : L.4, | = 5e-2(t'+) sin L.4 : 0.2996 amperes
60. y(t) : le-, cos 6r
(a) When f : 0: y(0) : f,e-o cos Q
: 0.2500 foot
O) t:
When It y(i) = I"-rl+ cos(6 ' l) o' 0.0138 fmt
(c) \Mhen t : t: y(i) : *,"-rlzcos(6 'L) : -0.1501 foot
62. sin(0.25) : Q.2474 + 0.6816 :
+ sin(0.75) 0.9290 64. True
sin I : 0.M15
Therefore, sin t, * sin tz * sin(r, + D
E41 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
66. (a) The points (xr,yt) and (xr,y) arc symmetric 6E. Let h(t) = f@sf)
about the origin. : sin t cos t.
(b) Because of the symmetry of the points, you can Then, h(-t) : sin(-r) cos(-t)
make the conjecture that sin(rt + 'T) : -sin fr. : -sin f cos f
(c) Because of the symmetry of the points, you can : _h(t).
make the conjecture that cos(t, + n) : -cos f1.
Thus, h(t) is odd.
70. f(x) : tpx - 2) t0
v:LQr-2)
x: Ley - z)
2x:3y-2
2x+2:3y
7 -to
?b* r):v
f-r(*) -_ ?(x + t)
72. f(*): ffi, rc22, y 10
v: fl
f
x=
f-f-4
*+4:yz 0
Jm:!, x2 0
f-t(r'): ffi, x2 0
b
- x-3 : f-3x*8 :x- I + 6
74. f(*) 76. f(*) x-2 x-2
Asymp:;"r' rc :3,! : I Slantasymptote:y:x-l
Vertical asymptote: r: /
7E. C(10,000) : 50 dollars/pound E0. 2oo,ooo
C(100,000) : 9.5 dollars/pound
c(1,000,000) : 5.45 dollars/pound
As r-i @, C+5 dollars/pound.
o
P - 190,000 when t : 18.9 or late 2008
8q2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Nurnbered Exercises
Section 4.3 Right Thiangle Tbigonometry
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4'r7
24
c:1EW:25
b- JE4'-.'M:Lz
5 sind:g:L
hyp 25
sino-oPP-
hyp L3
adi 24
A adj 12 cos0--:-
hyp
cos0--
hyp 13
25
: tano:ry:7'
adj 24
tar.o: ry -
adj 12
csc 0 :::hvp 25
csco_hyp:!1 opp -7
opp 5 hvo 25
sec 0: +:
adj -24
sec o: bP
ad1-P12
cot0 2 r:adi 24
adi
COt03----i-:-
L2 opp -7
opp 5
6. ]\z,M 8' 'tr,
'hH 3
fr- (Lffi)z - 62:20 hyp: jmt: # 6
.^63-rrc
Srnu:-:-
sino:9Pg
hyp 8- s
:L:6 hyp: iEm':3.,R
z-,r t09 109
adj 2 2.,R 31..6
sino:{s:G:
v-
20 10..f09 cosS-ffi:Tr: 5
"j 109
COS 5
109 6226
cos0-;;':Tr:
63
orLe:20:10
-: tano: ry: ! 5
- adj 2
tan0:;31
csc0: -re o: hYP
csc :
opp {:I 6 62
g,E:
Q- rc
3
,1
cscd: #
sec seco:bP:{
adi 2 3
10
10
adj
3#6
sec0: 6 :
cot0:T coto-
opp-?-2
I
2
6
cot0-;-2
The function values are the same because the triangles are similar, &trd
corresponding sides are proportional.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
- lE 7.5
15
I
I
I
==- =',reL
--' jffi
adj: '^-- 2
;11i=,FE= J6.
sino:gPP=+ sin':ffi=*=*
coso:H-=.J,,, =#=f
oorr=o*,q
hyp 15 ___ ,
tano=ffi=&n=#=# 6
adj JL6L W
tano:al=+= 16l
csco=ffi=T=f
csco=orn:T
o*
*"p=s=-#=;il rsJrat seco=+=.*=+-rs:F
adj lJl6I/2) JL6t 161
adj Jt6r 16l
cot O: opp8-
The function values are the same because the niangles are similar, and corresponding si{es are proportional.
!2. opp: ff12:.Eo t q
o t
14, opp: ,,ffi =..re:2',m
- ,, opp-
srn fl: : I --u ;'-"
sin0:
2fr
[* w: 26 7
cos e-
adj :-L 2fr
hyp fi- -sfi26 tan0:
3
o: oPl : -- G:
4
I 7fr
tan
adj 15 csc d
z.t LO
csc o:
hYP
:4 : fi
opp I
sec03-
7
J
sec o: hrP :q cot?- +:? 3fr
adj 5 zJ l0
16. adj= iffit= @ 18. adi: JEQ': I
sin Q-gPP:+
hp 17 cos Q-39-
hvp
:F 8
cos
hp =q
e-39-
17
tano:
adj Jss
oPr!
:+:t# 55
tano: :L-4"m
ePP
csc0=-L-=g
sin0 3
aoJ ffi-
273
A I -'- 17 rT-m
sec0
l8
SeC0=--i=-E:=
85
cos 0 ffi- 273 cos 0 J55 55
cot o
rffi cot0: '
- tanfl 's5
|@lne 4 3
PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. sin 30. : 30, : 22.sec0:5,tan0:2fi
:,tan *
(a) csc 30o sin 30' :- 2
L
(a) cos Q-+:'l'
sec0 5
(b)coto::1^= I J6
(b) cot 60o : tan(90o - 60') : tan 30" :4 - tan o = z{o: 12
3
(c) cot(90" - 0): tan Q - 2J6
sin 391
- tan
(c) cos 3oo : r(tl1), : = - 6 3
30" ({lti z'n z (d) sin o: tan ocos Q -'\5/=ry-
- (zJo)f+) 5
(d) cot3go=,t :2:3'6:6
tan3Oo 6- 3
tanF = 5 (pliesinQuadrantlorltr)
tl
(a) cot I = 5;E: i
g : | + tanz p +cos p = - ! * U = * +^: * ff
(b) secz
*F6= 1F1
(c) tan(90' - F') ="otF = |
(d) csc F= *.MF = *.,Fu : *f
rl=.sin8: I c: a:
cscotano:
sin 0 cos 0 cos 0=:seco ZE. cot a sin rysin
sm(I
cos c
30. (csc 0 + cot 0Xcsc 0 - cot 0) : csc2 0 - coP 0 - I
tanF*cotF:tanP +cotB' I
p
34. (a) csc 30" --:^
(u2)
tlin F tnn B t^n sin 30'
/=
cotF \t2
T
TT
: I' J-
' O) sin 4
Qftnt F)
:l*cot2p:csczB
.rr {3
.tr {3
smt= rrsmT2E
(a) tan*:
36. (a)
51fl -: - J3
2
cos5
-
(b) csc45o:*b:6=O ' J5
(b) cot 30" :-
t?t
-T:2
19; =
sin3oo
/7
J3
2
25
40. (a) tan 18.5o = 0.3346 42. (a) cos(8o 50'25')
'o'(t.:3.#fo
60r)
(b) cotll.so : --L : o'3346 - cos(8.840278) ='0. 98i81
tanT.s;
(b) sec(8o 50'25') : vl
- r'.0:I2l
cos(8" 50'25')
PART III: Solutions ta Even-Numbered Exercises
44. (a) 1.25): : J.l7L4
sec(
#O
(b) cos(l .25) ^o 0.3153
6
48. (a) cos 0-+=+
24 Q- 45"-! 50. (a) tan0= 6==+ Q- 60o
3
(b)tan0:1+Q-45"-!-4 O) cos Q-*==* Q-'60" -T
23
52. (a) coto :* O) sec 0: fi
tano:+:6+ :t Q--+ -A ,-!
o-60" cos
n:;==+ e- 45":7
(a) cos Q -' 0.9848 =+ Q = l0o : 0.175 (a) sin 0 : 0.3746 +: Q : 22" 0.384
(b) cos Q - 0.8746 ==+ Q: 29" : 0.506 O) cos Q - 0.3746 ==+ Q:68o : 1.187
25
cos L
- l6
60' 60. sin 45o :2O 62 cos lso -
r r
x:l6cos60":g
r:
20 7s
ri" 45' h=20fi r--+:96.6
cos tJ-
64. (a) Let rc : distance frorn the boat to the shoreline.
- :-x
60
tan 4.5o
x" = ' Q. fent
tan 4.5o '
==:762,37
O) sin75o:;;
(c) x : 30 sin 75o : 28.98 meters
(a) sin 30" :L
800
ft - 800 sin 30' : 400 ft
(b) Vertical speed : l@ ft/min.
,QzO):
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
(.r1, /1) h,yzl
sin 30' : sin 6(F :+
* 56
!r: (sin 3o)(s6) : (i)0, : 28 !z:sin6oo(50) : (f),s6) :28{3
cos 30' : cos 60" :+
* 56
xr: cos 30"(56) :856) :286 x2: (cos 6o)(s6) : (i)Ot : 28
(r' y,) : (2t.'.fr,28) (*r,y) : (zg,z8",E)
72. x=9.397,y=3.420 74. True. 76. False.
v sin 60'csc 60" sin 45o * cos 45"
sin0:ft:O.34
cosQ:rO:0.94
x
: sin 60" ,
sin
:
1===
60" -
1 :+*{: -fr+l
tan0-Y-:0.36
x
cot0 -x =2.75
v
10
sec0:;:1.06
10
csc0:-:2.92
v
78. (a) 0 0' 20" 40" 600 900 O) Sirp and tangent are increasing;
cosine is decreasing.
sin 0 0 0.3420 0.u28 0.8660 0.9848
(c) In each case, tan 0 : ry.
cos 0 1 o.9397 o.7ffi 0.5000 o.L736 cos 0
tan 0 0 0.3640 0.8391 1.7321 5.6713
0,672s2
80. tan rr:
3000
(a)
s 10 2A 30 40 50 60
0 t.29" 5.TT 1 1.40' lg.7T 29.25" 39.88"
(b) 0 increases at an increasing rate. The function is not linear.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
V2.b+y:10 84. b - 7y:22
Y:-2x+10 x-intercept: (11, 0)
x-intercepu (5,0) y-intercepfi (0, -?)
y-intercepc (0, 10)
86. -290.8o is coterminal with 69.2" and lies in tt. - L22" 50' lies in Quadrant III.
Quadrant L
Section 4.4 lhigonometric Functions of Any Angle
Soluttons to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) x: 12,! : -5 (b) x - -1, y : I
r=ffi--13 r:,ffi:&
sino:::f : _* sino -Y:4:&
r O-2
cos Q--!:P cos Q- |--:l: -'n
r13 rO-2
u.ne:::i: _* 'nne::= + = -1
: t3,
cscg -L: -11 csco-r:*:O
y1
v-55
seco -r:11 sec o :::
x12 *: -A
12-: coto -x: ll: -l
cot0 -!-v-55 -y- y1
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4. (a) x:3,!:1 (b) x :2,! : -4
r: Jryry:fr r-m:2fi
sino:::*:# sino:::#:-+
cos Q -x,-- L- 3'm
fr- 10 cos Q- !r:#r:+
tan o ::= I tano::: +: _2
csco -r:f
yl
: fr csco --'f :-{-
-rv-42
seco -r:q
x3
seco :::+:6
coto-x:1:3
ylv
coto:;__7: _i
6. x - 8,y : 15 8. x:-24,y:10,7: :26
r: JEm': 17
:f,:*: *
sin 0 :f,:# sin o
cosQ-:--#:#
cos e-I:+
r17
tano:::,+,= _*
tan 0 :::
f;
csc 0-L:l?
y5
csc o-L:!
v15 0 --:: -E
sec 0 ::: +
sec
cot 0 :;: -+
cotg -L:g
v15
12. x: 6,!: -L4,
r:ffi:@:2.',R
:f,: jftl: -6'f,
sin o
x -5
61
-sJAr
sino:f,:#:#:#
cos s-
r J6l
v
mnu32:---
-:
-6 6
61 cosQ-
::h:*:f
)e -5 5 tan o -Y-:-!o :4
r J6I x63
csc Q- -S
6 v csc0: -ffi
r "rrcI
sec0:-:, r ../5E
x sec0:-:-
x3
x5
cot0:-:-
y6 x-3
cot0z-:-
y7
E49 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. sin 0> 0 and cos 0> 0 16. sec0>0andcot0<0 lE. tan0>0andcsc0<0
vx L>oandrag l roandlag
rr xy xy
Quadrant I Quadrant [V Quadrant III
r 4
x: x'fi
zo.cos e-!-+-
r5 y: l3l 22.csc0:';,:
i==+
0 in Quadrant III ==+ y : -3 cot0<0=+x=-fi
:Lr: -i vl
sin o csc0:-; sin 0:L
r4 csc0-{
cos 0 -:: -! sec0:-t4
xfr
cosfl--: sec0:
4.re
r4 15
tan0 -Y:1 cot 0: ;4J -vfr
tan0-a: cot 0: -fr
x4 x15
24. cot 0 is undefined ==+ 0 : nr 26. tan 0 is undefined ==+ 0 - nr + 42
rr 3rr
zz sin 0 :::1= -l csc o-r - -l
r v
sino -Y:9:e
rr csc0:-isundefined.
v cos Q-xrrx-9:o sec Q--Iirundefined.
* -r r
cos Q -
rr- -, -l sec 0: - : -l - y- t n .
:, Lis undefined. ^ x : 0- :
x tan 0 cot 0 :, Q
o
xyy
tan e -Yxx- : o cot0-{isundefined.
v
I l\
-;x
28. [ -x,
rl I Quadrant III 30. 4x*3y:0=+ y- -:.
\
r= | 4\
Ir, -;x
Jl I Quadrant IV
\
y (L /3)-x
sin0-=':7--i--: Jio r-- t"x'*JG-
g*':i*
5
r lJ rox)/3 l0 \\f
cos Q-::effiW: _jfr
l0
sino-Y-:l!1!':-!
r (5/3')x 5
I !- t,!-:3
tano-Y--(-r/3)x
x-x3 - cos Q-
r (s/3)x s
csc o :' :({w)'tt - -/i0
(4/3)x
- Lv -.-.:4 _I
tan0:,
y (- I /3)x xx -
3
seco -rx-x_(foin _ Jid csco: -i
cot0 -xy ----r--
(-I/3)x 3 sec0:;
tan o -- -i
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
r
32. o";:::
*
+ undefined 54. csc ?r, - y0: I ===' undefined
.Tr since ?rcorresponds to (- l, 0).
since; conesnonds to (0, l).
:-: 1 ^;-7Tll
csc;:
-1 3E. = -: I
36.
"nT: smT
. 3tr -1 z.Trl
Sln;
- z
40. Q - 322" 42. Q - -1450
0' :360" - 32t :38o is coterminal with 215".
0':2!5"-180'=35o
u. Q - -95" e- 17r
6
is coterminal with
360" - 95o :265o. is coterminal with
+
0'=265"-180o=85" v :71 -
5t rr
66---
48. 0 : 4.8 Q - - L.',uz'
0':2n- 4.8: I.4832 is coterminal with
2rr- l.'12:4.5632
0':4.5632-fi
ft' L.42I6
Q - 300o, 0' :
- 300o = 60o, Quadrant IV
360o Q : -495",0' = 45o, Quadrant III
sin 300o : - sin 60o : -{- sin( -4g5')= -.sin 45o = -* 2
2
cos 300o = cos 60" = =z
I
cos(-495') : -cos 45o : -*
2
tan 300" : -tan 6Oo : - 6 tan (495') : tan 45" : I
E51 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
56.0= -33f,0'=3t,Quadrantl 5E.0= oot'=f,inQuaarantI
sin(-330"):sin30o=l
z . o--.fr
$n7:2
h
cos(-33tr) =cos3oo =t *X=*
/-a
tan(-33f)=!m3d=t *T=r
4
60. 0 - -; is cotenninal with 62. Q -+ is cotermi-' .r, 4n
mal wrrn
+. T.
.|?r\ : 4tt
sin\-t) sin;:
3T
-1 0': T- n:i inQuadrantIII.
cos\
I -t)zr\: cos 3T=o .LOr -srn5:
sml-: .rr -T6
I
I zr\ tan 3r t* undefined.
tan\ -;):
lonr.l
cosJ-
? -cost: -,
10rlrr
oo;j: tan;: fir
6,r. 0 = -ff "corerminar
win
f in euadrant Itr. 66. sec 225o =
# = -L4r42
4t
o =T- t=1tl
sino= -sinf = -+
cos o: -"*i = -,
tano= -t^[= Jj
1l
6t. csc 33f =;;fu = -2.0000 70. cot(-?z0") =
radroT - -l.t9t8
72. sin(- 195) ^, 0.2588 74, sin(-0.65) o, -0,@52
76. : -0.3640
""({)
E52 PART III: Solutions ,o Even-Numbered Exercises
-5n
80. (a) cos 0- - + -> reference- angle is
-- 45" or + E2. (a) cscd: -.,n==+sin0: -1
2 ---E-- 4 J'.
and 0 is in Quadrant I or IV. Reference angle 45o ot +4
Values in degrees: 45",315" Values in degrees: 225",315o
values in radiar
rs:
71 7 r
i, 4
Values inradians:
+,7
/;
(b) cos e - -t==+ reference angle is 45o o,
I (b) csc0 -2=+ sin0:!.z
and 0 is in Quadrant II or III.
Reference angle it lor
6
30".
Values in degrees: 135", 225"
Values in degrees:3f, 150:
Values in radians , n 5n
!,+ values in radiar
rs:
6, 6
E4. (a) cot 0 : - -,n=+ cos 0-
- sin 0'
Reference angle it Ior 30o.
o
Values in degrees: 150o, 330o
values in radian
rs:
5t, ll'_
6 6
(b) Value in degrees: 45" or 3l5o
'fi 7 n
,r7otT
Value in radians
E6. cos 0-0.8746 gg. cot0:O.7S2l+trunfl:1.3296
Quadrant I: Q - cos-r 0.874$ : 29.W Quadrant'l: 0 ^' tan-' (1 .3296): 53.05o
IV: Q= 36f - 29.O0o : 331.00o Quadrant III: 0 : 180' + 53.050 : 233.05"
Quadrant
90. csc 0 : - 1.0038
=> sin 0: -0.9962
Quadrant IV: Q: sin-t(- 09962) =' - 85,01o, or 274.W
Quadrantlll: Q- 180 + 85.01 :265.01o
92. tan 0 :
-2.1832 tan-t(- 2.L832) ^" -65.39 94.sin0:0.0175
Quadrant IL Q : 114.61o Quadrant I: Q - sin-r 0.017J = 1.00o
QuadrantlV: Q:294.61o Quadrantll: Q- 180'- 1.00o:179"
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. cot,= 5.671 +tan0:# 9t.cote=-3
l*cot2e-cscz0
-
Quadrantl: Q-tan-'(r|-)
I ^,
\5.67r
lo.ooo I + (- 3)2 =' cscz 0
l0 : csc2 0
Quadrantltr: Q - 180" + 10o = 190'
csc 0
fr: csc o
csc o : --l-
sin 0
sino:*:*:#
100.csce--2 102. sec0: -2
4
l*cot2e-csc20
I *tan20-sen20
cotz 0 - csc2 0 - I
tanzQ-sec?0-l
cotz0-(-Z)2-l
cot2e-3 I e\z
tanz0-l-;lzl I
cot 0 \
cot 0: -6 tanzg:Q
t6
tan 0
tano =
G
4
104. S - 23.1 + 0.442t + 4.3sin!
6
(a) February 200[
-> t :2 (b) February zCFl
-> t - L4
g : 23l + 0.442(2) + 4.3 ri"{ S - 23.1 + 0.412(14) + 4.3rin
f
: 27.7 thousand or 27,'100 units 33.0 thousand or 33,000 units
(c) September zCf,[:=+ f : g (d) September 2OOI ==+ t : 2I
g : 23.1 + 0.442(9) + 4.3rin
f g : 23.1 + 0.442(21) + 4.3 ri"ff
= 22.8 thousand or 22,800 units : 28.1. thousand or 28,100 units
106. False. tan?4" - -tan 156o
loc. False. -*,(?) : -(-l): l andco( -i) : -,1
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
110. (a) g0'
0 0' 20" 40" 60"
sin 0 0 03/.20 0.@28 0.9660 0.9848
sin(180' - 0') 0 o3424 0.&28 0.8660 0.9848
(b) It appars that sin 0 : sin(180" - 0) for all e-
: y : 0.7
l1.t2. (a) sin 0.75
O) cos2.5 =x: -0.8
lI4,- Y :3x+2 v Intercepfi (0,9)
Hoiizontal asymptote: 1l : 0
116. Y: ln(x * 1) Intercepil (0, O)
Asymptote: x: -1
ltt. ffi:50
90:4+&
86: eb
?.x : ln 86
1
r:iln86:2.?.?il
z
120. ln ..4r TT0 : +z h(r * l0) : I ==+ ln(r * l0) - /
:=+x * 10 : s2 +x: & - l0: -2.611
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
lU2.sec0:8
l-J84,:G
cos0:*
sino __+
tan0:+
coto:h:#
csc =rc:T
0, 88G
r2G. False. -*re) : -(- r) : I and cot(-+) : - I
Section 4,5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. t - 2cos3x
4. Y: -3sinf
period==L:2I
b3 Period :L:3I (L/r: 6l
Amplitude: l"l-) b
Amplitude = l"l = l-31 = 3
. y: 3 Ix
o.
tcosT 8' Y: -"o,f
Period :L: '\
b (^ /2) - 4 period :+:b +:5t
(?l
AmPlitude : lol =; \5r
Amplitude = l"l: l- tf : I
10. y:
I 5x
isin 10x 12. y = |cos7
J
period=+b105=+= 4 period=Lb = 2Qn= 8A
Amplitude,lal : Amplitude= lol=l
2
+
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
3 rrx 16. f(x) : cos x, 8(x) :'cos(x + r)
14.y:f,cosi
g is a horizontal shift of f zr units to the left.
period:T:ft:24
\n)
Amplitude: lol :1
18. /(x) : sin 3x, g(x) : sin( -3x) 20. f(x) = sin x, g@) : sin 3x
g is a reflection of/about the y-axis. The p€riod of g is one-third the period ofl
(or, about the x-axis)
22. f(x') :cos 4x, g(x) :
- 6 + cos 4x 24. The period of I is one-half the period of/.
g is a vertical shift of/six units downward.
26. Shift the graph of/two units upward to obtain the graph of g.
2t. f(x): sin x, S(x) : sin
I
30. /(x) - / cos b, S@) : -cos 4x
x 0
1T
7r
3n
2n ! T 3r
2 2 x 0 7r
4 2 4
sm.r 0 I 0 -l 0 2 cosb 2 0 -2 0 2
.x
smt 0 I 6 I
# -1 -1 I -1
2 2 2 -cos 4x 1
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. f(*) - 4 sin zrr, g(x) - 4 sin rrx - I 34. f(*) : -cos .r
1 ?
s(x) : -ror( --9
x 0 I 2
2 2
f(r) 0 4 0 -4 0 x 0 ! 7r
3rr
2r
2 2
sft) -l 3 -l -5 -1 -cos.r -l 0 I 0 -l
-cos(x - rr) 0 -1 0 I 0
36. f(x): sin x, S@): -ror[ . I 38. /(r) : cos x, g(x) : -cos(x - rr)
x 0 ! TT
3n
2r x 0
TT
7r
3! 2r
2 2 2 2
sm.r I
a
0 0 -1 0
cos.r I 0 -l 0 I
-""r[ -;) 0 I 0 -l 0
- ,r) I I
-cos(x 0 -1 0
2 2
n r{'w \
V V
/ {'/
-2 -2
Conjectue: sinr = -"or(r . t) Conjecture: cosx: -cos(x- d
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. y : -3 cos 2x
2rr
42. y:f rin
T
Period=T= fi
AmPlitude : J Period : 2r :8
krla)
x 0 ! 7l 3n
1l
4 2 4 Amplinrde =:
2
v -3 0 3 0 -3
x 0 2 4 6 8
v 0
I
2
0
5
2
0
Y: -10.otf y: I or
isin(x -d
Period : 2r
Period : +:
)a
Amplitude : l'
12
Vrl6)
2
Amplitude : l0
T 3r 2tr
x 0 TT
x 0 3 6 9 12 2 2
v -r0 0 10 0 -10 v 0 _I 0 1 0
2 2
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4E. y:6cos[*a)
'\rr,
\.o 6l
Period : 2r
Amplitude : 6
x _! 0
g 7l 5n
6 6 3 6
v 6 3.rfr 3 0 -6
50. y:-4+5""r5
Period =ffi:24
Amplitude : J
t 0 6 t2 18 24
v 1 -4 -9 -4 I
52. Y:2cosx-3
' Period = 2n
Amplitude -/
7T 3r
x 0 fi
2
2r
2
v -l -3 -5 -3 -t
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. Y: -3cos(6x+r)
Period =ry - !
63
Amplitude = 3
fi fi 3'r 7T
x 0
t2 6 T2 3
v 3 0 -3 0 3
/ nx er\
s6. y=-4sin|-9 5E. Y:3cos l-+-l-3
\ 2 2l
60. Y:5cos(tr-,", +6
t
\rV \rV
aat aaaal
-t
V' -7
/\
(612. y : -#cos (Soar) 64.f(x):acosx*d
Amplinrde - -! :-e1):
-7 r
t3 2'
:
A A Rcflected in the .tr-axis: a
-Qp - -l
- f,: -3
cos 0 +d
-I
/\ /\ y - -3 - cosx
-1.3
ffi.Y:clcosx*d 6t. y: asin(br - c)
Amplinrde-/===>a:2
Arrplitude :, : 4r
Period
Period :2r 2T..1
--=4t+b--
b2
Reflected in .tr-ax-i, a : -I
Phaseshift: c:0
fl- -4 /t\
y : Z tit\i/
v: -4-+cosx
70.' Y: asin(bx - c) 72. h: cos r
Amplitude-/:==ta:2 lz = -1
Period - {, 2
T- Qp==+ b:I \/ \/
Phaseshift: ?:
b2 -l =+ c = -T \/ \/
Y:2t'ltx
'in\t *;)zr\ -2
It:lzwhenx: fr, - Tf.
861 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
74. h: sinr 76. The period of the model would change because the
lz:
fi time for a respiratory cycle would decrease.
"L
2
^
V V
-2
4n 5r
lr: lzwhen x ::,+,
JJ
-T'-T'
78. S - 74.50 + 43.75 sin 4
6
150
Maximum sales: March (t : 3)
Minimum sales: Septernber (t : 9)
p - roo - 8n
E0. zu cos
7t
period:#--1
\T/
I heartbeat 4 -
:
ff =+ T heartbeatVsecond 80 heartbeatVmin
r.s f:l
\4/
r
t2. (a) Ycs, y is a fuirction of r because for each value of r tlrcrc orresponds one ard only one value of y.
O) Theperiod is approximately 2(0.375 - 0.15) : 0.5 seconds.
The amplinrde is approximately tQ.lS - 1.65) = 0.35 centimeters.
(c) Orp model is y : 0.35 sin0qrt + 2.
(d) !
ffi2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
E4. (a) A model for Chicago is (b) 90
c(t): 56.35 + 27.3s ,in(9 + 4.r9). O
\6 I
(c)
7a
The model is a good fit for most months.
(d) Use the constant term of each model to estimate
the average annual temPerature.
Honolulu: 84.40"
The model is a good fit.
Chicago: 56.35"
(e) Each model has a period of 12. This
corresponds to the L2 months in a year. (f) Chicago has a greater variability in temperatures
during the year. The amplitude of each model
indicates this variability.
86. True
88. Y :2 + sinx 90. Y: sin(x - 1)
Y :3.5 * sinx Y:sin(x-3)
Y : -2 + sinr y: sin(x- (-2))
-1 -2
Each value of d produces a vertical shift of Each value of c produces a horizontal shift of
y : sin r upward (or downward) by d units. y : sin x to the left (or righ$ by c units.
92. (a) In Exercise 9I, f(x) : cos x is even and we saw that h(x) : cos2 x is even. Therefore, for/(r) even and
h(x\ : V@)J', we make the conjecture that h(x) is even.
(b) In Exercise 91, g(r) sin x is odd and we saw that h(x) : sin2x is even. Therefore, for S@) odd and
:
h(x) :[Sk)]2, we make the conjecture that h(x) is even.
(c) From part (c) of 91, we conjechne ttrat the product of an errcn firnction and an odd firnction is odd.
96. f(x) : (x
10
+ a)(* - 3)
4
+
Asymptotes:x=-11,1l:0 Asymptotes: x: -4,x: 3'y: Q
eB.
ry:ry(#) :u70" too. 8.5n: t.t{#) : ls3o"
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 4.6 Graphs of Other lbigonometric Functions
Solufions to Even-Numbered Exerclses
2. y: o"; 4. Y=Zcscx
-
Period-
g- 'T n
zn
period --4:A:2rr
b1
b: (w:
Asymptotes: x:0,.6 = Tr
, Asymptotesix: -77,x- Tr
Matches graph (a).
Marches gaph (d).
^. y: I rrx
o.
tt*T E. y - -2 se* 2'nx
Period :A: t2T'= - 4 period-A2r'- r
(r/2)
b I
Asymptotesix = -1, x:1 1l
Asymptotes: x - -i,*:;
Matches gaph (h).
Reflected in x-axis
Matches graph (c).
I
y : |tan2x
10. -4 12. y: -3 tan rrx
Period:!- I
Period =! 7T
2 I
T
Asymptotes: ?-x: --T
=>x: - 4
T
Asymptotes: Jc:
v':,
-1
T
tu6-;-*:f, x -T4 0
4
x
1f
0 ! v 3 0 -3
8 8
v _-L
4
0 I4
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
y : ]secZx
1
14. '4
Period =n
Asymptotes: -X,X
TT TT rT
x 0
8 8 2
v a354 I4 0.354 -4
1
16. y = 2sec4x
Period
2n rr
42
: rr t:- 7r
Asymptotes: .r g'^ g
x 0 !
16 16
v 2.828 2 2.828
18. y: -2sec4x *2
Period
2rr rr
42
Asymptotes: x: -f, r:I
T
x 0
16 16
v -0.828 0 -0.828
:
Y -csc t
Period
..2t.
:
@:6r
Asymptotes: Jc: 0,x: 3rr
x 7r 2n 4n
v - 1.155 - 1,.155 L.155
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22. Y :3 cot +z
Period 'T- -2
- (rr/2)
Asymptotes: x:.0,r - /
x I4 I I
2
v 7.2/13 0 -3
I
24.y:-;tanqrx
p"rioo": 1
I
'r,x: 1
Asypmtotes: x: t
x -T4 0
I4
I I
v , 0 -,
26.y: sec(r* rr)
Period : 2r
t
7r
Asymptotes: x :
,,*:
x 0 !
4 4
v -1.414 -1 -1.4t4
y:sec(zr-r)
Period : 2n
Asymptotes:x: -;,*:I
x _Tr 0 !
4 4
v - L.414 -1 -I.414
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
llrr\ .;)
y: icsc[x
30.
Period:2rr
Asymptotes: Jc : -rr 3n
4'4
x 0 ! TT
4 2
v
fi I4 o
4 4
32. Y: -2tan2tx 34. y:lrunr: 4 cos 'ttx
36. y: -csc(4x - n)
5
v: si(4r-1- d
3
U U
n n -3
y:o.l ran(r. I lnx *z)+v:
rr\
3E.
f) 40.y: t'*\t 3*,(T.;)
0,c
t) UU
2
/() .-a
-o.E
(l n nn
-2
U
The solutions appear to be: The solutions appear to be:
7r n 5r LIrr 7r 5r 'Ir 3t
x=-7,-6,6, 6
- 4'- 4'i' 4
(or in decimal form: -3.665, -0524,2.618, 5.760) (or in decimal form: -5.498 , -3.92'1,0.785,2.356)
PA,RT III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
46. f(x) : tan r
tan(-x) : -tan x
Thns, the function is odd and the graph of y - tan x is
symmetric with the origin.
48. h : sin r sec x, !z: tan x 50. !t: sec2 x - L,!z: tanz x
I
-1
It appears that y, : !2. It appears that y, : !2.
sinxsgs.r :
I sinx 1*tan2x:sen2x
sinx
cos r- cos r=
tanx
tan2x:sec2x-l
52. f(x) : lx sin xf 54. S(x) : frl cos r. Even function
Matches graph (a) as x + O,f(x) --+ 0. Matches graph (c) as x + 0, g(") ---> 0.
56. f(x): sin x - rorfi .;) 58. /(x) :
"or'T
s@) - zsinx 1
S@):;(1 *cosrrx)
A n
V V
-3
It appears : g(x). That is, that
ttr,atl(r)
sinr - ror('. f) - /sinr. It appears ttrat/(x) = g(r). That is, that
\ ol .rrx I *cos rrx).
cos2;:;(,
60. S @) : e-*/2 sin x
Damping factor: y = e-*/z
_e-x2/2 < g(;)
lI
t
I
aa
\ Asx 4oo,9 +0
-t
t6E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. h(x) : 2-*/a sin r 64. f(x) : sin r -Ix
Damping factor: 2-*/t
lo
rr.zr.A/
v v
r r.Lr r
-l -to
rvv
Asx -+ @,h(x) --+ 0.
Asx +0 from thp left,f(r) -tm
Asx +0 from the right,f(*) -i -o
x :
66. f(x) : 1- cosr 6rt. f(x)
cot r x tanx
10
1
A..^^- r' [\Lil/ I t
\\\t( tl
artaaataa
"V
-l
As x {0, f(*) -+0 As x -+ 0,/(r) +0
70. cos x: d
36,36
cos.r
72
3t
72. H(t) : 54.33 - 20.38 cos T - ls.6ssin f
:
L(t) 39.36 ts.7o cos
+ - r4.ro sin f
(a) 90 (b) From the graph, it ap.pears that the greatest
differerrce between high and low ternperatures
H occurs in surnmer. The smallest difference
occurs in winter.
L
(c) The highest high and low ternperatures aPpear
to occru around the middle of July, roughly one
month after ttre time when the sun is northern-
qrt 2n
Period of co s7,ffi:rz most in the sky.
Period of
rrt
sirt7'
2rr
12
@/6):
Period of H(r) : 12
Period of tG) : 12
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
nt
74. S :74 + 3t+40s'
tm7
(a) (b) Maximum: | :3.3 (March)
.flrn
3
gl2o Minimumt t :8.7 (August)
gll0
fitm
3go
Eso
'q -'
st 70
{o
(r)
246t10t2
Mmth (l+rJanury)
76. (a) Yes. For each r there corresponds one and only (b) One way to determine the frequency is to note
one value of y. that the time betw@n the first and second
maximum points is | : 0.7622 - :0 0.'1622.
Thus, the frequency is approximately
:
(o.l0z2'1-t 1.3 oscillation per second.
(c) One way to find such a model is to first fit an (d) ln0.22l : - 1.51 =+ y : L}e-r'5tsss (t.Zt)
exponential model y : abt to the data points
(0, 12) , (0.7622,3.76), (1.5476, L 16).
This yields
y - I2(O.2210)'
,? . 277
Using 8.2 for the cosine term, we
ffi:
t: y : I2(o.2210;' cos (s.zt)
(e)
7E. (a) 850 revfmin (b) The direction of the saw is reversed.
(d) o 0.3 0.6
t - *[ (;.
0.9 1.2
(c) o) * cor o], o< o.t L 3M.2 217.9 195.9 189.6
1.5
188.5
(D
(e) Straight line lengths change faster.
E0. True. -2 csc(+ . f) is not defined. t2. As x+;Tr^from the left, toD.r -+ oo
As r+77l^from the right, tan x -> -oo
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
84. /(x) - 2 sin x
s(x) : :csc.r
(a) 3
O) f> Son the interval ,[.x<+
f : / sin x -+ 0 and
(c) As x t rr, (from the left)/(x)
I
o g(r) : r --+ oo since g(x) is the reciprocal of
tcsc
1
f(r)-
t6. Not one-to-one
8t. One-to-one 90. Third side : J6{4 :8
f(.): 'ffi
y:ffi
x:ffi 2|-fr
:3y - L4
x2 srnu--=-:7:-
z< l'l J 17 17
'x2+14
y: 3 944fr
cosu-rJm:W= n
4.x ?. I
f-r(x):*' \3 t' 20 tan0-=:-
84
cot0-!,
csc 0: -fr
sec 0: *-m
4
Section 4.7 Inverse Tfigonometric Functions
Solutions to Bven-Numbered Exercises
2. y: arccosr
(a)
x -1 -0.9 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
v 3.1416 2.498r 2.2143 r.9823 L.7722
x 0 o.2 a.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
v 1.5708 r.3694 1.1593 o.9273 0.6435 0
(c) 4 (d) Intercepts ,r, (0, o).
No syrnmetry
) ^"u(1,
o
871 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4. sin
Ttlln-Airrr-fz
=;::ex1gsi";: . arccos j= = i- cos; = j=
U i
E (a) arcsin ;:G*0.5?A
la
10. (a) .**f =I=O.r
(b) arcsinO:0 O) arctan l=X=O:ZgS
12. (a) y =
"r"t"o(-
Ji) + tony =,Eto, -i.t.i *, = -!
(b)y=arcmnJ3 + tany:1$ + y::
: . I + 6^ rr .n
14. (a) 1l arcsin -j siny = -i^, -i=r=; - y: -;'tr
(b) y:arctan(
+) =+ tany :+ + y:-t
16. y: arctanr €tany : x 18. (a) arccos 0.22 : 1.35
(b) arcsin 0.45 :
(-a,-i),?+,-I),(''f) 0.47
20. (a) arctan (-6) : -1.41 X2. (a) arccos (-0.51) : 2.!l
(b) arctan 18 : t.52 (b) arcsin (-0. I25): -0.13
A. f(*) : tan x and g(x) : arctan x
Graph: lr : tan x 2
lz: tan-1x
/-
lg: x
ff -2
26. tan 0 :;
e - arctan I
4
30. sin(arcsin0.7):9.7 32. cos[arccos(-0.3)] = -0.3 34. arcsin(sin3zr): arcsin(g): g
Note: 3zis not in the range of the
arcsine function.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
36. arctan(,*fl: arctan(-f) : -i
3t. Let y :arctan rn"n tan y: o<y . sin y:
f. 1, [,.and !.
Let y :arcsin
ft,.
tn"n sin y : #,and cos y : L
25'
Let y:-r*l'-:).rhen,
\ rl
tany:
3n
-;<y<0
=, &
andsecy :
5' -
44. Let y:*ror( -?) rhen,
cos v:
-?, -;<v<n
6
and sin v: T'
Let Y : arctan x. Then,
tanY : x
and coty : l.
873 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4t. Let y : arccos x. Then,
cosy:r:!
andsiny: .,R.
: : : ffi
50. Let y
i. *"n
arccos cos y and ton y
f,
A
52. Let y: arctan tan y : csc y: ffi
ft.Then +and
.n
f(x): g(r) : &
54. sin(arctan?-x),
M. 2
Lety:arctan?*.Tlten,
a
tany = ?-x:A )
I
andsiny:l#t. -2
b^,
s@): ,ffi;:f(x) ffir4
: f
The graph has horizontal asymptotes aty 1.
I
J"
Irt y : tan y : lland sin
,y:w. 14
56. arctan
x Lnenrany=
+.Then x
'o
Thus y:arcsin (# .*
3
5E. Lety: arccos Then,
ffi.
cosy:#:m 3
and sin y:m.
"- lt -, 1l
y :arcsin :
Thus,
# arcs in
ffi.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. y:2arccosr 62, The graph of/(x) = arcsin(x - 2) is a
Domain: -1S x3l horizontal translation of the graph of
r bY two units'
Range:0<y32n ' ,.:arcsin
Vertical sfietch of/(x) : arccos r
64. f(*) : arctan2x 66. h(v) : tan(arccos v) =
ffi
Domain: all real numbers
Range: -:ZL<y <:
1.57
aa \
( \
ll -3
)
-1.t7 Domain: -l3v < l, v # O
Range: all real numbers
- ffirin(zr * arctt";)
6
68. f(t) - scos 2t +3 sin 2t
: 30sin(2r * arctan 1) \n.I \A t
: 3.n rin(zt + +\
' - ----\-- 4l
VV iVV
-0
fire graphs are the same.
70. (a) sino: + +o: arcst(+)
(b) s : 52: o: arcst" (#) ^' 0.1935 ( ^, 11.1o)
110\ :
s:26:0: arcsin t;l 0.3948 ( ^, 22.6)
: :
72. (a) tan 0
#+ 0 0.57 43 ot 32.go
: 40 feet, 34.-+1
(b) If base diameter
h
tan0:;O+h:20. tan Q: I2.9 fget.
E75 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
74. p =arcran
*
(a)
(b) F is maximum when r : /.
(c) The graph has a horizontal asymptote at B : 0. As x increas€s, B decrease$.
76. (a) tan 0 : -5 O) x :10: -
x
e
* ^, 26$o: 0.46 rad
arctan
x - 3: Q - arctan: ^' 59.0o : 1.03 rad
5
Q - arctan -x 5
zE.Farse.a
rcsrn
1 7r
,: 6
80. y = arccot r if and only if cot y : x. E2. y = r if and only if csc y :
arccsc x.
Domain: -oo <x < € Domain: (-oo, - 1] u [], oo)
Range:0<x<tr Range,l-;,0) ,(r,;]
84. Let Y : arcsin(-x). Then, 86. y- T- arccosx
sinY : -x cos Y = cos(zr - arccosx)
-sinY: x cos y: cos ar cos(arccos r) * sin zr sin(arccos x )
sin(-Y) : x COSY: -x
-y - arcsin x y : arccos(-x)
Y : -arcsin r.
Therefore, arcsin(-") = - arcsin.r.
Yl6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
88. Let c = arcsinr andp = arccosr. Then, sina = xandcosB = x. Thus, sinc = cosp which impliesthat c
and B are complementary angles and we have
a+ 9:! 2
arcsin x+ arccos *:;.
840o is coterminal with 120". Quadrant tr y2. IV
+is coterminal with + Quadrant
sin 840' = sin l2O" : {- 5n 6
.l7r slnT.:
2 smJ-: - 2
cos 840" : : -,
cos l2A" rr:cosT:'
17 5rr I
cos
3
tan 840' : tan 120" : -.,fr
onff:-8
:; I + n) I _( , zr\
94. y sin (x 9(;,y:rtan\-*;)
:, Period : 7T
Amplitude
Asymptotesi x:Orx - qr
Period :2t
Phase shift: - rr
Section 4.8 Applications and Models
Solutions to EveR-Numbered Exercises
2.ff-56orc:15 4. A:7.4ora:40.5
A: 90o - 56" : 34o B - 90o - '1 .4o : 82.f
o 40='
sinB -bc ==) fi-csin ff- 5sin56o: !2.44 tanA --++b:
b tanA=: onfr: t11'83
cos fr-o ea:ccos B- 15cos56o:8.39 sinA -9+c - ! :-igs : Jl4'45
c c sm a sin zF
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6. a:25rc:35
b- 1F;i: m= ffi:24.49
sinA -a-A=arcsin9
cc
.25
arcsin
,, = 45.58
cos p:9+fl - rrr.or9
cc
arccos
25
: 44.42"
,,
E. b - L.72,c = 8.35
A: jC-EZ: ffiI:g.L1
b 11 zr \ :
cos r --
- A: arcc", fq) (.'" /
78'1'1.
sin B :l::
c
::::[i:;
\c/
10. ff -l2',a = 14.2
65o 12. Q - l8o, |- l0metcrs
A =90o -B =90o-65o12':Vlo48' _ altitude
tan 0
a b/2
cos ff'-9+c=
c cosB b
:
altitude 0
t4'2 ,tan
- cos 65" 12'
o, 33.85
10
= -z tan 18o = 1.62 metcrs
tanB=2->b-atanB
a
= 14.2 tan 65o 12'
:30.73
14. Q - 72.94",b :3.36 cm
tan0:ff
\21
altitude : rtan
o : ry tan'l2.g4o = 5.47 cm
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. (a) IAnd::+L:
850 850
:-: 850 cot 0
L tanfl
(b)
0 10' 20" 30" N" 50"
L 4821 2335 t472 1013 713
(c) No, the cotangent function is not a linear function.
lE. (a) tan 0: ffih +h - 130 tan 0
(b)
e 10' 15" 20" 25" 30'
h 22.9 34.8 47.3 60.6 75.1
o'==+
28o:
20. tan -v a: l00tan28o
roo
tan 3g.75o : o,* t
100
a * s: 100tan39.'15"
s = 100 tan 39.75o - a
: 100 tan39.75 100 tan28"
: 30 feet
h
22. sin 50o
100
A'(a)
: : nrn\
l>.t
h 100 sin 50" 76.6 feet
rz| rt
(b) tano =#
nL
(c) Q - arctan fr: 35.8"
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Ni. tan 0 : 2.5 mihs
2.5(5280)
E25orect J
o-arctan(rffir) (Not drawn to scale)
: l.1o
?8. sin 18o :
275(s')
h
J:
2?5 t'i" 18'
lf h :10,000, s :
;7ffi ^" 1I7.7 seconds
If h:16,000,$ : ffi ^, 188.3 seconds
l?.x=l
Angle of grade: tan 0 - -W-
100x
Q - arctan O.l2 o, 6.8o
Change in elevation: sin Q - J*
21,120
y - 2l,l2D sin 0 - ll,Lz} sin(arctan 0.12) = 2516.3 feet
32. 90" - 29" : 6lo; (20)(6) : 120 nautical miles
sin 61o = h=+ a = 104.95 nautical miles
cos 6lo : b: 58.18 nautical miles
*+
d:==+
: d cot 14"
34. tan l4o - x
x x. tan0:
# + 0:27.ggo
d d
tan 34o : = -...-. Bearing: S 27.98" W
30-x 30 -
v -- dcotl4"
30 - dcotl4"
cot 340 :
d
:
d cot34" 30 - dcott4"
30
/- cot 34" * cot 14'
: J.{$ kilometers
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
38. 40.
(Not drawn to scale)
cot 55o : 4==> fl :7 kilometers
-/1^
-. J
lo .r-lE
(Not drawn to scale)
cot 28" : :D P: 18.8 kilometers
: O,onlQo :
l0 ==> tan2.So
x-
x 18
Distance between towns:
h h *
D - fl - 18.8 - 7: 11.8 kilometers x: ffi'x: on 10.
t8
:,h :' h + 18 tan 10"
F *rlo" *
h
18
tan2 tan 10'
ht:un 10o : htan2.so + 18(tan l0'Xtan 2.5o)
h, -
18(tan 10")(tan 2.5o\ : l.M miles : 5518 feet
42. Lr:2x *y: $a6t: -2
4:x-5y:-4+*r:!
t^na:lffil
q:*ronl
ffil
r! _ (_z)
un6
, arctanl+-
It +fi-zll
|
tano -a-/z
a
- O
: : Q- arctan fi:54.7o
K.T
arctan(33) 74.7o
\l
A 35
c- - ,..
L
17.5
a
sin 15" - c
: a c sin 15o : 17.5 sin l5o : 4.53 : L
-24
sin 30'
Distance : 2n = 9.06 centimeters
a : ?ll sin 30" : 12
Length of side : 2a : 2(I2) - )1, inches
881 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
I
52. fl- icosZ}nt
(a)
z
Maximum displacement l"l - EI :;
(b) Frequency:
(,) _2On _ t0
2rr 2rr
j
tan0:#
(c) Least positive value for r for which d : 0:
I
0 - arctan ?J :0.588 rad - 33-'lo iz cos 20nt : 0
cos 20rrt : Q
cos e: E
a
2ont - !2
a:+:2r.6
cos 0 r,11
t:-
2 ZOn
f:
21.6 40
i:10.8
Q:90 - 33.7:56.3"
sin rf :9U
s-+:7.2
sm9
,ffi:lz.g8
I
54. d - isin
64
792nt
(a) Maximum displacement: (c) Least positive value for r for which d : 0,
l+l
tot: lel :+64
a-r-
64
n.'.,-t :- A
rin 792rt Q
(b) Frequency: sin792rt : O
(') _r?rn.:396 792rt : 7r
2n 2n
,- T - 1
792n 792
56. Displacement at t - 0 is 0 ===+ d - a sin alt 5t. Displacement at t - 0 is 2 ==> fl - a cos ort
Amplitudet lal : 3 Amplitudez lal =Z
7r
Periodr'n
(t)- 6-; '':1 periodr2n:
(t)
l0==+ ,=I J
t\
f, - 3 s' lT d - /."rl/+)
--\s/
'"\T/
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. At r : 0, buoy is at its high point -> d - a cos cot.
Distance from high to low : 2lal- 3.5
lol :I
Returns to high point every 10 seconds: Period :4 : l0==+ r:! 5
,7rt
d:acosT
62. (a) (b)
0 Lr u Lr+12
0.5
2 3
7.6
sin 0.5 cos 0.5
2 3
23.0
0.1 sin 0.1 cos 0.1 2 3
0.6 7.2
- 2 3
sin 0.6 cos 0.6
0.2
sin 0.2 cos 0.2
13.1
0.7
2 - 3
7.0
sin 0.7 cos 0.7
2 3
0.3 9.9
sin 0.3 cos 0.3 2 3
0.8 7.L
sin 0.8 cos 0.8
2 3
8.4
0.4
sin 0.4 cos 0.4 -
The minimum length of the elevator is 7.0
meters.
(c) L:Lr+12=#.* (d) 72
1.67
From the graph, it appears that the minimum
length is 7.0 meters, which agrees with the
estimate of part (b).
64. (a) and (b) (c) A: i@, + b)h
Base I Base 2 Altitude Area Its + (8 + 16 cos o)18 sin o
@0 * cos 0Xsin 0)
8 8+ 16 cos 10' 8 sin 10" 22.t
(d) 10
8 8+ 16 cos 20" 8 sin 2A" 42.5
8 8 + 16 cos 30' 8 sin 30' 59.',|
8 8 + 16 cos 40' 8 sin 40" 72.7
8 8 + 16 cos 50" 8 sin 50" 80.5
8 8 + 16 cos 60" 8 sin 60" 83. I
Maximum is 83.1o
8 8 + 16 cos 70' 8 sin 70' 80.7
Maximum is 83.1o
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Review Exercises for Chapter 4
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. 1.9 radians 4. -3.7 radians
6. (a) E. (a) !
(b) Quadrant II (b) Quadrant I
(c) Positive coterminal angle:
W:2r: W (c) Positive coterminal angle: -+ = 4r :
i
W - 2r: -# 2 Sqr
Negative coterminal angle: Negative coterminal angle: --ry3 --z7l:-T
10. Complement not possible 12. Complemenn
; -*:#
Supplement: T - Y:Y
18 18 Supplemenfi T-+:r?{
t4. -+:
5 -\f$q\
:
5\ nl -108. 16. l.ss:lrffi: ,r::"
lt. (a) 20. -405"
(a)
(b) Quadrant Itr
(c) Positive coterminal angle; l90o = 360o : 550o (b) Quadrant IV
Negative cofierminal angle: 190" - 360o : - l7O" (c) 315", -45o
22. Complement of 94o not possible A. Complement of 49o: 90" - 49"= 4lo
Supplement of 94": 180' - 94" : 86" Supplement of 49":180" - 49o : 131"
tE4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26. -2s4? rr'= -(rr" : #) : -234.or' 28. 280'8'50':
jj;:Tr,"
ll;; =
: 280.15"
30. 25.8o = 25" 48' 32. -327.93o : -327'55' 48o
34. -16.s" = -tu.r'(#)* -o.rrro
l5o I m\
:
x. u" L5' = 84" = 6 = 84.25' a+.25"(tgF
)* ,.**
3& s= r0+0=|=H=+.o$:#, 40. s= r0+r=i=ffi='+*8.lkm
a. @) 2g miles per hour : ffi' - 2464ft per minure 16) The angular rp"rd ir f.
: : ffi;t :
"(4) --i"
circnmference of wheel is c e ZLr2radians
Angulars@ = 2ll2radians/minute
Numbcrofrevolutionspcrminutcis
2& lEq * 336.1rcv/min
y=V:-r
3o
.. 3n -7, . 3tr' O
-n $n7-: cos\-;/
(arr\ 6
l4z\ : -r,I sin\-T):
44.cosT = T 46.
T
(',y): (*,*) (,,y): (i,+)
.A.7r.nfi
4U.slnT: 50.sin2r.: Q: tan2fi
2:COSZ
n I cot4 cosZtr:1:se*Zr
tunT: -- 4 cot2r,, csc 2r are not defined
,*Z-: O: "ttf,
7T
| 13zr\ cos;:;
51
52. cos 4qr : cos Q : 1 s4. cosl-;): 1
56. sec4 :
| ::-1.53 s8l t""(-f) oo o.s8
cos 4
PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
: 5rn
60. sin 0 --
h: i 62. sino
#h- 4T
coso-
#:+ cos e:'12
3J 4r
: +"41
4l
2=-fi
tano:+-[o tano:Il-l
t2 124
csc0-5
csc
4ra
u::Jln -
5=:56
sec0:2{6
5
rz A 4I .rql
S€C U:
4J4r 4
coto :
#:2fi cot0-=
-
4
)
cot0-tan0_ .l:-: tanfl
' 1:tan2Q-secz0
cot 0 cot0
ffi. (a) csc (52" l2): , 1. i - J; : 1.26s6
sin (52"12) sin 52.2-
(b)sec(54'7)= ,1-. l'76l
r*I54'"t:@:
: j
"" (#)
68. (a) o.5oe5 tan62" - 14r : 125 tan62" : 235'1 feet
!25==|
(b)'",(#) :#:t.s6z6
on
\20/
72. x: -4,y - -6,r: GG:2,,,8 74. x:4,y: -8
j're r:@=46
sino -Y -6
;:m:
x-4
l3
sin o - +: -}"fr
-Yr4J55
cos0- -: _2-B
r 2Jl3 13
y-63- cos Q_!_4:{_
tan0:- r4J55
x-42
tanl-Y-: -'t: -2
csc 0: -fi 3 rc4
sec0: fr -L:of
csco
v-82 =-6
cot 0 :? seco-r:af:6
x4
4-:
cot0 -!-v-82 -1
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
76. (x,4x),r)0 28. tan 0 :f,= -+==+ r = 13
X: Xry _ 4x
r:m-,fr* Sin 0>0===+ Y: 12, 1, = -5
-Y: 4!--4'fr
sino
r -fr* - 17 sino -Y:+
r13
x- + :'fr
cosQ-
r - 17 ',fr, cos ;: x5
- 13
tano-Y -4* -
xx
Qp
csc 0 :
r 13
,= Iz
csco -r:t*:4
y4x4 sec0:-:-:r1313
x-55
sec 0
xx :j: -*
cot0
coto =;=*--i
4 cos(qr/4):fu: fi
sec-:-:(]ry'
x-Ztt? 'Irll
E0. cos Q -;:;+ Y: l-Eil t2.
sin 0>0+ y: A
sin0:f,:+
t-
:Lr: -+
tan 0
csco:
r55..8:
r:161 2l
155
sec 0 :;:4: -,
yA-2r=-4
cot|-x:-2
I
84. *(-?) :*,(?) 86. csc TIV :
sin 27ff -l
-t
:'"(;)
I
tan(n/6)
=fi
88. csc l05o : : 1.04 eo. ,i'( -;): -0.34
sin 105"
l7t. . . r ..r Szt
635' is coterminal with 275" 94. is coterminalwithT
i
Reference angle: 360o - 2'15" : 85o
Reference angle : 2r -+:i
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. 315' is in Quadrant IV. Reference angle 45" 98. - 315' is coterminal with 45" in Quadrant I
sin 3l5o : -sin 45o : -*
z
sin (-315') :+
cos 315' - cos '2: 4
45" cos :
(-315")
*
tan3l5o: -tan45o: -l tan (-315) : 1
100. -+is coterminal with OU
r"Quadrant I 102. -iis coterminal with
+in Quadrant IV
. I llzr\ I
srn\- .(a\
stn\-T): - I2
6 ):,
I tlzr\ a
cos\- cos\' /_s\:l
/:T
6 3t z
l ner\ 6 ( zr\ :
tan(-;)
tan\- , ):; -.n
ro4. (",y): (*,-*) 106. (r,y): (-*,*)
sinr:.y: -* sinr:y:+
cost: fi
= JC:T cos f: -42
tant : - 1 tant = - I
108. f(*) - 2 cos r 110. f(*) : icos.r
Amplitude -/
AmPlitua" :i
ll2. Period: 4rr ll4. Period: 4
Amplitude: 4
Amplitoa",
]
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
116. Y: -2 sin rrx 118. f(*): S ror( -t
Period -2n - z
7r Period - t?7,,
(r/4)
-- 8rr
Amplitude: l-2|1 : Z
Amplitude: 8
Reflected in -r-axis
Reflected in y-axis
x
I !
2 0 2 x -4r -2n 0 2r 4n
v 2 0 -2 v -8 0 8 0 -8
l.qrx
f(*): -;sinf 122. fl*) :3cos(x: d
Period : 2r
Amplitude : 1 Amplitude: 3 (
Period : 8
This is the gaph of y - 3 cos x shifted to the
left zr units.
rr
x -7r 0 Tf
2 2
f(x) 3 0 -3 0 3
la. f(*) :
I
;sin rx -3
Amplitude : 1
2
Period - 2
Vertical shift downward 3 units
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
t26. f(r) - 4 - zcos (4x - n)
Amplitude - 2
Period,2
- !
f(x):acos(bx-c) 130. f(*) : acos(bx - c)
Amplitude: 3
Amplitude:
Period: zr =:+ f(*) : 3 cos (?"x) I
Period: 2 -> f(x) : ?rx
:cos
nrt
132. g - 56.25: 9.50
sm?
Maximum sales: | - 3 (March)
Minimum sales: t - 9 (September)
l3{'. f(r):atan(bx)
Pefiod:f =+ f(*): atan(Zx).
passes through poin,
(f, -r) + -2: a""P(;)) :a
Hence, f(*): -2tan?*.
136. f(x) - Q, tan rx 138. f(*): tan (t : f)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
140. f(*) - / - )o"; r42. f(*) :;cotff :
2tanT
ttK. f(*) - Q,*t(" = oo): 146. f(r) : tcscx : #
",(,:i)
14E. f(x) :
I'n2x - 2 cos2x 150. f(*):rcsc(b: n):#
152, f(r) : -2 csc (x - n) = tinlr-2 r; 154. f(x) :3csc (*:I)=
-
ri"(2":;)
.t
;r4
a
P RT III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
156. f(r) - ?x cos xl 15E. f(x) =. 2.5e-x/4 sin2tr x
Dumping factor: g (x) : 2x Dumping factor: S6) : 2.5e-r/a
.(-n\ T (- J3) : -4
Z ): -T
160. (a) arcsrn\- !62. (a) arctan
3
)
(b) arcsin (+):i (b) arctan (- l) : _Tr
4
164. (a) arcsin (-0.94) : - 1.223 166. (a) arctan (0.81) : 0.6808
(b) arccos (-0. 12) : 1.691 (b) arctan 6.4 : L.416
x=' I
,Q=,arctan/"=l\ Letu x x
168. tano==6+0=arctan\ 170.
,0-/
ffi
o{*rcos
;): t*n,:
172. Let u =, arcsin 10x, sin z : 10r.
hYP
-llOx
csc(arcsin lox) = csc tr =
opp=
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
174. tan 14' = y = 37,(n0tan = 9225.1 feet
tft-+ 14o
: y-==:)
tan 58o- -x37,000 .r : y :37,000 tan 58o :
J 59,2L2.4feet
x : 59,2L2.4 - 9225.1 o 49,98'1 .2 feet
The towns arc approximately 50,(n0 feet apart.
: ++ . flr=
176. sin48o
650 --r 483 II :
"' 4:
I dt -z l2ll
cos ZSo = *===+ h.:734 |
810 )
: h+ dg:4351 i
cos 4Eo
. - dt:93
,
sin2so : *===' dr: *rld3 i
810
23-=:=> Q:4.4o
tan0: T2L7
sec 4.4o : -2 -> P : l2l7 sec 4.4o oo l22l
12n
The distance is l22I miles and the bearing is N 85.6o E.
sin 60"
lilE. False.
ffi =6 # sin}" lt0. False. y :sin 0is a function, lUL. fuiswers will vary
but it is not one-to-on€.
CHAPTER 5
Analytic Tbigonometry
Section5.l UsrngFundamentalldentities ..:....,.. . 894
Sectioni.2 VerifyingTrigonometricldentities ....... !. 9m
Sections.3 SolvingTrigonometricEquations . . . . . . . . . 90s
Section5.4 SumandDifferenceFormulas . . ..... . 911
Section 5.5 Multrple-Angle and Product-Sum Formulas . . . 9r9
.
Review Exercises 928
t93
CHAPTER 5
Analytic Tt'igonometry
Section 5.1 Using Fundamental ldentities
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exencises
t;6
2.csco:l,tano
3'4 -3 4. tanx-+,cos x--
r2
0 is in Quadrant I. r is in Quadrant III.
t.:1
sino:csc0 slnr:
5
cos Q_!g_e:1 .!:!
tan0 5 3 5
cscr:
I
smr -2
t,:l -:I 2 2.rfr
seco:cos0 4
sec r cos r J3
l--
cot0: cotx::1 :3=:6
#:: tanr vJ
6. cot rf : -5, sin rf : g ,6 ln
u. cos\z \ 3
-x):3,cosr:5
4
26
x is in Quadrant I.
d is in Quadrant II
cos Q, : cot 0. sin Q : -sfi srnr:Vt
\5/:5
.11 tanx
sinx 3 5
'-:'
3
tan6::: cos.r- 5 4
o
cotd 5 4
.126 csc x:
15
csc{:#:?^:./"26 sinx
- 15
3
sec
'
<D
I -26 -fi s@r
cos.r 4
cos @ 5JZ6
l4 :-
x: tanx 3
10. cscx:5rcosr>0 12. sec0: -3,tan0<0
r is in Quadrant I. 0 is in Quadrant II.
I :l
sinr: csc.r cos
t.:-l
Q- secO
5 3
f
cosx: -lv r l;l
\J/
r*z
sin0: (-f' :zfi 3
tanr:
sinx I _ sin0 :20. -!I - ?
cosr 5
a
',
tan d
cos 0 3
-2,rn
r5:- 0: +-
I 3 3'rn
cos x 2-rt
csc
:o": sin 0 2J2 4
r :2&
I
' I
-{z
1
cotr: cot 0: = F
tan.r tan 0 2J2 4
894
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. tan 0 is undefined, sin 0 > 0. 16. As x -+ 0*,
0:! 2 cos.r-+landsec.r: I + l.
cos r
tan 0 : 'tin q is undefined =+ cos 0 : 0
cos 0
sin o: Jmt: I
I
csco-smd -l
sec o :,4 is undefined.
cos 0
coto:#:?_o
18. As x --) tr*, 20. tan r cos x : sln r cos Jc : sin x.
cos x
sinx-+oandcscr: .t + -@.
sln r Matches (f).
X2. (l - sin2 x) sec x : cos2 r -l-
cos r
: cos.r a.W-rrr':cotr
t/7r\ I sinx
Matches (b). ""'L\t/ -'J
Matches (c).
x
- l) : : x:+9I
cos3
26. sirfx(csc2 x sin2 x' co1 x sin2
" sin2 x
28.cotrsec
sm.r cos.r sln x
: cos2 x : cscx
Matches (c). Matches (a).
30.;t(r-'] sin2x: sinx .
:
r cos x cos x
cos
32. cos gtan P cos B(/gq)
\cos p/
: tanxsinx-smx
= sinF
Marches (d).
34. sec2.r(l - sin2 r) : sec2 x - sec2r sin2 x 3d.!991 : t =sino:tano
csc 0 cos t
: sec2 x - +. sin2x
cos-.r
sin2 x
= sec2 x - cos2 x
:l*'x-tan2x
Yv'
3E.
l11 : cos2.r
tanzx* I sec2r 1
cos2 x
-
E96 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
turf 0 sin20 I
40'r""rr:ffi'rr"ro:*rrt' sin20 I : sin20cos20 ..,
:sinzo
l .*ro
t*'0
n sinx
-a. --.[ ? - x]cos x: -lanv.,.'.v
A, ^^r( tanxcos x: ' cos x: '
sinx
\- I COS.r
44. (cos rXl + tan2r) = (cos r)(sec2 t) = = : sec t
cosnq r!
"or
1+ ta!0:!* t*9
4,6. cosgsec0- cos2 0= l-cos20= sin20 *,*x20-tan2-0+tan?
sec 0
- sec d sec 0 sec 0
=cosd*sin0
tan20+ 1+2sec0*sec20
so.=$LL*1*sego-
o"'1 +
sec o ' tano (1 + sec e\tane
2w20*2w0
='G:r'""m7
2 sec O(sec 0 + L)
= -(a+
r."e)t";a
:2*=o :2c,s^ o
tan fl
l*
\
t)
"*\;- =
-^ -@i-
sz.
seco
= -csc 0
=6;A
54 (sec 0 - tana)(csc 0 + 1) = 4t - .rn a{fr + r)
ll
= ;fo(l - sin oxl + sin e)ffi
:
=t sin, 0'
0.
cos
,(t - sin2e)
I
::COS20=COt0
cos t srn t
to.
ffi=;#ffi=4.= re"o tt. # -entl=cosa*coto- cota= cosd
t-#fi9 cos L :Jin 0 = I * - 1 + tan 0 = cot 0 *
60. - cot 0 tan 0
=-sin 00 sin 0
cos
cos 0
: cos20*sin20
I 'in-a;;;a
=-=sec0csc0
sm tcos t
8n PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62.lnll * cos 0l + ln l1 - cos 0l = ln l(1 + cos 0)(l - cos 0)l
= ln l(l - cos2 o)l
= ln lsin2 dl
: 2ln lsin'01
64. sr*zxtanz.r * sec2.tr : seozx(tafrx + l) : sec2x(sec2x) = s€c4x
Ur.
csc2.r =! _ (cscx - lXcsc_.r + 1) : csc.r *I
cscr- I cscr- I
6E. l-2sin2x *sinax= (l - sin2x)2: (cos2x)2=cos4r
70. sec3x - seczx - soc.r f I: - l) - (sec.r - l)
sec2x(secx
: - lXsecx - l)
(sec2r
= tan2x(secr - 1)
72. (cotx * cscr)(cotr - csc.r) = colfx - csc2x 74. (3 - 3 sinx)(3 * 3sin.r) =! - 9sin2r
: -1 : g(l
- ! cos2x
I I secr-1-(secr+l) ''u' t"nr- s@2x tan2x-sec2x
ro'
ffilI-s€ct- 1= G""r+ l)G""r- t) t""r =-6-
secr - I secr - 1 -1
sec2x-l tan x
: -2 : -cot x
turr'*
__rr_+)
x/ \tan"
: -2coPx
5 tan.r-secr S(tanx-secr) tn2x cscr-1 tanzr(cscx*l)
uu
ffi ' ta;;;: 6,IG,I uz.
ffir' ;;r =
- sec x)
-;t::J-
_ S(tan.r _ x(csc.r
tan2 - 1)
-1 &x
= S(secx - tanx) tan2x(cscx- l) tan2.r
= tanax(csc.r - l)
84. h:cosx+ sinxtanx,lz: sec.r E.0
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Ir 1.0203 1.0857 l.2116 1.4353 1.8508 2.7597 5.8835
lz 1.0203 1.0857 l.2LL6 1.4353 1.8508 2.7597 5.8835
0
It appears that y, : !2.
E9t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
86. yr : sec4 x - sec2, lz: tanz x * tana x
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
)r 0.0428 o.2lo7 0.6871 2.1841 8.3087 50.3869 1163 .6143
lz 0.0428 0.2107 0.6871 2.L84r 8.3087 50.3869 I163 .6143
88. sin x(cot x* tan x) : cos x * sin2 xf cos x
: (cos2x * sin2 x) f cos x
: l/cos x : sec r
eo.h:ilffi.ffi/
lll*sin0 cos0 \
yr md lz: sin 0 y, and lz: cos 0
4
) \. it
,/ LI\
rd lff -.1 -4
yr md lz:+: csc o y, and !z: + : sec o yr md lz: +: cot o
smfl cos 0 tan 0
1 1
wii\ wii it ) i\ )i it
m lrh -1
ini inr -1
It appears that . #) : sec
;(# o.
92. Letx:2sin0. 94.Letx:2ser0.
jre4',: JEq:@
:@ :@
:@o :1Wy
-!,CoS0 - ztan 0
96. Let x : l0 tan 0. 98. cos e- -rc
./6t + T00 = rr 0<_
_< 3n
: 2- 2
:@
= 10sec0
100. tano: @ 102. ln csc 0f
f
* ln ltan 0f : ln lcsc 0 . tan 0l
:lnfsec0f
0 < e.I, rr3 0.Y
z2
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
104. lnlcoul + ln(l * tan2r) : mllcottl(l + trntr)] 106. tanze+ l:sec20
(a) 0 - 346"
: (l I tan2 r)
,o (tan346"12* I -1.0622
Itan rl
:rnl!*@l
Itanr tanfl
(sec 346"12 - (\cos \,346"-)'I : r.0622
: lnlcot t+ tan rl (b) e .- 3.1
(tan3.1)z+ 1:1.00173
(sec
'
a.!)2 - (+)':
\cos 3.1 /
l.oo173
108. sin( - 0) : -sin 0 1lo. False; ry ::Urnko ll2. False.
eos lcO
(a) Q - 25tr sin Ocsc 0: rf*) :
rr" 1,
sin(-250") : 0.9397 /
provided sin 0 + 0)
-(sin 250") : O'939'7
(b) e:!2 Falsefor0:Q.
. si"/-1\ ^, -o.47s4
\21
( _,_ r\
-l\htsin ;l: ^ -04794
ll4. Sincesin20+ cos2Q- landcos2Q- 1-sin2& 116. e - 254"
cosQ- trc 0' : 254" 180' : 74"
lantl
sin 0 :T: sin 0 v
cos 0 - Jt sin2 0
coto:*:*#
seco:*:r#
csc e-l-sin 0
The sign depends on the choice'of 0.
13,r
11t. Q - - l78o is coterminal with l82o 120. 8: 15
0' : 182" - 180" :2o l3n 2r
v
0':rr- -i3= = 15
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
r?;2. f(r) : rsin
zrr r24. f(*) : tcot (x
. i)
AmplitoA", j Asymptotes: x: -!3r
4'4
Period: 2
126. A: g0o
- B: g0o
- g0o: 10"
sinA -9c ==+ c:+:
' sin A =19==:92.L4
sin 10"
tan n : 2 ==+ b - atan fl - 16 tan 80" = 90.74
a
l/8. c: j6ryE': gffi-- 6:2'.,8:16.12
14 '
sinA -g:c ZJ65
=+ [email protected]
sin fr, - 2c :+=
2J65 =+
ff, : Zg.74e
Section 5.2 Verifying lbigonometric ldentities
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
ll\
2. tanycoty=tanyl . l=
\mn y/
I 4, cot2y(sec2 y - l) = cot2 yt31rpy : 1
6. cos2 p - sin2 B : cos2 p - (1 - cos2 9) 8.2- csc2z:2- (cot2z* 1):l -coPz
-2cos2B-l
10. gos r(csc2 t - 1) = cos t coP t
: sin ,(ry)t/ ,ot,,
\sm
1^cotr f
csc t
_ cot3 t
csc t
901 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Ir 5.0335 2.5619 1.7710 r.3940 l.1884 t.0729 1.0148
lz 5.0355 2.5679 l.77lo 1.3940 1.1884 1.0729 1.0148
I
cscr- I sin.r
-l
Ir =3-:-
1-sinx I sinx
:--I sinr I
sinx 1 sinx
:- I
sin x
= cscr
:lz
14.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 L.4
It 0.0403 o.lu6 0.3863 0.7386 1.3105 2.3973 5.7135
lz 0.0403 0.1646 0.3863 0.7386 1.3105 2.3973 5.7135
: I o
Ir s€cx - cos x: cos r
- cosr
1 - cos2x
cos r
sin2 x
cos r o
: sinrfgo)
rl \cos
: sin xtanx
:lz
16. 1.4
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
)r 1.4958 2.2756 3.5939 6.0760 11.6160 28.4287 136.4545
lz 1.4958 2.2756 3.5939 6.O760 11..6160 28.4287 136.4545
secx * tanr (secx * tanx)2
h: secr - tanr (sec- x tanrXsecx * tanr)
(sec r * tan x)2
_
sec2x-tatfx
: (sec r * tan x)2
:lz
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
1E. x 0,2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Ir 0.0403 0.1646 0.3863 0.7396 1.3105 2.3973 5..7t35
lz 0.0403 0.t646 0.3863 0.7386 1.3 r05 2.3973 5.7r35
"Ir: cosr secr
x - cos2x
sin2
cos.r sln r
a
20. There are two errors in line l: 22. Line 2:
sin2 x * cos2x
sec(- 0) : sec 0 and sin( - 0) : - sin 0 cos x sin x
Line 5: (l - cos2 r) - cos2 x
24. sec6x(secxtan,r) - secar(secxtanx) : secax(sec xtanxXsec2 x - l)
: seca r(sec x tan x) tanz x
: se,cs x tdtnS x
,i'[(;) I
-xlJ cosr
26. : COIX 28. (l * sin y)[l * sin (-y)] : (l * sin yxl sin y)
srn .r
cost(g -'] -: : I - sin2y
: cos2 )
11T-
|
30. ,'"0) * cot(0) 0)
-:" cos(-
-L csc(- I- csc o
32.
tanx * tany cotr coty cot r cot y
-
,
- cos e cot 0 I- tan xtany ,11 cot.r cot y
I
l-csc0 cotx cot y
cos{'-#') coty * cotr
cotxcoty - 1
l-csc0
cos 0(1 - csc 0)
:1
cos 0
:sec0
losxlclsy*sin.r-siny_(cos.r-cosyXcos.r*cosy)+(sin.r-sinyXsin.r*siny)
srnr+srny cosxfcosy (sin.r*siny)(cosx+cosy)
_ cos2x - cos2y * sin2x - sin2y
(sinx f siny)(cosr * cosy)
_ (cos2.r f sin2-r) - (cos2y * sin2y)
(sin.r * siny)(cosx * cosy)
=Q
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
1-cos0 I cos0 *o(;- r) : y - tanzy: I
a
38. sec2 y - sec2
1*cos0 l-cos0
(l - cos g)2
1-cos20
(1 - cos 0)2
sin2 0
=1-cosd
l.in ol
/* \
40. csc2li- xl - t = sec2x - 1= tan2x
\z /
* sinx : cosx x- * r-P * cotr
42. cscr(cscr - sinx)
sm.r + cotr = csc2 cscrsinx
sm.r
= csc2.r - I+I- cotx + cotr
: csc2.x
44. 4ta# x * tarf x - 3: (tan2 x * 1)(4 tarPx - 3) 6. sin x(l - 2 cos2 x* cosa x) : sin x(l - cos2 x)2
: sec2 x(4 tarP x - 3)
::ilJj'i*x)2
cot (I ! csca
+ I _ cote(csccr * l.)
48. csca 0 - cot' Q - (csc2 0 - coP OXcsc2 e + coP 0) 5rr.
cscCI- csca+1 csc2a-l
: csc2 e + cot2 0
1
cota(csca*1)
:csc20+(cscz0-1) coP a
-lcsc2e-l csca* I
cot a
.,r * cos3F. _ (sinF *
sin3F cosFXsin2F - sinFcosF + cos2F)
--
rta'
sinp*cosB sinB*cosB
sinBcosB
: li:,J;::, l-
54. The function appears to be y : cos x. Analytically,
cos r sin r cos r 2
rv: 1-tanx T- sinr-cosr
cos r sln.r cos r
@+*nr-rort
x cos2 sin x cos .r
cos x sinr -- cos x - sinx
-
cos x(cos x - sin x)
- cos x sinx : cos.r.
-
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
56, The function appears to be y : csc t. Analytically, s8. lnlsec 0f : t"l*l : hlcos 0l : -hlcos 0l
y:sinr *cot2t
csc f
:1 * cot2 r
csc t
cscz t : csc f,.
csc t
-rnlcsc o+cotgl : -hl#.#l 62. cosz 14" * cos2 76" : sin2(90" - 14") * cos2 76"
: sin2 76" * cos2 76" : I
: htllt
r cos o.l-t
ritto I
:mlr'll *tino,l
cos 0l
:61 i
sine l-cos0l
ll + cos o' I - cos ol
0(l - cos o)f
: lrrllsinl-costo
I
: 6 lsin 0(lstn-: D-l
cos e)l
I
: lr lt -ri"o
cos ol
'l I
: ln lcsc e - cot 0f
64. sinz12'* sin240o f sin250'+ sin278" = sin212o f sin278" + sin240o * sin250"
: cos2(9f - 12) f sin2 78" f cos2(9f - 4tr) * sin2 5f
= cos278o * sin278o * cos25ff + sin250"
:l*l:2
66. seca x(soc.r tan.r) - sec2 r(sec r tan.r) : sec2.r(sec.r tan x)(sec2 r- 1)
: sec2 x(sec.r tan r) tan2 x
: sec3.r tan3 r
6& 1 - 2ccnzx *'2eosax = [1 - 2co*x * cosa.r] * cos4r
= (1 - cos2.r)2 * cosar
: iinax * cosar
7o.r':# -h# -hcoto 72. true
74. False. For example, ln cos Q : ln I: Q whereas 76. .,@e: ftanel
cos (ln 0) is not defined.
@e * tan e if 0lies in Quadrant II or fV.
One such angte is 0 - A.
4'
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
78. ftanef : @. 80. When n is even,
one such value is x : Y.
totl(2n +2l)zrl
__ _f n
J:cost:o-
4
When n is odd,
t"tl| (2" + 1)zrl 3rr
l:cosT:0.
I Qn *!gl
'cosf 2 J :
Thus Q for all integers f,t.
E6. f(r)-/ +3 88. f(*) : €f .'
v
90. J: r0 ==+ e:'tr7- 2- 1.286 radians 92. csc0>0andtan0<0 + Quadrantll
94. sec 0 > 0 and sin 0 < 0 ==+ Quadrant IV
Section 5.3 Solving Tbigonometric Equations
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.cscr-2:Q
(a) *=t (D' x-- 5rr
6
j- 5rr I _,
-2- cscT -2 -- -z
"r.36 -z:
?-
sin(zr/6)
-2-2:Q -/-2:Q
906 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4.4cos2?*-2=0
(a) r: [, +"os,(z 9- ,:o*,,(zo)-/-^(+)'-2=0
(b) x =
!, "or,(z l!) - z : a "*,ff) -, = -(+)' - 2 = o
+
6. secax-3sec2r-4=0
(a)
+t*2f : -randsec.r- 3sec2x - d- (-2\n -3(-z'yz-4:0
x=
(b)r =
Tr* ! = Zand secax - 3 sec2x - d - 24 - 3(Z)2- 4 = 0
E. y : sin zrx * cos zrx ro. y:,*.13) _ _
sin zx * cos rrx = 0
:
cos trx -sin
-sm
7rr
?rr
'*{?) -4:g
l: I
cos 7rr
cosa(m/g)
+- Q'
1 : -tanrx
-l : tanrx ,orn/g\ = !
rr 3qr 7n lln \8 t4
1lx: -7,
4', 4' 4' 4 l.oe_\ lr
cos\;/:
I 37
i/ A
x: -7,A,7,7
11
lzrx\ O
cos\T):T
1rx: 7r Tr
8 -7'7
x: -2,2
12.'nsinrfl:Q 14.cotJc+ 1=Q 16. csc2x-2:0
sinx: -+ cotr : - I csc x : t.,n
3n 7n
-:
JJ
5n 7n x:7, 4
rr 3qr 5rr 7 r
r'--:-4'
4, 4 4' 4' -4
lt. tan2 3x : 3
tan3r-*.rn
31x:{+no .i 2qr
J
or 3x:T*nr
x={+T or
2r . ntr
x:t-T
x -
n *-3nt
gor x: 2r *g 3nn
21 _41 _5o 7rr 8r IOr llrr l3r l4n l6n 17 r
nr:- rr _
g'g'g, g, g, g' g' g' g' g' g' g
(12 solutions) -_
wl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. cos r(cos x - 1) - 0 - l) :
22. tan 3x(tan r Q
cosx:O or cosx:l tan3x:O or tanx-1:Q
3x: nrr tanx : I
x: x:0
"r+ or
,:T n7r
x:[+"n
A rr 21 4t 5rr 7T 5'rr
0,r:i,T, rr,T,T, 4,7
24. cos zxQ cos x * 1) - 0 26. tarPx - I: 0
cos?sc:0 or 2cosx*1:Q tanzx:1
tanx: tl
cOSx: _1
TT
?.x=;*nn
z 2
x:T.4.5!'-7n
x:;+; 7T NTT
x:7,+
4' 4' 4' 4
rr 3n 5rr 7r
x:T,T,T,T
2E. 2sirPrc:2+cosr 30. sec r csc x - lcsc x
2-2coszJc:2+cosx secJscscr - zcscr: Q
2 cosz" i cos.r : o cscx(secx-2):Q
cosxpcosx*l):Q csc.r : Q or secr-2:Q
cosx:0 or 2cosx* 1:Q No solution s@x - /
rr 3r rr 5n
J'' z'
Y:- 2 cos x : -l X:T,T
z
cos x - --L2
x:T,T 2T 4n
32. sin 2x : _6 y. tan3x: I
2
5r
3x=!4 +2nrr 3x: i * 2nr
?-x:4r + 2nt
or
2x-5n *Znn
3
3
5r + nn
7T 2nr
x= n*
51 2nrr
x: n_ 3
2r.* nt x:7
x:; 3
x: 5r I3r 7n
J
2rr 5n
X:T,T r-
Y:
5n ILn x: rr 3r I7n
rz'T' n r2'T' 4
6' 6
36. sec 4x = / 3t. 2sin2x* 3sinx* l:Q
(2sinx * lXsinx * 1): Q
4x:: frJ + 2nn or 4x: 5r
^5 + 2nn 2sinx* 1:Q or sinx * I: Q
TT
x:Tz- NTT
T x- 5n
n*T
nnr
sinx: 'i sinx: -l
rr 7r lSrr L9r : 5r lLn r 23n 17
:3t
x=-!2'
J'u x x :!+.L11'- x
12' 12' L2 rz' 12' 12' n 6' 6 2
90E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. * sin x tan x _L
cos x -r) 42. csc2x- 4cotx: -2
(l * cot2x) - 4cotx: -2
cosx * rinr(W) -2
\cos r/ coPx-4cotx*3-0
cos2x * sinzx (cotx-3Xcotx-1)-0
cos x
-o z
cotx : 3 or cotx =
I x : 0.32L8,3.4633
r -2
cos
or
x:g1r
cosx:;LI 4'4
ar--
rr 5r
Js ql rr
JJ
U. y:4sinx- cosx*2 -
46. -y:-
13
4g.
l*sinx++-4:e
sln- x ---rsrn r cos.r I + smx
7
10 E
I \
0
0.2r
J \
-3 l-\
-19 -t
: 3.8930,6.0217 Jc: L.M72,5.236O
x : 0.25n, 2.8889,4.7 124
N
50. 2 cos x - sinx : Q 52.2xsinx-2:0 54.csc2x*0.5cotx-5-0
3
Y:2xsinx-2 ll\2
2
!r:t-lsinr/l+- ,*- 5
\J \J
c.n
-3
Jc : l.t07l,4.Vl87
-12
x: 1.1142,2.7726
x= 0.5 153, 2.7259, 3.6569,
5.8675
56. 3tarFx * 4tan x - 4:0 5t. y: cos2x- 2cosr- 1:0, [0, rrJ
x:
o
1.998
-B
/VL
I
Jc : 0.5880, 2.034y'', 3.7296,
5.L7ffi
60. y : 2 secz x * tan x - 6 : 0, (t,9
x : - 1.035,0.870
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. (a) x I 4
0 2 3 5 6
"(r) -1 0.95 - 5.81 -4.03 -'1 .t2 16.63 5.25
Any zeros are in the intervals (0, l), (1, 2);ana (4,5) because/changes signs in thc intervals.
(b)
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
-E
The only interval is (0, l). It differs from that in part (a) because of the rrertical asymptotes.
(c) o.7391
64. (a)
x 0 I 2 3 4 5 6
flr) -t -1.99 1.36 6.88 3.32 -l.gl - l.15
Any zeros are in the intervals (1,2) and (4, 5) because/changes signs in thcse intervals.
The intervals are the same as in part (a).
(c) 1.7794,4.5039
ffi. (a) f(*): 3 sin x - 5 cosx O) 3cosx+ 5sinx:0
Maximum: (2.6012, 5.83 10) x : z.ffit,5.743
Minimum z (5.7 4zB, -5.83 10)
t
-t
-7
68. (a) 1 (b) 2 cos x - r: 0
4 sin.r cos
2 cos x(l - 2 sin.r) : Q
cos x:O =+ x:g3tr
2'2
l -zsinr=e: I trlqr
Maximum: (0.5236, 1.5), (2.6180, 1.5) The zeros are 0.5 236,2.618,4.7L2 andl.57l.
Minimum: (4.7124, - 3.0) The first three corespond to the values in (a).
910 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
sin x
7A. Graph y : cos r and y : r on the same set of axes. 72. f(x) -
Their point of intersection gives the value of c such
x
thatf(c)=c -+ cosc=c. (a) Domain: all real numbers except.r = 0.
2 (0.739,0.739) (b) The graph has y-axis symmeffy.
Horizontal asymptote: y: 0
,/ { (c) As r -) 0,/(x)
-> l.
// \ (d) sin xf x : Q has four solutions in ttre interval
[-8,8].
, . ../t\
-2
c : 0.739 (sinx)l -l:0
\x/
sinx: Q
x: 2,r, - rr, tr2r
74. g :74.50+43.75 nrt
sm7
t I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll t2
s 96.4 LLz.4 I 19.3 112.4 96.4 74.5 '52.6 36.6 30.8 36.6 52.6 7 4.5
Sales exceed 100,000 units during February, March, and April.
t ,If
r:6,ro'sin20, r= -;L' <.r <;
7T
76. 300, vo = 100 78. A - 2x cos.r ,
3oo : +(loo)2 sinlo (a) 2
sin20: 0.96
20: L.287 or 20: rr - 1.287 : 1.855 V
n
Q :0.6435 : 37o Q : 0.928: 53" -2
The maximum area of A : I.I2 occurs when
x :0.86.
(b) A> I for0.6<x< 1.1
80. (a) E2. False. sinr - x: Q has 1 solution,.tr : 0.
f,
taa
gE
CL
E
D
r234567
Year(0<+1990)
(b) iii (c) constant:6.34Vo
(d) Approximately 6 years
(e) 2001
84. Answers will vary. 86. 486" : 486o(*) : 8.482 radians
91r PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
: : x :28 :
EE -210.55o -210.55"(#) -3.675radians 90. cos @o - 2g- - 1c cos 60o 14
sin 70o : -ft + x : 10' sin 70o : 9.397 : 9.4
94. f(*): -6 "otff |re. f(x) : rsec(2x + n)
Amplitude: 6
Asymptotes: bc + rr : x: _3n
4
period , ?\ -- 8
fs)
\4/
be+ n:t =+ X: _7r
4
Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Fomulas
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. (a)
',"(?
.+)= sinTcos{-* cosTriof
:+?+)+ ?)+---r\ {'?
(b) sinf+,iof =+.*--ry
l5r z\ 5r ir *
4. (a) cos
\z - d: cosT-cos
6
: (_{2)f
\-2lz-
*
(b) 5rnO-fr
cos
4 -cos6=- 2- 2
6. (a) cos(240" - O") : -i
: cos 240"
(b) cos24f'" -cosQo: -t- 1: -Z
E. (a) sin(39oo + 120") : sin 510" : sin 150' : ,
(b) sin 390o * sin LzO": sin 30" * sin l2O" : t + + : r+6
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
10. 15" : 45" - 30"
sin 15" : sin(45" - 30") : sin 45" cos 30' - cos 45" sin 30"
cos 15o : cos(45o - 30') : cos 45" cos 30o * sin 45" sin 30o
: (*\+) . (*X;) - ry t : ft'n + r)
tan 15o : tan(4so - 30') :
tan 45" - tan 30o
1 * tan 45" tan 30o
..'63fi
3 t2 - 6.fr
,lJt 3 + # -2 fi
1+ (r\^ ,\
il - -3 3
12. 165' : 135" + 30o
sin 165" : sin(135" + 30) : sin 135" cos 30o *'sin 30" sin 135o
: sin 45" cos 30o - sin 30' cos 45"
2 2
:{.{-l
2 24 \Y-
.,[?:*(fi-r)
cos 165' = cos(135' + g0') : cos 135" cos 30o sin l35o sin 30o
: -cos 45" cos 30o - sin 45o sin 30o
: -*.+-*-;:-*tn+r)
: + 30")' - .tan 135" * tan 30"- :tan45" * tan 30"
tan 1650 tan(135. -
t - tan 135" tan 30" 1 * tan 45" tan 30"
:-2+{3
14. 285": 330o - 45"
sin 2850 : sin(330" - 45" = sin 330o cos 45" - cos 330" sin 45o
cos 285" : cos(330o - 45") : cos 330" cos 4s" * sin 330" sin 45o
( 1\.,D ,,f6- O
6-n -\-rl
2z 2:T
tan285o : tan(330" - 45o) :
tan 3300 - tan 45"
I* tan 330" tan 45o
3 -lI
-''fr -ft+3 A
.rn
@:154:-z-
913 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
1.. lTrr 7r ,
IO. n:T-T
Tr
sln1;- . (7n . zr\
. l7n stn\? 7rr n + cos6smZ
srn?cos
7rr n
" 7)- 4
:(+) (+)+ (-+)+-- -fi-fi
4
L7n lln. zr\ '7,r t
7r rr sm?sm7
cos -cos\6*T):cos?cos;-
n
:\- -\-r) o _
: (__fr\o _r_1\ 2 )z 2:
fi-&
I7n: lln zr\ :-
a"f7n+ tanffrr
tan
n tan\
6 * T) I tan?tan7
7tt rr
6,1
3 -t -fr+3
,-*',
:-E-=
3J3 'fr
18.
=V:+-T
( (zn 21 91 cosT
. 19zr\ sm\T 9zr\ sm5cos
srn\-
2zrsm7
9n
n ): - 4 ): 4-
I lgzr\ cos\T
cos\- lTn- 2n 9rr *. smTsrnT
9zr\ cosTcos . 2rr 9r
n )- T): 4
I r\,n
:\-r) 6O -re- O
2-22:T
2rr tun9rr
tunT
( -
on\- 19zr\ lzr
n)=on\T-
9zr\
2ntanT
4): I * tanT 9n
4
6+l :2* fi
6-l
20. sin 110o cos 80' * cos 110' sin 80o : sin(110o + 80') : sin(190')
* : tan 140" - tan 60o
: :
22. cos 20'cos 30' sin 20" sin 30o cos(30o - 2O') 24.
I* tan 140" tan @o
tan(140o - 60") tan 80'
: cos l0o
26. cos 0.88 cos 0.34 * sin 0.88 sin 0.3 !, - cos(0.88 - 0.34) : cos(0.54)
28. ,in{cosff + cos
Tsinff: ""(?.ft)
:'*(?o)
914 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
30.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 L.2 1.4
Ir 0.1987 0.3894 0.5646 0.717 4 0.8415 0.9320 0.9854
lz 0.1987 0.3894 0.5646 0.717 4 0.8415 0.9320 0.9854
lr: sin(3T - x) 2
: sin 3zr cos x - cos 3rr sin x
: Q - (-l) sinx
: sinx
:lz
o
32.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 t.2 1.4
)r -0.8335 -0.9266 -o.9829 -0.9999 -0.977 r -0.9153 -0.8170
lz -0.8335 -0.9266 -0.9829 -0.9999 -0.977 L -0.9153 -0.8170
Ir:
/5rr
cos[,+
\5n5n
- r)- cosocos x * sinTsinx
: -+cos.x - *sinx
fi,
-;(cos x * sinr)
lz
34.
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 t.4
Ir 0.0395 0.1516 0.3188 0.5146 0.7081 0.8697 0.97 rl
lz 0.0395 0.1516 0.3188 0.5146 0.7081 0.8687 0.97lr
Ir = sin(x * - d
zr) sin(x
: [sin .r cos zr * sin zr cos x][sin r cos rr - sin zr cos x]
: [-sin x][-sin x]
: sin2 x
:lz
Figures for Exercises 36 and 38
36. cos(u - u) :cosycosu*sinvsinz 38. sin(z - ,) : sin u cos v - cos a sin y
: (-3X+i3) + ($X*) : (*)r-3) (+i3Xf)
: -*g +H: -*g :-*;-f3:-f3
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Figures for Exercises 40 anil 42
40. sin(z + Y): 42. cos(z - ,) : cos ll cos v * sin u sin v
i.;iT;:1:liiill : ?#N+f) + (+*X-*)
_28 t72 _100 _4
t25 T t25 125 5 : _96 , _21
--rzs + -fs : -_117
r2s
44. sin(O + d+ "or( , -;) : [sin 0 cos n* cos 0 sin zr] +
"o,( t- 4
: [-sin 0 + 0] + sin 0 : Q
ln \ t^n(o/4)-tan9
l0' tanfl - t)= | + tm(,/a)tanl_l-tanO
I t tan0
4t. cos(r + y) + cos(x - y) = cosxcosy - sint siny * oosroosy * sin.rsiny
: 2 cos.r cos y
50. sin(x + y) sin(x - y) : [sinrcos y * cosxsiny]fsinrcos y - cosrsiny]
: sin2x cos2 y - cos2 x sin2 y
sin2 x(l sin2 y) - cos2 x sin2 y
sin2 x - sinzy(sin2 x * cos2.r)
sin2 x - sin2y.
52. Let u : arccos r and v : a
arcsm.r
\
cosu--x siny = x
1fx1
coe(arccos x - arcsin .r) : cos(arccos .r) cos(arcsin -r) + sin(arccos x) sin(arcsin 'r)
: xJE-t + tT'- f.x
=?.r-,ffi
916 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. Let u = arcsin x and v = arctan?-x
sinu : x tanv -2J
cos(arcsin x - arctan 2x) = cos(arcsin.r) cos(arctan2x) * sin(arcsin r) sin(arctan 2x)
2x
-Yr-,-:- - J4Flt'-ffi1
z*+.R
--l
'tWI
56. I
sin\r*a)
zr\ sin\x-Zl
-( ?r)-1
z
sinrcos lu+cosxsin
i-(rt"rcos i-cosrr,"f)
::
2 cos r(0.5) :
t
cos *:t 1
T5r
x='
t'T
sElzr\/\ cosfr *;) -cos( ,-A = I
r !-_-:-_nf I
-fi sinxsiniJ rr sinrrtouJ
lcos.rcosi- lcosrcos U+
,4:I
-zsinxsinf : t
sinx: -1
3r
Jtr:T
60. zsin(x+g) +' v3tan(n-r)-o
2l
\
,If ,
^fsinxr cosT . nf + 3tan(-.r): e
2l * cosxsinTJ
L
sinx
2cos x -, cos r - o
Zcos2 x - 3 sinr : 0
2(l - sin2x) 3 sinx : 0
2sinzx*3sinx-2:0
(Zsinx-l)(sinx+2) -> sinr=; =+ x=t,+
917 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
G2. ri"(' .;)-.or( x *+): e g. tan(zr - r) + 2.o,(' .+): e
.\ I
-to
l \-
x : 0.7854,3.9270 x : 0, l 0472, rr,5.2360
66. y : 1tsin 2t +
l lcos2t
(a) l
(b) a:I,b:i,B:2 (c) Amplitude:
5
t2
Q-arctanb == arctan
3
0.6435 (d) Frequency:
1bzt
a I: period 2n 2n rr
y: ffisin(2r+0.6435)
5
, + 0.6435)
;sin(2r
6E False. cos(rz t v) : cos t/ cos v T sin z sin y
?0. True. tt(r - +) =sinxcos + -*.'riof = e - cosx(-t) = cosx
72. sin{nt * 0) = sinzacos 0 * sin lcosnqr
= (O)(cos 0) + (sin 0X- t)'
: (- l)'(sin 0), where n is an integer.
. srn L = a u:
---^ b
_ _ *.
74.C=arcAng
b)e:-a- m, cos
f,o7a p
,ffi cos(Bo - q = @cos Bo .
#+* sin Bo
ffi)
=DcosB0t'asinBd
=csinB0+bcosB0
91E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
76. 3 sin 20 + 4 cos 20
a:3rb:4rB:2
(a) Q-arctanb= arctan
4
(b) Q - arctan : arctan :0.6435
a 3-0.9273 ; 1
3 sin 20 + 4cos Z0: W sin(trO + C) 3 sin 20 + 4cos Z0: ffi cos(80 - C)
: J sin(20 + 0.9273) : Jcos(20 - 0.6435)
7E. sin 20 - cos 20
a: Lrb: -1rB:2
,4
(a) Q-arctanb-arctan(-l): -+ (b) Because b > 0 in the formula, we write the
given expression as:
sin2o -.J 2o: ffisin(Bo + C)
-(-sin20+cos20)
. lrr_ g\
: Jzt=sin\ a: -1, $ - l,B :2,
4l : n(- 1) ::
c + rr"on/o\
t;l arctan(- -i
Hence,
-(- sin20 * cos 20) : -JEryFicos(3g - C)
: -O"or(ro ++)
4l \
t(LC= -i:'-*(;) + ;:-r + a=-r,b=t
ffi = -fz.Hence,B: l and
s".,(e.n:T*r,
t2. The graph of g(n) = cos('.+ x) looks like that offl.r) = -cost. Analytically'
g(t) : cos(a f x) : cos tt ' sosr - sin a' sin'r = -cosr'
84.
cos(r + h) - cos r : cosrcos h - sinxsinh - cosr:T cosx(cos h- I) sin x sin h
919 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
g6. tan(n sin(z + v) sinacosv * sinvcosz
* v):
.'
cos(z + v) - cos u cos v - sin z sin v
1 sinr sinv
sinzcosv*sinvcosa cosrrcosv cosa cosy
o_
tanu*tany
sosttcosy-sinzsiny I , - sinusinv 1-tanztany
""tra"t, ""tr*t,
8E. y= O: * -3x- 4O:(*- 8X.r+5) = 0 + r-intercepts:(8,0),(-5,0)
.r = 0 + Y = -N.Y-intercePfi (0, -40)
90. y -2xJxTi : 0 ::+ r : 0, -7. x-intercepts: (0,0), (-7,0)
O:
x = 0 + y = 0. y_intercept (0, 0)
e2. arctan(- 6): -f u"."o."""(+) = --rE e4. arcrano:0
Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and product-Sum Formulas
Solutions to Even-Numberrd Exercises
Figure for Exercises 2-E
2. tan 0 :1 4. sin20 - lsin 0cos Q - 2(3)€) :Hi
6. sq,20: I 8. cot20:
cos 2e #
I
_l-|@inze
cos2 0- sin20 Ztan 0
1 |- (3/4)2
@15',12 - Q/s)' 2(3/4)
I _7/16
(r6/2s) - (e/zs) 3/2
_25 7
7 24
920 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
10. * cos .tr = O
sin 2x 12. sin 2r sin r = cos.tr
2sinxcosx * cosx = 0 2sinrcos.rsinx - cos.r = 0
cosx(2 sinx * l) = 0 - 1) : 0
cos.r(2 sin2x
cos.tr:0 or 2sin.r+l=0 cosl=O ot 2sin2x-l=0
n3n
,=t,T smr=-t r3n I
-,-_-__1 ,=r,T sinx=1
*: 7r llzr 6, 6 sinx = tf
/;
r315n7r
*:7'4'T'4
14. tan2x - cotr : 0
2tanx :
--'------'-'--=- cotx
l-tznzx
2tmx =cotx(l -tafix)
2tanx: cotr - cotxtalt]z x
Ztanx=cotx-tant
= cot.r
3 tanx
3 tan.r - cotx = 0
I
3tanr- - =Q tan.r
3tan2r-1-O
tan.r
I
:tl tatPx - l) : 0
mnx
cotx(3tarPx-l):0
cot.tr=0 or 3t,ln2x-1=0
r3r
,=VT " I
tan'x=i
tanr =
6
fl_
*:7r 51 7r ?' ?'
Ller-
6
n r 51 7t 3zr ll'tt
'=7, 6'6'T' G
16. (sin2x * cos2r)2 = 1
sitf ?-x * 2 sin ?.xcos2x * cos2 ?-x = |
2 sin 2rcos ?.x =O
sin4x = 0
4x = nrr
,=T
n7f
^rr31 5t3n7r
x: U,Z,,,T,o,T,T, 4
vzl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
18. 6sinrcosx * 4 - 3(zsinxcosx) + 4 20. (cos x * sin x)(cos .r - sin x) : cos2 x- sin2 x
:3sin2x*4 : cos 2r
2
zz.cos u- ,-jr; 7T
A. cotu:_6,7.
' 3rr' u
)( -BX-?) -
- zsinu cos,,w - -\7 :
sin2u
# sin2u - zsinzcosIl -- 2( -+)(/+)
\ J37 t\J37 / -nt2
'
cos2u:cos2u-sirn'u:6 4 45 4l ' " 36 I 35
-4g cos zu: cos2 tt rnn-u:fr-
37:fr
,( -''6\ ^( l\ z
z J---B:12-fr _ "\;6) - _-6__n
I tanzu-'\ 45
tan1u:,Z'uny
, 4-45 4I
tan2u_.ztanu
1 tanzu I, ( l\, 35 35
r-T 4 \-6l To
(Not drawn to scale)
26. sina x = (sin2 x)(sin2.r)
: (r - cos 2x\/ I - cos 2x\
\ 2 /\ 2 )
I- 2cos 2x + cos2b
4
2- 4cosz';.+ I *cos4x
8
: b
*,, - 4cos + cos 4x)
2t. cos6 x: (cos2x)3 : (]ll"A)t
:
ftt + 3 cos 2r + 3 cos2 b +cos3 2x]
: + 3 cos b + 3 .
*[t ry* cos {ry")]
:
*E + 3cos 2n +1 "o, 4x *|ro, b +)"oruo cos 4.f
:
*[].f,"o,b +f ,o, 4x * *]n"s?-x* cos *,]
: * 15 cos 2x * 6 cos 4x * cos 6xl
+rrLO
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
30. sina r cos2 x: sin2 x sin2 x cos2 x
|- * cos2x\
=\lr - ,
cos 2*\l coq?d\/l
)\ , )\ , )
I
: -
;(t - cos ?-x)(l cosz ?*)
: I
- cos2 b + cos3 2x)
trt - cos 2x
: *[' - cos 2rc -(ry) * cos
{ry)]
: [" - zcos 2r - I- cos 4x * cos zrc + cos 2x cos 4xf
Gl,
: cos 2x -cos 4x *f ro, 2x *] ro, u"]
*[t -
: t,-
- * cos 2x + cos 6x]
fZ - zcos zil 2 cos 4x
: Llz - cos 2x - 2 cos 4x * cos 6x]
32'
t2
figur€ for Exencises I24t
0l
32. ,in
f,
: ze- cos
*1. sec;
- t
:t-
v2
tw
I
-
J26
:- J26
26
=-fi5 (see #31)
01
cot;: 38. 2 cos z sinf,
36.
z0 tan; 3^"3:
- z :r(+r)
_ sin0 2
l-cos0 -- J26
-
l- __fi (see #32)
:13 10 13
r-13tLL
s /13\
::l:l:
- 13\11 J
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. sin 165o : ri"(; . 33oo) : :|J4
cos 165" : ,"r(;
: *(i \ 330" - | /z
6- fi-z
. 33ool: sin -1
tan 1650
I t*cos330. l+({ttz)
,
2+
42. lS7" 30, :157.5o : Quadrant II
1115.)
sin( rs7"3o) : r*(+ . 3ls") I- cos 315'
@_ffi
V2z
cos( rsl" 30 J :
"*(*
. 31s") * cos 315" @:_ffi,
vT: 2
3o): ,un(j . 315") _ .sin3l5" _ _ -fi/z__
- iJ.os315' -.,n _lI O
tan( rsl"
I *ffi:;ftz:
44. sinfi:rin[;(f)]
#:'"'[;(f)] "t:;Jz+6
1+cos(zr/6) I t-
cos
z
o"#:""[#)]
4G.E:+(+) euadrantrr
:'*(;'T):
""(#)
. 'ltr I
;'t) :ft:*:.1#:-z-v:
srn: --
^_ (7n\:'un(lt 7rr'
""\;) 1*cos l-; Yv
6
4g. cos u: fr,0 49:- 24
625 25
-! u
sm;=!^@:^E:^E:0.6:1
2 t/ 2 vzr s
u -@:
cosr: V 2 v^ffi:^E:0.8:!
2 \ zJ s
. u l-costr t-L
^nr:-l;;:E:;:i 25
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
50. cotu:'1 ,n<u.+ QuadrantnI
.u
srnT: :
v
/6+7
t-
2Js0
ffi
,
u t - l/.,m /JSo-7
-
cos
,: 2 -:v zJso
- (Notrlrawn to scrle)
^ ,u I -cosu -t*ft:-('5
-t-7
t^nt=G;: J -
+7)
-m
I* : lcos2xl l-cos(x-l)
cos4x _
2 l.*?l -l''"(?)l
56. h(x): sinf * cos x - I 58. s(x) : tan;- sinx
L
.x
sinf * cos x - I - 0
x
tan: - sinx: Q
z
I - ""rt I I - cosr: slnr
_!_
tVT= -cosx sinx
1 - cosr 1 - cos x - sin2x
- I - 2cosx *
2
cos2x
1 - cos x: 1 - cos2x
1 - cos x -- 2 - 4cos x * 2cos2x cos2x-cosx:0
2co*x-3cosx*1=Q cosr(cos x - 1) : Q
(2cos x - lXcos x - 1) : Q cosx:0 or cosx- 1:Q
2cosx- 1:Q or cosx- 1-0 x::,-L2
T 3rr
cosx:l
cos*:; 1
cosx- I x:0
x:;,;fi5r x:0 O, rf\, tlld 3n/2 are all solutions to the equation.
60. 4 sinf
"o, + : 4. l[,'"(; . ?) +,i'(; - ?)]
zfsin+*,'n(-9]
z(sinT-,t"f)
6i2. 64. cos 20 cos 40 : l[cos(2 e - 40, * cos(2 0 + 4ql
5sin3asin4a:5 *[ror(3o . - 4o) - cos(3a * ao)] : * cos 601
Ilcos(-20)
: I[cos(- a) - cos(7 ")] : * cos 6e')
I1cos20
: I[cos a - cos ToJ
ltzo" + 30"\ ltzo" - 30"\
:/tot\T/
ffi. cos Lzo" * cos 30o t"t\ 2 /
- / cos 75o cos 45"
yzs PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6r.sin x+sin7x -zsin(#) *{=3)
- 2 sin 4x cos(- 3r)
- ) sin 4x cos 3x
70.cos({+2t)+cosf=,*W)*"(ry)=2cos(d*a)cos,tt=_2cos(f+a)
72. rin(' .9+ sin( , -9 - )rir( x* (rr/2) * x- (rr/2
,or(
x * (tr/z) x * (n/2)
) 2
- zsin x cos :0
;
74. h(x) = cos b 6r- cos '
cos2;--cos6r:0
-2 -2;) : Q
sin 4x sin(
2sin4rsin?*:0
sin4x -0 or sin'2r - 0
4x=nr ?-x : nn
x=T n7T
2
x: o,x,;,T,o,!,+,7 x - o,;,o,!
76. f(x) : sin2 3x - sin2 x
-
sin2 3x sin2r : 0
(sin 3x * sin r)(sin 3r - sin.r) : e
(2 sin 2r cos x)Qcos 2r sin r) = e
sin2r=Q==t x=ntr 3t
= u'vo'T or
cosr: 0 ==+ x == Tr 3n
T,,T OT
cos ?t:O ==+ x:!-Y-Srr 7n
or
=
lt 4'T' 4
sinx-0 + x=,0,n
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
78. cos2 q: (cos q),:(i?l 144
Eo. cos csin p:(i?Xi) : #
169 I
cos2 q, - 1 - sin2a cos asin B --"'(; - o) ,or(; - ,)
r, (5\, : (i?)(il =#
\r3/
: 25 rM
169 169
I t4. x: *
82. sec2o = cos 20 cos2 0- sin20
cosa x - sina (cos2 x - sin2x)(cos2x sin2r)
I
lf cosz 0
(sin2 0/cos2 0)
::::?,"
segz o
1-tanz0
sec2 0
1 (sec' 0'- 1)
seg2 o
2-segz0
u 1-costt I costl
86. 1 * cos lg, : 1 * cos2 5y - sin2 5y 8E. tan=:-:.7--:CSCU-COIU
2 sinz slnu smu
: I * cos2 5y - (1 - cos2 5Y)
-- )cos2 5y
r -2 sin(
cos 3x - cos
eosin4P=1il\fff 92.
sin 3x - sin x
r*(+)*(?
-
:ff f,,,;;ifl,l,u,,
- 2 sin2 P)
Q, sin p cos P(I
-2 sin 2r sin x
2 cos ?-x sin x
Graph: lr: sin 4F : -tan?*
lz:4 sin p cos B(1 - sin2 B)
* cos 2x I T- cos 2x
f(x): x :1
94. cos2
2 22
unit.
-z
Shifted upward UV *
Amplitude z lal :,
Period,2n 7r
T:
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. f(x) : cos 2x - 2 sinx
(a) 2 (b) -2 * l)-0
cos x(2 sin x
-2cosx:0 or 2sinx* I -0
cosx:0 .1
slnr: -;z
rr 3r
: rrT 7n Lln
x r'.':
6' 6
,J**u- points: (3.6652, 1.5), (s.75g6, 1.5)
Minimum points: (1.5708, -3)
! :1.5708 ?_9.: 3.66s2
2 6
3n lLn
::4.7124
2 6
= 5.7596
9E. f(*) -zsinf -s"or(z' -io)
(a) o) rosin( * - fl* cos
|: o
x : 0.343, 1.991,3.541 5.064
The first and second solutions corespond to the
maximum and minimum points in part (a).
-6
Maximum poinfi ( 1.9907, 6.6705)
Minimum pornfi (0.343+, -4.6340)
100. Let tr : arccos r. lUL. I,et u = atctan x.
cos(2 arccos x) : cos2(arccos x) - sin2(arccos x) sin(2 arctan x) - 2 sin(arctan x) cos(arctan x)
-f - (t -*)-?*- I X
-.JET| ffi
:7
:Ri?8
104. (a) :#+ r-_zosinf, (b) A: 5Ol ^sin' 0 cos
t ,)
: 50 sin 0
""(;) \2
*'(;) :h=+ h-rocosf, (c) The area is maximum when Q - f, e: 50.
A=,\n:
*::;1;*';)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Nurnbered Exercises
106. 2r 108. True. sin(zr) : and y :,4 - 8 sin2z' : 4, 3
;: sinz
f, maximum.
Q
x: :4rry:24r- cos o)
^["";],
110. (a) Complement: 90" - 55o : 35o. supplemenfi 180" - 55o : 125"
(b) Complement not possible. supplement: 180" - L62" : 18"
1tl2. f(*): , cos 2x y !14. f(x\ : tlrrn2mc
Amplitude: I Period: I
Period: zr
Review Exercises for ChaPter 5
Solutions to Even'Numbered Exercises
2. sm.r
1
. -:csc.r 4. tanI x :cotx 6. m: sec.r
B. *r(;- ") : tanx 1.0. tan(-t) : -tanx
-. (n ^\ :
12. tan o : 1, sec o -- I !4. csclT- 0) sec0:3,sin0:T
'1 -4 -2-rr-2"'n Quadrant I
2Z ":t Quadrant
cosQ-h:+ cos e:L3
tan 0: zfi
sin o: tan ocos Q - +
Jtz-3-re
13
coto:#:+
cot 0 :?
3-:t{
csco:2.,n 4
csc0o:q3
16.
x- 1
sec2 (sec x- lXt"tryl-!) : secx * I
sec.r - 1 sec.r - 1
rR -sin3 F * F _ (sin F + cos Fxsin2 F - sin F cos F *
cos3 cos2 F)
''r" sinB * cosB sinB * cosB
: I sinBcosB
:1 -
;sin2B
929 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. csc2 x(l - cos2 x) : csc2 x(sin2 x) : I 22.
sin( . x) cot x
\
_ 1-""d(ffi) -l
'(T
rrr\t cos r
- xI
24.csc2x-cscxcotx:-L - 1 .cosx 26. sec2xcot x - cotx : x - l)
sin2 x sin x sin x
cotx(sec2
: cot x tanz x
:- I - cos.r
sin2 x -I -tan2x
. - tanx
: tanx
28.cotzx-cos2 x:9os2x
,t# - cos2x
',
30. cos3 x sin2 x - cos r(cos2 x) sin2 x
: cos2 r[csc2 Jr - : cos x( I sin2 x) sin2 x
1]
: (sin2 x - sina;) cos x
: cos2x . coP x
32. -vG;d;: (1 -cosr;l*cost *..I*sec(-x) I* secx
I + cosx - -- sin(-x) * tan(-r)
-sin x - tanx
I tlt' .
,- I* secx
Vl*cosx - sin x(l + sec x)
lsin rl I
-: Jl * cosx :
sm.r
: -csc.r
I
36. csc r rtr(; - ') sln r
l:Q
I
40.tanx* l:Q 42.4cosx:1+'2cosr 44.:sec.r - I- 0
z
tanx: -1 2cosx-1
31 7qr
sec.r - 2
x:7, cosr:,I
4 cost: *z
rr 5rr
x=T'T x: fiSfi
3'T
46. 4tan2x - I: tan2x 48. sin r(sin x * l) : 0
3|otn2x:l sinx: Q or sinx: -l
3n
tanz, =
| x:Orttr or x=T
tanx = t4J3
x :4.Y.7-9. llqt
6' 6' 6' 6
930 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
50. cscr-2cot.r=0 52. 2sin2x-3sinx*l=0
I (2sin.r - lXsin.r - l) = O
sln.r - 2cos.r) = I
fil
I
sinx=i or sinx:'
cosr=i
*=I,r+ '=t'+ or *=t
54 * 2cosx:2
sin2r 56. {31rln3.r = 0
(l - cos2r) * 2cosx -/- 0 tan3x= 0
cos2.r- 2cosr* 1: O 3x= ktr
(cosr-l)2=O --nt2r -4n5r
t-u'tl'7r'T'T
cos.tr:I
r=0
5E. 3csc2 5x: -4 60. sin 4x - sin ?-x : O
2cos3xsinr:0
5ir: -5
4
csc2 cos3x:Q or sinx=Q
No solutions. 3x -| + x: o, zr
"n
fi nTr
' x:6*T
n 51 7n 3'tr LIr-
x: T6'r'T' 6'T' 6
6i2.2cs2x*3cosx=0 fl. sec2r*6tanx*4=0
cosr(2cosr* 3) =O (t +tan2.r) t6tan.rt4:0
tan2r*6tan.r*5:0
cos.r = 0 0f crostr = -| tinnossiuer (an.r + lxtanx * 5) : g
t 3t tan.r = -l or tanl = -5
'= r'T 31 7zt x-
,=t,i or 1.7682,4.9098
66. sin 345" = sin(3Otr + 45o) = sin 300o cos 45o * cos 30d sin 45o
-tr-/i,.t O O-JG
=_TT-''T=T
-
cos 345o + 45) =
cos(3Od30(f - 30ff cos cos 45o sin sin 45"
t _fr.fiO ..fr+.ft
:r'T- 2T=T
tan34so=# =#u= -ft-z
931 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
68. sin (#)-,in( + - X): +* I -cos +sin f, sin
( 60 -.fz- 6
/ tg?r\ ( ttrr zr\
^-n
\ 21 2
lrrr r
:l--
2 2
lrn n
:-
4
tot\12/-cos\ 6 -4):cos 6 cos4*sm U sm4
:62 .&2 */_!\.fz:J6- O
\ 21 2 4
. lLgr\
tto\
Itgr\ 12 / -..n - & -fr.+ {o
on\12/:
lr%\:
tot\ 16- g 'rn- fi :-2 6
12 I
70. cos(25" + 15") : cos 40" 72. tan(68" - 115") : tan(-47"): -tan 47"
Flgures for E:rercises 74-78
: tanu * tanv
74. tan(z + v)
1 - tan utanv
76. sin(u - ,) : sin n cos v - cos z sin y
- a\- B)) (_J7\/g\
:!(_ s
\- 4 )\B)
_ r2JT - rs
_rs+12{ 52
- sJ7
36
_ -lsJT - 84
3s 36J7
|
t0. sin(x - 3rr\ sin.r
. cos 37r sin 3r
: tanu - tanv
7E. tan(u - n)
I + tan utanv ;): - ; ;cos.r
:
: -(+) -(-f)
(sin xXO) (- lXcos r)
: cos.r
,+ (-+)(-f,) 2
:6rzJl - ts \ ,'
_u-rsJ7
35 + 36J7 -2
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
sin(a + F) _ sin c cos F * cos a sin F
82. sin(zr - x) = sin zr cos n - sin r cos 7r t4.
cosccosp osacosB
= (0)(cos x) - (sin rX- l) sinacosF cosasinF
_
: sinx p*
cos a cos cos a cos B
:tana*tanp
t6. ,or('
\
.n- ror( x -n: Q
3rr -?- 3n1 frorr.or3tr-:--'3qrf
f.orxcot?-sinxsinTl ,4 *sinrsinTl:Q
L L
3n
-2 sim.rsm7:
ttn;::,
8E. 4sin.rcos x */- z(zsinxcosx) +2:lsin2r +2
I- cos2r _ 1 (1 -zsin2r)
90. sin 4x - 2 sin 2x cos 2r 92.
1 * cos2x 1 + (2cos * - 1)
: 2 sirf x
:lxff}jfi1; il:', :
Zcn*x
tanz x
2 tr
94. cos tr : -ft,;.u
sin2,- r-cos2,:,r- -+=
I ' I
5 =5 =+ srnr=T'
sin2r - /sinncos ,:r(+X- +): -i
cos 2u:cos2 u-sin2 rr:!-l:3
t,*uu:t!#: -t
|
96.sin6 x:/1\ -gos?*\3
Z "l:flt 3cos2x+3cos2z;-cos32r)
: *[t 3 cos 2x +r(*#o) - cos *(rf#)]
: 3 cos 2x +
1.| ro, 4x -|.o, 2x -| ro, 2x cos 4")
*(t
: + cos 4x -|t * 2x + cos 6tf)
ft - Tcos b 3
: +tLO - 15 cos ?n + 6 cos 4N - cos 6r)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4r\2: | , + zcos 4x * cos2 4x\
gE. cos4 ]s - /l:-t"t
\ z:) ;(,
:i(t +zcos 4x*ry")
:;(r+4cos4x*
1,,
I *cos8x)
: l(g + 4cos 4x * cos 8r)
t lvvy rr
8*-
100.
-v2-
t-
t=
J3
_-t
tr sin2lff
tan 10s' = *(; '2ro ,\-
I -- 2
r * cos 21o. Jh=
|
-2 - {3
,ft-: 2
ro2.,t''(to) -,i"( l-cos7rf4 _
+.+)
|*
*'(Z,) =,o,( i.n cosTnf4 _
o"(f;) :*(;'n:3:=: ffi:l . 7rr
l*cosT l+;
.rn
-.rn &
I* cos l0r
:
104. - f
cos(sr)f
106.
=ffi
= ',nl'.il
9y PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
108. Volume V of the trough will be the area A of the isosceles triangle times the length I of the tough.
V:A.I
(a) A : luo '/.
0h._e+ h-
cos;: 0.5cosf
5,
.o
sin;: b/2-+ b 0.5 sin;o
o1; ;:
o
2 ccttt
A: 0.5 sin I0.5
: (0.5),'22
,in 9.or l
:o.2- e o (b) v - sin jcos;
t t square meters
;5 sin cos
v- (0.25)(4) ,inf,cos :-L( "^r-o^^^o\
smtcosr)
f,cubicmeters t(
:sino cos ocubic
i
meters : I
0 cubic meters
t ; ;sin
Volume is maximum when Q - n/2.
no. sin 5 e -sin 3 Q -, *"(Y) "'(ry) rr2. rin("
\
. X)- ,i"(' - i) = ),cosrsinf,
- / cos(40 ) sin 0 : ficosr
!14. 3 sin 2x sin 3x = {l)tco s(Lr - 3x) - cos(2r + 3x)l
: |[cosr - cos(Sx)]
116. cos
|"orl:l[*'( ;-t* cos (;.il] llt tt; < 0 < tr,then cos 1.0. False, if
: *
3x\ !ag,<tt * oT
{,o,;
cos
4) Z ==+ i.r.r,
which is in Quadrant I ==+ cos(0/2) > O.
l2O. 4 sin( -x) cos(-r) : -2 sin2x. True.
4 sin(-x) cos(-x) : 4(-sin x)(cos x) : -4 sin r cos x = -2(2 sin x cos x) : -2 sin2x
lX\. Answers will vary. 124. !r: sec2 (", - .): csc2 x
lz: coP x
csc2x-cot2x*1
I.et!g:!z* l:coPr* I =y,.
CHAPTER 6
Additional Topics in T[igonometry
Section6.I Lawof Sings . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .936
Section62 LawofCosings . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . .940
Section6s VectorsinthePlane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .9U
Section 6.4 Vectors andDotProducts . . . . . . . . . . . .,952
Section 65 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number . . .956
RevigwExercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . t . . .gffi
93s
CHAPTER 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 6.1 Law of Sines
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. 4.
AB
c=15
- 45o,Q - 120o, c:15
Given: B
Given: B - l0o, Q:135o,c :45
A: 180" - B - Q - 15o A=180'-B-C-35"
c 15 sin 15" a:
c (sin
, A)- : 45gt!5" -36.50
r
a- :4.48 rr" t Tin 135o
srn L sin 120"
c , . 45gn3f _11.05
,b-ri"c(sinB):;r35o
, -(sinA)
b-.
c ,. n\ 15(sin45') '
^(sinB)--:12'25
sln L sin 120'
6. Given: A : 60o, a : 9, c : 10
csinA 19sig6o"
sinc- :0.9623 + Q:74.2I" or Q:105.79o
a'9 -
Case I Case2
Q :74.2t" Q : 105.79"
fl- 180"-A Q:45.79" ff- 180'-A Q:14.2L"
b- smaA 9 sin 45.'19"
:7'45 b_: a (sin,^r-B) : 9sin14.21":2.55
ri" 60o
tH
sin 60o ,in A
-(sinB):
t. Given: A : 24.3o, C : 54.6o, C : 2.68 A:5o 4$',fi - 8o 15',b:4.8
10. Given:
B- 180'-A-Q:101.1o Q-180'-A-ff--L66"5'
c 2.68 sin 2[ ?o b .\ : 4.8sin5"N'
a--=(sinA):4:1.35 a:,r*(sinA) ffi:3.30
sin L sin 54.6
b (sin C) I 8 sin L66" 5'
-'
fi :
+(sinB) : 2'68-sE -lQl'I" :3.23
-"-- ve :,: \v"' v"7: : g.05
srn L sin 54.6" sin B sin 8" 15'
12. Given: Q- 85"'20',a:35,c:50
a sin C 35 sin 85" 20'
sinA:?=ff:O.6977 +|: 44.24"
ff- 180" -A Q:50.43"
c B): 50 sin 50.y'2o
:38.6'l
-:(sin
S
sin u sin 85o 2U'
14. Given: B - 2" 45',b : 6.2,c : 5.8
c sin B 5'8 sin 2" 45'
sin c - - =z e.e(gg ==+ e x 2.s7o
b 6.2
A: 180' - B - Q: L74.68"
b
a:-(sinA):-:11.99 6.2 sin l7t
sin n sin 2o 4;
936
937 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. Given: A:94o,a:14.6,b: 14.6.4obtuseandrr 3 b+ notriangleexists
18. Given: a = 4.5,b : 5, A : 58o
D sinA 5 sin58o
sinB : ::- :7 : 0.9423 + B : 70.4" orB = [email protected]
4 +.J
Case L Case 2
B=7O.4" B=LW.C
C= 180" -70.4" -58"= 51.6" C= 180"- 109.6'-58o=I2.4o
45 A5
c:.-. fsin5l.6') - 4.16 c: -;=Jsinl2.4"): t.I4
20. A: L40o ,a: 48,b = 46
sinB = "g b= T#qo6): o.616o:e! = Jg.e
C:180"-A-B=2o
": ;ftsinC = *ffio"tt 2" =2.6
22. Given: A : 60o, a: IO
(a) orre solution if < lO q b =
D
#. UO-
(b) l}vo solutions if t0 < b .
#.
(c) Nosolutionsnrrffir.
ll
24 AreA: sin B = t(103)(5s) sin 74.5o = 2878.4 sq.units
i,o"
26. A = 5" ls',b = 4.5,c : 22 2t. C :84o 3O', a: l6,b : 2O
Area = ltcsnn Arca: labsinC
= ([email protected])(n) sin 5.25" - 4.529 sq. units : (*Xroxzo) sin 84.5" : 159.3 sq. units
30. (a) /4
n.l^ 20'50':2o.g3o
40m
(b) A: 180 - 98" - 20.83o : 61.17" (or 61"10)
40 h ' - ,_ 40 sin (20" 50,)
ritrA:@+n:m
(c) fu= I6.2m
93t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. Given: A : 74o - 28o = 46o,
fi - 180" - 4l,o - 74":65o, c:100
C-180'-46"-65o:69"
c
a: ;fr(sinA) : 100 ,.. 46"):77 meters
;ffi(sin
9000
34. (a)
sin l.3o
x: L19289.1261 feet - 22.6 miles
'
(c) +-L.zo
sin 7
x
sin 90'
(d) : 119289.1261 sin 18.8o : 38,442.8 feet
y : x sin 71.2o : 119289.1261 siq'11.2"
N, 112924.963 feet : )1.4 miles
/r \
36. A:20,fi- 90o+63o:153o,c: tOEl :2.5
Q : l80o - 20' - 153o :'lo
| - +(sin B) : 2'5 lin-L53' : g.gL
sm C sin 7o
f, = D sin | :9.31 sin 20" : 3.2miles
3E. A =55o,ff- 180o -'12: l08o,c:2.2
C-180"-55o-108o:17"
c
a:-(sinA)
srn L
:;;fr,2_2
(sin55') = 6.16
h - 6.16 sin 7f o' 5.86 miles
.., sin(42" - e)
40'T:T sin 48"
sin(42o- 0):O.437I4
Q : 16.1"
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
a.(a)Y:Tf (c) y: n- d,- P,=, rr- P- arcsin(0.5sinB)
sin a : 0.5 sin p .-c 18
sin 7 sin B
a - arcsin(0.5 sin B)
(b) l8 sin y _ 18 sin[zr - F - arcsin(O.S sin F))
c __
1
sin p sin p
(d)
Domain: 0< Bczr
Range: 0< a3 T/6 o
Domain: 0< Bcn
Range: 9< c<27
p 0 0,4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.9
(e) As F+0, c+27.
a 0 0.1960 0.3669 0.4848 o.5234 0.4720 0.3M5 0.1693
As Ftrr,c+9.
c Undef. 25.95 23.07 19.lg 15.33 12.29 10.31 9.27
44. True. No angle could be 90o.
46' (a)
^
' ,r(, .
t- i r, (20),in|- lr,(30) sin o
=il::\ sosin
:-rzosino
| 30 4..0 -. I
= roLl5 sin
; - sin ; - 6 sin 0l
O) TP
(c) Domain: O<0<1.6W
The domain would increasc in l-ength and the arca would increase if the 8 centimeter line segme,nt were
deqeased"
o
4& cot0= iz
srnd=
z
-783: -l3_
z-Fes
cosQ-coto.sine:91 2 \ t\-w):-JB:
9 9.rB
sec o = -=ffi
9
9lf0 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
50. 0 = a * &zrsince cot 0undefined
0=tsincecos0<0
sin0=0
csc 0 undefined
tan 0: 0
sec 0: -l
cos0= -l
52. cscola'J v
l-sin2l I sinO cos20 I ^ l-cos20
cos 0
=-sin 0 cosd cos 0 cos 0-COSo=- cos 0
54. 2cos 20cos56 = 2{1"o.
'z- (ze - Se) * cos (20 + 50)l : cos 30 i cos?g
*. i-*?..? = ; l[*-(+ -
. t)- *'(? . ?)] - f[*, fA)- *' (IeJ]
Section 6.2 Law of Cosines
Solutions to Evcn-Numbercd Exenclses
2. Given: o:9,b = 3,c = 1l
P+&-a2 32+lt2-92
=o'742A11'=d/'lo
cosA =
T:ffi
a2+b2-& = 92+32-ll2_,= + C = L25.tr
cos C = tr ffi -O.574t
B=t8f-A-C*12.9"
4 Given: C = l08o,c = 10, b = 6.5
&=&+ b2 - ?abcosC = lG + 6.52 - 2(10X6.5)cos 108'= 182.42==+c s 13.5
sinB =
Y, : #(o.s) : o.4s7s I B * /t.!o
A=18f-B-C=4.7"
6. Given: a = 4S,b :3O,c = 72
tr
a2+F-& : -0.8367 ==af, = [{f.$o
452+3e'7t
ggs C= =
ffi
^ = a2+&-F 452+722-3V -o'9736+8- l3'T
cos8
T=ffi*
A:l8f-B-C=?fr.O"
941 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
8. Given: a: 1.42,b - 0.75,c: 1.25
cosA : F+c'-a2 (0.7 5)2 + (t .25)2 - (r .42)2
=0.05792 + l=86.'1"
2bc 2(0.75)(t.ZS)
cosB-
a2 + c2 - b2 (1.42)z + (t.2572 - (0.75)2
:0.8497
?ac 2(t.42x1.25) -+ fr :31.8o
l8f - 86.7" - 31.8o = 61.5o
10. Given: B = 75" 2O',a = 6.2,c = 9,5
F=&+&- ?ac cos.B = (6.2)2 + (9.5)2 - 2(6.2)(9.5)cos75o 2a = 98.8636 + b o 9.94
sinA =
ry*W=0.6034 1[=!J.ro
C: 180' - 75"?n' - 37.1" = 67.C
12. c2:252 + 362 - 2(25X36)cos ll0" =2sis.g==5 c = 50.4
:
20 360o - 2(ll0o) : 140 + 0 : 70o,
&- 252 + 362 - 2(25X36) cos 70" : 1305.4 + d: 36.1
4ce+ffi-802 * I
cos Q-
2(4ox6o)
-A =+ 8: lffijo
26= 360" -z(lffi.so):151o +0:75.5"
c2 : 402 + 602 - 2(40)(60) cos 75.50 : 4000
c : 63.25
16. cos d:
252 + 17.52 - 252
,es)(r?.s\
a: 69.512"
p: 180 - e: 110.488o
42 : L7.52 + 252 - 2(11.5X25) cos 11o.4ggo
a :35.18
1 L, 180 - 2q,: 40.n6
: 252 + 35.192 - l'1- .52
cos tL
,es)asJg)
lL : 27.771"
Q= pc*Z=68.7"
(t)- l80o- p-p=41.741"
0:@+q:111.3o
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
lg.s -a*2*c-14+17+7
22 - t9
Area : : fr6oT@:47' sq' units
Given: a:75.4,b : 52,c : 52
75.4+52+52 :89.7
s= 2
Area -
: : 1350 sq. units
a* b * c 4.45+ 1.85 +3.00, ?F
Area= : :2.0'l sq.units
cosB-11002+25002-zcf,f,2 :0.6291 N
t
w+1.>E
fi : 51.0o t
s
90 - B :39. c
O.
ll(X) mrr 4:^--ZXX) m
Bearing at B is approximately N 39" E. | ,' til.7" ..
tto"
20002;
11002 + 25W2 ^O-;-- 25fi)m ". -1 A.
cosQ- = -0'2364
B-
Q : 103.7"
c- (90"-51.0") -64.7o
Bearing at C is approximately S U.7o E.
22 + 32 - g:
26' coso= z(z)el -o.6gt7
0 * 127.2"
2t. The angles at the base of the tower are 96o and 84o. The longer guy wire gt is given by:
:
8? 752 + 10G 2(75X100) cos 96" 17,192.9
- :8r +
131.1 feet :
The shorter guy wire gz is given bY:
g* = 752 + tOG - 2(75)(100) cos 840 * 14,O57.1 + 8z = 118.6 feet
30. Bearing of Mfrom P: N 0E
Bearing of A from P: N f E
- W and { = 90o -
SinceMisduewestofA,itfollo$rsthat 0 = M A.
1652 + 2r4 -'tae2
cosM:ffi = -o'8634 + M* 149'7" r
t652+3692-zre [:
cos A :, ^, 0.95515 =+ L7.2"
2(r6s)(368) P
Q: 149.7" - 90" : 59.7o + Bearing of Minneapolis from Phoenix: N 59.7o E
Q :90o - 17.2o : 72.8o + Bearing of Minneapolis from Phoenix: N 72.8o E
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. * - 3302 + 4202 - 2(330)(420) cos 60
: 9618:5
x: 98.1 feet
: a * 2* c 145 + 257 + 290
34. s
22 - - 346
Area : : : 18,6 Ll .7 sq. ft
36. (a) &- 102 + 7z - 2(IOX7) cos 0+ fl -
1102 + 7z - &1
(b) 0 - arccoslmj : arccos f t49 - &1
L r+O J
360" - o ,^ ,, (360" - o)n
(c) s: \zrrr) :
360. 45
(d)
d (inches) 9 10 T2 13 t4 15 t6
0 (degrees) 60.9o 69.5" 98.0" 98.2" 109.6" 122.9" l39.go
s (inches) 20.99 20.29 18.99 18.28 17.48 16.55 15.37
3t. A: 180" - 50' - 25" : 105"
x7 :;i;LdF
rir2f
7
7 sin 25"
x -- --: ^o 3.06 feet
srn luJ-
250
40. True. The third side is found by the Law of Cosines. The othcr anglas are determined by the Law of Sines.
25 + 55 * 72
42. a:25, b = 55, c =lzrs=-----r- :76
(a)A: :570.60sq.units
(o, oos :
a2+F-C ZS2+SS2-72, *
C=123.9O5o
" -a-:2(2r(5'
2R: sincc : 72
sin 123.96F
==) ft =z 43'3754
A: rrP : 5910.67 sq. units
(s-aXs-DXs-c) @:7.swg
(c) r:
V?6
A= rf = 177.W sq. units
9U PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
aa';bc(r
t- f. * lf +e_"rl
l- .. * cosA) =;uclt 46.2csc2x-3-csc2x-l
zn l csczx=2
=L*"lut#l "i**=1,
= Ir, r c)2 - azl "in,
: t*
'I
=4{(b+c)+ all(b+c)-af ,=!4,T,+,7
b*cta.blc-a
22
_a*bIc.-atbtc
22
48. cos.rcotr - cos.r = 0
cosr(cotx-l)=0
cosx:0 or cotx = I
,=t,T
r3r nSr
"=T'T
s0. ,ir(' - ;) ,i"(' . t): -cos x - cos x - -2 cos x
Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. u : - (-3), 4 - (-4)) : (3,8)
(0 4. Initial point: (0,0)
v = (3 - 0,3 - (-5)) : (3, S) Terminal poinc (4, -2)
y: (4-0,-2 -0) --(4,-2>
u=v : @:.,80:26
lltll
6. Initial point: (- 1, - 1) 8. Initial poinfi (-4, - l)
Terminal poinfi (3, 5) Terrrinal poinfi (3, - l)
v:(3 (-1),5 (-1)):(4,6) y : (3 (-4), - 1 (- 1)) : (7, 0)
ll"ll :1m2=&:2",8 ll"ll :ffi-r
10. Initialpoinr (3.4,0) 12. InitialpoinC (-3,11)
Terminal point (0,5.8) Tetminhl poinc (9,4O)
v= (0- 3.4,5.8-0) = (-3.4,5.8) v: (9- (-3),40- 11) =(t2'291
flvff:.ffi=6.7 ll1l=-ffi=-B
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
t4. v - (-2.33 1.U,3.86 - 7.Zl], - (-3 .97, -3.35)
:@^,5.19
ll
"ll -
16. 3v 1E.
20. v - *,t
24. (a) u * v: (0, -9) + (-6, 10): (-6f l) 26. u : 2i - j, v : -i + j
(b) u - y: (0, -9) (-6, l0): (6, -19) (a) u*v:i
(c) 2u - 3y : 2(O, -9) - 3(-6, l0) : (18, -48) (b)u-Y:3i-2j
(d) v * 4u: (-6, l0) + 4(0, -91): (-6, -26> (c) 2u- 3v : (4i - zil (-3i + 3j) = 7i - 5i
(d) v*4u:7i- 3i
2E.y=(0,-3). 30. y : (5,-lZ>
u - I : (0,
I
u : ;i-,J =
ll"ii"
-3)
ll"ll'ffi (5, - 12,
: 1
;(0, -3)
: l<tt- , -rz>
13
: (0, -l) : ls t2\
\r3''- Bf
32. y = (8, -20>
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
34,w:i-Zj 36. w--3i ll tnll :3
t,
u: I u:il_r,):_i
ii-l-lf
P + (-2)'
:ftri-zi)
: 6. 26.
Tr-sJ
38. Y: 40.v:tr(#f)
'ft+'r)
,(
:tffi(4,-4)) lzo 30\ :Tt
:\rc'-Wl zo.r-TtJ
30 !
:(+-+)
42.Y:-(ffi") 44. 2Y :2(1,2>: (2,4>
"
;
= o(i (o,s)) 5
: (0,'4) : 4j
4
Y:-u*w Y:u-2w
: -(2i - j) + (i + 2j) :(2i-j) -2(i+2i)
: -i + 3j : (-1,3) : -5j : (0, -5)
Y = 8(cos 135" i + sin 135' j)
llvll :8,0:135"
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
52. Y _ -4i - 7i Quadrant III 54. v : Izi + 15j Quadrant I
ll
"ll
:W:-Fs ll
"ll
:ffi:@:3-tr1
15
tan0:J:I==+ Q:Z4O.3o tano: i- 0 == Jl.3o
-4 4
56. y : (cos 45o, sin 45") 58. v : (9 cos 90o, 9 sin 90')
-E\ : (0, g)
-\fi
-\ r'Tl
60. y: /*==\r
\ffiJ(li+4i)
: +
ltrt 4i)
: g. 1_. 12.: lg 12\ -4 -3 -2 -l 1231
51 TJ \r, , /
62. u : (2 c,os 30o,2 sin 30") : (Jl, t; 64. u = (35 cos 25",35 sin 25"> : (31.72, L4.79>
y : (2 cos 90o, 2 sin 90') : (0,2> y = (50cos !20",50 sin 120") : (-25,25'.6lr
u*v:(J5,9) u*y^' (6.72,58.09)
66. Y:3i + j
w=2i-i
u:v-w:i+2j
vll2 + llwlP - - wll2 _ 10+5-5
llv fi
zll"ll ll*ll zfr,,R
Q- 45"
68. v:i+2j
w:2i-i
u:Y-w:-i+3j
Q-90"
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70. Analytically: y - 400(cos25", sin 25")
u- 300(cos 135o, sinl35")
u * y: (150.39,381.18)
llu+vll :{QP.g
1381' 18\
Q - arctar
'ltsor,):68's"
72. Forceone: u:3000i
Force Two: Y = 1000 cos ffr + 1000 sin 0j
ResultantForce: u* y: (3000 + 1000cos 0)i + 1000 sin 0j
llu + vll
: : 3750
9,000,000 + 6,000,000cos e + 1,000,000 : 14,062,500
6,000,000 cos 0 : 4,062,5W
cos 0 : 6,000,000
t'W-?'t-! : 0.67'tr
0 : 47.4o
74. (a) u: (70 cos 30')i - (70 sin 30"X : 60.62i - 35j
y: (40 cos 45")i + (40 sin 45oX ^, 28.28i + 28.28i
w : (60 cos 135")i + (60 sin 1350[ ^' -42.43i + 42-43i
u * v * w: 6.4'll + 35.71i
ll" + v * wll : 58.61 Pounds
35'7L :
tan 0: 0.7684
G.47
Q : 37.5"
O) u : (75 cos 30")i + (75 sin 30)j : SQ^lsi + 37-5i.
v : (100 cos 45')i + (100 sin 45o)J ^' 70.71i + 70.71i
w : (125 cos 120')i + (125 sin 120'[ = -62.5i + 108.3i
u*v*w:73.L6i+216.5j
ll"+v*wll :228.5Pounds ,
tan o : 2t
ffi:2'9592:7L'3o
Horizontal component of velocity: l2OO cos 4o : ll97.l ff/sec
Vertical component of velocity: 1200 sin 4o : 83.7 ft/sec
949. PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
78. Left cable: u : ll ll (cos 155 .7oi + sin 155.7" j)
"
Right cable: y : ll ll (cos 44.5" i + sin 44.5" j)
"
u* v: z},z4fli==r ll u ff cos 155 .7" + ll cos M.5" - 0
" ll
sin Ms':20'240
:=+ 0e1,4 r"ll 1;:ffil; ill;ll
0.4115 + 0.7009 ll ll : 20,240
" ll ll
"
Solving this system for ll ll and ll ll yields
" "
: pounds Tension of left cable
" ll
ll 15,485
ll ll
: 19,786 pounds Tension of right cable
"
80. (a) Rope 1: u = llull(cos 60'i + sin 60J )
Rope 2: v : llvll(cosl2O'i + sin120"j )
u * y : 100j =+ ffull cos 60o + ll"ll cos l2O" : Q
llulf sin 60o + ll"ll sin 120o : 100j
tl
; ll"ll - ;ll"ll
: o =+ llull : ll"ll
.,frll"ll + n : : : :
z f ll"ll -,fr ll"ll 100 =+ llull ll"ll s7.7 pounds
(b) u: ffuff(cos(eO - Oi * sin(eo - d) j)
v : flvfl(cos(e0 + 0) i * sin(eO + 0) j)
u * v: l00j=+ffulf cos(90 - 0) + lfvll cos(eO + 0) - 0
,oo:llulr sin;]'11 ;,',Il ;,1.lr. e)
: 2llull cos o
Hence, lbll : T - 4 : 50 sec 0) Domain: 0"
cos 0
(c)
e 100 20" 300 400 500 60'
T 50.8 53.2 57.7 65.3 77.8 100
(e) The vertical component of the vectors decreases as 0
incr@ses.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numb?red Exercises
82. Plane: u: (580cos 150")i + (580sin 150");: -502.3i + 290i
Wind: y :' (60 cos 45")i + (60 sin 45o)j ^, 42.4i + 42.4i
u * v ^, -459.9i +'332.4i
ll" + vll : :567.4
tan o: -#I: -o'722g + x 144'!o
Q
The ground speed is 567.4 miles per hour and the heading is N 54.1o W.
t4. (a) Horizontal force: u : llulli
Weighfi w: -J
RopeTension, 1:
lltll(cos 12tri + sin 1201)
u *w* T = o:rll"ll + lltllcos 12ff = o
:0
/-a -t + llrllsin 120'l.l5lbsandlbll l,l =
'
Hence,llrll;- 1+llTll = ft= =llrll1z7 o.58 rbs.
(b) r = lltllt*<so + 0)t + sin(eo + 0)J)
u + w + T = o+ll"ll + lltllcos(eO + 0) = s
ll"ll - llr ll sin o : Q
-1 + llrll sin(e0 + 0) - 0
-1 + llrffcos 0 : 0 +flrll : sec40 s 0<4
v-2
Hence, ll"ll :Fll sin0:sesOsin Q- tanA0
(c)
0 0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" @o
T I l.u2 1.06 l. 15 1.31 1.56 2
ll"ll 0 0.18 0.36 0.58 0.84 1.19 1.73
(d) 2 (e) Both T and llull increa"ses as 0 increases, and approach
each other in magnitude.
T
lloll
86. True, u : v
88. True
ll"ll
951 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
90. Fr - ( 10, 0), Fz : 5(cos 0, sin 0)
(a) Fr * Fz : (10 + 5 cos e,5 sin 0) (b) 2!!
llF,+Frll :Jtro
: J100 + 100 cos 0 + 25 cosz 0 + 25 sinz 0
: J J+ + 4cos 0 + cos2 0 + sin2 0
:J
-sffi
(c) Range: [5, 15] (d) The magnitude of the resultant is never 0
Maximum is 15 when 0 : Q. because the magnitudes of F, and F, are
Minimum is 5 when Q -- rr. not the same.
92. The following program is written for a TI-82 or 94. u : (80 - 10,80 - 60) : (70,20>
TI-83 graphing calculator. The program sketches y : <-20 - (_ 100) ,70 _ 0) : (90, 70)
two vectors u = ai + Dj and y : ci + dj in stan-
u - y : (70 - 80, 20 - 70) : (-10, -50)
dard position, and then sketches the vector differ-
ence u -
v using the parallelogram law. v - u ! (80 - 70,70 - 20> : (10, 50)
PROGRAM: SUBVECT
:lnput "ENTER A', A
:lnput "ENTER 8", B
:lnput "ENTER C", C
:lnput "ENTER D", D
:Line (0, 0, A, B)
:Line (0, 0, C, D)
:Pause
:A-C-+E
:B-D-+F
:Line (A,B,C, D)
:Line (A, B, E, F)
:Line (0, 0, E, F)
:Pause
:ClrDraw
:Stop
96. -lm-78n0 98. ffi - 2coto 100. A: 180' - B - Q - 52"
S - +sinB:
srn C
L3.z
a: +sinA : Zl .g
srn u
,fxTI
lU[. c2 : a2 + b2 - zab cos Q : 257.27 +c 16.0
.:
sin C . g :o.4o4o :
sin B- ==+B 23.8o
c
A: 180o - B - C - 60.2o
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerciss
2. u: <5,L2>,v: (-3,2>
u'Y:5(-3) + L2(2):9
4. u . y : (3i + 9j) . (10i - 3j) : 3(10) + 9(-3) : 3
: (2,2>
-/-ffi_2
u
ll"ll
: fi-2
2-n - 2,scalar
14. u: l6i - loj
:.,lIll[= : ffi-/$
ll
"ll
16. u:9i
: -.,4il11u = -.,@o: J{I - )
ll
"ll
18. u - (4,4>,y: (-2,0> 20. u :2i-3j,v-i-2i
_ ll .Y uoY
coso- cos 0-
mii 6im
:64(-2) + 4(o) _
ww
2(1) + (-3x-2)
: --fz2 : 8
-=:0.992n8
J6s
Q : 7.13o
Q - 135'
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22,. ll .v: Q= , 90o
24. u-cos +
o,.
2J
TJ
6.
Y:COS
t1.
2J
cose- :J6 _
\/9- \/z
-..\ 0-75"
4 -
26. u: -6i - 3j,v: -8i + 4j u-2i-3j,v:4i*3j
cos Q
.Y
: ll
: - 6(- 8) + (- 3x-4)
.re6 ,., uoY 2(4)+(-3X3)
cosQ :
lloll ll"ll
:ry:0.6
6:ffi: -0.0555
60
Q = n:.tt"
:
Q 53.13"
6 v
\
4
t
"{
-€
30. P_ (-3, : (2,2),ft : (0, 6)
O), Q 32. ll"ll : loo, ll"ll :zso,e:!6
PQ : (5,2>,d: (-2,4), ER : (3, 6), :
u. Y
QP :
ll"ll ll"ll cos 0
(-5, -2>
: (100X250) ror
cosa:
PQ. PR
a=4L'6"
27 f
mlm: W ==+
:25,000 .
QR'QP :W=+a:8s'2o
cosfi==ilffiil
2:=+ d:gs2o
+
: 12,500..6
4, : 180' - 41.6o - 85.2" : 53.1o
34. u: (15,45>,v: (-5,l2> 96. p :j,v:i-2i
u# Icl + Not parallel u # ftv ==+ Not parallel
u. Y # 0==+Notorthogonal u . v * 0 ==+ Not orthogonal
Neither Neither
38. -4v: -4(-2i - j):8i + 4i: u==+parallel
40. u: <4,2'),v: (L,-2, 42. u : (-5, -l), J : (-1, 1)
w, : proj,u : (i#)" : o(r , -2>: (o, o) w, : proi"u: (id)": : z<-1, 1)
:r-r,r)
Y2: u - wr : @,2> (0, 0) - (4,2> w2:u wl:(-5,-l) 2(-1, 1)
: (-3, -3) : 3(-1, -l)
99 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
44. Because u and v are parallel, the projection ofu 46. Because u and v are orthogonal' the projection of
onto v is u. u onto v is 0.
4t For v to be orthogonal to u = (- 8, l), their dot product must be zero. TWo possibilities; (1, 8), (- 1, -8)
50.u=-ii-gi 52. P = (1,3),0 : (-3,5),v = -2i + 3J
Forvlobeorttrogonaltou,u . ymustbeequal work = llprojmvll[@[ wtrere
to0. +
Tlvopossibilities: v: 3i-1rt @= (4'2)andv = (-2'3>'
": -gi iii proiFa'= (m)a:(-I1)<-+,zl
.-,
work = llp'ojeo'llilFdil : (#)( -Fzo) = s
54. u = (1A\2ffi>
y = (12.20,8.50)
Increase pnces by 5%: l'OSv
u.1.05v=1.05u'v
= 1.05[1245(r2.n) + 2600(8.50)]
= 1.05(37,289)
= $39'153.45
55. (a) I' : -36,000J Gravitational force
y= (cos 12")i + (sin l2')J
w, : proj,tr': (1#)" : (F' ' v) = -7484.8v
The magrritude of this fo'rce is 7484.8; therefore, aforcnof 7484.8 pounds is needed to kee the truck ftom
rolling down the hill.
(b) wz : f' - wr = -36,000j + 7'$a.8[(cos l2')l + (sin 12")J]
: lQ48/,.8 cos 12o)l + (7484.8 sin 12o - 36,000[]
lltJl: 35,213'3 Pounds
58. work : (2400)(5) : 12,(XX) foot-pounds 60. work : (cos 35)(15,691)(800)
: t0,282,651newton - meters
62. work = (cos2ff)(25)(I2) =281.9ft-lbs 61. True'u'Y = -16 < 0
e
66. (a) u . v = Q uandvareorthogonal urd e =
+,.
(b)u.v>0 + cos0>0 + 0<ga!
'2
(c)u.v<0 + cos0<O + fce<rr
955 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6E. Sinceprojruis ascalarmultipleof v,youcanwriteproj"u = cv. If a>0, thencos 0>0and
lfproj,ull ll""ll:llull cos 0 -
uoY
u'
m
q: u oY
Thus, " and Prcj"u :
rndproi-u =
T"1it il 1r".
"
70. Use the Law of Cosines on the triangle.
ll" - "ll' : ll"ll' + ll"ll' - 2ll"ll ll"ll cos 0
: ll"ll, + ll"ll, - 2u. y
72. u' (cv + dw) : u . (cv) * u . (dw)
-c(u.v)+d(u.w)
: c0 + d0: Q
.l 3a\ .(
- cos (" . +):
3zr\
74. sin +
T)- sin \r - ;): Q 76. tan (x * n) Q
\x
-cos x - cosx: 0 tanx * sinx:0
cosr:0 /r\
sinx{ ' +11:Q
n-3t \cos r /
x: 2'2 sinx-0 or cosr:-1
x-Orfi Jc:Tr
Answers: .r : 0, rr
s:- 10.42 + 6.93 + t3.97 :
7E ,2 15.61
Area
80. (a) u*y:(_2, 10) g:2. (a) u*y:(lg,12>
(b) 2v - u : (ll, 14) (b) 2v _ u : (r2, _6)
(c) 3u - 5y : (-30, _34> (c) 3u_5v: (_26,20>
84. 1.3(739) : $960.70 t6. Let x be speed of current
35 35
:-
l8-x 18*x
rzffi .:.-..=--{
(18 - xxts +x)
315:(18-xXt8 +x):3%l-x2
x2:9
x--3mph
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 6.5 Iligonometric Form of a Complex Number
Sohrtions to Even-Numbered Exetdscs
2. |.zil-/ 4. l7l -7
6. f-5 lzil: nffi: -,M: 13 8. 1-ro+3tl :ffi:rc
lnrduy
,,
, -10 + 3i
t o
,
,
,-6
r-g
t' -2
t
i -to 4
-5- l2l a -r2 -1
10. z=4 12. z: -l + ,Bi
r: JEmi= fi-d r:m=fi-l
tan0=9:e+0:0
+
tano :*: -,8 =+ Q-+
z- 4(cos0 + isin0) l2
z:2\cos ++ it"?)
14.z:4+4i 16, z -, -l + ,r6i
r: jqqi-,,8=4& r:,m:a-/
'
z: i=?o:44
tano=4 tano:f : -6:+ /-T
| 2qr.. 2n\
z-+.fz("osf,+t',"f,) z:2(cos?+isin;)
lqi!ry
rdr
PART III: Solutions to Even-Nambered Exercises
18. z: lmrginary
axis
+
ls lrw 2+
r: + t- fi:J
\2 V4 'l Rcal
tan 0
-$ :- llrr -l
... 2 3 4
\ 5
rxis
3 6 -2,
,-
-3 ";,*-o
1r 5 * isin -4
z : -6i z:5 i
r:6 r:m:fi
I
tan0: -Sundefinsd+ Q=+ tan0: -:1Q:
\ e
-11.3o
x:o(ro,++i""T) z = -ffi(cos (- 11.30) + i sin (- 11.3"))
Imrginrry
axir
w
I
Rrd
-t i i i i- oi'
-2
.?
-4
-5
4
-7
24, z:4 + 0i 26. Z: z"rn - i
r: l4mt: Jt6 - { r : JQ,172 a, (-t)2 : ,fg :
0
tanfl:4-0 =+ 0:0 tan0:
_1 -ic 3
m:
.{L +
=+ Q: (-19.5o)
z-4(cos0+isin0) z- 3(cos(-19.5o) + isin(-19.5'))
&naginary
arir
ncd
i--l --i-rd'
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
28.2:1+3i
r--'ffi:fr
tan1:?:3 =:+ Q:/I.f
z : ./IO(cos 71.6o + i sin 71.6")
Imaginary
axis
3
I
;l+3i
,
2
30. -3 + i: !.16 (cos 161 .6o + i sin 161.6") 32. -8 - 5 -frt: ll.7g (cos 227.3" +i sin227.3o)
= 3.16(cos2.82 + i sin 2.82) -8 - 5.fri: Il.79(cos3.97 + isin3.97)
+ isin 135") : -+.,(*)) : \W+
f.o, 3rs" + i sin 3rs") F +)l
s4.5(cos t3so s[ 36. i
=-***, :3O _3O,
8 8'
w I
-*:*' 't
't
't
'..:T
-4-34-l
38. s(,o,
++i'.?) : t(- +. +)
40.9(cos0+f sin0) -)
: -4.,fr + 4i
kmdmry
.xir
6
llrrSinffy
rxit I
5 2
4
3
2
\ I\
44-54-3-2 _l
-2
-3
PART lll: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
A. 6[cos(230'30') + i sin(230'30')] ^, -3.816 - 4.630i
| 3r,,.T\:
+isin:, _3.71+ + i sin 216.5o) : -3.22
44. l2[cos e. Ll.4li 46. 4(cos 216.5" - 2.38i
5 I
4g. ,:L0 + fiil Imaginary
,, : tr(r + -[ti) *(r + fiil : r(- r +,Ei)
axis
z3 : zz z: i(-r + ,tri)iQ + ../ili) : _l ,z = +fin
t{-r l=*,r
{- z3 z : (- l) +(t + '.fri): t(- I ,fri) z3-=
4-l
-l Rcal
i- L - axis
The absolute value of each is 1.
,r=llr-
so.
[;(*' [ +i sin
;)][r(,o* ff +i sin f)] =tur[*'(; .i)+ i''(;. f)]
=g(ro'#+i'*{f)
t.[i*'ll5o+t'ttttf][f Gosroo'*isint*",1 =i(f)t*'(us'+3ocr)+isin(us'+aoo.)]
= fuo. 415" + d sin 415") : t{.o, 55o + i sin 55.)
54' (cos s' + i sin S"xcos 2v + i sin 20o) + 2c")
: :::t;;...':rl,,;;"sin(5'
56. =Ol.os(4.3 -Z.l)+isin(4.3 -2.1)
5
= f,[ros2.z) + isin(2.2)f
7n.. rsrn 7t
cosT*
58.
4
:cos 3rr..
* rsm 3n
cosr-*fsiner 4 4
+ i sin 20") q
60.
9(cos 20"
: - 75) + isin(20" - 75")l
5(cos 75" + r sin 75) fros(2O"
q
: + isin(55")l
f.os(-55")
: 305" + i sin 305'l
|t.os
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. (a) #+i- +isin30")
2(cos30o
I + i - -,E\os45o * isin 45")
(b) (.8 +;)tr + D: [2(cos30" + isin 3o\]l-fr(cos 45" + isin45')]
: 2fi(cos 75" + i sin 75")
- ---L\{o -=',n\+ fi t fi\'1 (
4 I \ 4 lJ
2-,Ey
:@-r) +(-fr*r);
(c)(Jf *;)tr+t):,fr+(-fr* r);+P-(.fr- r) +(6+ r);
3 +4i 3+4i 1+-fri
64. (a) 3 + 4i -
r $i-
5 (cos 53.13o
2(cos
+ i sin 53.13')
300' + i sin 300")
(c)
| - .J6;: re.ril6;
t+(++tfi\i,
3+4i 5(cos 53.13" + i sin 53.13') l+3
(b)
1 -ni _3-4fi *t*!6,
246s")r 44
: ffil;',"l#
Ht : -0.9821 + 2.299i
66. (a) 4i :4(cos 90o + i sin 90") (c)
4i . -4-i
+ 2i : Z{S@os 153 .4o + i sin 153.4')
-4+2i -4+2i -4-2i
-4 8 I6i
4i 4(cos 90o+ i sin 90") 20
-4 + 2i -
/L\
\u/ z-fr(cos L53.4" + i sin 153 .4o) 2 4.
: 2.'f(cos 296.6" + i sin 296.f) 5 - -t
5'
=z Q.{QQ - 0.800i : 0.400 - 0.800i
rr-
68. l.l - J. Circle of radius 5 70. e - 4
- arctan 1.
*Hr"
Liney=x
tr_ginary
rxis
72. (2 + zi)6:lrt4cos i +isinf)]'
:(2,,fr)'(rorT+i','?)
: rrz(cos +. isin
+)
: -5I2i
96r PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
74. (l i)rz - 76. q0 ,Ei)t : o[r(cos
lt("*T+i,in!)]" +.isinT)]'
ln)"(cos 2Iz- * r sin ZLrr) : 4123(cos 5n * i sin 5zr)]
64(cos rr * f sin zr) : 32(- 1)
64(- l) : -32
-&
[3(cos l50o + i sin 150")]4 : 3a(cos 600'+ i sin 600)
- 8l(cos 240o + i sin 24O")
: 8l(-cos 60o - i sin 60')
: 81 81J3.
22r
* : :
80.
[r(*'f +isin 9]": 2t2(cos 6rr i sin 6n) 2r2 4096
(cos0 + rsin0)zo: cos0 + isin0
:1
E4. (S - 4t)t: -43.6 + 4i * rt";)
E6.
[r('"'fo+isinfi)]': rz(cos
it
: 32i
,-rr+(l i) is a fourth root of -2 if 90. (a) In trigonometric form we have:
-/ - l2-rrt(l i)lo. 3(cos 45" + i sin 45')
l2-rrt(I - i)I : (2-rr+,1t(l i)4 3(cos l35o + i sin 135)
- 2-r(L i)o 3(cos 225" + i sin 2?5")
: t. i)r(r i)2 3(cos 315" + f sin 315')
/t O) There are four roots evenly spaced around a cir-
1.
:;(_2i)(_2i) cle of radius 3. Therefore, they represent the
fourth roots of some number of modulus 81.
: 1
Raising them to the fourth power shows that they
;(4P) are all fourth roots of - 81.
I
: (c) [3(cos 45" + i sin 45")]u : -81
/-4): -2
[3(cos 135o + i sin 135')f : -81
[3(cos 225" + i sin 225")]o = -81
[3(cos 315o + i sin 315o;1+ : -81
(a) Square roots of l6(cos 60o * i sin 60'): (b) ImlEinsry
n[*'(ry) +"''(Y)' k-0,
axl3
I
4(cos 30' + i sin 30")
4(cos 2lO" + i sin 210')
(c) zfi +2i
^e.:,)-
-6 - l,\ :-zfi-2i
4(
\ 2 ;')
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
94. (a) Fifth roots li.32(cos
++ irt"?),
lrnag[nary
oxtS
ft - 0, 1,2,3,4
ft
[ +, r,"f)
= o: ,(.o,
t6- t: z(ro,
#.isin#)
k:2: z(ro, T+ irt"?ot)
ft-3: z(rorX+i'*fo)
k:4: z(.or#+ i'i"#)
(c) 1.732 + i, -0.4158 + 1.956i, -1.989 + 0.2Dli,
-0.8r34 - 1.827i, 1.486 - 1.338i
96. (a) Fotrth roots of 625i =OZS(ro r; * i sin
;),
*tl""r%+i',i(%
ft - 0, 1r2r3
k:o: s(rorf + trt"f,)
ft- l: s("or ++i""T)
k=2: T+ i"'?)
s(ro,
ft--3: s(ror+.isin?)
(c) 4.619 + 1..913i, -1.913 + 4.6I9i, -4.6t9 1.913i, L913 - 4.619i
98. (a) cube roots ot -4-,nQ t) : a(.o, + . i sin +), G) l*glnary
allt
-l
(tn/+) + 2krr\+i''\
. . ( On/4) + 2/czr\l
VFf --
L"o'\-/ 3 lJ
ft - a,r,2
k = o: ,(ro,
X+tr,"f)
ft- t: z(ro, V + rcin&,,
)
k=2: z(.o,
# + irt"?,
)
(c) 1.414 + l.4l4i, -1.932 + 0.5 176i,0.5176 I.93l9i
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
rr
:cost*isin;: 7r
100. (a) Fourth roots of i lmagi.nary
sxtS
k - 0, 1,2,3
/c:o: cosf +;sinf,
ft - t: cosT + irinf
k:2: cos
++ irinf
k-3: cos g
r3t +isin
' ' l3r
,
(c) 09239 + 0.3827i, -0.3827 + 0.9239i, -0.9239 - 0.3927 i, 0.3827 - 0.g23gi
lUL. (a) Cube ioots of 1000 : 1000(cos 0 + i sin 0):
1mJ(cos'J-' 'l '-'-2kzr\
g*'srn
\ 3)
ft- o, 1,2
-8-6-4 4 t,
ft:0: l0(cosO + isinO)
k-t: ro(cosT+i""?)
k=2: 4r '| '-' 4tt\
rT+'*nT/
ro/co-
\
(c) 10, -5 + 5 -EL -s - ,fri5
104. (a) The fourth roots of -4 : 4(cos l80o * I sin 180"): Itrrgimry,
axrS
.fr@os 45o + i sin 45')
,fr@os 135o + i sin 135')
.,fr@os225" + isin225")
.,,E@os 3l5o + i sin 315)
(c)1+i,-1 +i,-1 i, I i
106. (a) The sixth roots of 64i : 64(cos 90" * i sin 90'): Inagi.nary
rnt
2(cos 15" + i sin 15)
2(cos 75" + i sin 75")
2(cos l35o + i sin 135")
2(cos 195o + i sin 195")
2(cos 255" + i sin 255o)
2(cos 315o + i sin 315")
(c) !.93 + 0.52i,0.52 + l.g3i, -,fr. + ,Ei, -1.93 - 0.52i,
-0.52 -l.g3i,o-,fr"i
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
108. f+27:Q
x:3 : -27
Solutions are cube roots of -27 :27(cos fr + i sin zr) Imdprry
uir
I
r*Znk, +
3(cosT isinfr:),*:0,
!_
!,2
I rr. .. "r\:;*7,
3fcos; +;sin5/
i '6. 3.
rr* isiq"tr): -3
3(cos
^( 5t,. 5z\ 3 3-n.
r\cosT*,srnT):t- 2,
110. f+ 81:Q
'r' --81
Solutions are fourth roots of -81 : 8l(cos r* i sin zr) IDginry
uir
qr * ?'*\
^l r *
3(cos zmk
,, isin
-. -:-
0, r,2,3
4 T),tc:
| ,rr , . zr\: 3..n *, 3{2
3fcos; +;sin7/
.
T 1=,
| 3qr , . 3zr\
3(cost+isinf,/ 3ttr 3-n
: -;-fi
| 5rr. . 5a\ _;_7,
3fcosT +isinf;/:
l{z 3O,.
^( 7o +. i.sinT/
3\cosi 7zr\: 3fi - 3'.n.
T T,
ll2. f-64i:O
f-@i
The solutions are the sixth roots of 64iz
gql , ((n/z)+2kn\, ! .l(n/2)+-2k*\
L'ot\ 6 /+'un1 6 t
ft-0, 1,2,3,4,5
t : o: z(ro, fi+ isin #): r-s32+ o.s t:76i
ft - r, z(co r#+ i'.fr) :0.5 176 + L.s32i
ft - z, z(co'++ i""?) - -1.414 + L.4L4i
ft - 3:z("o, #*
V): isin -r.s32- 0.5 t76i
k:4:z(ro, V + irinf,: -o.s 176 - r.s32i
k : 5: z( '| ' 7tt\ -, 1.414
+isini):l'414 r'414i
\"oru
4
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
t,t4.f+(1 +r)-0
f - -l i-,,,8\ot225" +isin225")
The solutions are the fourth roots of - I i:
+- 360"fr) + 360"ft\
Y'-L-""\
{Trlcosr22s"
4 +' i"""'\
s.nr22s"
4
I )
ft - 0, 1,2,3
k:0: lfZkos56.25o + isin 56.25):0.6059 + O.gCf,j7i
ft - 1: \fr@os 146.25" + i sin L46.25o) : -0.9067 - 0.6059i
k:2: 1fZbos236.2.5o + isin 236.25"): -0.6059 - O.gO67i
ft - 3: |,fr@os 326.25" + i sin 326.25") : 0.90 67 - 0.6059i
Iruginary
an8
116. False. (a + il' - / + 2.,fri + gt
118. z-, r(cos 0+ isin0) I20. z: r(cos e+ isin0)
/: r(cos 0-
lsin0) -'=I:fi1::111"
- r[cos(- 0) + i sin(- 0)J
@+r,l
122. sin 15" h
'.=3d + h- 50sin15o:12.94 la. ll
"ll
:.tm=.ffi
ll*ll :8 l2E. +6= ffi *6:-m+6
ll
"ll
unit vector: :J
in*,
130. u . 4y : (- l, 3) . (20,- 16) : -20 - 4g : -69
132. u . v : 4(- l0) + (-5X-S) - O =; srthogonal
96 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Review Exercises for Chapter 6
Solutions to Even-Numbcrcd Exerclscs
2. Given:B : ll(P, C = 3Cf,c = 10.5
A = 18f - 110 - 3f :4'0
sinA
o =;m='i;3il
c 4tr) 10.5(sin
: 10.5(0.6429)
= 13.5
0.5
. csinB 10.5(sin ll0)
'= E7: - rio3c
l0.s(0.e3e7)
0.5
- p.7
4 Given: A = 130o, a: @,b : 48
,in3 = Y, 48:o.6L2B+B d37.go
= if;{
C= 180'-A-B:12.2"
E = & + F - ?ab cns C = ?il4.OB + c * L6.6
6. Given: C : 5f,a = E,c :22
: asinc 25 si+5o
sinA -
c22?2 =x(o:7@- = 0.8705 I | :60.5oo1 19.5"
1:
Case Case 2:
4:60.5o 4:119.5"
B:180- 5f -60.5o= 69.5o B= 180- 50- 119.5":10'5"
,:# =ffi=26'n ':#:5'234
t. Givcn: B= ls(f,a=64,b:lO
sinA: a sinB 64silt-lse
b = lO - 3.2+notriangleformed
No solution
10. Given: A = 7f ,b: 12.8,a = 125
case1: case 2:
sinB:4 o b=o.9g43a1:J!.go B-rm.t
c: 5.8"
C:180'- A- B:26.?j c: l.3l
& = az + F - bb cs C = 32.97 a s * J.J
WI PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12. ff:8(P,a:4,c:8
Area : U"sin B : Iror(8)(0.9848)
: rs.76sq. unirs
.ll :;ab sin 100" : 4372.5 sq. units
14. Area sin Q - ;(120)(74)
16. In trian gre ABt, ry : # + b : # c :HH 2.s) :'t .s3miles
tu -b sin 51o : 6.;miles
rea_400
roo
sin 75" sin 37.5"
1:' :
: ory tl!
a 634.7 rt
sin 37.5
sin 67. 5" : Y
a
w - 634.7 sin 67.5o : 586.4 ft
24. a.=13,D:18,c=26
a2+b2_&:
cosC= 132+lg2_2e
,rb Z(fffi=+C:113.00
_ a2*c2-b2
cosB =
A'=180o-B.-C=27.4"
-+B=39.f
B:
22. Given: W,a = 5,c = 12
t= rffi: -M= 13
A = arctan #, * 22.6"
C=arctanE:6t.4"
24. B=t2",A=32,C=36
F = a2 + & - ?acc,osB = 322 + g& - 2(32)(36) cos 12" = 66.3479 +D = 8.15
Y: Y- sinA = |sinB = #sin 12o +A d 54.70
C:180"-A-B:ll3.3o
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26. Given:a: 80,b: 60,c:100 28. Given: a : 7..5, b : 15.0, c : 4.5
Since a * c 1b, a triangle is not formed.
cosc-a2 + bz - cz: 6400 + 3600 -
2ab 2(8ox60)
10,000
No solution
-0+C:90"
80
sinA:
*:0.8=->l:53.1"
.,r60
sin B: : 0.6 ===) fi : 36.9
100
30. a2:152 + 2V - 2(15X20)cos(146'; - L122.42+a* 33.5m a
bz : 152 + 202 - 2(15X20) cos (3+"1 ^, L27.58 ==+ fi : 11.3 m
;><;' a
32. 2(850)(1060) cos 72" 34. a: l5,b : 8, c : 10
15+8+10 :16.5
s:
J
Area : : 36.98 sq. units
8.55 + 5.14 + 12.73
.lXtJ=
2
= t3.zt
Area = ffi = @ = l5.4sq.units
40. Initial pdint' (0, 1)
Terrninal point, (O,l)
y : (o - o,t 1) : (6,;)
42. Initial point: (1, 5) 44.$*, 22so,jrin 22s"1: (-+,-*)
Terrninal poinc (15,9)
y: (15 1,9 - 5) : (14,4')
46. 48. 2w - 4u : (8, l0) <-4, -I2>: <12,22>
50. -4
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
s2. ll
"ll
Jm-rc=*ffiv:;#-i+ftl
54. v-10i+3j 56. ,", 2u : 3(1oi + 3i) - z(oi - 5i) : 18i + lej
i, : Si + |;
5E.
"ll
ll
: : -,M:13 60. ll t ll : J. unit vector
lt-rrl: -i
unit vec
I 12 5 \
;tor:
\-ry - Bl
62. FA: (-3, l). il Ail : -Eo ffi. FA: (4,6>. ilFail : ,&:2.re
unit vector:
t_z r\ ..^.^_.__^_-lz
unit vector:
r\
\7ft,Tr) \7;,;6/
66. u = (-6 - 2,tO.8 - (-3.2)> : -8.4i * 14j
6t. v:4i-j
ll"ll:.ffi=.,ffi
-l I
tan 0 = i = -; + Q x 346o, since 0is in egadrantlV.
v= ..FtZ(cos 346oi + sin 346'i)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
70. u: 12[(cos 82')i + (sin 82T] 72. Force One: u : 85i
Y: 8[(cos( - 12"))i + (sin(- 12")[] Force Two: Y : 50 cos lsoi + 50 sin l5'j
Resultant Force:
u*Y:9.4953i+ 10.2199j
u *y: (85 + 50 cos 15')i + (50 sin 15"X
llu + vll :
ll,t+vll -13.95
,:u:ffil0.2Lg9 ==+ Q:47.rro - J852 + 8500 cos 15" + 5G
: 133.921b
50 sin 15'
tan0: ==' Q :5.5o frOm the
85 +
50 cos 15o
85-pound force.
,-\r
-3
74. By symmetry, the magnitudes of thc tensions are equal.
f: llfll(cos 120"i * sin 120'j)
llrll sin t2o" 'z ==+ llrll :
: |1zoo) loo
,fr12
:3: 2W
115.5 lbs
76. Airspeed: u : 724(cos 60oi * sin 60"i)
: 362(i + ,fri)
Wind: w : Izi
Groundspeed : u * w : (394i + 362'.fri)
ll" + wll : JQgq2 + (tozt'512 :740.s km[hr
tan o:t?f394 ==+ Q: s7.go
Bearing: N 32.1o E
: : : -3:',fr-3
7E. u . v - fi) . (3i - "ff -3
(8i 4j) = 24 + 28 52 80. fl
E2. ll 2 q ll 2= t(-2)2+.(-1),1 + [62+ (-3)t]: J +4s:50
"ll "ll
E4. u: (-6, -3),v: (4,2> 86. u = (3, l),y: (4,5)
coso_#=, -30 - u'Y
coso =ffi:@
17
==) Q:329o
lloll ll"ll w=-r
Q - 180"
5
E8. 4 90.
€
( >4 \
-a
.4 -5
nl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
u . v : (8, -4) . (5, l0) - {Q - 40 - 0 =+ orthogonal
3 3. : (-15,51) = uepamlls[
-;Y: -f;(ZO, -68)
96. (a) u: (5,6),Y: (10,0) 98. (a) u: (-3,5),v: (-5,2>
prcj"u : (i#)": #,ro,o): (s,o) Prcj"u: (i#)": #r-s,z>
o) (s,0) + (0,6) (b)
t ns so\ +(;,;r)
, lts es\
\-;,;)
100. Force : 500 sin 12o : 104 lbs
ruz. 16rl -6 lM. l-3 lotl :@:ffi
w lmaginary
,ol
,l
.{
;t
106' z-2.n+i, llell :JEFI:3, 10t. r--6,0:150"
I I \ : le.so
o:a,"t"\ffi) -1",fr + 3i :6(cos 150' + i sin 150')
z : 3(cos 19.5o + i sin 19.5o)
110. l-l + 3tl : .,69
: 7.62
tan0:
++ 0 - 156.go euadrantll
-7 * 3i : ../58'(cos 156.8o + i sin 156.8o)
ll2. (a) z1: -3(l + t): tO("*T + irt'?) (b) zrz2:ltn(cos
++ i"'?)][{-'; + i'i";)]
z2:2(6+ ;) : +(ror; * t"";) : rzfl(cosV+i'i"#)
\ _ 3.,6[cos(5n[a) t t sin(52[ a)]
z2 a[cos(zr[6) +isin(z[6)]
: 3,n( r3tn,. l3z\
+ \cos n+t" n)
PART III: Solations to Even-Numbered Exercises
rr4. o[,o, (T.i)+ isin (+.f)] :o(,o,f * isin?) = -9.,fr + 3i
116. (23o" - 95") + i sin (230' - 95)l : l35o + isin 135")
ftro, |{ros
: -+**,
118. i""1or)]' : r'("*+ + i'*?) r2o. (l t)E : ln(cos 315" + isin 31fl]t
[r(*'?r+ : l6(cos 2520' + i sin 2520')
: rr(_:_+,) : 16(cos 0o + i sin 0")
: -16 - tO' .frf :16
122. Fourth roots of 256:256(cos 0 + isin0): *B(cos'+ . isin
T)
k=0, 1,2,3
/c:0: 4(cos0 + isin0):4
k- 1: 4(cos n* i.sinzr): -4
,( T..
k:2: a\cos;+isinV) zr\
:4i
k=32 ,( 3rr, isin;):
afcosT* o 3z\
-4i
124.f-32=0 lmryipry
rf,l|
f :32
?2:32(cos0+rsin0)
w:4-p "ry) .isin(o.ry)
k-0, 1,2,3,4
&:0: 2(cos0 + isinO) - /
2t 2".\
2\cos? +" isinf
ft- l: ^( + r.gwli
):0.6180
4t *" i sin az\ : 1.6180 + l.r756i
k:2:^l2\cos T T) -
-l 6t *'| isin
ft-3: 2fcosT ' 6zr\ -1.6180 - I.l756i
T)=
8t ' 8zr\
k:4:-l 2fcosT +r isin;): 0.6180 - r.gv2ri
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
126. (r3 1Xx2 + 1) : Q lmgipuy
txtt
x3 l-0
*+l-0
,f-1
I : l(cos0 + rsinO)
$:vlfcosfo +2"'k\ +i"{
I ' ' lo +?'"rr\l
L \-l /J'ft-o't'z
l(cos0 +isin0): I
| .2o -i^r- 4\: 6,
l(cos7+isin
3t 2+Vt --L *
rT +,$nT/: -r-_6.
l"oru,:_:_1g\:_1
\ 2t
*+1-o
::1 : -r
l(cos ,tr * f sin a)
,rt : J{*,(ry)+ i,^(ry), ft - o, r
ft=0, 1
,, +' -'-'-
tl,ror3 d i
isinV):
\
/ 3n,. 3zr\
l(cosT* isin;): -i
l2E. False. See Example 5, Section 6.1
130. z4z = 2lcos 0 * i sin eQlcos (zr - e) + i sin (tr - 0)] : 4[cos r* i sin 0] : -4
zL_ 2(cos0*isin0) ' :cos(20- r) +isin(2O- r)
: - cos (20) - sin (ze)i
: I
-fr("os0*isin0)1,
=
1. qt t3.
-a
40r
CHAPTER 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Scction 7.1 Equations
Solving Systems of . . .nS
Section 72 Systems of Linear Equations in Ttvo Variables . .9t2
Sec{ion 73 Multivariable Linear Systems . . . 990
Section 7.4Systems of Inequalities . .lmB
Section?S LinearPtogamrring ...1010
Review Brercises . 1016
n4
CHAPTER 7
Systems of Equations and Equalities
Section 7.1 Solving Systems of Equations
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exencises
2. (a) 4(2)'+ (- 13) 3 t (b) 4(-z)' + (- e) !t
2-(-13) L ll (-z) (-e) 3 n
3:3 7 +3
ll : ll lt : 11
Yes, (2, - 13) is a solution. No, (-2, -9) is not a solution.
(c) +(-tr)' * (-6) Z t (d)
-(-t) (-6) 3 rr !a!;:[-;] i',,
3=l 3:3
+ 11 : 11
2,
11
No, (-*, - O) is not a solution. Yes, (-1, -fl is a solution.
4. (a) -losro(loo)+3 Zl (b) -logro 10+33Z
i(roo) + I Zg itro) + 2 Zry
l:, I 2-)
ry:T +:T
No, (100, t) is not a solution. Yes, (10, 2)is a solution.
(c) -log,o I + 3 3 3 (d) -log,o I +3ZI
t'
*ttl + 3 ++ $trl + I Zry
3:3 3+1
+:+ lng
= 2rg
Yes, (1, 3) is a solution. No, (1, l) is not a solution.
x- y:-4 Equation I 8. -2x + : -5
'Y Equation I
x*2y: 5 Equation2 f + iP : 25 Equation2
Solve for x in Equation I ; : y- 4 x l: y :
Solve for y i4 Equation 2x - 5
Substitute forx in Equation2: (y - 4) + 2y - 5
Substitute fory inEquation2: x2 + (?* - 5)2 = 25
Solve for y: 3y - 4 - 5 ==+ y : 3
Solve for x: x2 + 4* - 20x + 25 :
Back-substitute y :3: r t 3 - { : -1
25
Answer: (- 1, 3)
5f - ZOx - 0
Sx(x-a)-0
Back-s"oro*i"lt:i, y :- 5
Back-substitute x : 4, y : 3
ns Answer: (0, - 5), (4, 3)
n6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
10 x*y:O Equationl t2.y=-2x2+2 quationl
f -5x-y=0 Equation2 y:2({-2r2+L) Equation2
Solve for y in Equation L: y = -, Substitutc fory in Equation l:
SubstituteforyinEquation 2: x3 - 5.r - (-x) = g 2(1+ -2rz + l): -2x2 *2
Solve for r
Solve for.r:
f - +x - 0=+ x(* - 4) = 0+x:O,!2 f -282 + t + xz - l:O
Back-substitutex=0:y=-0=0 . x4-x2=0
Back-substitute x:2: y = -2 - 1):0:+x - 0,tl
xz(xz
Back-substitute x: -2: y : -(-)) :2 Back-substituter = 0: y = -2(O\2 * 2:2
Answers: (0,0), (2, -2),(-2,2) Back-substitutex : l: y : -2(l)2 + 2 -- O
Back-substitutex : -1: y = -2(-l\2 + 2 = O
Attswers: (0, 2), (1, 0), (- l' 0l
l4.y=xt-3x2+4 Equationl 16. xf2y: I Equationl
y = -2r 4
+ Equation 2 5x - 4y : -23 Equation 2
' SubstituteforyinEquationl: SolveforxinEquationl: x:l-2y
-2x+ 4: x? - 3xz + 4 SubstituteforxinEquation2:
Solvefor.r:0=x3-3x2+2x 5(l-2y)-4y:-23
O: x(x2 - 3x + 2) Solvefory: -L4y = -28ay:2
0 :r(l - 2)(x- l)=+r : 0, 1,2 Back'substitutey : 2:
Back-substitutex:0: y = -2(o) * 4= 4
x = t - 2y= | - 4= -3
(-3'2)
Back-substitute.r= l: y= -2(l)*4=2
Arutwer:
Back-substitute x : 2: y -- -2Q) * 4 : 0
Answers: (0,4), (1, 2),(2,O)
It. 6x- 3y - 4: Q Equation I
x*2y-4=0 Equation2
Solve fort in Equation 2; x : 4 - 2Y
Snbstinrte for x in Equation l: 6(4- 4: O- 2y) - 3y
Solvefory: ?/I - l2y - 3y - 4: O:+ -15y = -20+y =!
Back-substitute y : tt x : 4 - 2y = 4 - z(il = t
l"t*"r,(t,t\
20. 0.5r * 3.2y : i.g Equation I
O2r - l.6y : -3.6 Equation 2
Multiply both equations by 10:
5xt32Y=9
?.x-L6Y = -36
Solve forr in Equation 2: x = + 8Y - 18
SubstituteforxinEquation 1: 5(-18 + 8y) * 32y:99
Solve for y: -90 + 4Ay + 32y : 90
72Y = 1gg
t=H:2'5
Back-substitute I = 2.5: x = -18 + 8Q.5) :2'
Arurwer: (2,2.5)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22. Lr* : 10
+ |Y Equation I
ftx- Y: 4
3
Equation2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y : 1* - a
L L, + |G* - +): 10
Substitute for y in Equation
Solve for x: *, + fr* - 3 : 10 + #* : 13 ==+ * : #
Back-substitute x: ffr y : i(#) - 4: i+
Answer: ffi,i+)
?n- y: 4 Equationl
-4x*2Y:-Lz Equation2
Solve fory in Equation 1: y - 24 - 4
Substitute fory in Equation 2: -4x + 2(2.x - 4\ : -lZ
Solve for.r: -8 * -12 Inconsistent
No Solution
ZC. -t* * y = -2 Equation 1
Lr-3Y: 6 Equation2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y : ?, - 2
Substitute fory in Equation 2: 2.x - 3G, - 2) : A
Solveforr 2x _ 2r + 6 : Sae : 9
Infinite number of solutions, all of form (t?* - Z). not instance, (0, -2), (3, O).
Allpointsonthelirp ?,x - 3y = 6
28. x-2y:O Equationl 30. x* y: 0
3x- Y:0 Equationz 3x-2Y:10
Solve for x in Equation 1: x - 2y
Substitute forx in Equation2: 3(2y) - y - 0
Substitute for y: 6y - y : 0 :> 5y : 0 ==+ 1l : 0
Back-substitutey: 0: x:2y - 0
Answer: (0,0)
Point of intersection: (2, -2)
32. -x+2y:1 -x+y:3=+lt:x+3
x- y:2 f -6x-27*y'=Q +y2:ffi
v
h:-ffi
Point of intersection: (5, 3)
Points of intersection: (- 3, 0), (3, 6)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. x- Y: Q==+Yr:N
5x - 2y = 6-lz:]. - 3
Point of intersection: (2,2)
Points of intersection: (15, 7), (3, l)
3x -2y -0 42. *+y2:2Jayt: ffi
x2+ y2:4 lz: -jffi
3 (x - 8)'+ y2:AL+!s: ffi
It: ,* l+: -ffi
!z:ffi
ll:-R
E
, ,/' {
/
/
-6
Point of intersection:
(4 6 \l 4 6\
\re'w)'\-re'-rc)
u. Y : -4e-' y: -2 * ln(x - 1)
y*3x*8 :Q+y:-3x-8 3y + u:e +y: *tg - 2l,)
2
\
a
-e
\
araalr"
A
'..X.. r. . d
\ t
4'-
Intersection point: (- 0.490, - 6.530) Intersection poinfi (5.309, - 0.539)
48. x-Y:3=+/r:x-3
x - y2:1-+ !z: F
lg:-F
Points of intersection: (5 ,2), (2, -I)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
52.x *y-!, Equationl
*+/:2 Equationz
SolveforyinEquation 1: y:4 - x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: f + (a - x) - 2
Solveforr f -x+2:O
,,.k {,,, No real solutions because the discriminant in the
\ u Quadratic lormula is negative.
Inconsistent. No solution
-1
Points of intersection: (0, -2), eJ1,i), F J1,i\
or (O -2), (t1.323, 1.500)
54. f +Y=25 Equationl
b +Y:IO F4uation2
' Solve fory inEquation 2: y : lO - 2r
Substitutc fory in Equation L: * + (tO - Zxyz : 25
Solvefor.r: * + lffi - & + 4* = 25 +* - 8r * 15 = 0
+(x - 5)ft - 3):0::$1: J,J
Back-substitute x:3:, = 10 - 2(3) : 4
Back-substitute.r:5: y: l0 - 2(5) = I
Answers: (3,4), (5,0)
56. y: (r+ 1)3 5E. *+y:4+y:4-f
y- F7 d-y=0==+y=d
No points of int€rsection
Points of intersection:
Approximately (- 1.96, 0. 14), (1.06, 2.gg)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. y=f -2* *x-l Equationl 62. x-2y:1 Equation I
y:-f*3x-l Equation2 v=F Equation2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: Substitute for y in Equation I : x - 2.,FT = I
I -f -2**x- solve
-**3x- I
^':'-r : z..,Ft
Solveforx:0:x3 -f -b (x- l)2:4(x- 1)
0-x(f-x-2)
0 - x(x - 2\(x * 1) + x = 0,2, -t
*-2x+1-4x-4
f-&+5:Q
Back-substitute x: Q in Equation 2:
y -- -02 + 3(0) - 1 : -l (x- lXx-5):Qla:1,5
Back-substihrte x : 1: y : F :
Back-substitute x - / in Equation 2:
Q
y:-22+3Q) 1:1 Back-substitute x: 5: y: F7 = )
Back-substitute x : - I in Equati on 2: Answers: (1,0), (5,2)
y: -(-1)2 + 3(-1) I = -5
Aruwers: (0, - I), (2,1), (- 1, -5)
(a) Q - 2.65x + 350,000, ft: 4.I5x (b)
ft=C
4.1,5x:2.65x*350,000
1..50x : 350,000
x = 233,333 units, R : $968,333
66. Q - 7.8.fi + 18,500, R: 12.84x (a) Q-21.60x +5000
R-C ft : 34.10x
!2.84x : 7 .8-,,G, + 18,500 (b)
t:r.,y, - 7.8.,fr - 18,500 - 0 Quadratic in fi
c
n
x -- 400 units
(c) 2!.6Ax * 5000 : 34.10r
x = 1464 units, ft == $18,798 5000 = L2.5x
x - 400 units
25,000 + 0.01 x : 20,000 + 0.02x
:
5000 0.01x
500,000 : x
For the second offer to be better, you would have
to sell more than $500,000 per year.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
72. (a) x* y-25,000 Equation I 74.21 +2w:30 =:+ l+w: 15
0.06x+0.085y: 2OO0 Equation 2 l:w +3 -+ (w+3)*2: 15
(b) 2w.: 12
w:6
l-w*3:.9
Dimensions: 6 meters x 9 meters
lr:.25'000 - x
I
lz: 0.;" (2000 - 0.06x)
As x increasos, ) dareases and the amount of
interest decreases.
(c) $5000 : x yields $2000 total interest.
76.2t+2w:42+ l+w=21 7E. 2l+2w:40 -> l+w:2O ==+ w:20_t
w:11 -+ t+f;t:zt lw-96 -> l(20-l):96
f,t:zt 201 -12:96
l-12
w:/, l:9 Q: 12-201 +96
o- (t- 8xr- 12)
Dimensions: 9 inches x 12 inches
l- Sorl- 12
I - l2,vv :8
since the length is supposed to be greater than the
width, we have I -
12 miles and w miles.:8
80. (a) Linear model: y : 1.53t + 38.94 (b)
Quadratic model: y : -0.325P + 4.455t + 32.765
(c) Points of intersection: (5.62,47.54), (3.3g , M.II)
(Answer might vary.)
(d) For 1998, | : y : Sl.zmillion
8. Linear model:
Quadratic model: y : 47.6 million
The linear model is more accurate because it is increasing.
82. False. You could solve for x first. 84. The system has no solution if you arrive at afalse
statement, ie. 4 - 8, tr you have a quadratic
equation with a negative discriminant, which would
yield imaginary roots.
86. (a) The line y : b intersects the parabola y : * (-2,7), (5, 5)
at two points, (0, 0) and (2,4).
5 -7 2
(b) The line y - 0 intersects y : x2 at (0, 0) only. fTt :
-7
(c) The line y : x - 2 does not intersect y - f.
s - (-2)
t
(Other answers possible.)
y-7: -i@ - eD)
I
7y-49: -2x-4
2x+7y-45-0
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
go. (6, 3), (10, 3) o'
e2. P^\
o/, (^ r\
(4,6)
;,
: 33 : e =+ The line is horizontal.
l
m
ffi 6-0 6 30
m:4lr=T:
y:3 + y-3 -0 n
y-g-flo -4)
l7y - 102: 30x - l\20
Q = 30r - Ily - 18
Domain: allx + 6 96. Domain: all x + x,4
Vertical asymptotes: x : 6 Vertical asymPtotes: x: X.4
Horizontal asymptote: ): 0 Horizontal asymptote: Y : I
98. fl-* : 1249 100. &-9d- 18:Q Quadratic in d
A - t)ln6: lnl249 (e-6)(d-3):$
7 - x- (lnL?/t9')/ln6 d-6:0+d:6 =+ X: ln6: t.792
x : 'l (ln L%tg)/ln 6 : 3-o2t d-3:Q:=+ s!:3 :=t X: ln3:1.099
Section 7.2 Systens of Linear Equations in lbo Variables
Solutions to Even-Nunbertd Exerciscs
2. x-3y:1 Equationl
-x-2y:4 Equation2
Add to eliminate : 5+ Y: I
x: 5Y
Substitute Y: l inEquation t: x - 3(1):1=+x:-2
Answer: (-2, l)
4.2^x- y:3 Equationl
4x - 3y : 2l Equation?
Multiply Equation 1 bY 3: 6x - 3Y : 9
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate yi 10x : 30 I x - J
Substitute x = 3 in Equation I z 2(3\ y - : 3 ==+ y : 3
Answer: (3, 3)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6. 3x - 2y : 3 Equation I
6x - 4Y = 14 Equation2
Multiply Equation I by -2: -6x - 4y - -6
Add this to Equation 2: Q : 8
There are no solutions.
E. - 3Y : - 15
9x Equation I
-3x- Y: 5 Equation2
Multiply Equation 2by 3: -9x - 3y : 15.
Add this to Equation 1: 0 : 0
There are infinitely many solutions. The solution set
consists of all points (r, y) on the line - 3x y 5. - :
10. 5x- 3y : - 18 Equation I
2x-6Y: I Equation' 5.r+3y=-18
Multiply Equation I by 2: 10x - 6y : -36
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: l2x : -35 g : -#
.r
Substitute x : -Hin Equation2: 2F#) 6y : I ==+ y : -#
Answer: (-|I,-+*)
12. 3x- 5y : 2 I
Equation
2x - 5Y : 13 Equation'
Add to eliminate y: 5x = 15
x:3
Substitute x - 3 in Equation 1: 3(3) - 5y - 2==+y :g
Answer: (g, 1)
14. x - 12
7y = Equation I
3x - 5Y : 10 Equation2
Multiply Equation I by -3: -3x - 2ly : -36
Addthis toEquation 2to eliminatex: -26y: -26 ==+y : I
Substitute y : 1 in Equation 1 :x -'7 : 12 + x: 5
Answer: (5, l)
16. 2r - 54s : Equation 1
:
L6r - 50s 55 Equation2
MultiplyEquation 1by - 32s: -40
-8: -16r
Add this to Equation2: l8s : 15 =+ s : ;
Substitute s : Zin Equation l: 2r - 4(t) - 5 + r: t
Answer: (t, r) : €, t)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
1.8. 3x - lly - 4 Equation 1 20, 3.1r - : - lO.2 Equation I
2.9y
-2x- 5Y:9 Equation2 3lx l2Y :
- 34 Equation2
Multiply Equation I by 2 andEquation}by 3: Multiply Equation I by - 10: -3lx - 29y : 102
6x-22Y: 8 Add this to Equation 2: l7Y : 136 =+ Y : 8.
-6x-15Y:27 Substituting this value into Equation 2:
Adding,TY :35 =+Y : 5 3Ix - l2(8) :34 +3Lx:130 -tr : #
Substituting, 3x - 11(5) - 4 +x - -17 Answer: (#, g)
Answer: (- tZ, S)
22. 24 - 5y : 8 Equation I 24. |* - Iy : ? Equation I
5x - 8Y : 10 Equation2 -fx - ey : i'
10510 Equation2
Muttiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation2by -2: Multiply Equation 1 by 30 and Equation2 by 6:
lOx-25Y: 40 2Ox-5Y=20
- 10x - t6Y : -20 2Ox-5Y:20
Adding,gy-20=+Y:+ Adding,4Ox:40 )1= I
Substituting, 3 ttl - Iy = ? y: Q
Substituting into Equation 1,
-
za.-5(?) :8==+?.x=8-f Answer: (1, 0)
'+r: -t
Answer: (-tt,?)
y-2
26. I, - }y : 4 Equation I 2E.+ - 4 Equation I
I* - lY : -2 Equation2
2
Multrply Equation 1 by (- l0) and Equation 2 by Murtip,i#; i by 6luation
20:
3(x - 1) - 2b - 2) - 24==+ 3x - 2Y : 23
-4x- 15Y: -N Add this to Equation 2to eliminatey:
4x- 15Y: -4O 4x - 28+x:7
Adding,0 : -80 Substitute x - J in Equation 2:
No solution. The system is inconsistent. 7 - 2Y - 5 ==*Y : I
Answer: (7, 1)
30. O.bc - 0.5Y : -n.8 Equation I
0.3x - 0.4y -- 68.7 Equation2
Multiply Equation 1 by 4 and Equation2 by 5:
0'8x-2Y:-Ilt'2
l'5x-2Y: 343'5
Add these to eliminate y:
2.3x=232.3=+x:101
Substitute x: 101 in Equation 1:
0.2(101) - 0.5y: -27.8+y:96
Answer: (101,96)
gEs PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. 0.05r - 0.03 0,.2Ly: Equation 1 34.b- y: 5
0.07x - O.V2y : 0.16 Equation2 x - 2Y : -l
' Multiply Equation I by 200 and
\\
Equation2 by 300: \
lOx - 6Y: 42
ZLx-6Y:48
Add to eliminate y.' 3lx: 90
\
--90
Jt-31
The system is consistent. There is one solution,
Substitute : # in Equati on 2:
x (r.8, 1.4)
0.07(#) - o.V2y: 0.16
y= -#'
Answer: (#,-8?)
36.4x-6y= 9+y:.\4:- 9)./O=?r-Z 3E. 8I-!4y: 5=+y:(8r- S)/t4:1*_t
f"-8y - Lz+y =(f' -n)p=?*-t zx-3.sy=r.2s-r: br-r.d)r.r=+-_t
The system is consistent. The solution set consists The system is consistent. The solution set consists of
of all points on the line y = ?, t, - o, p"iii. .irh" il;;-= f; f;i;; -;; = ;:
4x-6y-9=0 "ff
4
-1
I
llara
laaa
/
/
./ I
*f
4O: -7x-6y: -4+y:Q*-4)/A=ir-? 42. 4y= -B+y- _2
y-k=-t==ey=-lx-I 7x-2y: /Jay-ex-25)/2
1 Solution: (3, -Z)
t\
i,I,,,,,,,,
,
/ \
-4
(-+,
{
Solution: -;) -10
s z(s - e):
\ 18 - 3.8y : -17.6 ==+y - (-2.4x - 17.6)f3.g
7: -e =+ v:;(;' 46. 2.4x
3
44.
fr'- 5 4x-0.2y: -3.2==>y: (+*- 3.2)f}.z
6y:28+y:(.-28)/O: i-+
10
\ latarr
\
\
Answer: (- 1 ,*- o)
-2
Answer: (8, 6)
PART -III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
48. 10x - 13y : -20 +y : (10x - 20)/13 50. -x - : 17
3Y Equation I
8r - lly: -16 +y: (-8x - 16)/ll 4x-3Y: 7 Equation,
Subract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate y:
-5X:10==+X:-2
: -2 in Equation 1:
Substitute .r
-(-2)-3v:L7+):5
Solution: (-2,5)
-8
Answer: (-2,0)
s2' 7x-'r:l-u-, 54. Y:-3x- 8
y:15 -2x
ffilill ;
Substitute for y in Equation 1: -3x- 8 = 15 -2n
7x- 3(x -2\ = 16 -x=23
7x-3x-$-16 x=-23+y=-3(-23) 8:61
l0r:10==+x:1 Answer: (-23,61)
Substitutp x: l inEquation2: Y: 1 - 2 - t
Solution: (1,3)
56. 4x - 3Y : 6 Equation 1 58. There are infinitely many systems that have the
solution (8, -2). One possible system is:
-5x-7y:-1 Equation2
8-2-6+ x-Y: 6
Multrpty Equation I by 5 and Equation? by 4.
2(8) (-2) : 18 ==+ 2* - Y : 18
20x- 15Y: 30
-2Ox - :' -4
28Y
Adding,t3Y:26+Y - /
Then, 4x - 3(2) - 6 Q 7s -- 3
Answer (3,2)
60. There are infinitely many systems that have the Supply : Demand
solutio" (-?, -10). One possible system is 25 - O.lx: lm - 0.05x
3(-3) 1(-10) : -r2aJv - v - -r2 0.15x = 75
6(-3) t(-10): 6+6x-v- 6 x:500
p:75
Equilibrium poinfi (500, 75)
64. Supply : Dernand
225 - 0.0005x :400 - 0.m2r
0.0007x :
I75
x :250,000
p:350
Equilibrium poinfi (250,000, 350)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6. Let x : the speed of the plane that leaves first and 68. (a) 87x - 92y : 89(500) Equation 1
y : the speed of the plane that leaves second.
x-y:500 Equation?
y- x- 80 Equationl
(b)
2r - }Y : 32W Equation2
-b-2Y: 160
?*-|Y:32ffi
lv :3360
y: gffi
960 - x: 80 As x increasos, ) decreases
x: 880 (c) The lines intersect at (300,200). Thus, 300 gal-
lons of 87 octane and 2W gallons of g2octane.
Ansuter: First plane: 880 kilometers per hou;
Second plane: 9@ kilometers per hour
7O. I-et t = the amount invested at 5.75%;) = the amount invesied at 6.25%.
x- y:32,W0 Equatioirt -S.7Sx-5.75y: -1g4,000
O.O575x - 0.M25y : 1900 Equation 2 5.75x - 6.25y : 190,000
0'5Y = 6000
y : 12,000
x- 12,000= 32,0W
The most that can be invested at 5.'157o is $20,000. x = 20,000
72. I-et x = the number of pairs of $66.95 shoes; y : the number of pairs of $g4.95 shoes.
x- y: 2& Equatio'n| -66.95x - 66.95y = -16,06g
6.95x - 84.95y = 17,652 Equation 2 6.95r - 84.95y = 17,652
l8)' = 1584
v- 88
r-88: 24O'
x: 152
Answer: x : 152 shoes priced at 966.95; y= 88 shoes priced at $g4.95
74, Letr = the amount hauled by one company; y : the amount hauled by a second company.
x-y:16(X) Equationl x- 1l:1600
x : 4y Equation 2 -x - 4y: O
5y: 1600
y:320
. x-320:1600
x: l28O
Answer: one company hauled 320 tons and the other hauled 12g0 tons.
76. 5b l0a : ll-.7 -+ -l}b - 20a: -23.4 78. 6b :
ISa 23.6 ==+ -lsb - 37.5a: -Sg
IOb 30a : =+ lDb 30a:
25.6 25.6 lsb - 55a : 48.8 -+ lsb - 55a: 48.8
lOa: 2.2 17.5a : -I0.2
a: O.22 a : -0.583
5b Lo(0.22) : tl.7 $: 5.390
b- l.g Least squares regression line:
:
, Least squares regression line: y 0.22x - 1.9 y:-0.583x-5.390
9tE PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
80. (a) - 3b 3.75a = ll55 t2. False. The calculator gives an approximate
3.75b - 4.8l6a = 1413.75 solution in many cases.
From the first equation, 6 = (1155 - 3.75a)/3.
Substituting this value into the second equation,
3.75(1155- -
3.75a')/3 4.8l?5,a = 1413.75
-4,6875a - 1U3.75 - 4.8125a = 1413.75
O.LEa = -30
a = -2.4O
= (1155 - 3.75(-2fi))/3
Then D : 685
Thus,Y:-24Or-685
(b) Using a graphing utility, you obtain y : -240x - 685.
(c) e
(d) Ifx = 1.40, y= -2fi{t40) - 685 : 349units.
&f. l00y - x : ZW Equation I t6. No, it is not possiblc for a consistent system of
9y-x=-l98Equation2|inearequationstohavcexactlytwosolutions.
Eithcr the lines will intersect onoe or they will
SubhactEquation 2 fr'omEquation I to eliminatc coincide and then the system would have
s = y 398 infinile solutions.
Stlbstih$e ) = 398 inoEquation 1:
100(398) -x=2Q0 + x= 39,600
Solution: (39,600, 398)
The lines are not parallel. The scalc on the axes must
be changed to se the point of inersection.
tt. -
4x 8y =-3 t
F4uation 90. subtracting the two equations:
b- lry = tO Equation2 vxd - v(x - l)d : 'd lnx
Multiply Eqgation 2by -2: -4x - 2lcy = -32 vxd - vtcd - vd = 'd lnx
AddthistoEquation 1: -8y - 2lcy = -35 vd : d lnx
The systcm in inconsistent if -Ey - 2JE =
g. v = ln.r
Tlrisoccurswhe,nft = -!,.Notetratfstk= -4, Finally, ud - vxd - ttC - lnx. x. d = O
the two originsl equations represent parallel lines.
. + ue, = -xlnx . d
+ r = -.xlnx
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
92. The domain of/(x) - * - b is all real 94. The domain of h(x): .,,ffi is'
numbers. The range is -I <y 25 - f>0
2
* szs
-5<xS5
\ / The range is 0
\-/ 7
-2
- \
-1
-11 - 6x 98. 8r - 15
-6x 16r < 19
x3-t: 22
3 x 3 i?
-+ l9
rd
-to 4 -t --7 4 -5
.r
rr t I I N r rrr
-3 --2 -l 0 | 2 3
100. fr - 8l lU2. 2i - 3x - 35
- I < 10
-1,0 < x (b - 7)(, - s)
-2<x<18 Critical numbers: l, -5. Testing the three
-2 0 2 4 6 8 l0l2t4l6lE
r intervals, -5 <x
3.5
I
-6-5-4-3-2-t 0 l 2 3-4
104. lnx - lng: ln6x 106. logg 12 - logg x : ,orr#
10E. 4x- y- -16 Equationl
-5x-3Y: 6 Equationz
FromEquation 1,!:4x - t6.
Substituting into Equati on 2,
-5x - 3(4x - 16) -6
7x : -42
x - -6
y - 4(-6) 16 : -8
Answer: (-6, -8)
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems
Solutions to Even-N lmbered Exencises
2. (a) 3(3) + 4(2) 0 Z L7 yes 4(1) (- 3) Z n
(c) 3(4) + no
s(3) 2 +2(o)Z -2 no 5(4) I +2(-3)! -2 no
2(3) 3(2) + 7(0) Z -21 no 2(4) 3(l) + 7(-3) L -2r no
(3,2,0) is not a solution. (4, l, - 3) is not a solution
(b) 3(1) + 4(3) (-2') ! 17 yes 4(s) (- 1) L n
(d) 3(1) + no
s(1) 3 +2(-2)Z -2 yes s(1) 5 +2(-1) Z -2 yes
2(r) 3(3) + 7(-2) z -2I yes 2(r) 3 + 7(-1) Z -21 no
(1, 3, -Z) is a solution. (1, 5, - l) is not a solution.
?
4. (a) - 4(-2) (-2\ 8(2) _6 yes
?
I ,l
+2 -:-
?
-2 0 yes 2 '2
a
0 yes
,l
4(-2) - 7(-2) :6 yes 4(il - 7(-l)
?
6no
(-2, -2,2) is a solution. (*, - i,i\ is not a solution.
- 8(4) :_6
"l
(b) -4(-+) (- 10) 8(ro) (-4)
?
-6 no (d) -4(-+) yes
+ 10 ?
-4 +4
?
:0 yes
-10 0 yes
:6
?
4(-+) 7(- ro) ?
6 no 4(-+) - 7?4) yes
(-+, - 10, 10) is not a solution. (-1t, -4,a) is a solution.
4x - - 2z: 2l Equation I
3y
6y-52:-10 Equation?
z- -4 Equation3
Back-substitute z - -4 into EquationZ-
6Y - 5(-4) = -10 1$Y : -30
-Y -- -5
Back-substitute z : :
-4 and y -5 into Equation I
4x - 3(-5) - 2(-4) -- /1 + 4x : -2 $ 1s :
_l2
Answer; ( -r, -5, -4)
8. x : 8 Equationl
* 3y
?*;,c : 10 Equation2
x- y*22=22 Equation3
Back-substitute x : 8 in Equation 2:
2(8)+3Y:10
y:-2
Back-substitute x : 8 and y : -2 inEquation 3:
8 ('-2) * 2z : 22
z- 6
Answer: (8, -2,6)
99r PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
10. 5x 8z: 22 12. x-2y+32:5
3y - 5z: 10 -x*3y-52=4
z: -4 zJc 3z:0
Back-substitute z - -4 in EquationZ: Add -2 times Equation I to Equation 3.
3Y - 5(-4) : l0 + y: -tf 4y - 9z: -10
Back-substituta z : -4 inEquation l: This is the first step in putting the system in row-
5x-S(-4):22 ==+ x:-2 echelon form.
Answer: (-2, - t$, -4)
14. x* y* z- 2 Equation I 16.4x* y-32: 11
-x* 3y* 2z: 8 Equation2 2x-3y*22: 9
4x* y : 4 Equation 3 x* Y'* z: -3
x* y* z: 2 x* Y* z: -3
4y* 3z: l0 Eq.l * Eq.Z 2x-3y*22- 9
-3Y- 4z: -4 -4Eq.l * Eq.3
4x* y-32: ll
x* y* z- 2 x* Y* 4- -3
lty + 9z: 30 3Eq.2 -5Y : 15
-L2y - L6z: -16 4Eq.3 -3y*72:23
x* y* z: 2 :
y -3 ==+ -3(-3) - 7z : 23
l2y* 9z: 30 ==t -72= 14
-72 - 14 Eq.2 * Eq.3 ==+ Z: -2
x* (-3)+(-Z):-3-) x:2
-72: 14 -> z: -2
Answer: (2, -3, -Z)
l2y +9(-2):30 -) y: 4
x*4-/- 2 -> x: 0
Answer: (0,4, -2)
lE.2x+ 4y* z: -4 Equation I 20.5x- 3y* 2z: 3 Equation I
2x- 4y* 6z - 13 Equation2 2*+ 4y- z: 7 Equation 2
4x- 2y* z: 6 Equation3 ' x-lly+ 4z- 3 Equation 3
b+ 4y* z: -4 x- lly+ 4z- 3
Interchange
-8v * 5z : l7 -Eq.| * Eq.2 5x- 3y+ 2z- 3
: 2x+ 4y- z: 7 Equations I and 3
-lov - z 14 -2F4. + Eq.3
b+ 4y+ z- -4 x- lly+ 4z- 3
52y - l8e : -I2 -SEq.l * Eq.2
-4Oy+252: 85 SEq.2
-4Oy- 4z- 56 4Eq.3 26y- 9z: I -284.1 f Eq.3
2x+ 4y* z: -4 x- lly+ 4z- 3
52y- L8e: -12
-4W + 252: 85 Q: 7 -igq.2+8q.3
-292 : -29 -8q.2 * Eq.3
Inconsistent; no solution
-292 : -29 :t z: I
-4W + 25(l): 85 ==t y - -Z
2x+4(-i)+l: -4 + x: t
Answer: (t, -1, t)
w2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerbises
22.2r+ y* 3z:1 Equation 1 24. 2x+ y- 3z: 4 Equation I
2x*6y* 8e:3 Equation 2 4x + 2z: l0 Equation2
6x*8y*182:5 Equation 3 -zrc + 3y - L3z: -8 Equation 3
bc+ y* 3z:1 2x+ Y- 3z: 4 -ZEq.t * F;q.Z
5Y+ 5z=2 -E9.1 * Eq.Z -2y * 8z: 2 Eq.l + Eq.3
5Y* 9z:2 -3Eq.1 + Eq.3 4y-L6z:-4
bc+ Y* 3z:1 2x+ Y- 3z: 4
5Y+ 5z:2 Y - 4z: -1 -inq.z
4z:O -Eq.2 * Eq.3 0- 0 284.2 + Eq.3
4z:O ==+ Z- 0 2x+ z- 5 -8q.2 * Eq.l
-2
5y+s(0) :=+ y: ? v- 4z: -1
2x+!+3(0):1 +f:* z: a
Answer: (*,3, o) Y:4a-l
x-- -lo+]
Answer: (-L" + 1,4a - I, a)
26. x + 4z- 13 Equation 1 2E.-x*3y* z: 4 Equationl
4x-2Y* z: 7 Equation2 4x - 2y - 5z: -7 Equation2
b-2y- iz=-19 Equation 3 2x + 4y - 3z : 12 Equation 3
rc + 4z- 13 -x*3Y*z:4
-?4-l5z:-45 -48q.1 * Eq.Z
* Eq.3. lqy-z-9 4Eq.L+Eq-2
-2Y - LSz: -45 -2W.1
x + 4z- 13 lOy-z:20 2Eq. I+Eq-3
-2Y - l5z: -45 -x*3y*r=!
Q: 0 -Eq.Z * Eq.3 10y-z-9^
z: a Q : 11 -Eq. 2 + Eq.3
y:-f"+E No solution. Inconsistent
x:-M+13
Answer: (-+" * 13, - f" + E, o)
993 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
30. 3x-2y-62:-4 Equationl 12.4x* 3yll7z,=O Equationl
-3x*2yt62= I Equation2 5x* 4y*222=0 Equation2
x- y-52:-3 Equation3 4x+ 2y* l9z:0 Equation3
x- y-52:-3 5x*' 4y*222=0
3x-2y-62=-4. Interchangethe +x+
!*lr^r=l :|,fi;:ilr",n"
-3r*2y*6a,: L 4x1' 2y+l9z=O
x- y-52:-3 x* y* 5z=0 -Eq.2+8q.1
y | 92 : 5 -3Eq.l + 8q.2. 4x * 3Y * L1z: O
-y - 9z: -8 3Eq.l + Eq.3 4x 4 2Y * l9z : 0
x- y-52:-3 xl Y* 5z=0
ylgz= 5 -y- 3z=O -4Eq.1 +F,q.2
0 : -3 Eq.2 + fu.3 2y- .2=O -4Eq.1 +Eq.3
Inconsistent,rwsolution x* y* 5z:0
y* 3z=O -Eq.2
5z=0 -2Eq.2+Eq.3
5z:0=99-Q
Y+3(0)=04Y:Q
.r*0*5(0)=Q41=Q
Answer: (0,0,0)
34. x- 3y+ 2z- 18 Equationl 36. 2s+ 3yt 3z= Z Equationl
5x-I3y*l2z= 80 Equation2 4x+l8y*LSz= M Equation2
x- 3y* fo- 18 2r+ 3y+ 3z= 7
2y * k: -lO -5Eq.1 +Eq.2 l2y + 9e.: 30 +q.2
-2F4J
x - 3y + 2a, - 18 2i + 1r: -L -frq.Z+Uq.r
y * z: -5 ir-q.z l2y + 9z = 3o
x *. 5z: 3 3F4.2 + Eq.l Letz = a, then:
yt z= -5 l2Y*9a:JQ4Y=-|,a+l
I*tz= a, 2x +f,a = -l + ,: -?o - i
theny : -a - 5, andx : -5a * 3. Answer: (-i" _ l,_Zo + g,o)
.Answer: (-5a + 3, -a - 5, a)
gvl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. lOx - 3y * 2z :O Equation I 40. x* y* z* w: 6 Equation I
l9x-5y- z:0 EquationZ 2x+3y w: 0 Equation 2
x- y*5e:0 2F4' 1-8q.2 -3x+4y* z+ 2w: 4 Equation 3
l9x-5Y- i:0 x*2y- z* w: 0 Equation 4
x-Y* 5e:0 x* y* z* w: 6
L4y-962:Q. -19Eq. I +W.2 y - 2z - 3w : -I2 -ZBq.l * Eq.2
7y * 4z * 5w : 22 3Eq.1 * Eq.3
Infinite number of solutions. Let z - 7 a. Then
y - 2z : -6 -Eq.l + Eq.4
y:T:ry:48a x* y* z* w- 6
x:y-52:48a-sQd: L3a Y-22- 3w:-I2
182 * 26w = 106 -78q.2 + Eq.3
Answer.. ( r3a,48a,7a) * (+t,T", ") 3w: 6 -8q.2*8q.4
3w: 6 + w:2
l8z + 26(2) - 106 =+ z: 3
y-2(3) 3(2): -r2 + Y:0
x*0+3*2: 6 ===> x:1
Answer: (1,0, 3,2)
42. Tlrere are an infinite number of linear systems that have (-5 , -2,l)as their solution. One such system is:
l(-5)+ 1(-2)+ I = -6 ::+ xly*z= -6
2(-2') + 1: -3 2y + z: -3
2(r) - ) 2z: 2
44. firere are an infini3e number of linear systems that have (:1,q, -Z) "t their solution. One such system is:
z(-tr)+4-(-7')= 8+ Lr* Y- z= 8
+(-i) *2@')+(-7):-5+ 4xt2Y1' z=-5
-z(-|\ + s(4) - 3(-7\ - 44 + -2r + 5v - 37: 4
46.x*y*z:6 4E, x*2y+22:6
(6, o, o), (0, 6, o), (0, o, 6), (l , L,4) (6, o, o), (0, 3, o), (0, o, 3), (2,1, 1)
' x-2 A B x2-3x*2 x2-3x*2 A,B, C
50'
f+4x+3: **r-r+l
52.
m:6:;*7-6;tt
-.
54.
6r+5 A B L C * D
*+2- bE+lF- (x+2)3-@t
,
@:
995 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
I A B A A .B
s6' st'
4r2 - s=;i- N3 * *:;-*=*
l= A(Lr - 3) + B(2r+3) 3: Ax + A(x - 3)
_
Letr=-::Z3 l=-OAg{=-- 1 If,tx=3;3=3A =+A=l
6 l-6tr'.x=0:3=-38=+B=-l
?1311
Let.r:i:z l:68-B=) 6
*-3x x-3 x
l l[ l I I
4*-9 6L2r-3 2r+3)
5 A B .r*1 .x*1
---*tx-6.r*3 x-2
Ai
-------- 62'7+#3:G'6b;r)
za
---!--)--!-
5:A(r-2)+B(r+3) I
:111'x+
Letx: -3:5 = -5A + A = -l -l
Letx=2:5= 58 =+ B= I
511
rr+x-6= rZ-r+3
G4.+:L* B m. ?-.3=:
---(x-112
A -',(x-1)z
B,
x(x-4) x x-4 x-t
x*2: A(x * Bx
- 4) 2x- 3= A(x- l) + B
L€t.r = O: 2: -4A + l, = -L
Let'r = l: -l =B
2 l*S.x:0: -3 = -A * B
I-rf.x=4:6=48 + A=1'z -3 = -A'- I
2=A
x*2 :-I_-_|2x_32|
lf 3 ll
4x-4) 2lx-4 xl k_tp=;i-k_lf
d*+T A.B C D E
--- *(x - 1)t x' f x l' (.r- 1)2'--(r- l)3
-
6* + | = Ax(x- 1)3 + B(x - 11t + C*(x- t)2 + D*(x - r) + Ef
Letx= 0: 1: -B + B: _l
l-etx=l:7=E
Substitute B and E into the equation, expand the binomials, collect like terrrs, and equate the coefficients of
like tcrns.
f - 4** c)t- (3A + 2c - D) + (3A + C - D)* - Ax
3r= (A +
-A=3+A:-3
A+C -0 + C=3
-3A-2C*D=l
9_6+D:l+D__z
6*+l :_3_ I * 3 _ 2 * 7
t'(r-1)r x *'x-l (x-1;z'(x-1)r
996 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
f+2rc2-x*1 6x-3
70.
x2+3x-4 -x-l+ (x+ a)(r- l)
6x-3 AB
x*4 x-
(x+ 4)(*- 1) I
6x-3:A(x-l)+B(x+4)
Let x- l:3 :58+B:1 )
Let x - -4: -27 : -5A+A:45
x3+2x,2-x*1 :x- 1+ 27
I 5(x+4)
x2+3x-4 5(x-1)
4f x,3 24x2-L6x+3
72.
r,;.ry:r*A-6
3*-7x-2 _4--_B C 4f_1 A B C
74.
f -x --;- xtFl-r- I
76.
ffi:;+r* 1+ 1r* 1r,
3* - 7x - / - A(* - 1) * Bx(x - 1) * Cx(x + 1) 4f - I : A(x * 1)2 + 2Bx(x * 1) * Zcx
Irtr:0: -/--A +A-) Lett:0: -1 - [
['etx:-1:8:28+B:4 Let x:-1: 3: -ZC ==) Q---1
2
Letx- 1: -6:2C =+ Q- -3 Letx:1:3:4A+48*2;C
3f-7x-2 2 4 3
3:-4+48-3
f -x x x* 1 x- I -5 =B
2
-:-+-
4*-r
,b(* LY:_{_1_
rL-;'r
s
+1
_l_l
(x + l)tj
78. f - x + 3 - x - I + 2x+l
*+x-2 (x+2)(x-1)
b+l A B
ffi:**r+"-t
l:A(x- +B(x+2)
2x+ 1)
Let x : -2: -3: -3A =+ A: 1
Let x
x3--x+3':x-l+++ I
*+x-2 x*2 x- I
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
.,,r 2(4x - 3) A B
Ulr.- f-9 x-3 * x*3
-
2(4x- 3):A(x +3) +B(x- 3)
Letx- 3:18:6A =+ A:3
Letx__3: _30:_68 + B_5
2(4x-3)_ 3 + 5
*-9 x-3 x*3
v: 2(4x - 3) Y: T-'Y:
3
*-e x-J x*3
Vertical asymptotes: x : t3 Vertical asymptote: Jc : 3, x : -3
The combination of the vertical asymptotes of the terms of the decompositions are the sarne as the vertical
asymptotes of the rational function.
V2. s = L"F * ,ot * so E4. r: L"P * vot * so
(1, 4g) , (2, @), (3, 4g) (1, 132), (2, 100), (3, 36)
48 : L" + vo * so =5 a * 2ro * 2so : 96 132 : la * * so ==> a * 2vs * 2ss: 264
uo
$!,-20+2no*so ==) ?n+2vo* so:64 100 : ?-a * 2vs * so :=+ 2a * 2vo * Jo : 100
36:2"+ 3vs*so ==+ 9a*6vs*2ro: 72
48 : Zo * * so ==) 9a * 6uo * 2so : 96
3vo
Solving this system yields a - -32, b - 16,
Solving this system yields a - -32, vo : 64, c : 132.
so=0.
Thus, s, : Lt-lZ)p + l6t + I3Z
Thus, s : Lt<z)p + &t + o = -I6P + I6t + L32.
: -l6P * 64t.
86. y : a* * bx * c passing through 8E. y : a* * bx * cpassing through
(0, 3), (1,4), (2,3) (1, 3), (2,2), (3, -3)
(0,3): 3: c (1,3): 3: a* b*c
(1,4): Q,- a* b*c ==+ 1=a+b (2,2): 2-{s+2b*c ==+ -1 :3a+b
(2,3): 3 - 4a + 2b * c + 0 - 2a * b ' (3,-3):-3
=9a*3b*c =+ -6- ga+Zb
Aruwer: a: -1,b-2,c:3 Answer: a: -2,9-5,c =Q
The equation of the parabola is y : -f + 2rc + 3. The equation of the parabola is y : ?* * 5x.
10
I-10 -10
99t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
90. * + y2 + Dx * Ey * F - 0passingthrough(0,0),(0,6),(3,3)
(0,0): F: 0
(0,6): 36+68+F:0+ E--6
(3,3):18+3D+38+F -0+ D- 0
The equation of the circle is x2 + )P - 6y : 0.
Tio graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
*+y2-6y*9:9 10
*+(y-3)2:9
(Y-3)2:9-*
y-3 -+ffi lttll
(
y:3t ffi -2
Let yr
92. x2 + yz + Dx * Ey * F - 0passesthrough (-6, -l), (-4,3),(2, -5)
(-6, -1)'36 + I - E+ F : Q +6D + E - F : 37
- 6P
(-4,3): 16 + 9 - 4D + 3E+ F : Q +4D - 3E - F : 25
(2, -5): 4 + 25 + 2D - 5E + F : Q +2D - 5E * F : -29
Solving the system D - 2, E : 2, F - -23, and the circle is
x2+y2+2x+2y-23:Q
f
5
(*' + b + 1) + (y' + 2y * l) : 23 +I+I
(r+1)2+(y+L)2:25 ,,)
1
-7
lr:-1+ffi
lz:,-1 ffi
94. Let x - amount at 5%
Let Y : amount at 7%
Let z : amount ?t 8%
0.05x * 0.07y + 0.082: l52O
x :0.5y
y:z-1500
5(0.5y) * 7y * 8(y + 1500) : 152,000
l'l '5Y : 140'000
Y : 8000
x=0.5(8000):4000
z:8000+ 1500:9500
Check: 0.05(4000) + 0.07(8000) + 0.08(9500) : l52O
Answer: x : $4000 at SVo
Y: $8000 at7%
z: $9500 at8%
99 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
96. l-et x: amount at 896 9t. Let C : amount in certificates of deposit
Lety = amount at 9% I*tM = amount in municipal bonds
Let z = amount at lOVo Let B = amount in blue-chip stocks
x* yI z = g00,000 I.stG = amount in growth or speculative stocls
0.08e*0.09y+0.102= 67,w c+M+B+ G:5(X),000
x : 5z 0.09C + 0.05M + O.l2B + 0.14G : 0.10(500,000)
B + G: i(sm,mo)
y # : 800'000
6z
This system has infinitely many solutions.
0'09y + 0'52: 67'fi)0
r,etc: s,then B = 125,000 - s
z: 12590O M =ts -31'250
y: g00,000- 6(125,000) =50,000 C=406,25O-Ls.
x : 5(125,000) : 625,000
Answer:
Answer: x = $625,offi at8%
y: $50,000at9%
(+u,zso - L2s,
-31,2s0 + |s, 125,000 - r, r)
^--'-possible solution is to let s :
3 : g125,0fi) at Lo%
one $100,000.
Certificates of deposit $356250
Municipal bonds: $18J50
Blue-chip stocks: $25,000
Cirowth or speculative stocks: $100,000
1(X). (a) To use as little of the 50% solution as possible, the chemist should use no 10% solution.
{0.20) + (10 -.r)(0.so) : 10(0.25)
r(0.20)+5-O.SOx=2.5
-0.30x : -2.5
r: 8* htssof 2o%solution
l0 - x = lSliters of 50% solution
O) To use as much 50% solution as possible, the chemist shoutd use no 20% solution.
x(0.10) + (10 - x)0.50 = 10(0.25)
0.1&+5-0.50r=2.5
-0.4& = -2.5
,: fnters df 10% solution
10 - x = 3l tters of 50% solution
(c) Ib use 2 liters of 50% solution we letx = the number of liters at lO% andy : the number of liters at2O%.
0.10r + 0.2Ay + 2(0.50) = 10(0.25) Equation I
xI y=8 Equation2
:
Arawer: y 7 liters of ?.0% solution;.r : I liEer of tWo solution
1000 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
102. It Ir* \-0 Equation I 104. \-2t, : 0 Equation I
3Ir+212 -J Equation 2 tr - 2a: I28 Equation 2
2r2 + 4\: 8 Equation 3 tz + ?n- 64 Equation 3
Ir Ir* \- 0 tr-Zt, : 0
5b - 3Ig: 7 -3Eq.1 * Eq.Z 2tr-2a:128 -Eq.l * Eq.2
212+ 4It: 8 t, * 2a: 64
Ir Ir* Ig: 0 tr - 2t, :0
I0Iz - 6Ig: 14 2F;q.2 2t, - 2a : 128
1012 + 20\: 40 5Eq.3 3a: 0 -Lnq.z * Eq.3
It Iz* \: 0 3a: 0 + a: 0
l0lz - 6It: 14 2t, - 2(O) - 128 + tz: 64
26\: 26 -Eq.2 * Eq.3 tr-2(@): 0'==+ tr: 128
Answer: a: Dftf secz
26\:26 + Ig: I
tr: 128 lb
l0I2 - 6(1) : 14 ==+ Iz: 2
t2 -- 64 lb
Ir-2+ 1: 0:=+ Ir:' I
Answer: It: I ampere, Iz : 2 amPeres,
\: 1 amPere
106. Least squares regression parabola through (-2, 0), (- l, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2' 5)
5c*104= 8
LOb= 12
lM t 34a:22
Solvingthis systemyieldsa :|,b =8," =$.Thrs,y =|* +fu *#'
108. Least squares regression parabola through (0, 10), (1,9),(2,6), (3,0)
k+ 6blt4a:25
6c+l4b*3fo=2L
Iqr.+36b*984=33
Solving this system yields a = -1,b : 2*, c = B.Thus, y = -1* + b + B'
110. (a) Using the quadratic least squares regression
feature, wo find
y : -0.008x2 + t.37lx * 21.886.
(b) 1@
(c) For x : 170:
y : -0.008 (170)z + 1.37 l(170) + 21.886
: 23.7567o
1001 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
ll2. R - -2617
+ 4423t AB
t(4rr 38t) 7 - 4ll - 38t
--L-
- r7r84w 2617
:-6.367 + 4181.039
4rl(rsr - 4l l) 4llt t 4lL-38t
114. True. A common point would be a solution, L16. A : - I ==+ B : 1. No, the problem was not
worked correctly. You must divide the improper
fraction first.
AB 120. - ^
AB.
x(x*a)a -'^x x*a .
118. 6Irsaconstant.
(x+ I)(a -x) x* I a-x
I: - x) + B(x + 1)
A(a 1=A(x+a)*Bx
I
Letrc: -1: 1:A(a* 1) =+ A: Letx:0:1 :aA ==> A:;
a*1
I
1: -aB ==+ B- --a
1
Letx--a:B(a+l)==) B- Let x -- -a:
a*1
lf r-T-rl 1l r ln II
(x * L)(a - x) a* llx+1 a-x) x(x+a):;L;- xtul
122. When using Gaussian elimination to solve a system of linear equations, a system has no solution when there
is a row representing a contradictory equation such as 0 : /V, where N is a nonzcro real number.
.Forinstance: x I y=3 Equation 1
x-Y=3 Equation2
x*y-3
0- 6 Eq.l *Eq.Z
No solution
2x, : 0lx: : l
+,[
ta. 2y *,t : OJ Y -t 126. 2*2x+2I-0
x+y-4:O ==+ 2x-Q,- 0 b + I + l : Q ==+| : 2J - 1
?sc : 4 2x+y-100:Q
x: 2 2+h+2(-2x-1):Q
v: 2 -b :Q
A- -4 x:0
Then, A - -1 andy : 100 - ?-x:100
Answert x : 0, ) : 100, | : - l.
132.
-10-8 -6 -4 -2
4
-6
-t
_10
-t2
-14
_16
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
136. (a) f(x)= -8r'+ 3?-x2=U\-f + 4) = 8*(2+*)(2- x)-+v =0,0,-2,2
o),
13S. (a) f(r)=6f -29x2-6x+ 5= (r -5)(?.+ t)(3.r- t)=+r =5,-LI
o),
140.
x -2 -1 0 I 2 3
v -3.9 - 3.8 -3,6 -3 - 1.5 2.25
t*lL.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
v -6.3 -7 - 9.5 - 18.25 - 48.9 - 156.1 - 53r.2
1003 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
l44. 6x- 5y:3=+30x-25Y= 15 146. lzx * 42y : - 17 ==+ 60x + 21Q12 : - 85
lOx - l2y - 5 =+ 30r - 36y : 15 3Ox - 18y : 19 =+ 60x - 36y : 38
Subtracting, lly - 0 +y - 0 +rc:, Subtracting,246y = -I23 ==)y: -t
Answer' (1, o) Then 12x + 42(-t) : - n + x : i
Answet, (+, -i)
Section 7,4 Systems of Inequalities
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. y23 2r-y3-2 ==+ y>bc+2
Region above or on horizontal line y : 3. Region above or on line y : bc + 2.
Matches (d). Matches (h).
(x - 2)z + (y - 3)2>9 yS 1 - *
Region outside circle. Matches (b). Region below or on parabola. Matches (c).
10. x< -5 12. y 33
Using a solid line, graph the horizontal line !: 3,
and shade below this line.
14.y>2x-4 16. 5r*3y)-15
Using a dashed line, gaph y : -
2x 4, and shade Using a solid line, graph 5r * 3y : - 15, and
above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.) shade above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
lfX)4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
L8. 4x * y2 20. (r - l)'+ (y - 4)2
Region to right of parabola Region outside of circle
22. ys6 -|* 24. y -20.74 * 2.66x
10
-go
?:E.rt -tO
r - xz*x+4
=
4
30. y>4- ln(x+5) 32. y
4
*L*
tTr
t' . .1.
34. The parabola through (-2,0), (0, -4), (2,0) is 36. The region to the right of the vertical line r = 5.
y : * - 4. For the Shaded region inside the Thus, x > 5.
parabola, we have y2* - 4.
r00s PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
3E. (a) (0, 10) is a solution: 3(0) + l0 > I
-10 - lto'l s -4
- ls(o) + 4(lo)
(b) (0, - l) is not a solution: - (- l) - ltOrl { - 4
(c) (2,g) is a solution: 3(2) + 9
-s - iQ)'s -4
- 1s(2) + 4(e)
(d) (- l, 6) is a solution: 3(- l) + 6
-6-i3l)'< -4
- 1s(- l) + 4(6)
40. 3x * 2y <6
x >0 'ii (0,3)
y>0
First, find the points of intersection of each pair of equations. 2
Vertex A Vertex.B Vertex C i
3x*2Y:6 r:0 3x*2y:6 (0,0)
x:0 /:0 y:0
(0, 3) (0,0) (2,0)
42. x - 7y> -36
5x*2y> 5
6x-5y> 6
First, find the points of intersection of each pair of equations.
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C
x-7y- -36 5,r*2y=5 x-7Y: -36
5x*2y: 5 6x-5y=6 6x-5y= 6
(- l, 5) (1,0) (6,6)
u. x-2y<-6
5x - 3y> -9
Point of intersection: (0, 3)
attr?
0
a 246
,-2
r006 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerciscs
6.y2-3x 48. x - y2>0
x-y<2
x*y Points of intersection:
y2:y+2
The curves intersect where
+ - 3: -y - 3
f-v-2:o
Y2+3y:0 (y+lXY-2):0
v(v+3):Q y : -1,2
Y :0' -3
(1, - t), (4,2) -l 294567t9
a
Intersection Points: (- 3, 0), (0, - 3) a
-4
-5
50. x<2y ' y2
0< x + y
Points of intersection:
-v-2v-f
y2-3y:o
Y:0'3
(o, o), (-3, 3)
s2. y<-f+2^x+3 54. y>f-?*+ 56. Y S e-*/z
y>* - 4x * 3 yS 1 - * v20
I
-23x32
I I
LI
I
J
t
, M/
wl \ ! N
-2 -1
-1
58. (0, 6), (3,0) 60. Circle: f + y2>4
Line: y
(0, -3), (3, o)
Line: y> x - 3
x)l
1007 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. Parallelogram with vertices at 64. Triangle with vertices at (- 1, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)
(o, o), (4,0), (1,4), (5,4)
(- l, 0), (1, 0): y > 0
(0, 0), (4, 0): y20 (-1,0),(0, 1): y<x* I
(4, 0), (5, 4): 4x - y 3 L6 (0, l), (1,0)i y S -x * 1
(1, 4), (5, 4): y34
(0, 0), (1,4): 4x - y20
4x - y> 0
4x - y316
0< yS 4
tt(t,o)
:
66. x number of $15 tickets x : number of model A
y: number of $25 tickets y - number of model B
x * y> 15,000 Demand: x22y
a) 8000 Cost: 8x * l2y <2W
y> 4000 Inventory: x> 4
t*.25y>27s,wo v22
(a) ry2500 Body-building space (b)
2x + rny2125 Track (TWo semi-circles and two lengths)
x)0 Physical constraint
v20 Physical constraint
1008 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
72. Demand- Supply
50 - 0.5x - 0. l25x
50 : 0.625x
80:x
10:p
Point of equilibrium: (80, 10)
The consumer surplus is the area of the triangle bounded by
p350 - 0.5x
p? 10
x20.
Consumer surplus : |6aseXheigh0 -- |1AO)(40) - $1600
The producer surplus is the area of the niangle bounded by
p > 0.125x
p<10
.tr)0.
Producer surplus : |lUaseXheigh$
: ,(80X10) : $400
74. Demand - Supply Consumer
surplus
300 -:=1il * x
(100,200)
Consumer surplus : 5000
Producer surplus : 5000
o
76. Area - 9 ' 11 : 99 square units ?8. Test a point on either side of the boundary.
True
1009 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
80. y-6-6--(-{)@+z)
-2-4 82. y+2:#+r(r-i)
-r- 4
y-6- -jC +z)
3Y+5x:8
y+2:+("-i)
_T
v+2--+("-i)
28x*l7Y:-13
84. Linear model: llf - I.6857t + 40.0810
Quadratic model: M : - 0.2429P + 3.87 I4t + 35.87 L4
The quadratic model fits the data better.
Section 7.5 Linear Programming
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. z-2x+ 8y 4. z:7x*3y
At (0,4): z :2(0) + 8(4) : 32 At(0,4): z= 7(0) + 3(4) = 12
At(0,0): z- 2(o) + 8(0): Q At(0,0): z- 7(0) + 3(0) - 0
At (2,0): z :4(0) + 3(2) : 6 At(2,0): z-7(2) +3(0): 14
The maximum value is 32 at (0, 4). The maximum value is 14 at (2,0).
The minimum value is 0 at (0,0). The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
6. z-4x*3y E. z:x*6y
At (0,4): z :4(0) + 3(4) : rz At (0,4): z :0 + 6(4) : 24
At(3,0): z- 4(3) + 3(0): 12 At(3,0): z-3+6(0):3
At (5, 3): z :4(5) + 3(3) : 29 At(5,3): z:5 +6(3):23
At(2,0): z:2(2) + 8(0) - 4 At (0,2): z :0 + 6(2) : 12
The maximum value is29 at (5, 3). The maximum value is?l at (0,4).
The minimum value is 6 at (0,2). The minirirum value is 3 at (3, 0).
10. z:50x * 35y 12.z:L6x*l8y
At (0, 800) i z : 50(0) + 35(800) : 28,000 At (0, 800): 16(0)+r8(s00)-14,400
At (900, 0): z - 50(900) + 35(0) : 45,@0 At (900,0): 16(900)+18(0):L4,4Oo
At(675,0)' z:50(675) + 35(0): 33,750 At (675,0): 16(675)+18(0):10,800
At (0, 600): z : 50(0) + 35(600) - )1,000 At (0, 600): 16(0)+18(600):10,800
The maximum value is 45,000 at (900, 0). The maximum value is l4,NO at any point along
The minimum value is 21,000 at (0, 600). the line segment conn@ting (0,800) and (900, 0).
The minimum value is 10,800 at any point along the
line segment connecting (645,0) and (0, 600).
1010 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. Intersection Points:
-x* y : 11] 2y : 38 =+ y : 19 ==+ (8, 19)
x*Y:27)
-x*Y: l1]7Y: LI2==tY:16=+(5, 16)
b + 5Y :9OJ
x * y : zlby :36 =+Y : 12 +(15, 12)
2x, + 5Y : 90J
At (0, 0), e = a(0) + 6(0) : Q
:
x (no, o), z 4(n) + 6(0) : 108
At (15, l2), z : 4(15) + 6(12) : r32
At (5, 16), z -- 4(5) + 6(16) : 116
At (0, l1), z:4(0) + 6(11) - s
The maximum is 132 at (15,l2).
The minimum is 0 at (0,0).
z-4x*6Y
16. z:7x * 2y lE. z: 4x * 5y
At (0,0): z :4(0) + 5(0) : Q
At (5, 0): z :4(5) + 5(0) : 2O
At (4, l): z = 4(4) + 5(l) : 2l
At (0, 3): z :4(0) + 5(3) : 15
The maximum value is 21 at (4, 1).
Ttre minimum value is 0 at (0,0).
At(0,0),e:7(0) + 2(0): Q
x (n, 0), z : 7(n) + 2(0) : 189
At ( 15, L2), z : 7(15) + 2(12) : 129
At (5, 16), z :7(5) + 2(16) : 67
At (0, l1), z - 7(0) + 2(rr) : 22
The maximum is 189 at (27,0).
The minimum is 0 at (0,0).
1011 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. z:?-x-y 22. z= x
At(0,0): z:2(O) -0-0 At(0,0): z:0
At(5,0): z:2(5) -0- 10 At(12,0): z- 12
At(4, 1): z:2(4) -0-7 At (10, 8); z : l0
At (0, 3): z :2(0) 3 : -3 At (6, 16): z : 6
The maximum value is 10 at (5, 0). At (0, 20): z : 0
minimum value is -3 at(O, 3). The maximum value is 12 at (12,0). The minimum
T" value is 0 at any point along the line segment con-
necting (0,0) and (0, 20).
24. z:y 26. z-3x*2y
At(0,0): z:0 At(0,0): e:0
At (Iz,A)i z:0 At (12,0): z : 36
At (10, 8): z 2 8 At (10, 8): z = 46
At (6, 16): z : 16 At (6, 16): e : 50
At (0, 2O): z : 2O At (0, 2O): z : 4O
The maximum value is 20 at (0,20\.
The maximum value is 50 at (6, 16). The
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
minimum vafue is 0 at (0, 0).
segment connecting (0, 0) and (L2,0).
28. z:5x*y 30. z:3x*y
At (0, 10): z :5(0) + (10) : 10 : l0
At (0r 10): z :3(0) + (10)
At (3, 6): z - 5(3) + (6) : 2r At(3,6): z= 3(3) + (6): 15
At (5, 0): z : 5(5) + (0) : 25 At(5,0): z:3(5) + (0): 15
At (0,0): z :5(0) + (0) - 0 At(0,0): z:3(0) + (0): Q
The maximum value is 25 at (5, 0). The maximum value is 15 at any point along the
line segment connecting (3, 6) and (5, 0).
y=15-3r
rol2 PART III: Soltitions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. z:2x*4y 34. z--4x*y
At (0, 5): z -- 2(0) + 4(s) : 2o At (0, 5): z: 4(0) + (5) : 5
At (4, 4): z - 2(4) + 4(4) : 24 At (4, 4): z : 4(4) + (4) : 20
At (5, 3): z : 2(5) + 4(3) : 22 At (5, 3): z: 4(5) + (3) : 23
At (7, 0): z - 2(7) + 4(0) : 14 At (7, 0): z : aQ) + (0) : 28
At (0, 0): z :2(0) + 4(0) : 0 At (0, 0): z: a(0) + (0) : 0
The maximum value is Vl at (4,4). The maximum value is 28 at (7,0).
36. Objective function: z - x+y
Constraints: x>0
v20
-x * y31
-x * 2y34
- At (0,0)i z
:0 +0: 0
At(0, 1): z:0+t:l
At(2,3): z-2+3:J
The conssaints do not form a closed set of points' Therefore' z =x r y is unbounded'
38. Objective function: z : x+y
Constraints: r ) 0
v20
-x * yS0
-3x*y<3
The feasible set is empty.
40. Objective function: z : x* 2y
Constraints: x>0
v20
* 2y34
x
2x * y34
At(0,0):e - 0 + 2(0) - 0
At(0,2):z -0 +2(2)-4
At(1,1)' z:t+2(t)-4
At(2,0):e -2 +2(0) -2
The maximum value is 4 at any point along the line segment connecting (0,2) and (1,1).
1013 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
42. x : number of acres for crop A; y : number of acres for crop B
Constraints: x* y3150
x* 2y 5240
0.3x + 0.lyS 30
x20 o (100,0)
v2 0
Objective function: P = l4Ox + 235y
Vertices: (0, 0), (100, 0), (0, 120), (60; 90), (75,75)
At(0,0): P = 14O(0) + 235(0) = 0
At (100,0): P: 140(100) + 235(0) : 14,000
At (0, 120): P : 140(0) + 235(l2O) :28,2h
At (60,90): P = 140(@) + 235(90) = 29,550
At (75,75): P : l4O(75) + 235Q5) : 28,125
To maximize the profit, the fruit grower should plant 6O acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B. The maximum
profit would be $29,550.
Let x - number of audits.
Let y: number of tax returns.
Conshaints: l00x * 12.5y S 900
10x * 2.5y < 100
.r20
y>0
Objectivefunction: R:2OOOx + 300y
Vertices: (0, 0), (0,40), (8, 8), (9, 0)
At(0,0): ft:2000(0) + 300(0) : Q
At(0,40): R - 2000(0) + 300(40) = 12,000
At (8, 8): R - 2000(8) + 300(8) : 18,400
At (9, 0): R - 2000(9) + 300(0) = 18,000
' The revenue will be maximirm $18,400 if the firm does g audits and g tax rcturns each week.
46. x: number of Model A
y : number of Model B
Consnaints: 2x * 2.5y < 4000
4x* y<4800
x+0.75y<1500
r>0
y>0
Objectivefunction: P - 45x * 50y
Vertices: (0,0), (0, 1600), (750, 1000), (1050,600), (1200,0)
At(0,0): P = 45(0) + 50(0) = Q
At(O,1600): p:45(0) + 50(1600): 80,000
At(750, 1000): P = 45(750) + 50(1000) : 83,750
At (1050, 600): P = 45(1050) + 50(600) = 77,250
At(1200,0): P=45(L2OO) + 5O(O) = 54,0(X)
The maximum profit 983J50 occurs w[en 750 units of Model A and 1000 units of Model B are produced.
t0l4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
48. x : number of bags of Brand X
y : number of bags of Brand Y
Constraints: 2x * y?12
2x * 9y236
2x * 3y224
x20
v20
Objective function: C - 25x + ZOY
Vertices: (0, 12), (3, 6), (9, 2), (18, 0)
At(1, I2): C:25(0) +20(12):240
At (3, 6): C - 25(3) + 20(6) : 195
At(9,2): C -25(9) +20(2):265
At (18, 0): Q - 25(18) + 20(0) : 450
To minimize cost, llse three bags of Brand X and six bags of BrandY for a total cost of $195 and $21.67 per bag.
50. True, the maximum value is 52. There are an infinite number 54. There are an infinite number
attained at all Points on the of objective functions that of objective functions that
segment joining these two would have a maximum at would have a minimum at
vertices. (4, 3). One such objective (5,0). One such objective
functionis z-- x + Y. function is z: -10x * y.
56. Constraints: a)0,y>0, x * 2y24,x - Y3I
z:3x*ty
At (0,0): z :3(0) + (0) : Q
At(1,0): z- 3(1)+(0):3
At (2, 1): z : 3(2) + (1) - $ + t
At (0,2): z :3(0) + t(2) : 2t
(a) For the maximum value to be at (2, l), (b) For maximum value to be at (0' 2)' z : 2t must be
:
z -- 6 + f must be greater than z : 2t and -
greater than z 6 + r and z 3.
z: 3. 2t>6*t and 2t>3
6+t>2t and 6*t> 3 6> t t>Z
6> t t>-3 Thus, t > 6.
Thus, -3 < t <6.
5E. eb-IOd+24:Q 150 . :75
60.
e-x-4
(e-4)(e-6):Q
)-e-x-4
d-4+x:ln4:1.386
6- e-x
g!:6+x: ln6:1.792
d
*:
x --r.(*) : -h6 : -!.7s2
62. ln(r+9)2-/
(x+9)z-rz
x*9:te
x = -9*.e: -6.282, -11.718
1015 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
G. 5x- y: -13 Equationl
-x*2Y: 17 Equation2
5 times Equation2 added to Equation I produces 9y : 72
y:8=>x:2y-17:-1
Answer.' (- 1, 8)
?
ffi. -** + 2Y : 9 Equation I
z
5x-b:oo Equation2
2 times Equation I and 8 times Equation} produces
-3x*4Y: 18
40x - 4Y :352
Adding,3Tx:370=g,r: l0=+ y:ltt + 3(10)) : 12
Answer.' ( L0, 12)
6E. x*y x2+y2< 9
,y2 -2 x*y< 3
a) -5 x2 0
v
1016 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
Review Exercises for Chapter 7
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.?.x=3(y-l) 4. *+ y=169
y:x 3x*2y:39+r:\1Zl-2y)
2y=3y-z [l(gs - zv\]'+f:t6s
3=y l(tszt - l56y +4yz)*f=l6g
3=x rcs-fi+8f+f:r6s
Answer: (3,3) Ey, - *y : 0
fY(lY-+) : o+Y:o,r2
,': o: ,: |1ls _ 2(o)) = 13
y:12:,=j1lo _z(t2)):s
Answer: (13,0), (5, L2)
6. x-y+3 E. 8x - 3y -3 =+ y : l(St + 3) : Ix * I
:
x-y2+l b + 5y:28 +y : l(Zg b)
y+3:y2+1
e:f-y-2
0 -- 2)(Y + 1) ==+ Y :
(Y 2, -I \
!:2: x: 2+3:5
, y- -1: x: -1 +3-/ I
-2
Answer: (5,2),(2, -l)
Answer (1.5,5)
10. Y:2*-4x* I 12.Y:ln(x-l) 3
\
5
Y:*-4x*3 y:a-L* \
12 -3
-5
\ \// Point of intersection: (9.68, -0.84)
\*/ -
-2
Points of intersection:
(-fr,s - 4-O, (- -fr,s + a-,8) or
(1.41, -0.66), (- 1.41, 10.66)
!4. y = 22,5ffi * 0.015.1 16. 2( * 2w = 68
y=20,(XX)+O.V2rc * :6"8o
22,5OO * 0.015.r: 20,(XX) + 0.02r
"ri#::*"
$500,000
Answer: More than
"*'(f;')=u'
l-:
34e
oo
-CONTINTIEI}-
t0t7 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. -.COM'INUED- lt. 4Ox * 30y = 24 ==) 4Ox* 30y =24
(-18 20x - 5oy : -I4 =+ -4Ox*100y:28
w:16 l30y : 52
Dimensions: 16 x 18 feet v: ?
x- t
Answer: (*,3)
20. Interchange the equations:-x * b = -+ Equation I
5325
Ex-4y:T Equation2
$ times Eq. I added to Eq. 2 produces: -#y - # y : -8
Then -x * [t-gl : -+ +x:3
=
Answert (?, - 8)
7x* l2y : 63 ==+ -7x - l2y : -63 24. 1.5x * 1.5y : 8.5 =+ 3x * 5y : 17
bc+ 3y:15==+ 8x*l2y: 60 6x* 10y: 24 =+ -3x -5y: -L2
x: -3 0: 5
v: 7 Inconsistent; no solution
Answer: (-3,7)
x*y: 6
7 (r)..I x.1
+y-g-x 2E.
V-7y: -1=+y: ,*1
-2y:-12+2x:)y-g-x
7 -x*2y: 4+y:i*,
\
Inconsistent. Lines are parallel.
-1
Consistent. Infinite number of solutions of form
(*,6 - or (6 - !,y). All points on line
y-6-x.")
-/ -1
-x * 3.2y:10.4=+ l0r * y:ry
32y:104=+
3x - 9.6y : 6.4
- 30x- 96y : 64 +y :%#
'z.t
-6
Inconsistent. Lines are parallel.
101t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
t2. l-etx = anount invested in 6.75%bond. 34. Supply = Demand
Let y = amount invested in7.?5% bond. 45 + 0.0002r = l2O - 0.0001r
x*y=46,000 0'0003x=75
O.O675x + O.UI25y = 3?.tt5 x: 250'000units
Solving this system,.r = 18,000, y= 28,000' points rr,
At most $18,000 can be invested in the 6.75% bond.
", "o|;Oj::l,rr',*O,
36.x-7y*82=85
y - 9z: -35
z=3
7=J1y-9(3)=-35:+y=-8
= 3,t = -8 =+r - 7(-B) + 8(3) : $J :e; =J
"
Answer: (5, -8,3)
38. x+2y+ 6z: 4 40. b + 6z - -9 Equation I
-3x*2Y- z:-4 3x - * LLz: -16
2y Equationz
4x + 2z: 16 3x- y+ 7z: -11 Equation3
x+2Y* 6z: 4 -x+2y- 5z: 7 -84.2*Eq.l
8y * l'lz: 8 3x - 2Y * llz: -16
8Y - 222= 0 3x- Y+ 7z: -11
x+2Y* 6z: 4 -x+2Y- 5z: 7
8y * L'lz: 8 4y- 4z- 5 3Eq.1 +8q.2
_Sz: g 5y - 8z : 10 3Eq.1 + W.2
-'52- 8 +
z: -3 -x+2Y- 5z: 7
8Y*17(-3):8+ Y: ? 4y- 4z- 5
x+2e)+6(-3) :+=+ x:+ -3y : 0 -284.2+Eq'3
Answer: e,?, -l) ot (4.8, 4.4, -1.6) -3Y =Q ==+ Y: 0
4(O) - 4z: J ==) z: -i
-x+2(0)-s(-1\:t +x: -i
Answer: (- i, o, - i)
42. y = a* + bx * c through (-5, 6), (l,o),I2,2o).
(-5,6):6:25a-5b+c + Ua- 6b- 6
(1,0): Q: a* btc+c:-a-b
(2,20): 2O: 4a * 2b * c + -8(34 * $: 20)
-l4b = -154
$= 1l
4: 3
c: -11 - 3 = -14
Tlreequationoftheparabola isy = 3* + ltx - 14.
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
u. 3 times Equation I and (-2\ times Equationz produces
6x+ l5y -5'lz= 102
-6x - l6y * 622: - 108
Adding, -l * 5z: -6 =+ y : 5z * 6
Then2r-+ 5(5r+6) l9z:34+x- -32+2.
Infinite number of solutions of form (- lz + 2, 5z * 6, z)
where e is any real number.
46.Plane3x*3y-z:9
Four points on plane:
(3, o, o), (0, 3, o), (0, o" g), (2, l, o)
-
-x - A
4t.-xz*3x*2 B 9AB
x* I x*2 so'
fr:;-+r+ 3
-rc : A(x + 2)+B(x+1) 9 - A(x + 3) + B(x -
3)
Letx: -1: 1-A
Letx--222--B +fr--z Letx:3: g:6A==+ A:3
2
-x I 2 LetJc= -3: p: -68 -> B- _12
M:;lf l x*2
rl 3 3\
*-e :-|2\x-3 x + 3/
tz' 3f+4x Ax+B* CxtD
1,p a 1y= i4 1; + 1y
3f *4x=(Ax+BX*+t)+CrrD-Af +B* +(A+ Qx*B+D
Equating coefricients of like powers:
3=A
0=B
4=3*C-C:1
0=B+D+D=O
3f*4x 3x x
@+ry=;tTr-@+ry
lUm PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. Let r be amount invested at 7% 56. y > -10
Let y'be amount invested at 97o
Let z be amount invested at IlVo
x* y* z:20,000
0.07x * 0.09y + 0. llz : 1780
x- y : 3000
x z: 1000
Solving this system,
x : $8000, y : $5000, z : $7000
58. 3y-x271y >*(r +7) 60. y
612. Inside circle, below line. Marches (b).
g. Outside circle, below line. Matches (a).
b + 3y324
2x + y3L6
'x) 0
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C
v20 2x+3Y:24 2x+Y:16 r=0
2x+ Y: 16 x= 0 y:0
(6,4) (0, 16) (0,0)
Outside the region
Vertex D Vertex E Vertex F
2x + 3Y :24 2x+3Y:24 2x+y- 16
x: 0 y: 0 y: 0
(0, 8) (12, o) (8,0)
Outside the region
ruzl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
68. y36 - 2x -* 70. * +f <9 ==+ f s9 - *
y2x * 6 (x-3)r+y2<9 -) y2sg (x-3)
Vertices: x* 6- 6-2x-x2 Vertices: 9-f-9 (r-3)2
*+3r:0 (x-3)'-f:o
x(x+3)-0=+ x- 0,-3 x2-6x*9-*:0
(0, 6), (-3, 3) x:z
G,,2.ffi), €, -2.60)
Line through (1 ,2), (6, 7): y:x* I
Line through (6,7), (8, 1): y: -3x+25
Line through (l ,2), (8, l): -+ y: +f -) -x* r5
System of inequalities: -x * yS I
3x * y<25
x * 7y215 246E
:
74. x number of units of Product I 20m
y: number of units of Product II
2Ox + 30y 324,W
l2x + 8y <12,4W
r20
0
v20
76. Demand : Supply 7t. Minimize z : l0r * 7y subject to the following
130 - 0.0(X)2r = 30 * 0.0003x constraints:
100 = 0.0005r x2 0
x: 200,000 units v20
p=$90 2x + y2100
Point of equilibrium: (200,000, 90) x*y) 75
t
Consumer surplus 112oo,000x40) $4,000,000 : Vertex Valueofz:10x*7y
Producer surplus: |1zOo,OoOX60) $6,000,000 : At (0, 100): z:10(0) + 7(100F00
At (25, 50): e : 10(25) + 7(50)
lO?:2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
80. Maximize z: 50x + 7W subject to the following constraints:
x20
v2 0
x * 2y 31500
5x * 2y33500
Vertex Value of z: 50x + 70y (500,500)
At(0,0): z:50(0) + 70(0): Q
At (0, 750): z : 50(0) + 77(750) : 52,500
At (500, 500): z - 50(500) + 70(500) : 60,000 maximum value
(700,0)
At (700,0): z :50(700) + 7(0) : 35,000
E2. x : fraction of Type A
y : fraction of Type B
Constraints: 80x + 92y > 88
*y:1
x20
v20
Objective function: C - 1.25x * 1.55Y
At(+,3)' Q:1.2s(i) + 1.ss(3) :1.4s
The minimum cost is $1.45 and occurs with a mixfire of |a and !n.
84. False, if it has more than one, then it will have an infinite number.
CHAPTER 8
Matrices and Determinants
Section E.L Matrices and Systems of Equations .lDu
Section 82 Operations withMatrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
SectionE3 Thelnverse ofa SquareMatrix ........ . 1039
SectionE.4 TheDeterminantofaSquareMahix . . . . . . .104G
Sction ES Applications of Manices and Determinants . . . 1051
ReviewExercises . o r o . . . . . , . . . . . r . . . .. . . . .lO5s
toi,3l
CHAPTER 8
Matrices and Determinants
Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. Since the matrix has one row Since the matrix has three Since the matrix has one row
and four columns, its order is rows and four columns, its and one column, its order'is
1x4. orderis3 x4. 1 x 1.
f-
r -8 17.l 17 -s
8.7x*4y--22 10. l-6 o
5
12 -24 | rz.
L,
l0l
| -2)
5x-9Y:15 L3 r -8 11J
7x-5y: 0
3
l7
l.
4 i 8x*3y: -2
Ls-e:
"?l 3oq
fl 0
14. 6x*2y- z- 5w:-25 L6.
l0 I 1l
-x + 7z* 3w: 7 Lo000J
4x- y- 10e* 6w: 23 This matrix is in reduced row-@helon form.
8y* z-llw:-21
flo2tl 6
:l
18.
10 I -3 tol ti -3
LooloJ ln, +[ a
This matrix is in row-echelon form, but not reduced -3 rl
row-echelon form.
48
22. -1 -3 24, 3 times Row 1 added to Row 2
ll 64 il
ln, -)ll atr
-1 -3
64 ?l
24
-Rl *
rLi E-7
Rz
-2R, * R, 2E f,
26. 5 times Row 1 added to Row 3.
to2A
1025 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
28L1i]
(b) (c)
Llil L;il li,il
dli,il
li;l (0
(e) This matrix is in reduced
Li;l row-echelon form.
30.
(a) rolr+ (lAJ,3, (b) rouSwap(tBl ,1 14 (c) row+(5, , .t (d) rou+ (-V ,EDJ
tt7 1l ttl5l 11 ,
t t 1 5l tEl 5l
r0 2J r0 2J E 02J t0 2J
t-3 41 E-3 4J E 0 191 t0 19J
tl5ll t 7 lll t 7 lll t0 -34J1
(e) ror ( .5 ,EE .rbt (f) ror+ (-lg rEtJ rZ,3, * rou* (34 ,EGJ .2 ,4 *ror+(-5rtH
trl 5l ttl 5l
t bvJ rsta,
ttl 5l tbrrt
ttl 0l
t0 1l E0 1l t0 1l t0 1l
t0 19l t0 0l E0 0l E0 0l
E0 -34 ll t0 -3411 t0 0ll t0 0tl
tll
2 -l -3
32.
l; 7-5
-l -3 'l 34.
f-i -10
10
? -:l
-l -3
-3R, *
' 2R, *
R,
li I -2
il
3R,* R, --+
-4R, * Ra --+ I
I
2+l
il
Rg -) -5 I 2
0
;il
-1 -3 -71
-2
-+ I
1
-3Rr* Re -+ I il -2R, * Rg 0
2l ro
t-? L3 -':l (fi) Ls
3
38' - f r 5 -321
36. 15 el I 2+l
l; 6 l0J
[- t s 10 -321
3 zl 5R,*Rr-rL 0 26 s2 - ls6j
-5Rt * Rz -t 0 (-l)R,+ft -s - 10 321
-2Rt * Rg --t li 0 :j *uRr* Lo I 2 -0J
3 5Rr*Rr-fl 0 0 21
0 L0 12 _oJ
6R, * R, -> li 0 :l
3 ol
-lR, -+ 0
li 0 ;l
lU26 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. x* 5Y= 0 42.x* 2y -22: -l
y: -1 y* z: 9
x* 5(-l): 0 z: -3
x: 5 y* (-3): 9
Answer: (5, - 1) y: L2
x * 2(12) - 2(-3) : -1
x:-31
Answer: (-31, L2, -3)
fl 0
11 ?i-'^l
0
44.
4G. lo I 0
100 il
I
x= -2 I
!:4 x:3
Answer: (-2,4) y= -1
x:0
Answer: (3, -1,0)
48'
li i i ':J (-r)R, + *,-13 -i : -il,l s0 x*2Y:A
x* y:6
inr-[t 3 '-l :
3x-2Y:8
-Inr+ Lo I : |-r2
y-4 lr
L3 -2
1
il
x * 3(4) - J ==+ x:'l 12 = -5
(- [.1
--) l0 -1
2
Answer: 5, 4)
-Rl * Rz
-3R, * Rg --) L0 -8 tl
-8R, * Re
fl
-R2 +lo
--) Lo
2
1
o
jl
The system in inconsisten t and there is no solution.
52. x-3y: 5 54. b- Y: -0. I
3x * 2Y: 1' 6
l-t -" i -';]
-2x*6y: -10
-1 -il1
t? 2
fr -3 i sl -R2*R, + l-3 -ill
2R, * Rz --+ LooioJ t- 32
y:a 1-3 - 1.7-l
N=3a*5 3R':;: t- 0-7 -3.5J
Answer: (3a * 5, a)
l 3
in, -+ [; I l:11
):0.5
x* 3(0.5): !.7 ==t x:0,2
Answer: (0.2,0.5)
run PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
-l 3 261 l3 261
s6 2 -l 12 l
2 -1 12
ll -5 0 - sJ- 3R, * Rg-[i 2-9 - 86J
l
2-9 - 86-l
2 -1 12l
0Li 13 261
fr 2-9 - 86-l
2 -l 12 l
-ZRt * Rg*13 32r 1e8J
2-9 - 86.l
fl 2 -1 ,rl
in,-+Lo 17 66)
2-9 - 861
17 uul
4Ji 2 -1 12J
2-9 - 86.l
r7 66
-2R, * R,-[i 0 -15 -r2oJ
1
at
- t20
=8
-15
:
v -7(8) * 66: 10
x :2(10) + g(s) 86 : 6
Answer: (6, 10,8)
5E. bc + 3z :3 60. x*2y:O
4x-3y* 7z =J 2x+4Y:O
8x-9y+l5z -!
-3
0 3
7
l:i 3l
ll -9 15 ;l -2R, * R, --+ [" il
0 3 y:a
-2R, * Rz --+ -3 I x: -2a
-4R, * Rg --+ ll -9 3 _11 Answer: (-2a, a)
0 3
I -3 I
-3R, * Rs -+ 0 0 tl
0 I2
-*n, -+ I 1
I ;l
3
0 0
z:a
y=!"+*
x= -/o+/
Answer: (-7" + |,Io + l, o)
lt}2t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. b+10y*22: 6 64. r*2y*22* 4w:11
x* 5Y*22: 6 3x*6y*52* l2w : 30
x* 5Y* z': 3
[r 22 4
iil
-3x-l5y-32:-9 L36s L2
f2
lt
ro
s
2
2
fr22
-3R, * Rz + Lo o -1
4
0
i
i
tt1
-gJ
lr s I 2Rr*R, + fr 2 0 4
L-3 - ls -3 -Rz -+ Lool 0 ;l
*n,+f I s I w=drz:3ry:brx=-2b-k +5
11
11
s
s
2
I
Answer: (-2b - 4a + 5, b,3, a)
L-3 - ls
I
-3
fl s I
-Rr*Rz+lo o I
-Rl * Rg --r l0 0 0
3R,*Ra+10 0 0
-R2*Rr fl 5 0
l0 0 0 I
l0 0
loo 0
z - 3ry : arx: -5a
Answer: (-5a, a,3)
66.x*2y*z*3w:O
x- Y + w:0
Y-z*2w:O
213
-1 0 I
ll 1 -1 2 il
213
-Rr * Rz --t -3 -1 -2
li 1-l 2 il
213
4R, * R, l-5 6
li 1 -l 2 il
-2R, * Rr --+ 0 11 -9
1-5
I
6
-Rz * Rl --) 0 4-4 il
0 1t -9
I -5 6
In, li ) 0 I -1 il
- 11R3 * Rr --+ 0 0 2
5Rg * Rz -+ I 0 I
li 0 I -l il
W:ArZ:Ary:-ArX: -2a
Answer: (-2a, -a, a, a)
tu29 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
68. The solutions are not the same.
(a) z : 2, ! : 2 - { - -2, x : 3(-2) - 4(2) I I : -25. Answer: (-25, -2,2)
(b) z - 2, ! : -3(2) * 4 : -2, x - -4(-2) 11 : -3. Answer: (-3, -2,2)
70. The solutions are not the same.
(a) z -4,!: -6(-4) - 18: 6,x: -3(6) + (-+) * 19: -3.Answer: (-3,6,-4)
=
(b) z : -4,! = 2(-4) + 14 = 6,.r = 6 - 3(-4) - 15 : 3. Answer: (3,6, -4)
72.f(x):a**bx*c
/(1):a+b*c-9
f(2):4a+2b*c=8
f(3):9a+3b*c:J
fl 1 I
l+ 2 I
Le31
I
ll
ft I I
-4R, * R, lO -2 -3 -r:]
-9R, * Rg -+ L0 -6 -8 -76J
[1 11
lo 1 i
-Ln, --+
'il
-3Rr*Rg+10 0 I
c=8
b+itel: A ==> b:2
a+g+ 2:9 ==) a
_ _l
Ansv,er:y:-*+2x+8
74.f(x):af*bx2*cx+d
/(1) = a + b * c + d: 0.875
f(4)-Uo+I6b+k*d:-l
f(-2):-8a+4b-2c*d:-4
f?a) : -64a + l6b - 4c * d : -l
I I I I I io.875l fl o o o
I s 16 4 1 i -rl lo I o
l-a 4-2 1:-ol=l o o I
L-e 16 -4 I ' -lJ L0 0 0
o
o
I
jl
y: -*r, +Zx- I
1030 PART III: Solations to Even'Numbercd Exercises
76. f(x) : af * bx3 * cxz + & * e
f(-2): l6a 8b+4c-tuL +e: l0
/(-1) - a - b + c - d + e:1.5
f(l):a+b *c+d*e= -0.5
f(2): I6a* 8b+ 4c*2d+e- -6
f(3) : 814 + 27b * 9c + 3d + e : -25
16-8 4-2
I -l 1 -1
I
i it I f; 000
000 rl
il
I ?
lllll 100
168421
8127931
y:Lro-f-2x2+z
t_;i l*1
010
001 I
78. x - amount at 9Vo, y : amount at 107o, z : amount at l2%o
x* y z-500,000
0.09r + 0.01qy + A.l2z : 52,000
2.5x - y :0
l1 Ir i soo,000l
09 0.01 o.r2 i sLooo
:
I
L:: 5 -1 0 0J
1l i 5oo,ooo l
-0.09R r*Rr-+ fl 0.10 0.03 i l,0oo
I
-2.5R,*Rs+lO -3.5 -2.5 i - 1,250,000J
11 5oo,oool
100R2 --+ 13 700,000 |
2Rt li -7 -5 -2,5ffi,000j
-R2 * R, --+ 0-2 -200,0001
13 700,000
I
7Rr*Rg + Li 016 2,400,000J
0-2 -2oo,oool
13
I
700,000 |
0l 150,000J
z - 150,000,! :250,000,x : 100,000
Answer: $100,000 at9%o, $250,000 at LO%, $150,000 at I2Vo
-4 I
80. rhe reduced row echelon form
" Ll
6
3
0
2
d
0 0
fr
isf0 I 0
lo 0 I
Hence, f, : lamperes, Iz : Iamperes and Ig : tt
"*peres.
1031 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerdses
u. (a) f(x')=ax2*bx*c
/(0):c:5.0
/(15) : 225a * lsb + c -9 .6
/(30) : gooa * 3ob + c :l 2.4
l-o o I 5.0.l : 0 0 -o.0ool
lzzs ls l
l.
Le00 30 I
y :
i
I : ill
+5
0
I 0
I
0.367
|
sJ
-0.004x2 ]-0.36 x
(b) Maximum height : 13 feet
Strikes ground 0' = 0) when x : lM feet.
(c) Complete the square:
-0.004(x, - 91.75x + 2104.5) +5+ 8.418
Maximum height : 13.418 feet
Range: y :0 x -- -0'367
I
=+
-0.008
4 103.793 feet
84. (a) xr * xz = 300 (b) When xz: 200 and x3 = 50:
xr * xg = 150 * xn ==) xr * xg - x4 : 150 xz:-2W * s+t
xz*zffi=x3*xs =+ xz-Xt-xs= -2W 2W=-2OO +50+t =+ t= 350.
xt * xs: 350 :
rs 350, x4:0,rr : 50, x2 = 2OA,
000 3ool xr = 100
Ii
l -1 0 rso (c) lVhen xz = 150 and r, : 0:
-l 0 -t -2wl
I
x2=-2W*s+t
0ll 3s0J
150= -2W +0+t ==+ l= 350.
000 3ool rj = 350, tr4 = 0, rg = 0, 12 = 150,
-Rl * Rz --) l -l 0 -rsol xr = 150
-1 0 -l
[lJ 0ll
000
-2oo
3s0J
3ool
I
R2+R3 +
Ii r -l
0 -l -l
0lt
000
0 -150
-3so
350J
3ool
1
R3
Let
-R2 -)
-R3 -+
*
xt =
Rn
t.
--t
xt*!:350 + x4:350 - t
Ii -l
0ll
000
I 0 rso
3so
0J
I
I,et x,: J.
x2- s * 350 - | = 150 ==+ xz= -2W * s + t
xr-2OO *s +t:300 =+ xr:5@-s -t
103.2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
86. False. Itis a2x 4matrix. 88. False. Gauss-Jordan elimination reduces a matrix to
reduced row-echelon form.
fr i 1 3llt [t s s
90.11 5 5 llandll 3 I Many answers possible
L263 8llz63
92, f(x) : 7 : "
Ii.
Vertical asymptote 94. f(x) -
x2 - ?-t - 3
:x+z+-L.
-x - I= x * a7
x-4 x-4
x: - 1., Horizontal asymptote y : 0. :
Vertical asymptote: x 4, Slant asymptote
Y:x*2'
l6
t2
ln(x - 1)
^O r:
100. x-2y--4 ==+ x:2y+4
6x+2y:10 + 6(2y +4) *2y: l0 ==+ l4y: -I4 =+ y: -1,x:2
An^rwer: (2, - l)
f-rI 4 -s1 i: rel ft oI o
0
:
i
-1.|
102. I -2 -gfisrowequivalenttolo 2l
l-+3-7iz+1 Looli-zJ
Answer: (- I ,2, -2)
1033 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. x: l3,y : ,12 4. x*4-2x+9 + x: -5
2y: -8 + y: -4
z*2: ll + z:9
2 - 21 f -2
t-l
6. (a)
r+2J L 6 :l
(b)
2*21:f 4 41
I -2J L-2 - lJ
(c)
(d)
+6 6+41:f e
jtl
8 3-4) L-2
8. (a) A * B:l-?
l-'^-l l] +
-:,1: t-:
-i -2
0 1l
(b) A_B_f
2 I
6
1l |L-4 -3I -2J
21:r-4 4 -;l
L-l -l sJ L 3 -2
r), I ll : f 6 3 3l
'L-i - r sJ L-; -3 rsl
(c) 3A:
(d) 3A_28:fL-l6 3 rsj
3l f 12 -6 4l:f-6 9 - 1l
-3 L-s 2 -4J:L s -5 leJ
(a)A*B:lf-l
-z -l
t: -: -2 1 rulA-B-f -s I ?-; -;l
f 13 0l
-';l -'r -t
10.
-',1
-'- '3 t
:] | 3
L
-" ::,
(c)3A:l| ls L2 -3f
3;31
tal 3A-28:l -S 30-ll
I o l 24-18 | -6 2o-rol
L-rz -3 oJ L-r2 -s +l
12. (a) A + B is not defined.
(b) A - B isnotdefined.
:,f?]:ll]
L-U
(d) 3A - 28 is not defined.
1034 PART III: Solations to Even-Numbered Exercises
14.
([ .l.i .lil .l
; ,:l l ;ll l,i .ll {.1 ;il l.l =,il
16. Itts -z + ol:[r+ 6-18 {=rt1re 4-:a g]=[* 2 -7 il
18. ,-',1-i ril .*([
; .[ I :[] lil .*l-tz ,;l
,i] -i])
l
ll
.l i ;l -3
litil I -8
I
I B2 rosl
zo. 22. l-roa 60l
l--iy,,:l1r] l-r+a -
raoJ
24. 2X: 2A_B
t- n-p ,[
; :li -:l li jl II 3
Ii -:] r]
26. 2A * 48 : -D(
: 'f 1 _il ,ll -il :l-1
l- -A-28
il.|-l il=l I il
?,E. (a) AB --l? :ll[ -?-I: li:3 'H] : l:,:- ,i1
BA :
l-? -3][? :l] : [-: ] I -,'i,ll: t-i 3l
: l? :il[? :l] : li-'-
1z
-,'i,21: l-) ,31
30. (a) o'=
[ -l]t-l i] = ["'11,,';'][-1i "'11,,';'][l]] = [-l '^l
_l]
(b)
"o
=
[_l i][l = _li:li I ?[l]l =l_:
[_,,11,.1,!ili il
(c) o'=
[ -l]tl ll : ["ll'il,lilli "-,'l-11;'illi] : [: -3]
103s PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. (a) AB : [3 2 : l3(2) + 2(3) + l(0)l : Uzl
"|il
l2l fztsl 2(2) z(r)l f6 4 21
(b) BA =l3lt3 2 ll= l3(3) 3(2) 3(l)l:le 6 3l
Lol Lo(g) o(2) o(r)J Lo o oJ
(c) The number of columns of A does not equal the number of rows of A; the multiplication is not possible.
-:l :[::
-1 K.Ais3X3,Bis3 x3==+ ABis3x3
:f:
34. AB 0
fl oolf3
fl:ll -:
0
L7 -1 1ll1 H
L: ; -;l
-1
L3 0 ,il
fo o slf6 -ll
38L::ijl: r6
0 ll:lllll 40. Ais2x4,Bis2x2 + AB isnotdefined.
tt -r2 4l l- L2 tol l2s2 30-l
L': :i \lL;; il:l:t: fiil
f
42. 44. A is 3 X 3, B is 4 x 2 =+ AB is not defined.
12
| -ztt 50 - +a+l
:I
6. AB
L
rre
2re
115
135 *l 48'
l:":,i] 50.
;1'-
2f: -4
20
28 ril
62: -', -l;] LetA:
t; -i]
r
52. I
L- 15: ,?]'r-etA: [-l ?] 'o t; i
(a) : [,:] -+ [- l] is a sorution. :
^[- l]
(a)
^[1] t-l;] ==+
[1]
is a sorution
(b) :
^l-21: [- r;] =+ t-:]
is not a sorution' (b) =+ isnotasorution
^[;] til] t;]
: [--3] :
^[:i] t-f]
(c)
^[j] ==+
tj] is not a sorution. (c) ==+
[:i] is not a sorution.
(d) :
[-3] -] t-;] is not a sorution. (d) : isnotasorution
^[-;] ^[,?] l-Trl==+ [,?]
1-6
s6[I -4 2
lt
ul
_)llLe,A=[
fol is not
I | il
-a I solution. (b)
l]:I rl
(a) a is not a solution.
^l
==+ |
L 3J ^[i]:Lll]==, tl
l]:I tll
(c) (d) :l_*l==, is a solution.
^L ^L i] il
1036 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
s8. (a) A: t^J,f,: :
11 [;j, B
[t;]
(b) By Gauss-Jordan elimination on
lr4
L23 'f
fl 4 10.l
-2R, + Rr-+ lo -5 - lsj
-4R, +Rr->fl 0 -:l
-|nr-+lo I
we have x, : -Z and 12: 3. Answer:
t-31
60. (a) A | -4
L1 -31,x-[;]'B-t-[]
: -llclt -'- -" :
(b)
9 i rzl
t-i -3 -l3J
[r -3
4R, *Rz+Lo -3 :?l
(-l)R2+n,-+fl o -:11
Lo -3
11 0 : -lrl
-*nr*lo 1 : -Tl
xr= -23,xz :-+. e^r"), f-l
L -TJ
1
f
62. (a) A:l-1 2
I
l;1,, :nl
L o -1 1],(- L"J
-3
(b)
ll -i -3
0
I til
Rr * Rz --+
lii -3
-3
I il
*n, +
ln, * R, --+
-Rz * R, -+
lil -1
-2
0 il
Let xr: a, then x2 :
li:
(IrXl:
-l
2a
0
l.
il
Answer:
l^l']
1037 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
64. (a) A fl -r 4l = f;], B -f -11]
lo -2 3.|'' L,,J L 4oJ
fr -l 4 : rzl fr -l 4
(b)
lr 3 o :-ult-rl*Rz*lo 4 -4
Lo -6 s ! 4oJ Lo -6 5 )il
fr -l 4
in,* 1 I :11
L3 -6 5 40J
-1 4
6Rr* R,-LO
t; I
0
I
I :l
-4R, * Rr-f l -l 0
R3 * R'-13 I 0
0 I ;l
Rr* *r-f; 0 0 +l
0
I 0
I
-il
Lo
| +l
x3 : 2, xz :- 5, rt : Q,. Answeer:
L-;l
o:
oo.
:] [i
r(A\=A2-7A*u:[i ;]li :l-',lI l] .fi =[: :] ?]
A: -:l
68.
t;
f(A) = Az - loA * 24:f; -:ll: -:1.,[ l=ffi S]
For70-7!'A ls of order 2 x 3, B is of order 2 x 3,C is of order 3 x 2, andDlsof order2 x 2.
70. B - -3C is not possible. B and C are not of the same order.
72. BC is possible. The bsulting order is2 x 2.
74. cB - Dis notpossible. Theorderof cB is 3 x 3, buttheorder of Dis2x2.
76. (BC)D is possible. The resulting order is 2 x 2.
7t. (BC - D)A is possible. The rcsulting order is 2 x 3.
Eo.
"o['fr :, '; l3] : ['ll 'ri 'rl ::]
The enties r€present the costs of the three models of the prodrrct at the two warehouses.
103E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
[1.0 0.5 0.21112 lol
g4.sr:lt.u l.o o.2 ll g gl
Lz.s z.o o.2JL 6 sJ
[$tz.zo $15.ool
: |
$ze.+o $25.00 |
L$50.40 $43.ooj
This represents the labor cost for each boat size at each plant.
| 0.4 0.15 0.151 f0.5 0.1 0.1.l f0.300 0.175 0.1751
86. P3:FP: I o.za 0.53 0.t7 I | 0., 0.7 = | o.ma 0.433 0.217 |
0.1
I
lO.lZ O.3Z 0.68J L0.2 0.2 0.8J L0.392 0.392 0.608J
f0.300 0.175 0.175-l f0.6 0.1 0.1-l: f0.250 0.188. 0.188.l
tr_P3P: f O.lOa 0.433 O.zl7 | lo.z O;l 0.1 | lO.ltS 0.377 0.2481
losez o.3g2 0.608J Lo., o.z 0.8J lo.+rs 0.435 0.565J
f0.250 0.188 0.1881 f0.6 0.1 0.1.l 10.225 0.194 0.1941
P5:FP: f
o.tts 0.377 0.248 | lo., 0.7 0.1 | : lo.rt+ 0.345 0.267 |
-lo.2r3
fo.+ls 0.435 0.565J Lo.z 0.2 0.8J 10.461 0.461 0.539J
0.t97 0.197.l
p- 0.311 0.326 0.280
|
|
L0.477 0.4'l'l 0.523 J
f 0.206 0.198 o.l98l
pt : I
10.308 0.316 0.288 I
lo.+to 0.486 0.5 L4J
fo.2o3
0.199 0.199.|
p8 : 10.305
0.3(B 0.292l|
lo.+tz 0.492 0.508J
As p is raised to higher and higher powers, the resulting matrice's sppear to be approaching the matrix
lo.2 0.2 0.21
lo., 0.3 0.,
l.
10.5 0.5 0.5J
E8. Farse.
l-t _?][l -?l :l-i zl eo. AC:[s lli i] li il
-t -:l
[; -?]t -A l-3 Bc:tl 3l [; 1] l: il
AC:BC,but A+8.
92. A2 : I
L0
t
[; :] : t-l -?l
:l and p -, -1
t-l -?l [; l: [;
ol
A3 -_ AZA : *a i3 -- -i
-,J
ol*o 1+-l
A4 : AsA :
[; -l[; ! =t; U
1039 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
94. The product of two diagonal matrices of the same order is a diagonal matrix whose enfiies are the products of
the corresponding diagonal entries ofA and B.
96.3x2 +2ox-32:o 9t.4x2 f l0x- 3=0
(.r+s)(3x-4):0 ,_ -tot
*=--- -/r-FE-G)jFrI_ -tot JI+s
.x=-8,t .8
=#= -2'77r'o'z,r
100.3.f -r2x2*5x- 2o:o 102. h(ry) =tntfi)-lne2
3x2(x - 4) + 5(x - 4') :0 : tn 100 _ 2
(3x2+5Xr-4)=0
x: 4,+V€;
104. ln[x2(.r - z)tl=lax2 + ln(x - 2)z 106. 3ln4 - ffn{r, + 3) = ln43 - tn(x2 + 3ytt
= 2lnx + 3ln(x - 2)
f 64 I
= ItL(r'+
3)rzr1
M.+t2ln(.r*5) * lnx- ln(r- s)l = ln(.r+ 5) tlnxr/z- ln(.r -B)rtz
:,"f0 *-sMl
-LFEJ
f-rz s4-2 i zalrowreducesblO
zzl fr o o : ol
110.
I -3 i I 0 : 5l
[6-l-l i-4J Lo o 1 i-tJ
Answer: (0,5, - l)
Section E.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exenclses
-tll? il:l-1,;:
2. AB:l-l
1l
I I -tlzJ-lr-r
=1, -
-,':-,'l
:
L -2 + _lt 0l
l] I
""-Ll rJL-r
sA,:12
-r+zJ:lo rl
21
o, =lr -tl I i ll= f3 * ? i -*l: f, ol
-"'"-Lz
n.
ilL-a +J-Lg-8 t+iJ-Lo rJ
f g t'l'', -;J
-rl_f 3*? -?*3.|_tt ol
o=L-i; = .? ! +!l- Lo rr
iJU l.-?
1ft40 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
| -q I
6.AB:l-t 2
I
-l
I
;tli 0
I
tl
Lo -l - 'JL-i I
fl
fl:Li 0
I iT_o I 0
h.
BA:ll-?i -t
l-+
L4
2
1 lll-; -1 ll:li I
0 tl
I 0 -rlf-r I I -rl
8. AB:+l
f-1
-t r oll-, -r 2 -31
ill
-l I 2 0ll 0 I I 0l
I
L0 -1 r rJL-l -z I oJ
l-3 + 3+ 0+3 -1 l+0+2 -l+2+0-1 3 3+o+ol
:tlr | -3I 3+ 0+0
3 + l+1+l+0 l-2+l+0 -3 + 3 + o * ol
0+0 -1 1+2+0 -l+2+2+0 3 3+0*01
L0 + 3 + 0-3 0+1+1 2 0-2+1+1 0+3+0+0J
f3 0 00.l
tlo
= tlo
3
0
:3 0l:l :r.
L0 0 0tJ
I 1 -3lf-r I o -1-l
,f_1 -l 2 -3 ll -r I ol
t
BA: +l
o I 1 oll-t 1 z ol
l-r -2 I oJL o -l I U
3-0 +3 -3 1+1+3 0+1+2 3 3+0+0-3.|
f3+ 0-l+4-3 3+o+o-31
_rl 3 I -2 +0 -3+1+2+3
'lo * t1 +0 0-1+1+0 0+1+2+0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0l
lr 21 +0 -3+2+l+0 0-2+2+O 3+0+0+01
0 00.l
_ rl o
f3 3 0 0ll:
'lo 0 3 0l Io
L0 0 03J
10. AB:l'i-?11-i
f]
:
[l ?]'*: [l tl
l+ o -z1l o.2B -0.r2 o.osl ft 0
t2.AB:lt 2 -4 -0.02 0.08 ll 1:10 0.28 1
lo 3 tJL 0.06 -o.vt 0.16J Lo 0 tl
ft 1 o ol
BA:lo ol
Lo o rJ
1M1 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. _al-t2i
Il: l.
I
lA :
137:
o
0 ?l
-3R, + R2
fr2 I
+10 -3
I
?l
-2R2 + R1 -+ft 0 -11: lI i A-tl
7
Lor -3
A-,: -21
l_: rJ
L6. tA : /lJ: l-'. 33 i r0
L4 -rg
I
a
0l
2R,*R, -+ -5
fl 1 21
L4 -re 0 1J
-4R, * Rz
fr
L0
-s
1
I
-4 -7)
2l
SR|*R, -+ fl 0 -19 - 33.l
:lI A-IJ
L0 I -4 -7J
i
A-L: |
f_- te _33-l
L -4 -71
18. lA i /l: I ol
li : 0 U
I ol
-zR, * *r-13 i -2 U
The two zeros in the second imply that the inverse does not exist.
20. A :f-i'i] A has no inverse because it is not sqiuare.
f I1 I
:il
2 2
22. lA i /l:l 7 9 0
[-t -4 -7 0
fr2 3 2 10
-3R, * R, + l0 I -3 1
Rr * R, --+ lO -z -5 10 il
-2Rr*R, + fl 0 -4 7-2
l0 r 3 -3 I
2Rz*Rg -+
L0 0 1 -52 il
4R,*R, --+ fl 0 0 -13 6
-3R, * Rz --+ 0 12 -5 [r: A-rl
l0
100 I -52 il:
f-r3 6 4l
A-t:l tz -3 -5
t-s z 1l
I
IO{iL PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
24. lA
frooo
i /l:13 o
I
0
0
I
ol
ol-3R, * R,
froo0
--)10
+lo s
0 -3
I
?il
ou
Lzss 0 0 u -2R, * Rg s -2
Since the first three entries of row 2 are all zeros, the inverse of A does not exist.
3-2 0 I 0 0
26. lA i /l: 24 6 0 I 0
0-2 I 0 0 I
Li 00 5 0 0 0 il
3-2 0 I 0 0
12 !
*nr --+ 3 0 2 0
0-2 I 0 0 I
*nu + Li 00 I 0 0 0 il
-3R, * R, --+ 0 -8 -9 I -T2 0
R3*Rz+ I 0 4 0 !2 1
-R4 * Rg --+ 0 -2 0 0 0 I
Li 0 0 I 0 0 0 {
_I2 -4
-4R, * R, --) 0 0 0 I
!
-4Ru * Rz --+ I 0 0 0 2 1
_t2
il
!l
Ln, --+ 0 I 0 0 0
I 0 0 I 0 0 0
'iJ
9Ro * Rr --+ 0 0 0 I -T2 -4 ?l
1 0 0 0 1
2 I -3 :u : A-tl
0 I 0 0 0 -! 2
rl |
Ito
I
15
0
-40 261
0 1 0 0 0 U
I
o 5 10 -81
tr-t: frl
^"1 0 -5
al
tl
0
Lo 0 0 ;lLJ
r10 s
28. A:L: : -71 30. A:l ', : \
I f-+ 4
l- 2-2
3J
ol
1-'l:l-ll 4-r: ll A -n 2l
1:l L- 16 20 -2J
32
f-;
AiLl +sr
4-t does not exist.
[0.6 o o.3l
y.A:lo.t -l - o.2l
IA L l o -o.ej
t.ls o -1.251
I
1-r:lr.asar -l -1.375
L4.1667 0
1
-2.5 J
1t143 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
148 -7 tol 1-2 -t -2
36. A : -4 6l
38. A:
3-5 -2 -3
13 I -7 2-5 -2 -5
Lr6 -5 101
1
-1 4 4 ll J
" -10 4 -2e1
l-ro 7l -21
: l-?z 5 -2 18 l-10 30
1-r
l-:t
4
2
-2
-r
2ol
8J
1
altl -l
| -,, 7.3
Ln -3 -1
-11
-l
40.
l-t? -'rl-'
: (- r2X -2)I (sx3)L-s
l-2 -3-l
L-s rzJ
rr -2 -3.l
eL-s - rzJ
f-i ?l- I -36f _glil
:Ti:L-;
-?l _
L; (;)(?) -;
B
42.
8J
(-i)(;) -tJ -4J
I l-32
H3L 60 ';]
44.
H:E ?l tll t:l
: 46.r] :v, ?l
:
t-;l [:i]
Answer: (6, 3) Answer: (-7, -4)
f'l:[-x
f-u 7l
.\ il :|.Iil
I
4t-|l:f 2
30
Answer:
i -3
(l ,7, -9)
1l | il:1il 'o
Hi
73
-3 -1
Answer: (-32, - 13, -37, 1s)
s2. A:
[;
!?1. A-,:
z4J rs(a)
| - 24-rzf:1|.
L
4
30 l8J r2L- s
-?l
ll- 4 -?tvll:|il
t;l - [-rb
:-l
rzL- s
s4. A: [1? -l:l] A-,:+l1l T]
fl :+[li ';I-3:l] : t-tl
A:
E
- 1-|. A-'|:
i) (i),-', -4 il:+l-|
6
s6. !3 '5\
l -zJ (;,6)X il
:
*l'letIl -r21
2
6 - 10J
:T -20
t;l t9 liz:l3lf -51il
20
51 l-l3l
lOtU PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
-: ;l fr-
s8. A: l: ;] 60. A:
fa,:; ij ,61
11 1 T7J l,1l
6-'l:*l-:l - A-rB :
::r _il Lll Lil
:*,1-'*
)1
:l
L| lll I'il ll
Answer: (5, 8, -2)
62. A: f
L
;lls -sl-j3]zl -fL-T:]B
tazJ
f'l:'A-,8:fi]
Lil L sJ
12 s o 1l
64. A:l I _:
Ll
:
0 0-3J
?l
f' 0.338 -0.352 0.141 0.394.l
-3:ff1 -0. tn
6-'l:l-3 X?3:1fr -0.164
I
L 0.113 -0. ll7 o.u1 -o.2o2J
f-rl f 0338 -0-352 0.141
I ,l - I o-",z 0.164 -0.066 -i;11,1] [r;] :[-i;?'1
| . | | -0. r4r 0.230 o.los
LrJ L o.t 13 -0. lr7 o.Ml -i;',T,J L-il L:nl
Answer: (6.21, -0.77, -2.6'l ,2-40)
11 I 11 rs0 -600
For 66 and 6t use A = 0.(I7 0.09 l. Utlogthemethods ofthb sccdon, wehaveA-r = #l -rt 200
I o , -rJ
| O.OCt
l-ts 400 ;l
, I so -600
- A-tB: l -13
66. X
fiq:L;d
200
''- L -26 4oo -ll
Aruwer: $0 in fuqA bonds, $15,000 in A bonds, and $30,000 in B bonds'
r 50 -600 -41fsoo,oool . lzw,oool
68. )( - A-tB: *l-tr zw :Llffi,ffil
'^ -26 4oo
L
ij L"'Tl
Answer: $20O,OOO in AAA bonds, $100,000 in A bonds, and $200,000 in B bonds'
1045 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
70. A: f3 ? il
It r -rJ
6-,:rf; -2 i]
Lr 2-zl
fr,l ,Is -4 ol
ftol ,i
6 tlllol:+
lal:tl-+
Lr,J Lr 2-zll,oJ f
Answer: Ir : + amps, /, : + amps, /, : + amps
72. False. Consider: 74. The inverse matrix remained the same for each
system.
ri?sr[il]=ri?l
The product is the identity, but the matrices are not
inverses of each other (not n x n).
n
fl I'T
76. (a) Given A = 6-r =
["t ":), tl I ,en+0,arr*0
L;' -J
azz
I 00
Qtt
Given A:['l ";.j]' A-L = 0 10
422
,4ll; A7y O33 + 0
0 0l als
(b) In genenal, the inverse of the diagonal matrix A is
I o o ... o
att
0l 4zz
00 (assuming ar, # 0)
0 iol I
ann
lM6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
78. x3- 9x2 + L4x + 24: Q E0. f + zxt Llxz - LZx: Q
k-6Xx-a)(x+1):Q x(x + aXr - 3Xx + l) - 0
x: 6,4, -L x:0r-4,3r-l
82. f(x) : {-x-r + 8 M. .,f(t) : -2eo'e + 4
x -2 -l 0 I 2 x -3 -1 0 I 3
v t2 9 8.25 9.0625 8.015625 v 3.67 2.942 2 0.356 - 8.(89
fll
1t- 6, -3] . [ :i 'l] : [': -'31
:l | -2r
I
2 6
88.
--l LzL- 4 -24 ,:] Li 2 '{?
- l-lz
eoIia]n:l
34
21
-l:l
|
-3J I 8
L o
-15
1
:tl
Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix
Solutions to Even-Nunbered Exercises
-3 jl : r-rxrl - : -'
2. n.
l-: (sxl)
=3(-8)-(-3x4) =-?A*t2=-t2 l. |; =(4xo)-(o)(-3)=o -;l
" li :;l
l-z -12 3l
10. 11 t ol =ol-? -'l-? .*l-? =o(3)-r(-3)+4(0)=3
;l ;l -?l
lo +l
Ir o ol
tz. l-+ -1 0l = (1X-1)(5) = -s (LowerTriangular)
ls r sl
I o.t 0.2 o3l
14.
l-0.3 o.2 0.21 = -o.mz
| 0.s 0.4 0.41
lffil PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
-2
ro' l-
ll ol
L-l zJ
(a) Mrt - 2 (b) Crr: Mrr: 2
Mtz: -3 Cn: Mrz: 3
Mz, - o Czt: Mzt - 0
Mzz: ll Crr: Mzz:11
18 r: _2 l]
L6 7 -6J
(a) Mrr: :36 Mrz: l-z : (- l)zMrr : 36
11 _:l lo '): -68 (b) Cr,
Cn: ?t)gUrz: 42
Mrz:lr, _:l : -42 Mrr: 4l
:24
l-: 0l Crg: (-l)oMrg: 85
-1: Cr, : (- I)3Mzr : 82
Mts:
li, 85 Mgz: l-2
lt ll
: -28 C22: ?I)uMz2: -12
ll _:f : -82
Mr,: Mss:
ri _:l : -sl Czg= ?L)sM*:68
Cr, : (- l)aMgr : 24
Mzz:l? : -12
-l Cgz: FDsMgz: 28
Ct, = (-l)6Mgs = -51
l-r
20. (a)16 3
4
: -4-: -il + 3l-; -il ,l-i + 3(16) (5) =
-r1: -6(-18)
151
l4 -7 1l
l-r 4
(b)lo
l4 -7
3
-il
={ -:)-r', -;l -'l-: !l=z<-s+t-
(s) - 8(-3g) = rsr
iil
0
22(a)
I'i
3
0
_1
'l'l ;-ll-'l'l l-ll-1'l
(-3 ) + 2(- rr2) - 7(136) : - 1167
(b,l'l ,,|:
i ;l '|' : .,li ; ll 'll
: l-'l = 1C{l21) - 4(us) + 0(-64) - L(a7)
il
= -1167
t, -d
24. Expand by Row 3.
lz -r4 rl
lr
lr o
+l:
zl 'l-i ;l . rl?
-il :,(-,6) + z(s) - /
l04E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
l-3 o ol
: (-3XllX2): -66
26. I I ll 0l (LowerTriangular)
lt z zl
Expand by Row 2.
: -2
l:, il: -(-z)lr
1 I'll
lo
6 +l
- 2(-63) - 6(-3) :
l; l-i -?l
I zl -108
Ir 3 -rl
30. Expand by Column 1.
5 2 0
01432
0-2 4 3 zl
:'li
tz 6
2 6 3l :5 . ,1, : 5( -zo): - 1oo
00263
00341
3 4 1l lo
4
0 1l
0 0 2l'
00002
32. lal : (- lX- 10X7)(-2) : -140 Y. lal : (-2)(4)(1X10X-3) :240
(Upper Triangular) (Lower Triangular)
-2 00 0 0
0 30 0 0
36. 38. 0 0 -1 0 0 : -48
0 00 2 0
0 00 0 -4
: :
40. (a) lAl
l'o
(b) rBr
ll _il=:-l
I -?l :l-i;l :ri il:
\-Q
(c) AB : l-2 (d) lABl Q
L4 ;l
0 rl lz I -r +l
:-7
42. (a) lal : -l 2\ :Q (b) lBl :lo 3l
l1 I 0 lr -2 tl
(c) AB =
0
-1
I
I
2
0
2
0
3
-1
I
-2 lt: ll -l ,ll
L1
(d) larl :ll
-4 9
-6 3 :Q
-2 Ir5
l04g PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
44. (a) lA | : -46 (b) lBl : 8e
fs3 -10
25
10
(c) AB : | -1 (d) lABl: -40e4
18 -6
| -zg
L3s t6 -t ;l
46. ':l: cwz - cry : c(wz - xy) 4g. l' "l : cm)-cnr):o
[ lcw cxl
.):
'l', c(wz - *y) rhus, l'
lcw cxl
"l :0.
rhus,
[ ":l: "|;
.rl
a a
l"+b a*b ta+b a I l" a | | a a
s0.la a :
I
(a + b)l-
. a a+ul-"lo o+bl*"lo+b a I
I a a I
a+bl : (a+ b)l("+ U1z o,f- I
- afa(a+ b) - arf* afa2 - o(o+ b)l
= (a + b)3 - a'(o + b) - or(o + b) * a3 * a3 - ar(a + b)
: (a + b)3 3a2(a + b) + 2a3
: a3 * 3a2b * .3abz + b3 3a3 3a2b * 2ag
: 3ab2 + b3 : bz(3a + b)
SZ. -7'l :
|l*-, :Q
-11
-3 ,l s4.
f:' 3* - (-3y,):3* + 3f
x(x - 2) (-3X- 1) : 0
*-b-3:Q
(x+lXx-3)=Q
x: I or x:3
xe-x : (l
- (-*"-u7 : e-b - xe-b * xe-b : e-b
I
56.
l:;. (l - x)s-, | - *)"-?8
58.
IiI * x ln.rl
lnxl
: x(l * lnx) - xlnx : x * xlnx - xlnx -- x
60. True. See Exercise 66.
1050 PART III: Solutions to Even-NumQered Exercises
l+ s 6l
Ito n tzl
Gz. 8 el :Q
ltllo 11 lt3 14 tsl -o
r2l 116 17 181
lr 34 3sl
37 381 :
l-s
l-z -l
-4 -31
-0
lgo Q
lEs 40 4t l lr z :l
Itn zo zr ,rl
ln 24 zs ,{;_ o
127 28 29 301
61 62 63
65 66 67
64
68
-0
l, t 32 i3 34', 69 70 7l 72
For an n x n matix (n>2) with consecutive integer entries, the determinant appears to be 0.
I r x*1 x+21
lr+3 x*4 x+51
lr+6 x*7 x*81
ltu rrz rrll
64. Yes. t*tt = l+, xn +r | "na Inl = s.
Ltat xrz 4tJ
lbr, 2x' br"l
U = l4r 2rn 2rBl
Wn ?42 z"'oJ
tut=*"lx., T)-*"1?: ?:l.u*l?" xl
= 2f,xrr(4rot c - %zht) - xn(44r xtc - 4xtr xzrl + xrs(4xzr 42 - 44 xn)j
= Slxn(xnxsg - 4zxz) - xp(Jcu\t - xtrx:r.) + xnQczr\z - xtxn)l
= slAl
Thus, l2{l = SlAl = 8(5) : 4O'
66. (a) (-5) times Ronr I is added to Row 2.
O) (-2) times Ron, 2 is added to Row 1.
6S. (-3) time.s Equation 2 add€d t6 Equation 1 producas -!3y = 52 + y = -4. Then
x = -! - 2 - -(-4) - / - 2. An'n'er: (2, -4)
T0.6tinesEquationf add€dtoEquation2producas5ly:19:r+ y:l!.ffren x:9y - ll:g(fJ - tt = -H
Answer: (-H,H) = (-H,fJ.
1051 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
74.t-i
-i]-': l: il 76. The inverse does not exist.
Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants
Solutions to Even-Nuhbered Exercises
2. Vertices: (-2,1), (1,6), (3, -1)
,l-' I tl *|ere + I
Area - +
;l I _l il- 13):+ square units
4. Vertices: (o, o), (4,5), (5, -2)
Area : *
;ll I ll
-+ il: -'):+ square units
6. Vertices: (i t),(2,6); (0, -*)
Area : f
*|l "t(;!.*) + 1(-r))
*IOo.7s): I :
+5.375
E. Vertices: (O, -2), (- 1,4), (3 ,5)
''l :
-2 rl
: t l. , 25
Area : .rl_r, 4 rl
,(-tl -6-2):;squareunits
s tl
211 |
ro. !, - *rl-l s lf : *;(-4(s - x) - 2(-3 + l) + l(-3r + 5))
l-r x ll
:*t(-20*4x+4-3x+5)
:*f,ft-u)
=+ 8 - *(x- 11)
-; x- 11 :*8=+ x:3, 1g
to52 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12. Points: (-3, -5), (6, l), (10,2)
l-r -: il=rro ,l t-3
16 zt -"1+ -;l = -ls + 0
l'3 ; |'o
ll
The points are not collinear.
l-:
2 rl
l-o :g
14. Points: (o, l), (2, - 1), (- +,1) 16.
l-s x rl
ll
I
l-3 5
lo
lll : -;(, + 4) + rQ -4) 2l:
I
l-s { l-6 2l l-6
l-i + g
l-l sl l-s sl l-s
*:l: :Q:-9
Jcl
: -3 +3:Q -25 + 3x* 24-
The points are collinear
JC
18. 4x - 3Y: -10 ?,0. 6x-5Y:17
6x+9Y:12 -13x * 3Y: -76
l- ro -;l
x:m:T:
I tz el
-31
-s4 -1 x: E:6 -sl -329 -J
Il- 13 -47
16 el 3l
Y=14
l+ -
-._16 :T-z
-31
1ol
l2l
_lo8 =) y:m
l-,: -+"1 z7 -235 =J
-47
lo el
Answer: (7,5)
Answer: (- 1,2)
?;2. - L.3y = 14.63
2.4x 24' 4x-2y*32 :-2
2n+2y*52 :16
-4.6x * 0.5Y: -11'51
&- 5y-22 =4
I t+.ol - o.5l
t.3l
x= l- tt.st -'1 ,u8
=-:1.6 l+ -z 3l
| 2.4 - 1.31 - 4.79 D-lz 2 sl = -82
l- 4.6
I
o.5l
18 -s -2I
| 2.4 L4.G3l -2-2 3
y= l-+.0 -tt.stl : 39.674
-8.3 1625
2,4 1.31 - -4.78
x:
4 -5 -2 -401 :J
t- 4.6 0.5 |
-: -82 -82
Answer: (3,
- 83\ 4-2 3
ro) 216 5
84 -2 :-=-656
v: -82 -82
4-2 -2
22 r6
z: 8-5 4 lil
-=
-82 -82
Answer: (5, 8, -2)
1053 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26.2x+3y* 5z: 4 28. Vertices: (0, 30), (85, 0), (20, -50)
3x*5y* 9z- 7
5x * 9y + I'lz: 13 rl o 30 rl
Area:-;185 0 ll :3100squareunits
lz i sl
'lzo -50 r
tl l
D-13 s el -o
ls e r7l
Cramer's Rule does not apply.
30. The uncoded row' matrices are the rows of the 6 x 3 matrix on the left.
PLE 16 L2 sl 436 q
ASE 1 Le sl -38 -45
o le ;lf 4 2 1'
-13
SE -42 . -47 -t4
ND 14 4 oll-33 -32 -1 : 44 t6 10
l-
MON 13 rs tolL t2
EY szs0J -55 -65 _2Q_
Answer: [43 91, [-38 -45 -13], l-42 47 -r4f,144 16 101, l4e 9 rzf, [-55 -6s -2OJ
32. ICE BER G-D EAD _AH EAD
[e 3 sJlz s 18][7 0 4][s I 4][0 I 8][s I 4]
[e 3 s]A:[13 re lo]
12 s lslA:[-r -33 -77]
[7 o 47A: [3 -z - 14]
[5 I 4]A: [4 I -eJ
[o I 8]A:[-s -2s -47]
ls I 4lA:f4 1 -el
Cryptogram: 13 19 10 - I -33 -77 3 -z -14 4 I -9 -5
-25 -47 4 I -g
34. O P E R A T I O N O V E RLOR D
lls 16 s] F8 I 2ol [e 15 14] [o ls n] t5 18 t2J[1s 18 4J
lls 16 5h : [s8 122 l3e]
[18 I 20]A: [l -37 -95]
[e ls r4]4: [4o 67 55]
[0 ls 2214 : [23 17 - 19]
[s 18 r2]A: [47 88 88]
Us 18 4)A: [6s rn 164,]
Cryptogram: 58 122 139 I -37 -95 40 67 55 23 t7 -t9 47 88 88 65 r40 r&
ilxt4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
36.4-,:
[:i ?]': [:i ?]
-- 136 58- 2 18- B R
- r73 72 15 L4 o N
- r20 51 315 c o
-95 38 190 S
- 178 73 239 w I
-70 28
-242 101
[:i ?]: 140 N
t9 2L s U
- 115 47 165 P E
-90 36 180 R
-115 49 215 B o
,_- r99 82_ _23 t2_ w L
Message: Broncos win Super Bowl
38. 6-r :Lll : 1l
R E T
l- 13
f-,3 6 4r |ll ,; ?l U R N
I ut 12 -s -3 l=lo I t?
IL-s A T
l-11 2 u ,1 D A
L6s l,: or
I
w N
DAWN
40. Let A be the 2 x 2 matrix needed to decode the message.
-l:] :[,] s
[-l; ^ :]
"
E
l- 16 lll
A:L-l; -1il-'[,? '3] :l
L-
t
lse -
';l [,?
3ee J
'3] : L-l -:l
5 2 3 1 c A
25 1t t4 3 N c
-2 -7 5 t2 E L
I rr
-15 -15 0 15 o
l4
rl 18 4 R D
32
L- -zJ E R
-8 -13 5 18
38 19 19 0 s
-19 -19 0 t9 S
37 T6 I 5 U E
Message: CAI{CEL ORDERS SLIE
1055 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
42. False.Thesystem x *y: thassolutions, U. y-5:5r-t=(x+l)=-l
' _t _ i(x + l) = 7:(r + 1)
2x+2Y=2
. lt l\ - 20: -x -
.4y 1
vet det\| ;) - 0 4y*x:19
K. y+ 3:##(x- :|u - 3) 3) 8. f(*): #. Horizontal asymptote: !:2
7y+21;b-6
7y-?n- -27
f-r -3 s - r4l fr 00
50.1 4 2 -t I
- I row reduces to IO l0
Ls -3 2 -nJ lo 01 _il
Answer: (- 1, 0, -3)
Review Exercises for Chapter 8
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2.Order2x4 4.Orderlx5 6.Order2x3 8[;-li i3]
| 3 -5 I 2s1
f131673i21
10. ||-4 0 -2 - r4l 12.
I r 21 8 5 i tzl
L6 t o lsJ
L4 to -4 3 ! -rJ
l3x*l6y*72*3w: 2
x*2ly+8e+5w: 12
4x*10y-42*3w:-1
1056 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
I I ft 0 o -6-4
t4.
I 0 t6.
l0 l 0 ll 6 il
I Lo 0 l -2 -l
I
0
I I
ll l-' o +l
* Rz --+ 0 -l lo I lsl
-Rr
-Rr
a
* R, + -l
ll
0
ll
18.
L;;IJ
R3+Rl + 01 -5
0 -1 20.
t: -7 ?l
-l 0
Rr-Rt + -tl
R3*R++ 01
0,1
ll I -2
-7
-2 -il
-R2 --> 01 -3R, * R, --+ [; -1
-R3 l0
R2+R4 00 ll y: -4
R3+ x:2(-4) I : -9
Rz --+ f;? t-ll Answer: (-9, -4)
-R4*R, +
lnn --+
Ll3 ;ll 22. [3:i -0.5
-0.I !
:
o.o7l
-0.01J
R4+R2 + fl? i
iil
5R, --+ -0.5 0.351
R4+R3 ) lo o -2R, * Rz -+
|-1
lO -0.3 i -o.tsj
Lro y:0.5
-R3 * Rr -+ fr0
Ii til
x :0.5(0.5) + 0.35 : 0.6
Answer: (0.6,0.5)
6 fr2ol 3
24. 15 ,26. lo -3 o
Ll 1 3 il l+ 4
Lz o r
I 2
o il
6
fr 2 o
li
1
-2R, + R2-+ 3
I
il -*nr--rlo -1 o
-3R, + R3-+ 1 -15
-4R, * Rs --r lo -4 I -2
* Rr --+ I
L0 -4 -2
-ll
_2Rz * 0 -2R,
SRr+ nr--+
^,_ fllO I
0
3
0 ?l
ft2ol1
lo -1 o
lo -4o o1 -2 -ril
Q: I
-R3*Ra-+lo o
Inconsistent, no solution
x*2y + w: 3
Y-z = 0
-4y*z-2w:-I2
Q: 9
Inconsistent, no solution
1057 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered. Exercises
44 l4 sl f-r 1 7 - 20.l
28. -2 -8 l+ rl 30.f s -2 -l 34
lrow
reduces to
38 ls 6J l-t I 4 - 8J
R3-R,-+fl -1 4
_il
fr oI o
-4R, + R2--+ l0 2 -24 lo o
:l
-5R, + R3--+ L0 8 -12 rl 1001
R2 + Rt+ fl 0 -8 -it Answer: (6, -2 ,0)
|n,+lo 1 -12 -2 |
-8R, + R3-+ L0 084 13J
8R,+nr-+fl 00 ,tl
{2
*l
1
L2&+ nr--+ lo 10
fin,-+lo 01 MJ
13 l
31 513
x:mrl:l4rz:fi
Answer: ffi,*,*i)
3i sl l-r 0
r
:
32.
t-i -1 i zJ-Lo i :l
(r' y) : (1,2)
f3 0 6 olfl o o
34.
| -2
I 0 sl+fo 1 0
Lo
(x, y, z) :
I 2
(_2, 1, 1)
3Jlo o l I
4t22 zof fr o
I
o
36.
164
161 l-13 '3 ?
-2 -10 -2 -l0J L0 0 0
Inconsistent. No solutio n(0-l)
38. x:8 40. 2:x-10=+x:12 42. Not possible. Matrices have
y:0 -4 = 2y ==+ y - -z the same order.
O:*,* + x:12
Answer: x: lz,y : -2
44
'l: il+ {)l lrl tl .f'l jl :l:1 fl
r1-: :l -3 41 13 -71: | -26 -4 8 lol
46.
7 -101
+
'l-,1 -l 8 -U L 40 -36 s8 - 62J
r05E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
48
'11 ll..L_l
;1] :l:f ;;]
so. r: I*o+ 38) : *(-l_1
;1.,1-i1l)
={ ::
fl
s2. N=Ir^-sB):i(rl_l
;l'lill)
:+ln :l3l
-16J
-2 gl
l: _:r ;] t:
.
s4. is undefined'
; il
1(4) 1(-3) + r(3) r(2) + 3(- 1) + z(z)1
s6
li 1 llll I ll: 0
0
63-|
2(3)
0
2(-L) + (-4x2) |
3Q))
6 -rol
0oJ
s8'
tl
-ll[? ;][ -3]: [ -iIli -el:f 4 -3.|
-oJ Lsz -48J
60.
l-i _:,';l I i ,l:[; '^-J
+ z: 10
62. 2x + 3y
b- 3y - 3z: 22
4x- 2y + 3z: -2
3
12
l2
l+
-3
-2 ll []:lil
fazm z4ool Itozso e2sol
: I ns
64. An(I.2s)l 6soo e8m | a nzsol
Ls4oo 48mJ L 67so 6moj
BAn: [ 10.25 14.50 l7.75hn : fl+2,687.50 378,937.50]
1059 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
66. AB :
['i -lI --t,t ll : [; ?]'* =1,
-1 I
-H
0
6t. AB 0 I I
-4 ;ll_1, -2
il: Li 0 l]*:rg
70.
l-) -; : I ?]
reduce'.
[l ? -) -;l
-;]-':
l-', t-; -;l
f o -z I r o ol [r o o I rl al
72. | -5 -2 -3 o 1 olreoucestolo I o -l -7 -s
L7 3 4 oorJ loor -t -r4 -10J
I
f o -z
-2 -3
I
:f-l :+ -:l
l-5 3
L7 4 ]' f -r -r4 -roj
46.l
74.[i -'i]- =f,l-'- 'l 76. A =
li -3
18
rl
16J
4-r does not exist becaus" lnl : 0.
7t.
It;
41-
gl (10x3) 4(7) l-l ;l :li ?]
I -4s1: r[ e-451
80.
l-i roj dl,-z roj
[T ';I'= (loxe) (4s)(2)L-2
Does not exist.
t2-[-l ': :il t4-tj -;]-'--13
ll
il (-i)(-t) (;X
:
[;l 13 llt- nl:t-31
{t-il [1 Answer: (2, -3)
4 -21-r: I f e fz
86. |L-19 9J 36-38 119
zl | -2
:l]
4J
L-*
: -'^il=
[;] L:4 :l]t t-?l
Answer: (-2, t)
1060 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
88 _l ,:lli |- 3 -ll
eo.f-r
sl-l
6l
25
6
49
l9
6
37
ul
f'l
L_i _i] _1 _1] L-a 4 -rJ
6
_2
3
6
z
3
q
:[]i _l _lll itl :l rtrtr l'I ?s -le6
lrl: | + -+
?
ll
6
23
6
- 14.l
8l
I
Ltl 1l
L.J L-e ?
I
3 44J Ltl
Answer: (2, - 4,3) (- 3, 5, 0)
Answer:
92. x*3Y: 23
' -x * 2Y : -18
| 1 z)
3l- -3:l]l
L-o + [3] g
fl
x: Sry -
Answer: (5, 6)
94. x*3y*22: 2
-b-5y- z: 10
?*+4y -12
f 1 3
:l
l-z -s
Lz
x: 2,y
4
:
il':111+[]: l11l fl
-4,2 : 6
1)
Answer: (2, -4r 6)
96,2x+3y- 4z- I
x- y* 2z- -4
er.
l-; jll : (-ex -4) (11x7)
:36-77:-41
3x*7y- 10e: 0
12 3 -41-'
t I
I - zl does not exist.
lr 7 -roj
The system is inconsistent. No solution.
roo. _?!l : r4(-rs) - (-.,)(tz):'r8 lO2. A: r_t 6l
li: r-5I
- 4J
(a) Minors: Mn : -4 Mr,- 5
Mrt- 6 M,,: J
(b) Cofactors: Cr, : - 4 Ctz: -5
Cr, = -6 Cn- 3
1061 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
-71: -71= -?A,M*=
lM. (a) Minors: r,,= li rs,Mt2:
l-: l-: il =tu
*^:11 :l=r,**=l_'o f,l=t,"*=l_1 1l =ro
*,= l3 -;l : -*,r-:12 -;l : -w,r*=l! 1l=r,
(b) Cofactors: Crr = t ?.4, Crt : 26
L9, Cn
Cr, = -2, Cn: 32, Czs = -2O
Ct: -47.C32: 96,Ctt = 22
106. (a) -"li| ,;l . rllS
-;l = (-r'x-so) + r5o = 650
ot tol,|
tll
- *l-,i il = to,-r00) - 30(-5s) = 650
l+ 7 -Ll
rm. I 2 -3 al :4(3-4)-7(-2+20)-r(2 - 15)= -4-126113:-LL7
l-s I -11
lo3
r10. 15 -2
rl
1l = -3(5 - l) + l(30 + 2) = -t2 t 32: ?.0
lr 6 rl
l-: : : I = -tlolr-, zl lo-, zl
tr. l-l I -l ?l -5 rl - ol-t -s o
tl tn*n*,ion arong Row r.)
lr 6 o;l lo o 3l lt 3l
: -5[O(-r + l0) + 3(-s + 4)] - 6[(-l + l0) + 3(0 - 3)]
= -5[54 -3] - 6[9 -9]
= -255
l1,4. determinant : Q [Expand along third rowJ 116. dererminant : (- 5X- 2)(2)(14) : 280 (Lower
Triangular)
1lt. (-4,0), (4,0), (0, 6)
tl-o rl r(48) :24squareunits
o ,
Area --
rl; : llrl - L
(1,')'(0,-;)' @,2)
,11 r rl
r lzs\ 2s
Area :
ilo -i
"l+ 2
tl
rl
:;\7)= ?squareunits
I0fiZ PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
lo -5 rl
:
l-z -8 rl
l?;2. -6 t| Q. The points are collinear. 124.
I I 7 tl :Q.Thepointsarecollinear.
l-; -l 1l lt re rl
ti? _,) :-:-21
126.x:fr 7
-5 128. x:ffi: -261
-87
:3
y:m
l?i?l 28
-4
:EJ:fiL:-z
v:m:4=
,,
7
Answer: (3, -2)
(*,y) : (-3' 4)
15-2 I
-7 -3 -l lt.u o.rl
130. x: -3 -t -7 :B:O390 - ||2.2 o.3f
: 32
5-2 I
t32' x - -L.28
3 -3 -l l-04
0.2 0.3
o.;T -0.28 7
| |
2 -l -7
l- 0.4 1.61
515 I
Y: | 0.2 2.21 -.!.2 30
3 -7 -l l-04 oq: -0.28
2-3-7 :B:U
520 A I o.z o.3l
65
5-2 t5 (r, y) :
3 -3 -7 ff,+)
r65
aa
2 -t -3 65 I
65
Answer: (6, 8, 1)
Iro -zr -tl t4-2r 10
l+ 2 -zl -424
134. x: ls -2r 7l 1176 3 56 -2r 5 -4088 : 73
I
to -zr-tl 1568 4 a.
28
l-4 2 -2l|
I s6 -2r 7l
t4 l0 -7
-44 -2
565 7 1400 25
y=
1568 28
(*,y,2): (i,';,-#)
.1
1ffi3 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
136, x = number of liters of 75% acid
y = number of liters of 50% aPid
x*Y= 1gg
0.75x*0.50Y:66
fr I lf'l=ftool
Lo.zs o.5ol bl - Loo I
r :
: lllo.rt ;.501
I
-o'25
'
r
lloo o.sol I
__loo : -10
' -- 425 -o:s =4o
| 1 lool
lo.zs 60l -r5
,=fr*-:4:60
Answer: 40liters of 75% acid;60liters of 50% acid
l3E.y=axz+bxtc
(0,1): 1=c(0)2+b(0)+x + c=1
(2,-tt): -11: o(2)'+b(2)+c + k+2b *c: -11
(-3,+): 4= a(-3)2 + t(-g) * c + 9a-3b* c = 4
Solving fot a, b, c, you obtain c
: l, b = -4' a = -L
l=-x2-4xtl
140. r = numb€rof units produced
y = numb€rof units sold
x-Y=o
-2.5A+8.75=48,0(X)
l- I -1 : ol .fl o : 768q
L-z.s s.75:+s,oool-Lo 1 :76801
Must sell7680 units !o break even.
YN. RET IJRN -_BA SF
20 ls] [0 2 rllle
[18 s ,r/ll2r 18 14] [o-TO s 0]
[18 5 2nfA:166 28 10]
Izt l8 l-24 -s9 -221
r4lA =
t0 20 lslA = [-?s -90 -2s)
lo 2 rfA=[-e -10 -3]
lle 5 o]A = [8 -11 -lo]
.Cryptogram:662810-24_5g-22_75_90-25-g_10-38-11-10
lw PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
[-r 2 -3-|
lU.6-r:l Z I 0f
L4-2 sJ
[14s - tos ez)A-L : [13 I 2s] MAy
lzo+ - 188 1601 4-r : [o 20 8] _TH
123 -16 15la-r:[s o 6] E F
Itzo - 84 781 A-t : [rs 18 3] oRC
[-q 8 -5] s-r : [5 o 2] E_B
[rsg - I 18 loo] A-t : [s o 23] E_w
tzre - rsz l33l A-t : [9 20 8] rrH
lsto -26s zzsl A-t : [o 2s ls] _yo
[- los 84 -63] A-t = lzt o ol u
Message: MAY TIIE FORCE BE WITHyOU
1'16. True. Expansion by Row 3 gives
|ou arz 4n
ul - a,, * "slz', ul * (a,, * o'lT: ul
I
(a" r dlz:
1",:i ", *3 , ",i ",1=
=",,l7, tl
-",lti tl.*,lT: Ul
*",1u
ul-"4t: ul.",l::i ul
lor, 4rz orrl l"u atz arrl
= lort ezz +tl + lU a22
lail agz asi I cr cz ""tl
ccl
Note: Expand each of these matriccs by Row 3 to see the previous step.
CHAPTER 9
Sequences, Series, and Probability
Sectiong.l Sequences and Series . 1066
Section 92 Sums
Arithmetic Sequences and Partial ' 1071
Section 93 Geometric Sequences and'series ' ' ' ' 1074
Section 9.4 Mathematical Induction ' ' lUlg
Section 95 The Binomial Theorem ' '10E7
Section g.6 Counting Frinciples " " 1091
Section 9.7 ProbabilitY ' 1:W4
Review Exercises 't:|D/|{I
1065
CHAPTER 9
Sequences, SeriGSr and Probability
Section 9.1 Sequences and Series
Solutions to Even-Numbered E:rercises
2. an:4n-7 4. an: GY
ar: a(l) - 7 : -3
6. an: F*)"
at: (t)' : t at: (-tr - -*
a2=4(2)-7:1 az:G)':i az: Fr)' : i
a3 = a(3) - 7 - 5 as: (t)' : t as: (-il' = -*
Q4:4(4)-7:P a4=(l)- = t a4= (-ilt: *
es:4(5) -7: 13 as: (*)' : # es= (-ilt: -+
8. an:
n=I 10. ar: 3n2-n-4 12. en:r=#U.
2n2:l
l1
at:
l:1 2 at: 3(t7z- I -!,
: -2 tl
at:t:Q
2(r)2 I
2 2
a2: 3(2)2-2-4
a2:W=t 14 l:l
2:1 3 az=
2(2) 2
w
3
a3: 3
3(3) 3-4
as:6:ft 28 ll :Q
3=1 4 ag:
4
a4: 4
3(4)-4-!, 1:1
Q,-1 5 a4=W:IT 16 44=
2(4) 4
as=
5 5
3(S1z-s-4 tl
5:1 6 Qs:F=31 74 a5:
2(s)
-0
?n
l0
14. on:
fr IO.4n:m:76
-2 10 -A
lU.
n!
an: fr
313
at:F:i ar:, I
10
ar: T = ro
a2: 329 10 l0
az:W:m az: 2l
+r: to 7: ,
33 27 10 t0 63
ag=
+t:A as:gr:6 as:8,:a
44: 34 243
gl l0 l0
4: 2s6 e4:@:To Q4:
G:,
35 ?A3 t20= 15
as=;3:
ro%
l0
as=W=
w l0 as=T Z-
1ffi6
twl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. an: 22. en: n(n - 1)(n - 2) 24. Qr6 : (- l)15 [16(15)] : -240
ar: lxl -2) -o
1(1
ar= az: 2(2 - r)Q-2)-o
43 : 3(3 1X3 -2):$
a2: Q4: 4(4 l)(4 -2):24
as: 5(5 lX5 - 2): 60
a3:
44:
a5:
RI 4(t5\2-15:3 888
**:@:537d:G 148
26.ds:fr:2520 ?8.
30. ar: 15, ak+l : ak: 3 32. ar: 32, ak+t :Tr
I
34. at : 52, az: 40,
ar: 15 a1 :32 4k+2:troo*t- a*
a2:4r: 3: 15 : J : 18 1l
e2: i", : ;(32) : 16
a3: t(40) - 52 : -32
A3:a2:3: 18 -t:2t a4: L?lz) - 4o - -56
a4:a3:3:21-J=24 a3: 1l : 8 as:it-56):32:4
as:a4:3:24-!J27 i"r: ;(16)
ll
a4: i"r: ;(8) - 4
ll
as:i"n:;@)-/
3n2
36. an:2-! n 38. onro: 8(0.75)n-r 40. an: n2:1
5
a
o
aatOOOOO
o aatO'OOOO
a
oooo o
a
o o
-3
42. an: 2n(n : lXn : 2)
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
an t2 48 r20 ?AO 420 672 1008 t440 1980 2ffi
44.an:#
n 1 2 3 4 5' 6 7 I 9 10
I I 5l 10.99 40/320
an I 3 -6 4 8 27.69 L29.23 746,.67
106t PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4nz
46. an: (n:2)
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an t 4 7.2 10.67 14.29 18 21.79 25.6 29,45
3 33.33
8n 4n
4E. Qn: 50. Qn=J
r' n! 52. 3,7,11, 15, lg, . . .
n= |
an18 as n+@ an- 0as n+@ An: 4n I
ar:4, e4=gg -32
99 ar= 4,e4:#:T: rq
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (a).
.111 I -- 23456 | -2 -g 4
54.
" 4' 9' 16' 25" " ro'
f t'ti't"' it,;,Ti,.'.
lr
sE'
a":7I ao: n=I
QN:F tM:F2)"-'
2" - | 3N
60. I : *, t : 1, t :!.r: E. t : 3l- 22 23 24 25
1,2,?
z' 4" g'^ 16" 3t,"' 62. '2' 6' 24' 120'' ' '
-
an:!:T ar:ffi
il. 1,-lrlr-lrlr-1r...
ao : (- l)n* t
66. ar=25, ak+l:a*-5 68. ar: 14, ak+r : 1-2)a*
ar=25 ar: 14
az=ar -5 =25 -5:20 q,: (-2)ar: (-2X14) : -2g
as:a2-5:20-5:15 a3: F27ar: (-2)(-28) : 56
a4= a3 - 5 : 15 - 5 = l0 e4: F2)a, : (-2X56) : -ll2
as:en-5:10-5:J es: FZ)(a) : (-2)(-t t2) : 224
In generrl, er: 30 - 5n . :
In general , an I4(-2)n- t.
a.t
"- 4l I ,-24 . 231
70.
71 7 .6.5 . 41 zrc 72. *23!_25 231
= 6oo
,rA
lat
10!3! l0. g. g .7.6! .3! 10.9.9.7
4!61 4.3!.6! 4 -:1260
-:
76. fu =
2)I _ 2)(n(n
t)nl: : (2n:2)(2n:
nl -Eff:(n:2)("=l)- 7g. Q\:.2)l
(2n)l
- (2n)l
t)(2n)r
: (2n:2)(2n=l)
l):(3.6 l):57
1ffi9 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
5
82. )0=6=6=6=6=6=30
rt- I
55
84. )3i, = 3>i2 = 3(02 : L2 : 22 = 32 : 42 = 52) : 165
t-0 i-O
gl 1 I L
) -=-:-:-=- 47
86.
i?ri34560
-3) = (3 : - 3) :
s
88. ) (r : lX& - 3) : (2 : L)(2 1X3 (a = 1)(a - 3) = (5 = 1)(s - 3) = t4
k=2
90.
4
Zezy = (-2)0 = (-2)t = (-2)2 = (-2)' = (-t)a : lr
J=o
92.
;,+ =6.06 *.-i,tP::i=o.r^
96.
5 = 5 : 5 :...= 5 =$ 5 :11.9@
1:1 l=2 l=3 l=15 l=1L:i
9E.
['-(:)1 =['-(el
: =['-(:)1 :p,['-(tJl -3472
1 l 1 I 1 1 1._ l:
.L-;=i-;:"'-a:;-;="
100.
2t r A"\-;) oo'664
1lO2. =r;;,:l;:
111110r :ffi,=Zrffi^'0.663
-
| 2 6 24 120 720_$!l=18.2s
104.
;:;:;: i: i: -& €r2r
5 /1\t: vn 108..it(-i)" 3 -51
106. r(i/ ffi: o.eese
lF -L.59375
a 32
-
4[0.111 ...r=o(;) :!,
: 2[0.1 1r ...1 = r(;) :?
ll4. (a) Ar: loqlol)[(1.01)r l] = $101.00 o) Aa= - l]: $8?/+8.64
100(101)[(1.01)60
Az: loqlol)[(l.01)' - 1] = $203.01 (c) A2ao: 100(101)t(1.01)240 - 1] : $99,914'79
Ag: 1oo(101)[(1.01)3 l] : $306.04
An: loo(101)[(1.01)4 - 1] : $410.10
As= loo(lol)[(1.01)5 l] : $515.20
Ac= 1oo(101)K1.0l)6 - 1] : $621.35
1(n0 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
116. onffi, n: -3,-2,...,8
n -3 -2 -t 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4n 2.r2 2.63 3.05 3.42 3.75 4.06 4.35 4.62 4.87 5.1I 5.34 5.56
The debt is growing as time goes on.
an
.^, 6.0
H 5.5
;?
gE
5.0
4.s
;ot!(a
4.0
d EI J.J
'-9
x.- {tt
r'v
.!'
-E = 2.5
.E
v
2.o
1.5
-3-2-r0r234567
Year (0 <+ 1990)
118. ar: 4.27 : 0.29n - 2.931n(n), n: 10, ll, . . . , 18
n: l0
4 6
120. True:
j:l j:3
l22.br:T:T: I -U==l-
an
I
an -1:.1bn_
t
"*,
a-:!
- --n
124.
n! 126. (-t)"P
an:W tzs.t-: j;-i]
x
ar:T_x ar:T-f
az: **
A: T az: x4 x4
4r: 24
ff
aj:5T: -f -f
e as: ?i- : i6
a4: x4 N4 ff
T: il d4:
ET: 4win
.fxs
: _ xro _xlo
--J
a<:7
! n-:'-:-
-t
5 120 l0! 3,629,900
130. (a) A - B- [-l ;]
(b) 28 _ 3A:
l-r? _;;]
(c) AB:Til ;]
(d) BA:
l'i ':]
lfill PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
r32.(a)A-ff-lf-r
-7
4 4
+l
1l (c)AB:ll-24 42 45
7 -16.]
Ll 4 rJ Lr 23 48J
1
l- 8 t7 -14.| I to 31 4zf
(b)28-3A--l-r2 -13 -el (d)BA:lto n 3ll
L -3 -ls -loj 113 22 2s )
405
2 : 4(7 :
rs4.
l-t" ;l -n+ L4:41 136. 0-7
9 I -1
2) + 5(o + 63) 335
Section 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.4,g,14,rgr24r... 4.!r?,f,3,f,... 6. ln1, ln2,ln3, ln4, In5,...
Arithmetic sequence, d : 5 Not an arithmetic sequence Not an arithmetic sequence
10. an: (2')n t2. a6: I + (n- 1)4
Not an arithmetic sequence 2,8,24, &, 160 1, 5, 9, 13, ll
Not an arithmetic sequence Arithmetic sequenco,d - !,
14. an : 2n- | 16. ar:,(- 1)" 18. a1 : : a* - 20
20f,., ak+r
Lr 21 4, 8, 16 -1, 1, -1, l, -l a2: zffi - 2O : 180
Not an arithmetic sequence Not an arithmetic sequence a3: 180 - 2O = 160
a4: 160 - 2O : 140
Qs: 140 - 20 : I2O
d - -20 and Qn : 220 - 2On
20. ar : 0.375,a*+l : ar * 0,25 22. ar: 5, fl - -i
a2: 0.375 + 0.25 : 0.625 ar: J
as: 0.625 + 0.25 : 0.875 az:5 -i:+
44:0.875 + O.25: 1.t25 _r7 3_14_!
ag= 4 -7:T:,
4s: 1.L25 + O.25 : L'375 a4:Z-7:73 l1
7
/- O-25, 4n: 0-125 * O-25n as:_11 3_!,-o z
4 -4:4:
: 26. en: a6 + 5d
?A. a4 16, aro - {$
= ar= er + (n - l)d : at + 3d
16 -73=-38+5d-d:-7
46 = Qro: ar * (n - l)d : at + 9d e6: ar + 5d =+ -38 : ar + 5(-7) +at = -3
Answer: ar: l, d : J dz: -3 -7 = -10
ar - I 4t: - 10 - 7 : -17
42:1 + 5 - 6 a4: -L7 - 7 : -24
as:6 + 5 : 1l as:-24-7:-31
a4:11 + 5 = 16
as= 16+5:2I
lU72 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
28, art: as + 9d 30. az: ar + d
38.5:16 +9d+d:2.5 t3-3+d+d-10
as : ar + 4d=)l 6 : o, + 4(2.5) + o, : 6 as = ar + 8d: 3 + 8(10) - 83
o2:6+2.5:8.5
ag: 8.5 + 2.5: ll
a4: 11 + 2.5: 13.5
as:13.5 +2.5: 16
32. d: or- ar: -10 - (-l): -9 34. fl- az- dr: -13.8 (-0.7): -13.1
azs: ar * 24d: -l + 24(-9) _ -2I7 aB: er * 7d: -0.7 + 7(- 13.1) : -92,4
K. o, = ll,d: 4 3E. ar = O,a = -Z
en= dt+ (n- L)d= L5 +(n- L)4= tt + 4n e,= dt+(n- t)d:(n- 1)(:3) =?-?"
40. 10,5,0, -5, -10,. . . 42. er = -4,ar: 16
d.=-5 dn=a!+(n-I)d
an:ar + (z - l)d: l0+ (z - 1)(-5) = !5 - 5n 16= -4tM
d=5
= ari (n - 1) d= -4 + (n- 1)5:52 - 9
44. at = 190,aro : 115 6. on= 3n - 5
4ro:4s * 5d+ 115 = 190 + 5d==+ d: -15 d: 3sotheseque,lrceisinc.reasi4g.
dr- - ds4i,1ar: 190 - 4(-15) = 250 and ar : -2.
dn= dr+ (n- l)d:25O + (n - l)(-15) t[arches(d).
= 265 - lln
48. an = 25 3n 50. an: -5 * 2n 52. an: -0.3n * 8
fl - -3 so the sequence is 1E
10
decreasing. o
o ooootooooo
and a, :
a
22. o
o
o
Matches (a). o
o
0
-8
54. ar: 17 + 3n
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
an 2A 23 26 29 32 35 38 4l u 47
56. an:tn+ 12
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t0
an t2.8 13.6 14.4 15.2 t6 16.8 17.6 18.4 19.2 20
1073 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
5E. on: -12.4n * 9
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
an -3.4 - 15.8 -28.2 - 40.6 -53 - 65.4 -77.8 -90.2 - t02.6 - 115
60. -6, -2,2,6,. .. 62.40,29,18,',7,... 64. ar: t5, aws : 307, n : 100
ar: -6,d- 4,/t:50 ar:40, d- -11,rt:10 s,*:f1ts+3or):16,100
aso: -6 + 49(4) : 190 ero:40 + 9(-11) : -59
Sso : Tf-6 + 190) : 4600 Sro: t@o - 59): -95
66. an: 2n 68. an: 7n
a1 :2,drco:20Orn- 100 ast : 357, arco: 700
100
2r": ryQ + 2oo) : 1o,1oo 100
n:51
: 26,425
n:l
70.,X,, -:r: f ttt + 100) -io+ s0) =3775 LzTs:25o0
n:51
72. 4n: 1000 - n 74. ar : r.roo = 52, n :100
ar : 999, dxo : 750, rt : 250 ],
lttooo - n) :Tpss + 750) :2rs,62s x ry:ry(;. "):2725
I : : :
76. AO:
Z,
Otrg: -tti, n - 101 78. at 4.525, 4?.oo 9.5, n 2OO
+ 9.5) :
?N
tq8 3n : ---{':'+2 (4.525
L
3, 16 +(t-"i) -896.375 ): (4.5 + 0.025i)
-
J:I
\ !402.5
E0. a1 : -t0, a6r: 50, n: 6L 82. (a) ar: 36,800, d : L750
46: at * 5d : 36,800 + 5(1750) : $45,550
)i=0 tt - 10) : +(- 10 + so) : r22o (b) so : 8[36,800 + 45,550] : $247,050
M. ar: 15,d:3,f,:36 86. ar : = 24, fl - l, tt :
15, aro 10
436: 15 + 35(3) : l2O Sro=f(ts +24):195 logs
Sro : T<ts + l2o): 2430 seats
88. ar:93,d:89 - 93 = -4,n:8 90. a1 : 4.9, a2 : l43, a3 : 24'5,
dB: -4(8) + 97 : 65 a4: 34.3 + d: 9.8
Se : iel + 65) : 4(158) : 632 bales ar: 4.9: 9.8(1) * c + c : -4.9
an: 9'8n - 4'9
c) first year: $36,800; second year: $38'550;
third year: $40,300; fourth year: $42'050; fifth
aro= 9'8(10) -4'9:93'l
year: $43,800; sixth Year: $45'550 sro : *@.g + 93.1)
: 490 meters
$36,800 + $38,550 + $40,300 + $42,050 + $43,800
+ $45,550 = $247'050
lW4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
92. False. You need to know how many terms are in the dequence.
94. ar + -y as * 24y 95. Szo ?@, * [ar + le(3)t) +
* 650
az* -y * 5y + 4y at * 29y 650+ r0(2at+57)
ar*9y as + 34y 65 *hr+57
at * l4y ag * 39y ar+ 4
as * l9y ato * My
lz -l 7: -rol fr0 o o
:il
I
9r. 13-s l:
-4 2 : 17
lrow
reduces to
|
I 0
L6 -20J L0 0 I
Answer: (1, 5, - l)
1oo.
lo o rl rviL.#.#+3
14 -3 rl + 30
lz6 1l
Area + *(30) + 15 square unirs
Section 9.3 Geometric sequences and Series
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. 3, 15, 75,375, . . . 4. l, -2r 4, -8, , . , 6. 3, 0.6, O.l2rO.g2A
Geomericsequence,r*5 Geomehic sequence, t * -2 Geomefiic sequence,,r + 0.2
g. g, -6,4, -3, .. . 10. I,+, f;, fi, .. .
Creometic sequenae, |* _2
3 Not a geometric sequence
12. ar + l0,r +2 14. ar*2,t+t 16. ar * 6, r * _!4
az* l0(2) +20 az*z(t)+? ar + 6
as+2O(2)+CO as + 3(*) +? az* 6(-l)'+ -,
at*lO(Z)+80 a+*3(l) +h as+6(-i)'*3
as + 8q2) + 160 as+h(t)+# at* o(-l)t + -#
as + 6(-i)'+ #
lt. ar + 0.4 + 3, ,+] 20.ar+4,r*6 22. ar + 8l,e*+r + *or
az*?e) + I a2 + 4-n ar + 8l
as+ t(il +1 as+ 4.n(€ * n az**tary +27
at* tG) +T at* t2(.fr) + n",fr as+Ifz:4+e
as+?(;) +f as+ n-n(6) +36
a+* *tey + 3
as* *tll + I
r * *, on + 243($"
1ffi5 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2
24, ar + 5, ak+r + -2o* 26. ar + 36, dk+r + -1or 28. at+ 5 , r *|, n+ 8
ar + 5 at + 36 en * arrn- t
az* -2(5) + -10
at + -2(- l0) + 20
az* -2 (36) + -24
3
as*'(;)'.,1#
ar* + -N
-2(2O) as* -? (-?A) + 16
3
as + -2(-40) + 80
a)
r * -2, dn * 5(- Z\n-r an*-?3 (16) + -;
| 32\ 64
as* -? l--l+ -
3 \ 3l e
| t
r*-1,- an * ,ul -;)2\n-
7
30. ar+8, r*"fr, n*9 32. ar + 1000, r * 1.005, 34. ar*3, or*&, n* I
an * attn- n * 11 azf * as
ag* 8(.6)t + 5ooo an * atfn- | 3f+&
art + looo(1.005)ro f+*
: 105l.l4 ,+I
az* a{
3 + o'(l)
a1 + 12
X. or*t, ar*#, n*7 3t. 3,36,432 40. 4,8, 16,...
ag72 * as r*{o+ n r*l+z
at * 3(L2)6 + 8,957,952 azz* 4(z'1zr + 8,388,608
*r'+#
,, +3
r+I!
at * asr2 +#(+?)'*ffi
412.
I
128 U. an * 18(-3)n -l 46. en * l8(-;)n -r
),8,
r * (-3) r * (-;)
r*.8 16 sequence alternates as it
sequence alternates as it
ri\*
\21
approaches 0. Matches (c).
approaches t@. Matches (d).
t
as*;$6)7 + 1y,217,728
4t. an * Lz(-O.4\n-r ta 50. an * 2(- 1.4;n- t 36
o
o
o
oo
o o
o
a
-a6
-6
lw6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
52, 8r 12, 18,27,$, . . .
sr+8
sz*8+12+20
,s3 +8+ 12 + l8 + 38
sn*8+12+18+27+65
s4. 4(o.z)"- r
),
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
s" 4 4.8 4.96 4.992 4.9994 4.9996E 4.999936 4.9999872 ==J ==J
1sr+ 1,r *
: e},-t -z
s6.
sg*ffi+
o, l(1 (-2)r) r7r
+ 2,, *!
7
G4.
l t*(r.04)n *.1t00(r.04)n -t 1s, +500,r*1.04
n-0 n5l
's?.t*(#) :3e4e'rs
66.7 + 14 + 2g + ... + g96
68. 15-3+]-... -&
r * 2 and 896 + 7(2)n- l + n * 8
r * -O.zand -$, + $(- 0.2)"-r =+ n * 6
E
6
7(z)"-r
} ), ls(- o.z)"-r
ar + 2,, *! 72. ar + 2,r * -?
.Yr
)z(:Y+
i= o' +-?-+6 /rr \
t ltn -
#r-\3/ I r 'l (z/3) ' SrL?Y+=o'+. ?.=-+g
\ 3l l-r I (-2/3)
{=6
'5
76.), L?)"does not have a finite sum (2
lu77 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
s+ 6 + 4* I * .,e
Ez. ... r(?)"
t-?-2s't+-
84.-6+i lo +tn:o
€ o.2e7 o.zL !!
0!2T + )n:o o.zez(o.oot)'+ ffil * og,+22sss* 37
r.re + r.: * i
r-O
o.o8(0.r)' + r.3 +ffi + +H. t* - * * rfr * ff
r.3
I r)'+zsw(
A+P(l+nt \
t+o'07)n(20)
nt
92. P + populationafternyears
Po * initial population * 350,000
(a) n* l, A+2500(1 +0.07)'o:9674-2I
r* rate of increase * I.37o
(b) n * 2, A+ zsoo(r . ry)o'' : e8e8.l5 n * number of years * 30
P + Po(t + r)" + 350,000(1.013)ro : JL5,U6
(c) n * 4, A+ zsoo(r . ry)nt'r ^' lo,ols.e8
(d) n * 12, A+ zsoo(r .ry)"t'o'^' 10,0e6.8s
("i n * 36s, A+ zsoo(r . Iff)'utt'o' ^' l0,l 36'u
e4. A. . H)" 116. Let N + l2t be the total number of deposits.
"i,so(r A * perlrz + p4/r/tz 1... + pdrlrz + frr"r,r2.n
=l
*Pe'l"ffi
: (e'/rz)lu )
* Pe'/'''(l
' I-
. perlr2(en _ 1)'r/tz
*-
' (erlrz _ l)
9t. P + $75, r i 97o,t + 25 years
(a) compourdedmonthry: *"[(t *Y)"t''- t](t.#) =$84J14'78
o
o) compoundedcontinuously: o *ffi= $gs,igo.os
100. P + $20, r * 64o,r * 50Years
(a) compourdcd monthly: o * ,[(t + 9&o
)'a't
- t](t - #*) = $76't?2'54
(b) compounded continuously: o *'W= $76'533'16
1078 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
102. W = $2fi)0, t = 20,r = 97o
,:*(9)ft-/t*+\-'"1
\r/L \ rzl I
.: ,*(oS)[' - (' *o;Y)-'"*']: $ur,rrr.r,
ru. n,(i) + zt (t)(8) + n,HF)' * n"(l)P)'
: 2 rrr(\)($)' : ry : 273.8esquare inches
n-O
106. Total disrance = 5o rz{0.t1)' - t6 =, 1ft1 - t6 = t52.42feet
lO8. ao: 30,000(1.05)n-r
Jq (l-to54o).
T = )30,000(1.05)o- I = 30,000!ffif * $3,623,993.23
110. False. You multiply the first term by the common ratio raised to the (n - 1) power.
!12. at: 3, , :; ll4. ar: 5, r: 2)c
ar: J
Q2: t(;):+ Qz:5(2r)l : 10x
3x( x\
a3:5(Lt)2-20*
a3--T\t) :T3f 44: 5(?-x)3 - 40,r'F
es:5(2n)4:80rf
a4: 3*lx\ : if
4\r) T
3f (x\ : Te
ixa
as: T\t/
116. a, = 100, r= d, n:) 118. c, : l, r- -L, n=7
4n: d{n-l ea= ,,l..o-l
as: f00(e')E = 100e& r\e f
.lr\_il
"r= =d;
2E
The horizontal asymptote of /(r) is y : 12. This
corresponds to the sum of the series.
/
-n
lHg PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered.Exercises
122. Givenarealnumberrbetween -1 and 1, I approaches0asnincreases.
Thus the terms of a geometric sequence,
eyoltlarP,arf ,. . ,
decrease in magnitude.
124. Let x :
amount of cement. Then 90 - r is the 126. Let 2n and 2t + 2 be the two consecutive even
amount of sand. Thus, integers.
, (2n)Qn*2)=624
90 -x
=l4 4nz + 4n- 624=O
x:%J-x n2+n-156=0
5x:90 @-t2)(n+13)=g
x = 18 pounds of cement Since the integers are positive, n = !2, and the two
+ 9O - L8 : 72 pounds of sand. integers xe?-4 and26.
-llf I 3l
Lo zJl,-z sJ-= f6
r2t. 14 71
Lz 28)
no. f-l 3 4lf-t o 4l f-tt L7 -tl
l-22 8 oll -4 3 5l=l-30 u 32|
L s -UL o 2 -3J L-22 13 361
45
B2.
---- t Qi+4)=7 +10+13 tL6=46 13{. t L2=5(12):60
f-t-- €r
Sectiong.4 Mathematicallnduction
Solutions to Even-Nunbered Exerclscs
2. P*=@ 4
44
P*+t=@=(ft.f3m
b
4. Pr=
|6x - t)
Pr+r =
TOO+ t) - s):+(sk + 2)
6. p*:7 + 13 + lg + "' +[6(e- 1) + l]+ (or+ l)
P**t: 7 + 13+ 19 +'.. + (0* + 1) + (6(k + 1) + 1)
-J + 13 +19+"'+(Ot+1)+(6ft+7)
1080 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
8. l. When n: l,Sr : I: l(2(l) - t)
2. Assume that
sr: I + 5 + 9 + .' . + (4k - 3) = k(2,k - t)
Then
s**r : 1 + 5 + 9 +..' + (4k- 3) + [4(& + l) - 3]
: I *5 +9 + ". + (4k- 3) + (4k+ I)
:Sl+(4*+1)
= k(2tc - 1) + (4k + r)
=21?t3k+1,
=(r+1x2e+t)
:(r+1X2(r+l)-1)
We conclude by mathematical induction that the formula is valid for all
positive integers z.
10. 1. When n = l,
I
Sr:1=:(3.1-l).
-z
2. AssumethatS*= | + 4+7 + lO+...+ (3k-2)=!6*- t).
2
Then,
Sr+r = I + 4 + 7 + lO+ ... + (3k - 2) + (3(e +D- 2)
:sr*(3(&+L)-2\
b
=:(3fr-l)+(3e+l)
2.
_3k2-k+6k+2
2
_3P+5k+2
2
_(k+rx3k+2)
2
= Llt{r
2
+ l) - rl.
Therefore, we corrclude that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
10tl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12. 1. When n = L,Sr:2: 3l - 1.
2. Assume that
s1: 2(1 + 3 + 32 + 3t + ... + 3t-t) : 3* - l.
Then,
sr+r : 2(l + 3 + 32 + 33 + ... + 3t-r) + 2 . 3k+r-r
: S** 2'3k
:3t-l*2.3k
-3.3k-r
- 3*+1-- 1.
Therefore, we concludc that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
14. 1. When rr= I,Sr = 13 = 1 =ry
2. Assume that
t)z
sr= 13 +23 +31 + 43+ ". + ot:l&(k+
4
Then,
sr+r : L3 + 2? + 33 + 43 + "' + k3 + (fr + 1)3
=sr* (e+ t)3 :ry+ (ft + r)' :W
(k+ r)zlv + 4(k+ 1)l _ (r + l)'z(ft'? +4e + 4) r)2(k+2)2
444 -(k+
Therefore, we conclude that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
16. 1. When rr: l,Sr = 2 = I* 1.
2. Assume tlut
,*=(,.'J('.r('.}) ('.tJ=&* 1
Then,
sr*, = (' . iX' . iX' . +) (' * iX' .; h)
, .l *
:(sJU 1 '\
**r)
=(&+r{r+#)
: lc'* I * 1
:k*2.
Therefore, we conclude that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
fm2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
(l)2(l + 1)2(2(1)2 + 2(l) - 1)
tg. t. when n =1, sr - - 1.
L2
2. Assume that
5 ..:
Sr: >t5 P(* + r)2(2t& + 2k - 1)
i:1 t2
Then,
&+1 k
S**r=)it=>t5+(k+1)5
i:l i: I
_ r&(k + r)2(2t? + 2k - r) _ rz(k + r)s
rz*n
_ (k + Dzrt.'2{:,t& + 2k - r) + rz(k + r)3J
12
(k + L)212r( + 2k3 - t& + rz(tf + 3t& + 3k + r)J
t2
(k + r)212t( + r4k3 + 35t& + 36k + 12)
12
(k + r)2?e + 4k + 4)(2t& + 6k + 3)
t2
(k + r)z(k + 2)2I2(k + r)2 + 2(k + r) - \
t2
Therefore, we conclude that this formula holds for all positive integer rralues of z.
20. 1. When n = I,
-lt :-
(1X3) 2 + |
2. Assume that
.r.=$ tX2, + l) - zk k+ r'
-r €rQi -
Then,
S**r=Sr++
(2(k+1)-lx2(r+1)+t)
:k
2k+r' (z*+L)(2*+3)
w+3)+l
(2k+r)Qk+3)
2t&+3k+L
Qk+r)(2k+3)
(2k+lxe+l)
(2k + r)(2k + 3)
_ &+ I
2(k+1)+l'
Therefore, wG conclude that this formula holds for all positive integer values of n.
10E3 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22. r. whenn ='t,(i)'= 7.4st5>7.
2. Assume*,(il >k,k>7.
**, (t)-.' : (il [t)'-(i) =o*
l,/c * r rork>?
**,(1)-.'>k+t.
rhererore, (il ,,
24. r. whenn = 1,(il.(i)*(ocxcy).
2. Assume *, (i)0.'. (i)o
(i)-.' . (iI * (i)(;l.' . g)g)- :' (;)0.' ' (;)0.'
'ihereforc, (i)".' . (i)' for all intcgers n > 1.
26. 1. lVhen n = I,3r > (l)2r
2. Assume that 3ft > nk,k > 2.
Firstnotethat ft > 2 +3k > 2k + Z : 2(k + L)
Then,3r+r = 3(3r) > 3(n*\ =11*)Zk>2(k+ L)Zk = (k+ L)2k+1.
firerreforc 3n > n2n for all intcgers n 2 l.
2r. r. when n = r,(t' : ,+r.
Gl =#
2. Ass'methat
*"', (rJ.' : (;l (t = #' ;= #
**(il = #
3{1. 1. When n = L,lnxt = 1ntt.
2. Assume that
ln(xrxzry...rr) = lnrr * lnr; * ln.rr * "' * lnx* '
Then, ln(.xrr2 \. . . x*r*+r) = lnf(rrrzt .' . **)411J
= ln(xrxtxr, . . xr\ * ln.4*,
t" r rnxl*1'
rhus, rn(.r,.r,,,. . . *n)= rn.rr ; tT;i i rY; i :i."Jt;;" :
1m4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. L. When z = l, a * Di and a - bi are complex conjugates by definition.
2. Assume ttrat (a + Dd)t and (a - bi)* are complex conjugates.
Thatis, if (a + bi)k : c * di, then (a - b;)* = c - di.
Then,
(a t 6;7*+r :
* biY@ + bi) = (c + di)(a + bi)
(a
- bd) + i(bc + ad)
= (rc
and(a - bi)*+r - (a- 6il,*@- bi): (c - di)(a- bi)
= (ac - bd) - i(bc + ad).
This implies that (a * biS*+t ard (a - bi)k+r arecomplex conjugates. Therefore, (a + bi)" and (a - bi)n are
complex conjugates for n 2 l.
34. 1. When f,: l,(22(r)-r + 32(t)-r) =2+ 3:5and5isafactor.
2. Assume that 5 is a factor of (2x-r + 32*- t).
Then, (2ztt+t)-l + 32(t+l)-l) = (22*+2-r + 32'k+2-r)
- (2u-r22 + 32h-r32)
= (4 . 2x-t +.9 . 3x-r)
= (/zt-r + 3x-r) * (2t-r + 32t-r)
t (/x-r + 32*-r) * (/2*-r + 3*-t) + 5 . 32r-r.
Since5isafactorofeachsetofparenthesisand5isafactorof5.32*-l,then5isafactorofthewholesum.
Thus, 5 is a factor of (2b -, + 3zt - t) for wery positive integer n.
36. ao = L, an: an_r + 2 38. ao: 4, at : 2, an :. an_l - an_z
Qo: I ao: 4
ar:ao*2: I *2:3 ar-2
42:At+2:'3+2:J
,aZ-Ar-aO-/-Q,:-2
a3=a2+2:J +2-J Ag:a2-Ar: -2-2: -4
o4=ag*/-7+2:9 a4 : a3 - az -- -4(-2) : -2
40. at: 0, an: an-t + 3 42. ;r: 3, on: an-r - n
ar: Q ar: 3
az: ar + 3 - 0 + 3 : 3 a2:ar-/-3-2-l
a!:a2+3:3+3-$ e3:az-3:1 3: -2
a4:a3+3-6+3-) at:43-!,- -2-Q,- -6
as=a4+3:P+3: 12 as: at - 5 = -6 - 5 : -11
an : 0. ,3. S- g-
\'Y
Firstdifferences,
\r"r/ 12
'>/> 7\76")l
Seconddifferences: Y V Y 'ditron:,,
secondaitron o,
-\a\nl
. -r -I -l
since the first differences are equal, the sequence Since the second differences are all the same,
has a linear model. the sequence has a quadratic model.
fffis PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4. oo= O,an= dr-, * n 6. or:2,en: an-, * 2
4o = 0 dt:Z
ar=do * l:0* I=| a2:drt2=2*2:4
az= erl2 = | * 2 = 3 a!= az*2 = 4 * 2= 6
ag=dz*3:3*3= 6 at=at*2:6*2:8
d4:03*,4= 6*4:10 4s:44]-2= 8*2:10
,ni oa.,rtl
/t .ru.-,)o *ni ta.roa.zu\ t8\,r10
Firstdiffercncas' Firstdifferences: 2 2 2 2
\ A/r,rO
Secoddifferences: 1 I 1 Seconddifrerences: YY\/
Since the second diffcre,nces are equal, the sequence Since the first differenc.es are equal, the sequence
has a quadratic model. has a linear model.
4t. c6 = L,do= an-rI t&
4o= |
ar=l*12=2
4z=2*??=6
4s=6*32=15
at:L5*4=31
tnt 1. ?. 6. 15 91
Fintdifrenences
\r/Y Y\/
' \,/\/\,/
Seconddifferencas: 3 5 7
Sinpe neither the first difrercnces, nor the second difrcrences are equal,
the sequence does not have a linear m a quadratic model.
50. cs = 3,dr:3,aq= 15
Lf'.Lo= afi + bn * c.Thus
%:a(0)? +D(0)*c= J 16-J
ar= a(l)2* D(l) * c = 3 + al b * c = 3
a*b =Q
a+:a(4)2+b(4) *c= 15 + lfu+4b+ c: 15
l6a+ 4b : 12
k+ b - 3
Byelimination: -a-b=O
k*b=3
3a =3
A: I ==+ b- -1
Thus, an: n2 - n + 3.
1m6 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
52. ao- *3,e2= L,a+= 9
I-etao= a* + bn * c.Thert
ao= a(0)2+ D(0) + c - -3 + c = -3
az:a(2)2+b(2)*c: L + 4at2b*c:l
4a+2b =!,
2a+ b -/
at= a(4)2 + b(4) * c = 9 + lfu | 4b I c= 9
Itu+ 4b : 12
. 4a+ b =J
By elimination: -?a - b = -2
4aIb= 3
za----=-4
a= l+ b:l
Thus,4r:ln2ln-3.
54. False. Pr might not even be defined. 56. False. It has n - 2 second differences.
5t. (a) If P, is Eue and P* implies P1*1,,then P, is hue for integers z I3.
O) If Pr, P2, P3,. . ., Pso are all true, then P, is fiue for integers I S n < 50.
(c) ff Pt, &, and P, are all fiire, but the 0uth of P* does not imply that P.* , is tnre, then you rnay only conclude that
Pp P2, and P, are tnre.
(d) If P2 is frue ard Pr* implies Pzk*z, then P, is true for any positive integer z.
*' flLz -3 : tl reduces to fr o :-sl
-o :-381row l9 r : -3J
Answer: (-8, -3)
62.x-y3:0-+x:f 64.2x+ y-22: I
x-2Y2:Q x z: 1
Y3-2Y2:Q 3x*3Y+ z:12
12 -21 I 7
o-rl,A-':il[-34 -B ol
y2(y-2):Q==+y:O,2 1l
lVhen)=0: x: F:0. A:ll
lVhen!=2:x:23:8. lriUl-r3lJ
Points of intersection: (0, 0) and (8,2)
:l
|
|l:*l_l ill,il I
x -- 4,!: -1,, z =
Thus, 3.
Answer: (4, -1, 3)
1ffi? PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
f z -1 4 : zr1 ft 00.,5.|
ffi.|-+ 3 I ;-t4l ,o*reducestoIo I 0 ' ll
f-t -4 7 : rzl lo 0l:3J
Answer: (5, 1,3)
68. lz 4 8l
lo 6 -el : ,(+s - 27) + 4( -36 - 48) : -294
l+ -3 8l
70.(2; -y)2-4*-4ry+f 72. (b - 4y)t : 8f - 4Sx, + 96nP - 64rt
Section 9.5 The Binomial Theorem
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
g! 9.8-7.6! 9.8.7 :84 /zo\: zoczo:
?r 2oI
-f -- '
7
3o ev6
613l -
--E
61 3 .2 6 lr/ tdfi: 1
l2l :WL2. 1l . 10.9! :220 _ t8:lz! _ t8
,zCg:9131 r8vrz _18!
.^c._:
lTlll - l7I
/lo\ ro! 10.9.8-71 13 .12. 11 . 10.9 .8!
:
10.
\;l:ffi:ffi=Lzo 7
12. ,rce: #: 8!5 !
1287
14. ,rCo: 2380 16. ,rC* = 2,598,960 lE. gtCt: 46,376
20. I 2,11. ,
t
tl ,
| 2l l2l
l33l totuto t,
| 4 641 ,
I 5 l0 l0_5 I t 5l0l05l
r 6 1520@6 l I 6 15'20 15 6 I
l7 21 3s352!^7 I
r 8 ?8 56 7056e9E I
cCt: 15, the 5tr enry in ttre 6tr row.
eCu = 28,the 7tr enrY in the 8tr row.
(r+ l)5 = ccof +6crd(l) + rcp\l)2 +6cif(l)3 + 6c;f(l)4+ 6cAL)s +6c6(1)6
:*+ 6t'+ l5xo +zof +15 +6r+ I
xil (a + 2)a = eCd + nC ras(2\ + +C#(zY + nC*(2)3 + nC n@4
:d+gosa244z+32a+16
2,8'. (y - 2)t : sCof - rCrf?) + scrfQY - scrf(2)t + tcp(z)4 - tct(2)t
: yF - lq/ + 4of - Bof + 8W - 32
(.r + y)6 = aCof + cC#y + rC#f + rC..f,f + cCnff + cC*f * cCcf
=f +0r1,+ ts/f +zcd,f +15*f +64f +)F
l0t8 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32. (x + 3y)a : x4 + t?.fy + 54ff + loArryrr + 81y4
34. (2r - y)t = ,Co(b)t - ,Cr(b)) + scz(2x)\F - sCr@)T + ,Co(u)f - ,Cr(2x)yt
:
3?-f - 5(16r')y + to(sf)y2 Io(a*)y? + s(u)t' - - f
= 32,f - 8014, + 80fy2 - +Wht + t0xf - ,s
36. (5 - 2y)t:125 - 15Oy + 6$ - gyt
3E. (* * y2)6 : + ucr(*)s(f) + ucr(*)a(yz)z + ucr(*)3(f)3 +
"co(*)u + "co(*)r(yr)a
ucr(*)(y2)t +
"Cu(yr)u
- vr2l6rroyz * lsf;.f + 20fiF + lsfif + 6rbto + yr2
*.(i *rr) =,"(i)'*.c,(|)izrr *"r,ff)r<rrt,*,",(,1)'t2y)3+,r,H'<rrt *,.,(j)rrrr,+ocu(2y)u
: te,)'. ota(})". rs(4)(i)i'' * zottf")'v'+ ts(to)$'.,' ),'+ 6(3D,;)n * ,,*,n
: j*
3.ry.9.ry.Y**n
a. 3@+ l)5 - 4(x + t)3 = 3[5c0.f * rCrxa(t) + rcf(t)z + rcf(t)3 + rclt)4 + 5c5(t)5]
- 4bcof + sctl](L) + ,C;(t)z + 3ca(t)31
= 3[(t)f t 5x4 * 10f + to* +5.r + l] 4[(1bf + 3* +3r + t]
' = 3f * l5.ra + ZAf + Lg** 3r- I -
44. 6(x + 2)s - 2(x - t)z : 6lf * 10xa + +Of + 8012 + B0r + g2l - Zl* - U + tl
: 6t' + ffix4 + 240f + 479* + 4g4x + tgo
46. 5th row of Pascal's Triangle: I 5 l0 5 1
(x + 2y)5 = (l)t' + Sfry + r0fl(2y)z + toa4(2y)3 + Sxpy)a + (2y)s
: rf + 10x1, + 4ofrp + 8tu1,3 + AO4/ * 32ys
43.sthrowofPascal'sTriangle: I 5 l0 l0 5 I
(3y +2)5: + s(3y)a(2) + t0(3yp(2)2 + ro(3y\2(2)r +
(3y)5 5(3y)(2)4 + (2)s
: 243f + SIOJ/ + 108qf + 72OrP + 2AOy + 32
50. The term involving.rto in the expansion of (l + 3)t2 is
nC s(*)5(3)7 : (ttZ)(!)xro - 1 7g2,1u4rro
52.Theterminvolving*fintheexpansionof(4x_y)l0is,oC,(4l)2(-y)s:+.|6*f:72Wf.
rv-!\'--' \ /'
The coefficient is1zo. (10 - 8)!8!
54. The term involving x\a in the expansion of (?.x - 3y)8 is
gc apr)a(- 3y)e = I (za)(- 3)ar5o = x),720x5a
56. The-term involving t' in the expansion of (22 - l)r2 is t'-'\- ,= "=r,==26(-l)
' \ -' = (12
coefficient is -22o.
,rC"(*)3(-l)e
- 9)!9!' ' = -2?.Oz6.The
1089 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
sa. (q-rt - l)': (t-fi)' + t(q-fi)'Fg + {+Jl)(-r)'z + (-r)3
= 64tJi - 4gt + tZ-fi - I = 64f/2 - 48r + I2tr/2 - |
60.(u3/s*21s-(ut/s1s*S(uttsl+or+L0(u3/5)t(2)2+tolutts'52(2)e+5(u3/5)(2)a+25
: u3 + l0ur2/s * Nuels | 80u6/s + 8Ou3/5 + 32
6r. f(x + h) - f(x) -(x + h)a - xa
hh
+ 4fh + 6fF + 4xE + h4 + x4
-x4 h
_h(4'F+6*h+4x13+h3)
h
: 4x3 + 6fh + 4xh2 + h3,h + o
1 _l
AA fA+D-I@-xrh x
hh
. :ffi h
:m -h
h
1
-xlrqoyn+o
ffi. (4- i)5 = Lo?A - 1280i + &OP - 160i3 + 2Oi4 -f
:1AA - 1280t -ffi + l60i +20-i
= 404 - ll2ti
ct. (s a i@\t = (s + 3i)3
:53 + 3.52(3i) + 3 . 5(3i)2 + (3r)3
=125*225i-n5-ni
: -10 + 198,
70. (s - .;?,ilr:5a-o- 5t($i)+0. sz(.fri)2-4. s(/gt)'+(J5;)'
: 6?5 - 500.13' - 450 + 6o.f3i + g
= 1E4 - UO.fri
72. (2.@5)to = (2 * 0.005;ro = tto 110(2P(0.005) + 4s(2)s(0.005)2 + L?nQ)7(0.005)3 + 210(2)6(0.005)1
+ 252(2)5(0.005)5 + 210(2)4(0.005)6 + L?.OQ)3(0.005)7 + 4s(2)8(0.005)2
+ 10(2X0.005)e + (0.005)to
= lv24 + ?5.6 + 0.288 + 0.00192 + 0.0000084 + "'
:1M9.890
1f190 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
74. (1.98)e =(2- 0.02)e:2e -9Q)[email protected]) +36(2)7(0.u2)2 - 84(2)6(0.02)t + 126(2)5(0.02)4
- r26Q)4(0.0Ds + 84(2)3(0.02\5 - 36(2)2(0.U2\7 + e(2X0.02)8 - (0.02)e
= 512 - 46.08 + 1.8432 - 0.043008 + 0.00064512
:467.721
78. f(x) : ?-x2 - 4x * l, g(x) : f(x + 3)
i):1,*1
4
='*il:..ifi
:2x2+8x*7
g(r) it f(x) shifted 3 units to the left.
'A 1\n'
V
The graph of g is the same as the graph of/
shifted 4 units to the right.
80. (a) zsCo : 177,100 82.p(*): I -2x+1p'-L*t++f :f(x)
(b) Z(rsC, * ,rC) : 25,9N
(c) f tt,, c)(rcr-Jl : 8568 'j
&:0
(d) rsCs : 8568. i:='
(c) and (d) are equal.
-1
\'
p(*) is the expansion of/(r).
t4. ,ocr(i)'(3)' : 12o(*)(',,*) :0.2503 86. ,co$)n(i)- : 7(*)ft) : o.rt3
Et. (a) eG)=f(t +4):0.0834(t+4)2+o.7657(t +4)+5.3680 (b) ?
: 0.0834P + 1.4329t + 9.7652
I
f
0
90. False. The coefficient of rr0 is L,732,LM and the coefficient of rra is Ln,456.
ln- lt
, ,U. The expansions of k + y), and (r y)" arc -
|
l33l
2| almost the same except that the signs of the
terms in the expansion of (-r yf alternate
I I 5I l06l015I I
I 6 15 m$ 5 I from positive to negative.
-
| 7 2tt5t52t7 |
L
r t 2856?056288 I
1091 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
98. nCo* nCr* nCr+ ncr+ "' * ncn: (1 + L)":2"
100. g(x) : f(x - 3) 102. g(x) : -f(*)
g(r) is shifted three units to the right of/(x). S(x) is the reflection of/(r) in the x-axis.
f-s -5 16 3l |-t -22 -3ol
104.4A-B-lr7 6l 106.6A+l0B:l 60 4 32|
L21 2 -2J l,-26 -20 66 J
f-tz 4 -11-|
l.gE.BA:l t 8 4l
L 24 -13 2J
1ro. -''to)-':{o.ulf, 'r'tf:t?S
tt':]
lt.:
Section 9.6 Counting PrinciPles
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. Evenintegers: 2,4,6,8, 10, 12 4. GreaterthanT: 8,9, 10, 11, 12 6. Divisibleby3:3,6,9,12
6 ways 5 waYs 4 waYs
E. 1\ro distinct integ€rs whose 10. Monitors: 3 12. Math courses: 2
snm is 10: I * 9,2 + 8, IGyboards: 2 Science courses: 3
3 + 7'4 + 6 Computers: z Social sciences and humanities
4 ways Total: 3 .2.'l : 42ways courses: 5
Total 2.3 . 5 = 3Oways
t4. 2ro : IO24 16. Drivers seat: 3 choices
Next seau 3 choices
Next seat 2 choices
Next seafi 1 choice
Total:3'3'2'1:lSways
18. ?A . 24 ' 10 ' 10 ' 10 ' 10 : 5,760,000 20. (a)9' 10 ' l0 ' 10 = 9000
O) 9'9 '8'7:4536
(c) 4'10'10'10:40@
(d) 9 '10'10'5:4500
22. 3(8,000,000) = Z,(xx),O(x) telephone numbers a. (a) 8! = 40'320 ways
O) (5!X3!) = 120(6) : 720 wa's
lW2 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26. nPr: ,
n''
28. z&r: :20.19 :
1n - r)! # 380
sPs:
GjrX
:;l : no
1l
30. rPo:
i: 7 '6 '5 . 4:840
32. nP, = 18 . n-rPo
Note: n) 6 for this to be defined.
nt - : r8f!" - ?li\
f, - sl \(n 4)
n(n - lXn - 2)(n 3)(" - : 18(n - 2)("
4) 3)(, - 4@ - s) (W"can divide by (n - 2), (n 3), \
n2 - n: 18n - 90
nz I9n + 90 - 0 U" - 4) since n * 2,n * 3, and n * 4.)
(n - e)(" l0) - 0
t:9otn: l0
34. rooPs = 9,034,502,4W 36. roPs
: 1,814,400 3t. rcCt
: I2O
40. 4l - ]/, ry\. 4I : 24 ways 44.
#:56
11! lt!
46.
ffi:ffii:34,6s0 48. ABCD
ACB D
50. oCt:
# :20
ABC, ABD, ABE, ABR ACD,
DB CA ACE, ACF, ADE, ADF, AEF,
DCBA BCD, BCE, BCR BDE, BDR
BEF,CDE,CDR
CERDEF
s2. ,oCrz: Pl ways 54. soCc: 15,890,700 ways 56. aoCo = 300,500 ,zDways
58. There are 22 good sets and 3 defective sets.
(a) uCo: 7315 ways
(b) (rrCr)(rCr) = (231X3) : 693 ways
(c) nCo * GrCr)(rCr) * (rrCr)(rcr) = 73tS + (1540X3) + 693 : 12,628 ways
60. Select type of card for three of a kind: rcC, 62. (a) 3v2
?r
r -::3relationships
2rn
Selct three of four cards for three of a kind: oCg
Select type of card fc pair: nCt (b) ^ 8! :tit:Zlrelationships
euz: 216l: T: '
Select two of four cards for pair: tCz
(c) nCz A : l2l : l2.ll 66relationships
=
.;,,Ct' tCs' tzCt' 4C2: 13 . 4. 12. g - 3744
ways to get a full house
ffi T
(d) A 2Ol 20.19
nCz: m: T: tg0relationships
1093 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
ffi. ,Cr- $ - 15 - 6 - 9 diagonals 66. ,oC, - 10 : 45 10 : 35 diagonals
6E. True 70. ,*Pro:t'836x 1gt3e'
This number is too large for some calculators to
evaluate.
nl : n! nl .nl D
72. nCr: nCn-r: 7 4. nPn-l n'n
m_-ilt 11 0!
n| nl nt
76' ncn-t= = = ='c'
t, - (" -m - rX t44,
-' [-]-1p1
7t. Fromthegraphof y =F - xt 6,you seethatthereisonezero,.r = 8.303.Analytically,
ffi-x-6
)c - 3- f - I2x + 36
0- * - L3x + 39.
By the Quadratic Formul a, x-
13 t
-
13r fr
2
Selecting the larger solutior, r: T
13+ fr o' 8-303-
80. logr(x-3):J
25:x-3
2s+3-x
x :35
l- r+ -il
w a.. l:l
3l
VL. x: I z-zl 22
E4.x-1;I :-:-2L
2l -1
- 11
l-s -rlzl-
89,=-s l-3 -tl
t
Y:-lj:t5i = ;1- o ,:fi=!=t zr - '
' - F3 -+l-
l, -rl ls sl
Answer: (-2, -8) Answer: (- 1' 1)
t6.(:-4)t=*-12*+4'o-il
rg. (r2 + 4)5 : xro + zfdt+ toot' + 64Ax1 + rZgo* + lV24
1094 P.ART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 9.7 Probability
Solutlons to Even.Numbercd Exercises
2. 12,3,4,5,6,7,9,9,10, ll, 12)
4. {(red, red), (red, blue), (red, black), (blue, blue), (blue, black)}
6. {SSS, SSF, SFS, FSS, SFF, FFS, FSR FFF}
E. E = {HHII, HIil, HTH, HTT} lO. E : {HHH, HII[,I{TII, T}IH}
p(F)_n(E
r\Et - :=!=L 8 z n/n\ _ n(E) _a _l
p(4 =;6 =; =;
"(s)
12. The probability that the card is not a face card is 14. There are 8 possible cards in each of 4 suits:
the complement of getting a face card. (See g . 4 = 32
Exercise 11.)
P(E'):L-P(E)='-*=i3 P(E)=8:#=*
16. E= {(2,6),(3,5),(3,6),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6), lE. E= {(l,l), (1,2),(2,1),(6,6)}
(5, (5,
3), (5,
4), 5), (5, 6), (6, 2), (6,3), (6,4r),
P(E)="!T}= 4 :L9
:'i']8:rt:
-\-/ 36
s 12
' n(S) 36
"(s)
^ "g::i"i,2),V-,?),V,oi,V,'i,?i,'ir,t3,'l;,
(5,2'), (5,4), (5, 6), (6,
22' p(E) =
# =+
l), (6, 3), (6, 5))
n(4
-p(r)
\-/ = n(s)-19
36
U. p(E)-rCr'zCr* rCr'-tCrlzCr'gCt %.48): | - 4g1=l-p: l-0.36 =O.64
eCz
_2+3+6_lt
15 15
2t"P(E)=t- P(E):l-;=l
- 6 6 30.P(8):t-P(E)=l-p:l-0.84=0.16
32. P(E):l- 4n)= r-ffi=# 34. (a) 0.33(llt) :36.63million=36,630,00
$\ o'n
(c) O.29 + 0.n = 0.56
36. (a) #:0.4e
O) #:0.45
(c) ffi = 0.23
1095 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
+ 56:6:104 13 54 3
5U. (a)48 l2g G
40.
31 +54+42+20+47 +58 252 l4
4+20 24 3 l--- 13 3 I
(b)
6: o+r:fr fNote:
I -G:GJ
(c)
4l
llx: i
aj. /o\
A,, \(.,r
s9;-- 6 - 3 44. Total ways to insert paychecks: 5 ! : l2O ways
,C, 56 Zg 5 correct: I way
nr'rC,
(b) & -L5'2 :- 15 4 correcfi not possible
28
3 ,!t' 18 lu (c) 3 correct: 10 ways
'2 correfrt:20 ways
28'28 28 L4
1 correct: 45 ways
0 corregt: 44 ways
(a)
453
l:,n: g
45+20+10+1 19
tbt Ln 30
' 13.4.12.6
GG)('{nc') : 4g. .r,Ct' +Cg' tzCt +Ca
- 2,598,960
46. (a) 0.0756 srCs
,O'C'
37M
(b) GC^)G'C?)G'CJ :6.929 x ro-4
,osCt 2,598,96A
6
4165
ol9l :
\-/' _,-: 15,504
(a)
' + : 0.282 (sgood units)
*cs 323
' oC, : tl?o== ! : Y : o.470 (4 good units)
\v/,uCn*c,
ft,\
15,504 969
(c) The probability is I because there are only 4 defective units.
52. (a) P(EE) =#'#:I 54. (a) P(1/ ): (0.99;z'= 0.81
O) P(Eo or oE) :zffiX#) :, (b) P(NI$ : (0.10)2 : 0.01
: (c) P(A) : 1 - P(NIO : 1 - 0'01 : 0'99
(c) P(/Vr < 30, N2 < 30) ffi 'o*: iffi
(d) P(N'N,).: #'k: h
56. (a) P(BBBB) : (l)- : *
(b) P(BBBB) + P(GGGG) = (l)' + (})' : i
(c) P(at least one boy) : I - P(no boys)
: I - p(GGGG) = 1 - * : it
58. (0.78)3 - 0.474552
PART III: solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. (a) lf thecenterof thecoinfallswithinthecircleof radius d/2aroundavertex,thecoinwillcoverthevertex.
Area in which coin may fall
P(coin covers a vertex) : W
:"1'9'l:i*
(b) Experimental results will vary.
False. The first sentence is true, but the second is 64. If a weather forecast indicates that the probability
false. The complement is to roll a number greater of rain is 40vo, this means the meteorological
than 2, and its probability ir 3. records indicate that over an extended period of
time with similar weather conditions it will rain
40Vo of the time.
3 -1 -13
b+3 - !- 2x*3 ' 68.
x x- x(x
-13
- 2)
__4 4 2(* -2) - 5(t) : -13
2n+3
-3x : -9
1-b+3
x:3
?n- -2
x:-l
70.3-4lnx:6 5ln 2x - - ll
4
4lnx:-3 ln2x : 3
lnx: -i ?-x= e3
x- e4/q:Q.{J}/, x - *, rt = l0.O42g
74. xS3 76.*+fS4 circle
vs6 x*y
5x*2y
78. gCr: 126 80. ,ucrr: 560
I0fiI PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Review Exercises for ChaPter 9
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.an:8-
I 4. an: n(n 1)
2n at: 1(1 1) - o
ar:g_;:7.5
I ez: 2(2 1) - 2
a3: 3(3 1) : 6
I
az:8 - rr:7.75 a4: 4(4 1) : 12
as: 5(5 1) : ?o
I
a3:8 -;t:7.8'75
1
44:8 -;a:7'9375
as:8 -*:1.96875
An:ffi
5
3n
6. 8. an:
--n
n*2
at:(1 +1ll)t :, attOOOoOO
o
a2:3!l1: 6
o
aj: ll
4I: 24
11
a4: 5T : ln
11
as: A: 7n
10. Qn: -8(0.5)n-t 12. 3l . 2l : 6(2) : 12
,i o
o
o
-10
!4.H*i :li :h:* 16. loo: 8 + Lz + 16 + 2o:56
k:2
.1. 1.; :6t'l
t, #:t.?.l.i.:
18.
4(sxe)
zo.le * 1): 2r*'A'1r - 6 +'es(1):3s
J:o J=o
f09t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercisas
+(*-i) + +(#-*) +(*-#)
24. 2(lr) + 2(22) + ZQz) + ... + z(92) : >ae
9
26. I _l+1_ l *...:s/_1\*
/c: I 3 e 27 3l f6\
28. (a)
e,'(*)-:'(*) +'(*)'. '(*)'+'(*)-
= 0.8 + 0.08 + 0.008 + 0.0009
: 0.8888
(b)
: r(*)-:0.8888... :;
lc: I
4
30. (a) .'(*)'*'(*)'.'(*)"
lr:1 '(*)-:'(*)
:0,7 + 0.07+0.007+0.0007
= O,'17'17
oo / t \t
(b) t(r/ : 0.7-t77 . . :- 7 .
_A 9
Y. Not arithmetic
36. Arithmetic: d -; - ?:+
3E. ar: 8, fl, : -2 4lD. a2: 14, au : 22 A. at: 15, a1r*l : or +
ar: 8 ]
a6: a, * 4d ar:15
4z:8 - 2 - $ 22:14+4d
As:6-2=4
az: 15 +|=9'f
8:4d
a4:4-2:2 2:d
as:++]=+=20
as:2-2:Q d4:20+t:li
ar:az-d as:E+]:+:25
ar: L4 - 2 - 12
an:15 +]fu l) :T +1"
az=12+)-14
a3: 14 + 2 - 16
a4:16+)-18
as: 18 +2=20
1t199 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
44. ar = 100, ak+l : a* - 5 46. a3: ar + U
ar: 100 28--IO+2d
az:100 - 5 :95 18:2d
ar:95-5:90 9-d
Q4:90 - 5 :85 an:10+ (n- 1)9:1 *9n
as:85 5 = 80 20 20
+e)n
20
an: 100 - 5(t - 1) : 105 - 5n >(1 +en): n:l
n:l
)t n:l
(zoxztll :
: 2o(1)_'L2J
+ ef telo
8 8 8
48. ) (zo - 3i) : j:l2zo - 3>.J : ^,ra\ 3l
v\-v/
8(20) - -L ---: :
^[(SXg)l|
,
52
i:l 2 J
i:L
so.e(a#) :12,k+ei:ilry) . *(i) : 250
80 80 re (8ox8l) (19X20) ^a _
52. 2n: n:l).n- n:lLn:Y-T:3oso
n:2O
54. at: L23,fl - LLz - I23: -ll 56. ar:2,r:2
n:8 ar- 2
as : (- l1)8 + 134 = 46
a2: 2(2) - 4
a3:4(2):8
Sg : lltZl + 46) : 67 6 bales
a4: 8(2) : L6
4s: 16(2):32
5t. at- 2ra3: L2
a3: atP
L2:2*
$- P
*6= r
a1 :) ar-/
a2:2(n:2& a2:2(-{6\: -z-fr
as:zfiGfq: L2 a3: -z",ft(-.,fi) : t2
a4: rz(.R): l2J6 a4: l2(-.n: -n'ft
as=12',re6):72 as: -Lz.,re(-6:72
62. a1: !8, alral : tror
60. ar = 20f,,, o*+l = O'La1,
or: 200 ar: 18
a2:0'1(200) : 2O a2: i(18):30
a3:0.1(20) - / a3: itgol = 5o
Q4 : 0' 1(2) : 0'2 a4:itsol :a*
as:0.1(0.2) = 0.02 as:;e) :!+
an = 200(0.1)n-
t an = t8(i)'-'
u00 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerciscs
64. a4 = osf 66. ar =5, r=0.2
1:6r+r=* en : at r-,: r(+)'-'
a3:at*==t g- ,,\;ll\2 1n : 63 : 216
4n: arf'-r : lKl1\n-t
'\6/
/rt'
2n f1)'-':2rut-ti1 ,-
:t
,}216\6/ r, [rr:25e'2
\e/
: 1-3s : l2l
5
68. )lt-t 70..4 ,r(-+)"-' :7.5
:1
f l3
5 l5
72. 74. ) Zqo.z)i-r :25
-
n:o
76.,fl r(f)'-' : r4s3.so4 78.:(i)'-':#=t
& rI
80.
_er.r(*)--':reD:f; 82. ) rv .tr n<<\i_.
sz,ooo(t.055;t- t : 32,000161
(l.o55vor
- $4,371,379.65
. ry)'
r (t *o'iF)'
m\
A:,1roo(r = roo(r .
84.
ry) _ 0.065
- I "= $16,931.53
t2 I
t6. l. When n: L,r = ftt * 3) = 1.
2. Assumethatl +
|*z *]. . *)W+ l) =f{* * ry.*"o,
r *|* z *]* ... *
f,o+ r) + )<* * zl = lrr * q * * |1*
2,1
: k(k+3) +2(k+2\
4
_t&+5k+4
4
_(&+tx&+4)
4
=q+&+ l) + 31.
Thus, the formula holds for all positive integers n.
1f01 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
tt. t. Whenn = l,a * 0 . d : a :** *g- t)d)= a.
i- I
2. Assume tfrat j(o t kd) = ju + (i - l)d], usrng i as the induction variable. Then,
l-O 2
i+t-l
il't' * kd\ = P" *(t - l)dl + la + idi
*-O
_2io + i(i - r)d + ?n + 2a _za(i + D + aG + L, _ ft r Ar".
2 z--=ff)w+a'
Thus, the formula holds for all positive integep n.
$ n2 _ 1o(lo + lx2o + 1) _ 38s
*. #ro
9 ns =G(72)(2 12 - -
6-2_+ tz t)
- iZq_(ag)
,.
'- #r'- 12
= \22Or
94. a, =/(1) = -3
az=dt-2(2)--J-4=-7
dt= -7 - 2(3) = -J - 6: -L3
d4 = -L3 - 2(4) : -13 - 8 = -2L
4s: -2! - 2(5) = -21- 10 : -31
n:L2345
. ani -3 -7 - 13 -21 -31
firstdifr€rences: -4 -6 -8 -10
second differencqs: -2 -2 -2
Q,uadratic model
%. ar =/(l) = I
Oz=2-4r=2-l=l
dt:3-oz:2
at:4-2=2
as=5-2=3
n':12345
aoill223
firstdifferences:0I01
seconddifferenccs: I -1 I
Neither lincar nor qua&atic
IlVz PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
9t. ncs -- 792 roo. (li) : *crz: el
lO2. The 8th entry in the 9th row is 36. 104. The 6th entry in the 10xth row is 252.
106. (3r +f)'= (3xI + 7(3x)V +21(3r)5$)2+35(3xY(f)3 + 35(3r)3(y')4 +2r(3x)2(f\s +7(3x)(f)" +tg)'
: 2187f + 5103.4P + 5103t'y' + 2835frq + 945frq + 189f),r0 | Ztryrz a rr+
'*.(; -
*)': (3).* u(J)'t-*r * + zo}'eu'
"f)'t-*r,
* ,r(?)'r-rr. * u(?)t-rli + (-3r)6
:# -#.ry - $2o + 4sffi* - zsr6r + 72sr
1r0. (4-5i)3:43 -3(4)\5t +3(4X5t2- (5t3 112.23 = Scharacters
=64-z40d-30o+125i
= -236 - lLSi
ll4. (26)(26) (10) (26) (2/i) Q6) = 118,813,760licenses Iirc. 19,958,4O0 permutations
#l2,,=
lt'. trcz:#:#:55ways 120. o,Cc
: lD,453,34ways
ffi : *
I
122.
n(s) +:
P(E):n9: 5! r2o '24
(:)(il(il(il(3)(il : # :
I f)uc)(4c)Gc) _^^
:W
126. P(2pairs)
GrCr)
O.M75
-= v'v 12t hobability of sclecting a club: t
Probabilityof notselectingaclub: t - l: I
130. True. : (n * 2)(n + I) 132. The domain is the set of positive integers
ry
134. Answers will vary. See pages 629 and 638.
136. 56: I30+70+ 4O=?.6 138. When0 < r< l,ar=a^_r!) lon_r.
S, = 2A + 130 a 79 = l.Q$ 140. Alternating and tending to 0. Marches (a)
Ss : {{6 + 2& + 130 : 810 142. Alt€Nnating and greater than 0. Matches (c)
Ss = 810 + 440 t ?.40 = I49O 144.. If n is even, the expansion are the same. If n is
odd, the expansion of (-.r + y)n is the negative
s,o : 1490 + gl0 + 440:274A ofthatof(x - y)'.
rtn. r_?=+.
CHAPTER I.O
Topics in Analytic Geometry
Section 10.1 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas . 1104
Section 102 Ellipses . ' 1108
Sectionl03 Hyperbolas ....1114
Secfion 10.4 Rotation and Systems of Quadrdtic Equations . . 1118
Section 105 Equations
Paramefic . . ll8,
Section 10.6 Polar Coordinates . 1134
Soction 10.7 Crraphs of PolarEquations ... . 114{)
Scction 108 Polar Equations of Conics ... . 1145
Review Exertises . 114E
1103
CHAPTER 1O
Topics in Analytic Geometry
Section 10.1 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.*-2y 4. Y2 = lzx 6.(x+37:-2(y-ll
Vertex: (0, 0] Vertex: (0, 0] Vertex: (-3, 1]
p:r>0 P:3>0 p: -* .0
Opens upward. Opens to the right. Opens downward.
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (f). Matches graph (c).
8. y - 2f =+ * - -b - 4(-rt)y 10. !2 : 3x ==+ +G), 12, x*y2:0
Vertex: (0, 0] Vertex: (0, 0] y2:-)c:+(-il.
Focus: (0, -*) Focus: (i,o) Vertex: (0,0]
Directrix: y : * Direcfrix: x : -i Focus: (-i,o)
Directrix: x :i
14. (x + 5) +0 -
1)2:'0 16. (r+ L)':4b- l)=+ p:1
(y - r)r: -(r + 5) -- 4(-iltr + s) (-1, r)
Vertexr
Vertex: (-5, l) Focus: (-l,r + : (-i,z)
. 1)
Focus: (- s - l, r) : (-7, i Directrix: y : Q
Directrix:.tr - -5 + i : -*
-l
-2
-3
4
-5
u04
1105 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
18.4x-y2-2y-33 -0 20.y2-4y-4x:0
y2*2y* I -4x-33 + y2-4y+4-4x+4
(Y + rJ': a(11(x - 8l (Y - 2f': a(11(x + ll
Vertex: (8, - l] v Vertex: (- I ,2f
Focus: (9, - 1] I Focus: (0,2)
:
Directrix: x 7
6.t
Direcftix: x : -2
22.f-2x+8y+9-0 24.y2-4x-4-0
f-2x+1--8y-9+l y2-4x+4-4(11(x+ll
(x-lf':-8(y+11 : 4(-21(y * 1l Vertex: (- l, 0]
Vertex: (1, - 1] y Focus: (0, 0]
Focus: (1,-3] Directrix: x :' -2
Directrix: y : I
-i--+--+--i-- -+-'1"'+-.1.-.1-.t+ r
-4 -3 -2 -l 3456
'-2
26. Y2 : 9x, y
Y: '8:3{x
28. Point: (-2,6J 30. Focus: (2, Ol + p - 2 32. Focus: (0, -21 + p : -2
x:ay2 y2 : 4px 1P' : 4py
-z : a(6)2 Y2 : 8Jr' *--8v
-::"-tu2
-1_
34. Directrix: y - 3 ) p : -3 36.Directrix: rc: _3 +p:J
x2 : 4py YP : 4px
x2: -l2y Y2 : L2x
38. Vertical axis, passes through (- 3, - 3)
x2 : 4py
(-3)' : 4p(-3)
g: -l}p+p:-3
x2 : +(-i)v
x2 : -3y
1106 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. Vertex: (5, 3] ==+ h - 5, 42. Vertex: (3, -3] ==+ fu - 3,
k-3 ft- -3
Passes through: (4.5, 4) Passes through: (0, 0]
(v-Elz:4P(x-hl (x-h)':aPg-lr1
(v - 3f':4p(x - 5l (x-313:4P(Y*31
I : 4p(4.5 5] 9 = I2p
p:-L p:?
(Y - 37': -2(x - 5l (x-3f':3(Y+31
44. Vertex: (- I,zf ==+ fu - - 1, k : 2 46. Vertex: (-2, \f + h= -z,ft-
Focus: (- 1, 0] =+ p : -2 Directrix: x- 1=+ p: -3
(x - hf': aP1 - ftl (y-klz=4p(x-hl
(x+ If':4(-21(Y-2) (y 1l' : 4(-31(r - (-2ll
(x+ ll': -8(Y -21 (v rf' : -12(x + 2J
4E. Focus: (0, O); Directrix: y : 8 =+ p : -4 50. x2 + l}y: Q :=t !t: -Lrrf
11- 0,k - Q,
x * y - 3 : Q ==+ !z= 3 - x
Using the fiace or intersect feature,
(t - h)': aP(Y - e)
the point of tangency is (6, -3].
x2=4(-4Xy-4)
a
x2: -16(y - 4) \
\,,,,
- \
-4
52. 2y:* y: -2fr2, (2, - 8)
/r\ r
*\r), x2: -b:4(-*)y+ p: -t-Focus:(0,-t)
-
4:i +b
e:, d2= JA: qi + (-g + i)': tI
dr:dz==+$ +b:98 1fi- 8
Focus: (t,i)
-8 - 8
rn:24: .r
-b
d,: t_ b
Y : -Br + 8
dz: (-3 - ol, .(7-)' :J Intercept: (t, O)
;- b:5
b__22
m: -o/2J - Q/2) = _3
0+3
Tangentline: y=-3x-?=+
2
6r+ 2Y*9=0
r-intercept: (-1, o)
\zl
1107 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
ft : 37& - Ir' is a maximum (25,515) atx : 135 units.
OI
o
(a) (b) (r - 012 : apg - 0l
*-4pv
At (60,20J: 602 = 4p(201 :> p : 45
* = a@Sb
x 0 20 40 60 *
r
tt-
180
v 0 4 88 20
60. Vertex: (0,0] 62,y: -0.08x2*x+4
)P : 4px (a)
Poinfi (1000, 8001
80@:4p(10001 =+ p:160
)P : 4(160h
Y2 : 640x
(b) The highest point is approximately (6.25,
7.125J. The range is approximately 15.69 feet.
64.y--"I9r**s
550 miles per hour : 806.67 feetper second.
y: -==!-6 =*, +' 42,0ffi
g06.6P*
y=0=+
#f =42,OOO
f = 1,708,115,666.6'l =+ N = 41,329.3'l feet
6. True
68. t 10, +5, t2,+ l, **, *L
70. t22,tll,tL,tl, i+,t+, *3,4
110t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section I0.2 Ellipses
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
*
it2- g'4*!' 4.'v2* . (x+2)2 -, (y +2)z :
6'
- I 44+ -- I r
t +
Center: (0,0) Center: (0,0) Center i (-2, -2)
a: 3,b - / Circle of radius: 2 Horizontal major axis
Matches graph (f). Matches graph (e).
Horizontal major axis
Matches graph (c).
*,r" *'*t
8r L44: I
10.
x2y
A+ fr:1
Center: (0, 0) Center: (0, O)
a: Lzrb:9rc: -M: G:3Jj a: 8,b: -B=2firc: 1m- $
Foci: (0,* 3Ji) Foci: (t0, O)
Vertices: (0, ilz) Vertices: (t8,0)
e: 3J1 rt v84
63
n:T
o:-:-
12-@-=4),
Lio
n
*01_3):1 16
Centeri (4, -3)
a:4,b:26,c: 'ffi-2
Foci: (4, -3 * 2);(4, - 1),(4, -5)
Vertices: (4, - 3 t a); (4, 1), (4, -7)
2l
e:4:1,
flUD PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14.ry*V:r
a2 = r,b2:i,"r:1
Centeri (-2, -4)
Foci:
l-r*8
L+
\
I Z,-4)
Vertices: (- I , -4), (-3, -4)
e:T6
16.9(*'-6x +9) +4bf + lqy +25): -37 +81 + 100
9(r-l)'+4(y *512:144
(x - s)z * (y
l=5)' : I
16 36
Center: (3, - 5)
a:6,b:4rc: .rm:25
Foci: (9, -s ! 2'.B)
Vertices: (3, -5 * 6):(3, 1), (3, -ll)
e:' 2.rE:T.16
6
18. 3(r'+ 6x + 9) + bz - 2y + 1) : 8 + 27 + 1
3(x+3)2 +(y- l)'=36
(* 3)'
!t2
+0 -==r)' I 36
:
Center: (- 3, 1)
a:6,b=2$,c: ffi=ZJG
Foci:(-g,t t2-B
Vertices: (- 3, It 6); (- 3, 7), (-3, - 5)
e: 2J6
6 :-3-
-re
1f10 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. (*' -6x + e) + +(t'+ 5y . T) - / + s - zs
(x-3)2+o(r*])':i6
l.r)'
(r=,3)'-\Y*-2,
369 -l
Center,
/ _I\
13, Zt
a: 6,5 : 3, c : J664 : A : g-,fr
r*i'(lt3{3,j)
\
verticer, (r, -]),(-r, -)
o:
v2
fi
9* * 25y2 - 36x - 50Y + 61 : Q
9(* - 4x * 1) : -61 + 36 + 25
+ 4) + 25bP - 2Y
9(x-2)r+25(y-1)2:0
Degenerate ellipse with center (2, l) as the only point
2a^
iac
*' * !' :1 )r:
4 '3
a:Zrb: 6rc:1 lz=
Center: (0,0)
Vertices: (2, 0),
Foci: (1,0), (-
(
1,0)
-2, O)
a \
I
\
-2
1111 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26. 36'2 *9y2 *48x - 36y + 43 - 0
r44\
rcl* t,V* s) +e(y2-4y+4): -43 + 16 + 36
\
lx+(2/3)12 -(y-2)2 _ l
U4 - -l-:
I
a2: l,b2:tOrr':1 a
Center: (-?)
Foci: (- ?,r.4)
3'- * 2 ) 0
Vertices: (-?,,),(-?')
28. Vertices: (+2,0) + a:2 Vertices: (0, t8) =+ a: 8
: 4
Foci: (0, *+) ==+ c
Endpoints of minor axis, (0, -:) ==+ b =:
b2:a2-c2=&-16:4g
** I
Center: (0, 0) = (h, k)
o'* u': (Y - k)2 (r - h)2
*y2 T+ vf:l
22 ' (t/z)z '
-J--L--r v2f
I
*4f &' 48
7* g:1
32. Foci: (*Z,O) =+ c = 2 34. Major axis vertical
Major axis length: 8 ) 4
- Qp Passes through: (0, 4) and (2, O)
b2:aP-C-16-Q,--12 a - 4,b - 2
*,f fv2
7- ur:1 b2'aL
fv2 *yz
I TT--:I
G* 12: 416
36. Vertices: (4,I4) ==) a - {
Center: (4, 0) ==+ h - 4, k - 0
Endpoints of minor axis: (1, 0), (7, 0) ==> b : 3
(r-h)'-(y-k)2 _,
-T -- I
bz o,
(x-+)z
g _,f
-.G:l
lttz PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
38. Vertices: (0, - 1), (4, - 1) ==+ a - 2 40. Foci: (0, 0), (4, 0) ==+ c : 2, h : 2, & : 0
Centeri (2, -1) =+ h - 2,k: -1 Major axis length: 8 =+ a : 4
Endpoints of minor axis: (2,0),(2, -2) + b - I b2:a2-c2:16-4-L2
(* - h)' (y -_k)' _ (, - h)' (y -_k)z _
a2
+ I * 1
6z a2'62
(*-2)2*(y+l)2_l (*-2), +t:l
41 16 L2
42. Center: (2, -1) + h- 2,k: -1 44. Center: (3,2): (h,k)
vertex, (r,)\ =+ a:;
a:3c
\ Ll :+ c :2,a-
Foci: (1,2),(5,2) 6
Minoraxislength:2 + b- I
b2:a2-c2:36-4-32
(x - h) - k)2 _
-(y r (* - h)' (y -_k)2 _
bz-o'r 'a2b2 * I
(*-2)', (y* L)' (x-3)2 *(y-2)z
I (3 /2),
36 32
1
- 2)'+a0 ! D' :1
(x-*-:l
9
46. Vertices: (5, 0), (5, 12) +a : 6 48. Vertices: (0,t8) + a:8,h:g,ft:0
e:;--1c
Endpoints of the minor axis:
(0,6),(10,6) + b:5 -za
Eccentricity:
Center: (5, 6) =+ h - 5, k - 6
(x - h)' (y - k)'
L:g
28
b2'a2 c-!,
\
(*- 5)'
-4-:1, *-:1
(y - 6)'
b2:c2-a2 :64 16:48
25 36
fv2
-+--1
6z a2
fv2
-- +L: I
4864
50. (a) 52. ?n:36.23 + a: 18.115
e :. 9 : O.g'l =+ c: (18.1l5)(0 .g7): 17.57155
a
b2 : a2 - c2 : 18.1I52 - 17.571552 = 19.39
The equation of the ellipse is:
*.y2- :
(b) center: (0,0), a - 4O,b : 30 (tt, - rg3g
i
x2,!2 f"r - !'
iF+ fit:1 (tullelliPse) -r
h,-x'z
Y:3oV 6 (toPhalf)
(c) If x: 35, then y: roffi: t4.szfeet.
1113 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. Let f b the center of the earth and one focus of the ellipse.
Let C be the center of the ellipse.
2a - + 938 + 2(6378) : 13,906 +
212 a: 6953.
Also, 212 + 6378 * c : a- c : 363
Then e_ca _+:o.052
695'J
(Not drawn to scale)
t+!':l 9x2*4y2:36
41
a:2,b - l,c: fi x2IJr-t y2 I
Points on the ellipse: (t2,0), (0, t l)
49 -
a:3,b :2,c: 6
Length of latus recta ,'u' :2(!)' : l Points on the ellipse: (t2,0), (0, t3)
Additional
. lo- t(t t= 1\
points: - Jr, t;), Jr, Length of latus recta:
zbz
:' '=" : 9
l l ";)
Additional points:
F:",
-*),1 *:,i;
F{i,*) ($,+)
,
(-6,-*) ($,-+)
60. False. This equation is not second-degree in y. 62. True. The ellipse is inside the circle.
(a) The length of the string is 2a.
(b) The path is an ellipse because the sum of the distances
from the two thumbtacks is always the length of the string,
that is, it is constant.
66. Arithmetic: fl - -ll 68. Geometric: r:2
70. an : dn * c : dn * (a, - d) : 3n + 10
72.a4:M+c:9.5
ar-d*c-5
subtracting, 3d = {.J -; d - 1.5
ar:dn*(or-A: l.Sn* (5 1.5):3.5+ L.Sn
74.
6
3n : 1093 76.:i o(i)"-' :, 15.099
n>o ,
1114 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 10.3 Hyperbolas
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. Center: (0, O) 4, Center: (- I,2)
a: Srb :3 a': 4rb:3
Vertical ffansverse axis Horizontal hansverse axis
Matches graph (c) Matches graph (d)
y2*1
6.t--4--r
\t"
9 2s 91 t
Center: (0, O) a : 3rb : 1,
a:3,b:5, c: 1fg: A c: jEQ: .,/[0
Center: (0,0)
Vertices: ( t 3,0)
Vertices: (0, t3)
Foci: (*fi,0) Foci: (0,*...[o)
Asymptotes: y : I3x
AsY$Ptotes: Y:*2r:tit
ro.
* -)!---r Lat
:?\2
r2- lM -b;=2)':l
364 25
a:6,b = 2, Center: (- 3,2)
c:ffi:Z.,,ffi a : Lz,b: 5, c : L3 .
Center: (0,0) Vertices: (- !5,2), (9,2)
Vertices: (+6, 0)
Foci: (*zJo, o) Foci: (- 16, 2), (10,2)
Asymptotes: y :.| Asymptotes: y - / t, *b : 3)
1115 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
14.
qig - ('l3)'- I
4G
Center: (- 3, 1)
l, I lrr.'6
t-
'-:-:
a: r'D: 4't: v4 L6 4
vertice'' ( - 3,i),( - r, ;)
Foci: (-r,t -f)
I,
Asymptotes: y: 1ti(x:3) : I t2(x- 3)
I
4
16. * - 9y':36y - 72 - 0
f -9(y2-4y -4):72 36
*-9(v-2)':36
*_ry:,
a:6rl - 2rc: ,ffi:2",ffi
Center: (O,Z)
Vertices: (tl,Z)
Foci: (*2,,ffi,2)
Asymptotes: y :21-5
J
lE. L6f-*:?l---fl'y:63:Q
l6(f -4y:4) (*-?x:1): -63:64-
r23
16(Y:2)2 (x-1)-0 -l
1)
Degenerate hlperbola is two il,;:'-"llT"; -2
6y2 - 3x2 : 18 0
y2 x2
=
36- -: I \LI
-+rt{*-
a= $, 1- J6,c :3
Cepter: (0,0)
r-|\-€
Vertices: (0, * 6)
Foci: (0, tl)
Asymptotes: y: *fi-: ***
1116 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22. 9*-f=54x=lOy=55=Q
9(f : 6x: 9) (y' 10y = 25): -55 = 81 25
(x:3)2_(y-5)'_r
w-t:r
a:,
1fr t,c: --
i,U =
10
Center: (-3,5)
vertices: (-t * *,t)
\ 5l f \
Foci: (-t*
v - 4,s)
-2
\ 3 t
Asymptotes: ): 5 t 3(x : 3)
U.a=Zrc=J 26. Vertices: (0, t3) ==+ a- 3
b2:&-a2:21 + S:.n Asymptotes: y:*3x =+ 9b - j,b : r
t--t'-l Center: (0, 0) : (h, k)
42L- (y --k)' _ (*
;=h)' = I
a2F
f-*-,
28. Foci: + c = 10
(t10,0) 30. Vertices: (2,3'), (2, -3)=+ a = 3
3b3m Center: (2,0)
AsymPtotes: Y: *7:=+ Foci: (2,5),(2, -S) =+ c = 5
;: G
c2 = a2 = bz + l(X) : (3m), : (4m)2 b2:&-a2:25-$:16
100 : ?5m2 (y - k)2 _@;=o)'
=I
2:m a2 b2
a=4(2)=8 t _@-2)':1
916
$-3(2)-$
t-t:r
a2B
u36
32. Vertices: (-2, L), (2,1)+ a : 2
Center: (0, 1)
Foci: (-3, 1), (3, 1) + c: J
b2=&-&-9-4:5
(, - _ (y :-k)' _ 1
a2V
=h)'
t--(v-l)2-,
45r
ttt7 PART III: Solutions to Even-Nirmbered Exercises
Y. e : 2, Center: (0, l) 36. Center: (1,0), a : 2
_(y - l)'
x2 v2 l)' :
4 T=r -
|
-(*-
4F' I
Solution poinr (5,4): Solution point: (0, J5)
2l_ : g
I
51.
4b2' 4b2'
---:l
2:21 ll
b24 b24 -> b:2
-=-
b2 =Y: l? t-_(r-.r)'= I
2t7 44
t--0-l)t-l
4-Jr[: I
\7/
3& Centcr: (3, - 3), a: 3 40. Vertices: (3,0), (3,4) =+ a = 2
y: r - 6r! = -x
Asymptotes:
3 '
Asymptotes: y =
!,, - { - ?,
I =?, a2
D=;:> b=3 ;=; ==+ b=3
(Y=s)z Center: (3,,2) : (h,k)
99 -(r.3)'=l (y-k)2 _(x-h)2 _
: r|
"' b,
(y-2)2 _l
_(x-3)2-=r
4 g
42. Foci: (t 150, 0) -) c : 150 44, * - y2 - (;: 4y:9:0
Centcr: (0, 0) = (h, k)
l- lrC= I
d"-d,
1 )a :
rg6,000 lg6,(no = o'(x)l 186, a = 93 A = C =) Circle
F-&-&-l5G-932=l3,g5l
** i
w-ifi3r=
f - gtdr=E
\-
\:
tg,ssr)
12'16r
x - 110.3 miles
111E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
46.4*-y2-4x-3-0 48. 4* * * 8x -
3y2 24y + 5l : Q
A: 4,Q - -1 A: 4,Q - 3
Ac AC: 4(3)
+ Hyperbora : 12 > 0 =+ Ellipse
=-:;:i
50.25y'- 10x-z0[a,- 119-0 e:c -ffi a
A:25,C:0 'z.True.
AC:25(0):0+Parabola
54. L€t (r, y) be such that the difference of the distances from (c, 0) and (-c' 0)
is 2a (again only deriving one of the forms).
2":1.ffi,ffi|
u+ffi:m
4oztp4o.1ffi +(r- ")r+f :(x* c)r+f
4"m = Q,sx- 4aP
t\* ".ffi:cx.-02
?*x * c2 * f) : H - ?icx * d
-
ar(&-az)=(&-a\*-aT
tett :W-
=& - &.T:rg.fl,c
"ye | = 5-#
56. (f -3x2) - (6 -2x-4x2)- f *x2+b - 6 5E. -2 0-3 4
-2 4-2
1-2 1 2
f -3x*4 --2-Jr*l 1++ 2
x+7:xz-2x+ x+2
60. f I6x-x(x2- 16)-x(x-a)(*+4) 62. 2f - vlx2 + 72x : - Lzx + 36)
?-x(x2
: 2n(x - 6)2
t6x3 + s4 --:'ff
: ;Lz - Gx + s)
Section 10.4 Rotation and Systems of Quadratic Equations
Solutions to Even.Numbercd Exercises
2. Q - 45"; Poinfi (3, 3)
x: r/cos e - y'sin 0 - ll : x' cos 45" - y'sin 45"
y :x, sin 0 +y, cos 0 - l, = xt sin 45o * y'cos 45"
Solving the system yields (r', y) : (l-,,8,0).
1119 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4. Q - 60"; Poinfi (5, 1)
x :.r'cos e - y'sin
0 It : x, cos 60' - y, sin @o
-
y -x'sin e +y'cos 0 =o Ll : x'sin60" * y'cos60o
solving this system yields (*', y ) = (ry, ry).
6. ry-2:O
A=0,8-L,C:Q
cot2o:+- o ==+ ,t:t=+ o:X
r: r'cos oo
- r'sin f, ,.Tr..Tr
y:x'sini+y'cos;
:.'(+\:v(+\
-\21 :.'(*)*v'(*)
\21
x'-y' x'+y'
fi J2
F
ry-2:a
(+)(ry)-2:Q
(*)'-(y')'_o:z
2
(*)' _(y')'- l
I
4 T:
t. ry*x-2y+3 -0
A:0,8-t,C:Q
cot20 : AC
"r- l'sinf, i+ /"orf,
x:x'cos y =r'sin
:.'(9-v'(9 --.'e)*v'e)
_x'-y'
o o
-x'+y'
xy*x-2y+3:$
:Q
:Q
: -6 + (*)'
F'- *)',-p'* *y:-10
(r'-OY
Q'.*)', \. 2l :1
10 l0
ll20 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
- 16 : 0
10. 13/ + 6',frry + 7f
A: L3,B :6#,C:7
ACl
cot?Q: B :Tl==> ,u:t=+ e:i
" 7f
x:*'cos?6 - Y'smA y: ,.7r..7*
x'sinA Y'cosA
:x(z)-Y(rl
''6' "l' 'l' *'rt2)
- x'(;\ v't-.l
\ / \./ \-/
_ -frx' - y'
2
:Tx'+ .,fry'
13/+6-frxy+7f-16:0
"(#)' + o,o(\- Y)(+) .'(+)' -'u : o
39(x')2 . L3(y')2 . l8(x)z , l}.,Ex'y' 6{3x'y'
l3{3x'y' T-T-=-
24444
-
18(y)'
+7(*)' *7.,,6x'y' +21(y'\' - 16 :0
4424
l6(x )2 + ab)z : 16
(x)'+(v)' :l
l4-
12.?*-3ry-2f+10:0
A = 2,8 - -3, Q - -2
cot11:Al'B3 = -: + Q=7!.57o
cos zo = -i 5
sin0:
r-(-4/s) _ 1:
2fr
r+(-4/5)__l
cosQ-
2fr
x: x'cos 0- y'sin0 y: x'sin 0 + y'cos 0
:.(*) -,'(# :.'(ft) .''(#)
x' - 3y' 3x' * y'
fr
- .---...-:- -- Jl0
-
,(#f -,(#)(,H,,)T4W.i:=:
ry -ry.ry -ry.#. Y -ry -Y -Y*,o =o
-!.r +!fl'= -ro
Y-ff='
tt2l PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
14. l6f - 24xy * 9y' - 6Ox - 80y + 100 - 0
A
: A-C : 7
cot20 --1
24
=+ Q- 53.13o
cos 20: -7
25
sin0: I- cos20 _
2
m4z
,,1 :5
cosQ-P: r+(4/2s)_3
25
x- x'cos
- x(il -v'(i)
e- y'sin0 y: x'sin 0 + y'cos 0
:''(1) *Y'(;) :ry
16* - 24ry + %P - 6p4- 8Oy + lfl) = 0
,,W) - u|r::-u)(t+t) .,(Y#f - oo(r::_u;
-s{ry) *roo=o
LM(x)2 384x'y' . 256(y')2 _ 288(x)2
- - l68x'y' 288(y)2 __ L44(x)2 _ 2l6x'y'
25 25-.zs zs=zs-.25.'2s-25
81( v12
+
T - 36x'+ 48y'- 64x'- 48y'* lm - 0
25(y)2- 100x'+ 100:Q
(v )' - 4(x' - 1)
16. 9* * ?llry * l6y2 * 80r - 60y - 0
A:9,fr - 24,Q: 16
A- c 7
cot20 =
B
--24 =+ Q:53.13"
cos 20 : 7
25
sin0:
!
m42 :5
cos 0-
!
m32 :5
x : r'cos 0 - y'sin 0 y: x'sin e + y'cos 0
:- -,/1\ .,,/1\
Jt :x'(i) *Y(il
\s/ ' \s/
=5 -
3x' 4y'
:4xi * 3y
5
9* * * * - :
'W)' + ,{*)(ry) .'.(ry)' * so(zu; - {oT-) :'
24ry l6y2 80x 6qy Q
-CONTINTIED-
ll22 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16.
-CONTINUF'I)-
8l(x)2 _ 2I6x'y' _ 14(y)' _ 288(x)2 l68x'y' 288(y')2,256(x)2,384x'y'
25 zs-* 2s - zs 2s.'2s-2s
-r, ..-.-.-.::-
l44,(y')z
25
+ 4Eg^'- 64x'- 4U'- 36x': Q
25(x)2 - l00y'= 0
(*')' - 4!'
1
f)2: v'
f&.t'-4xYr2f=10
A=I,B=-4,C=2
A-C L-2
cprtZfl: --:-
I
B-44
I :!
t^n20 4
tan20 =4
20 = 75.96
0: 37.98"
To graph conic wi0r a graphing calculator, we necd to solve fory in terms of x.
*-4xY+2Y2:10
D
12
f -z.xy+*-5 -*+f
2 . . . . . . .-/
/-
(Y - x)2: J +t2
G
:
-/ -12
y-r:t
y: r t +-f2
Entery,:r+ Gand!z:x- *-*2
20. N* + 36xy + zfiP : 52
A: 5,fi - 36,C = 25
cotzo:A=-c -4a:-25:+
83612
tan20 12
:uarrze:+
5
20 = 67.38"
Q = 33.69"
Solve for y in terrns of r by completing the square:
-{ONTTINUED-
rI23 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
20. COI\TII{T]ED-
zrP + 36xy =52-4012
f+ ,fl :;-T{
36 52 40
,,36
t 3V4n 52 40..3244
* ozs*: +
Y- 2
Tsry zs- T{o 62{'
('* fr')'= 1300 - 676f C\
y*T{-t
18 1300 - 676* \
-2
J
v- -l8xtM
Entery, --L8*+ ffi)5 I
- ano lz: -t8r-M
22. 4* - r2ry + %P + (+fr - rz)x - (o,Ftt + 8)y : 9l
A: 4,fr - -12,C = 9
it2o:o B c:4.?-5
-12 t2
l5
t"n20: 12
tan20 =Y5,
20 : 6l .38"
Q: 33.69"
r with the quadratic formula:
Solve for y in t€rms of
4* - r2xy + %P + (+,8 - r2)x - (oJi5 + 8)y: sr
%P - (tu + ofr + 8)y + (+* * 4.,,8x - r2x- el) - 0
a - 9, b -- -0u + o.B + 8), - 4* + 4.F3x - rbc - 9t
"
Y: -b*.ffi zt
Lzx+6-re+8 (Lzx + O,E + 8), - 4(g)(4* + 4",8x - - 9l)
v: LZn
_(tu + o.,E + al r, J6?A, + saos + s6..,8 It
18
Entery, -tu+o-B+g+ 18
.^/
l2x+0,,8+8- 624x + 3808 + 96lre (-/ -
and lz: 18 -c
IIA PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbe'red Exercises
24.*+2rcy*y'-0 26,f-ry*3y'-5:Q
(x+ Y)2:0 A:lrB:-1rC:3
x*Y:0 sz - 4AC : (-1), - 4(lX3) : -tl
y:-x The gaph is an ellipse.
The graph is a line. Matches graph O). t -,' :/
B = -1 - + Q:!3.ZBo
cot20:A:-C
Matches gaph (a).
2E. *-4xy+4rP+10x-30:0
A: l,B: -4,C:4
sz - 4AC : (-4), - 4(lX4) : Q
The graph is a parabola.
A C 1-4
cot}o:'t::i:; 3
=+ Q: t2.66"
Matches graph (c).
30. (a) g2 - 4AC = (- 8)' - 4(lx -2) : 72
(b) -2yz - 8ry * (x'- 6) : Q
8rtffi
-4
(c)
1
al
-12
32. (a) 3z - 4AC - 42 - 4(2x5) : - 16
Ellipse
(b) 5y' * (ax - a)y + (?-x' + 3x - 20) - 0
10
(+ - +x)*
10
(c)
s
o
\.,
\ J
4
tt25 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
34. (a) gz - 4AC: (-OO;, - 4(36X25) - 0 =+ parabola
(b) 25y2 + (9 - 60x)y + 36x2 - 0
ffix-gtm
(c) 4
-6
36.
(c) 2
(-.-
\ )
-2
3E. *+f-2x+6y+10:0 40. * - LOxy * y2 - Q
(* - 2x + l) + (f * 6y + 9) : -10 + I + 9 f - l0xy + 25'l'2 :25,lF - *
(x-l)2+(y+3)2:0 (y- 5x)2-Vl*
Point at (1, -3) y - 5r: t' .m
y :5x t 2,,ftx
4 y : (s t 2,,ft)*zlines
3
2
t
-4-34-l 1234
-z
-3 o (1, -3)
-1
1126 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
42. *- y2-8x*2W-7 -0==)(r+4)'+ (y- l0)2:109
* + 9y' + 8r + 4y + 7 : Q =+ (x + 4), +9(y + ?)' : +9
8t;, *Vty =g
8Y(Y + 3) :0
y:0ory=-3
Fory = O: * + 9(0)2 + 8r + 4(0) t 7 = 0
(x+7)(x*1)=9
x= -7,-L
ForY : -3: * + 9(412 + & + 4(-3) + 7 : 0
*+u*76=o
No real solution
Points of intersection: (-7,0), (- 1, 0)
44. *-4f- 2M-64y- 172='o+ (x-tglz-4(yr8)z: 16
L6 + 4f - 32f}- + gy - lffi : O + 16(.r - lO;z + 4(y + 8)2 = 256
17* -34ox * 1428 = 0
(t7x-238)(x-6)= 0
l:6 or x: 14
Whenx = 6: G - 4f - 20(6) - 64y - 172 = 0
-4rP - 64y - 256: S
f+l6v*64:o
(Y*8)z=0
y:-8
Points of interscction: (6, -E), (14, -8)
46. *+4f-?x- 8y+ I =Q:e (x-112+4(y-L)2:4
'* + 2x - 4y - l = o ::+ y = -*(r' t'1"
4P ::
;T;_,,
y=0ory=3
lVhcny = 0: t' + 4(0)2 - 2x - 8(0) + I = 0
*-2x*1=0
('r- 112=6
x: I
WhenY - 3: -* + 2x - 4(3) - I : 0
*-2,,gt13=0
No real solution
Point of intersection: (1, 0)
nn PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4t. l6y' -y2 +l6y-128:Q=+ l6xz -(y-8)2:&
f -48x-l6y- 32:0+ (y-8)2-48x:96
L6f 48x 160 - 0
16(*-3x-10):Q
(x - sXx + 2) - 0
-2
When : 5, y'- 48(5) ,; -tt;':;:
x
f - r6y - 272 - 0
y :8 r 4-8.
When x : -2: y2 - 48( -2) L6y - 32 : Q
Y2 - I6Y + @: Q
(y-8)2:o
y:8
Points of intersectionr (S, A + 4-n), (5, 8 - 4.n , (- z, g)
50.4**9y'-36y -0 /
*+9y 27:Q=+ *:27-9y
4(n -ey) +ef -36y -0
9y2-72y+108:Q
9(y-6Xy-2):Q
y:6 or !:2
When!:62 *:27 -9(6): -27
No real solution
When!:2: *:27 -9(2)-9
x=!3
Points of intersection: (3,2), (-3,2)
In standard form the equations are:
* (v-2)2:
g- I{
4 ,2
y= _;+3
52. f + * 6y - 5 :
2y'- 4x Q
x2-4x- y* 4=O =+ *-4x-y-4
y-4+2f*6y-5:Q
2yr+7y-9-0
Qy+e)(y-1)-0
9
Y = -, or Y = 1
WhenY:1: *-4x- 1+4:Q
(.r-3X"-l)-0
c:1or Jc:3
-{ONTINTTED-
lI2E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
52. --{ONTII\[UED-
When y :
2'
*-4x-(-il +4-o
x2-4x*r7:o
2
No real solution
Points of intersection: (1, 1), (3, 1)
In standard form the equations are: * : 1
# W
y:*-4x*4
5*-2,ry*5rz-12:0
x*y-1-Q==+y:l-x
5*-b(I -x)+s(l -x\2-12 -0
5*-2x+2* +5(1 -bc+*) L2:O
5* - ?n + 2* + 5 10x + 5f - 12 : 0
t2*-rh-7-0
x: 31.rf,
6
?+6 3 6
Whenx:
]ft v: i,3+6
l-
6
:
6
Whenx=
?6 y:1 3 6 3+6
Tt
poinborint€rsecti*' (u1, + ..@,1, - @), (fl, - J36),:(, . t@)
56. False. See Example 2.
58. In Exercise 10, the equation of the rotated 60. f(*) : : -2 -
z-x
ellipse is:
2-x =4
(*')'-(v)'- |
Intercepfi (0, 0)
l'4r Asymptotes: N :2,! : -2
A2:4 + a:2
b2:1 =+ [- 1
Length of major axis is ?n : 2(2) = !,.
Length of minor axis is 2b : 2(I) : ).
rt29 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
:
62.g(s) --* ffi. (a) AB:
tl -;lt-i 3l l-'2 -i:,1
Intercept: (0,
Asymptotes: sr : !2,y :
l)
0
(b) BA:
t-l 31[ -;] : t-i -lll
(c) A2: -;]
[ -;][ -]): [
-10
(a) AB : f,:
L-n -
?l 20
20 13J
(b) BA:
[-e -t49 ,3]
L" -1 lsJ
-2
(c) A2 : l-z
tuo 19 '3]
t -2 20)
6t. (3x - y)6 a- -5n 70.(gx+2y)t a-16,128
Section 10.5 Parametric Equations
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. x:t 4.x:t2
y: -1r: -|* y:t-2+t:y+2
Line through origin with negative slope. x: (y + 2)2
Matches (h). Parabola opening to the right. Matches (e).
6. x: )t+t:
'z
I
b 8. x: -z-fi+t - (+)' :+
\-21 4
y=d
J-': t-4
3
Y:3/4
Exponential curve on.r < 0. Matches (g).
J-: b-4
3
Hyperbola with vertical asymptote at x : /.
Matches (d).
1130 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerc,fses
10. x=4cos20,y-zsin0
(a) (d) cos
' ,,t
: sin2 0
0 _Tr _T 0 ! 7f ;:
2 4 4 2
!+t:l
x 0 2 4 2 0 44
v -2 -fi 0 & 2 Parabola
(b)
The rectangular version continues the graph
into the second and third quadrants.
(c) 3
_/
-9
12.x:trr=i, 14. x 3 - 2t,y :2 + 3t
=
y:r*I or x-2Y:O v:2+t/3-t\
''\ 2 )
,
3x*2Y-13:Q
1131 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. x=t,!:t3 18. x: {
y:x3 y:1 t
Y: I -*, x)0
20. x: lt - ll
y:t+2
Eliminatingtheparameter - t,t: y 2and
x: lr ll : l(y- 2)- ll : ly- 31.
x=,cos 0+x2=cos20
1 sin2 0+cos20:1 -*.f
y :3 sin o+t' :sin2 eJ
Ellipse
tl32 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
24. Jc = ezt 26. x: ln2t + d :2t + t:*d
y:d+y2:e2, y:2F:2(*r')':*ru
y2:x,y>o; y:&,x>o
28. 2
30. 2
I V
A
-2 -a
x=cos0
:2 sin 20 :4 sin 0cos 0 N:4+2cosfl-cos0- x-4
y
y2 : 16 sin2 0cosz Q - 16(1 - cos z llcos2 0 y:-l +zsin0+sin0-Y+2 I
y2:16(1 - x',Lrz - l6x2(l - x2J
(+\'* (+\':cos2 o+sin2 Q-
\2t\2t
(r- 4f2+ (y+ IJ2:4
Circle
32. 4 34.x:10-0.01d
Y : O'4t2
\ 35
/ \
-a \
x:sec0
y:tan0 -6
tanz 0 + I : sec2 0
y2+ I =x2
x2-y2=l
Hyperbola
1133 PART III: Solutions to Even-Nambered Exercises
36. Each curve represents a portion of the line y : x. 38. x:h*rcos0
(a) Domain: -@ <x < @ Y: k + rsin 0
Orientation: Left to right (x- hl :
(b) Domain: x)0 cos 4 Y - k- sin o
r
Orientation: Depends on r
(c) Domain: -oo<r<oo cosz o + sin2 o-& 12rza *0 --kf':r
Orientation: Right to left
(d) Domain: -@ <x< oo (r - hJ' + 0
Orientation: Left to right
- ft12: 12
40. x: h + asec 0 42. x= 1+(5 1l
Y:k+btan0 y:4+t(-2-41
*- h v-k
a
- sec a ' U :tan0 x:1+4t
y:4-6t
(r - hf' (y - kl'
sec2 0 - tanzQ - :1 (Solution not unique.)
a2 b2
44. From Exercise 38: 46. a -- l,c:2, 1- 1Gq2: 6
x:-3+3cos4 fu--3,r:3 From Exercise 40, x :, 6 tan 0, y : sec 0.
Y:l+3sin4 k- l,t:3
4E. y: x2 50. 10
s2. t0
C)(
Examples:
X=tr!:P
v vt
v.>
x:rt,y:it' I
I
-to -to
54. a
56. Matches (c). 58. Matches (a).
\
-a
(a) x: (cos35"]vor (c)
! : 'l * (sin 35']vot - l6tz
(b) ff the ball is caught at time f1, then:
90 : (cos 35o]vor,
4: 7 * (sin 35"]uorr - l6tr2. 0
9o :
'cos 35" -
ft=+ -3: (sin3s"l , L6tr2
Maximum height 22 feet
(d) From part (b), tr : 2.03 seconds.
=+ 16r r' : 90 tan 35o +3
+ tt : 2.03 seconds
+YO:-+
' trcos 35;
: 54'@ fvsec
rt34 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
62. False. It is the line y : r for x ) 0. ffi.5*+8:Q
'2--3
x - *rfri: *?-,,ffii
66. 4* * 4x - 11 : Q
JC: -4r. @_
8
-lr fr -r* 6
50
68.
).tz
n:l
: Rv 50(51) _
2
10,200
), (r* - r): 3oo(40) - try = I r,seo
72.jrt(;)'
Section 10.6 Polar Coordinates
Solutions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
2. Polar coordinates: l'0,9\ 4. Polar coordinates: (r, -i)
\-'21
--\2 t :r)'Y - !' sin\ 2 I - -4 -"-):r(+): -n
/1g) x:z"or(
x:+"or/g\
Rectangular coordinates: (0, -4] y:zsin( -I)=2(-+): -.n
Rectangular.coordinates: (O, - O)
1135 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
rhree additional poinrs: (t, - X),(- t ,+), Three additional points: (- r, ?)' (r' T),
(-',-+) ('' -f)
Three additional points: (tA,i), rhree additional points: (-3' +),(;,?),
(-ta,-?),(- s.,n,+) (1,-+)
14. Polar coordinater, (r, +)
x=2cos+:z(-+): -..fr
y:2sin+--2(-): -l
Rectangular coordinates: F -n, - l)
16. Polarcoordinates: (-r, -T): (r,f)
x=-3cos(T):-r( -):1
y=-3sin(T):-r( -+):+
Rectangular coordinates: (i,+)
1136 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
18. Polar coordinates: (t,?) (originl)
x:ocos+:Q
y:osin+-o
Rectangular coordinates: (0, 0)
20. Polar coordinates, (t8, - +)
|
x :1gcos\-;)- 0
3zr\
y: rasin( -+): 18
Rectangular coordinates: (0, 18)
22. Polar coordinates: (-3, - 1.57)
x - -3 cos(- I .57) : -0.0024
y : -3 sin(- 1 .57) : 3.000
Rectangular coordinates: (-0. W24, 3)
A. (r, 0): (-r, 7zr\
6 )+
,
(x,y) : (1.732,1.0) 26. (r, 0) : (8.25, 3.5) + (x, y) : (-7.726, -2.894)
: (Jl,r)
2E. Rectangular coordinates: (0, -5)
r :5, tan 0 undefir€d, 0 :
;
Porar coordinates: (t,T), ( - s,
;)
tt37 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
30. Rectangular coordinates: (-3, -3)
r-3.,n,tang: I,0:i
Polar coordinates: (t t, +),( -, O, X) -4 -3 -2 -l
-l
-2
-3
-4
32. Rectangular coordinates: (3, - 1)
r:j6, +l:../lb,
I
tano: -t'u: 7r
o
Polar coordinates: (-".m, 2.820), (fr, 5.961)
34. Rectangular coordinates: Q, -2)
.r: @,:Z{2
tand:-l -) e-T
Polar coordinates: (, n,T), (-, A,n
36. Rectangular coordinates: (5, L2)
r= uffi: l3,tan 0:*, t2
Q : 1.t76 l0
t
Polar coordinates: (13, 1.176), (- 13,4.318)
6
-6 -4 -2 246E
-2
38. (*,y): (-4,1) :> (r,0): (4.123,2.897') 40. (x, y) : (1.fr,3,n) + Q, 0): (6.0, 0.785)
42. (r,y) = (*, -i) + b, 0): (2.BZOI, - O.ZZ3S) M. (r,y) : (-8,0) ==+ (r,0): (8, rr) : (8,3.1416)
1l3t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
K.(a) *+y2-6x:O (b) x2+y2-8y:0
P-6rcos0:0 f - 8rsin 0: O
{r-6cos0)-0 r(r-8sin0)-0
r:6cos0 r:8sin0
4&(a) y:4 (b) !=b
rsing:4 rsin0:b
r=4cs9| r=bCSC4
50. (a) 3x-6y*2:0 (b) * 7Y -'2 =
4x Q
3rcos 0 - 6rsin 0 + 2: O 4rcos e + Trsin e - 2 = 0
r(3cos 0- 6sin0) r(4cos 0+ 7sin0) -2
r: -2 2
r: 4cose+7sin0
3cos 0- 6ti"0
52.(a) y:x G) f=2x
rsing: rcos g (rsin0)2 =2rcosfl
sing=cosg rsin20:2cos0
tang= t 2cos0_^_^^,
t=ffi=2cotocgeo
^7r
v=7
54.(a)(*+f)'-s(*-f):o 0) f-u-16=0
(P)2- 9(f 961s20 - fsin2g): g Psin2 0- 0- 16: O
Srcos
flP - 9(cos20- sin20)] = o P(L - cos20) -Srcos 0- 16:o
*lP - 9cos20]: Q *gos2 0* Srcos 0* 16: f
p=9eos20 (rcos0*4\z:rz
r:t(rcos0+4)
r:#or'=,*fu
56. r=4coso 5E. e=4
-3
rz = 4rens 0
x2+y2=4, tano=*T =--lE
x'+y2-4x=0
2=__fr
x
y* ''t3x=O
1139 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. r: l0 62, r:Zsec 0
f-100 rcos 0 - 2
*+y2:100 )c:2
il. 12: sin2 Q- 2sinOcos0 ffi. r : 3 cos20
12:"(r(, _ Lry r:3(cos2 0- sin20)
12
f : 3(* cos2 0 - P sirf 0')
14 : 2xy
(* + y2)3/2 : 3(* - y2) or (* + y2)3 : 9(* - y2)2
(*' + y\2: 2x!
68. r:# 70. r- 2cos e- 3sin0
r * rsin 0:2 r_
6
W*y_/ z(x/r) 3(y/r)
6r
*+)P:(2-y)' 7:
2x-3y
f+)P=4-4y*y2 r- 6
*+4y-4:0 2x-3y
2r-3y:6
r:8 74. 0-sT
6
r:2csc 0
72- g{ rsin 0:2
x2+y2:&
tanl= tan ry
o y:2
v__a y-2=0
x6 v
:
'f3Y -x
x * Jjy - o
78. False. For instance when r: 0 any value of 0 80. (a) Horizontal movement: x-coordinate changes.
gives the same point. Vertical movemenfi y-coordinate changes.
O) Horizontal movemenfi r and 0 bottt change.
Vertical movemenfi r and 0 both change.
(c) Unlike r and 0 , r and y measure horizontal and
vertical change, r€spectively.
A2. By Cramer's Rule, x: -*,! = #. t4. By Cramer's Rule, u --#,v --W,w: #.
E6.(*-3)to a=153,@0 EE. (3x - 2y| a: L5,L20
1140 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 10.7 Graphs of Polar Equations
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. Cardioid 4. Lemniscate 6. Limagon
8. r:16cos30
7f
0 - *:
z
-f - 16 cos(3(-0))
-r : 16 cos( 4e)
-r : 16 cos 30
Not an equivalent equation
Polar r : 16 cos(3(- 0))
axis: r:16cos(-30)
r:16cos30
F,quivalent equation
Pole: -r : 16 cos 30
Not an equivalent equation
Answer: Symmetic with respect to polar axis
10. r: 1-cos0
-
O
Polaraxis: r:#
v-:- rr4
2' --:' 1-cos(-l)
4
r:l-coso
Equivalent equation
-r:* 4
Not an equivalent equation
Pole: -r: l_*r0 Notanequivalentequation
r:@ 4
r:
@
4
4 4
r: I r: I r sin 0)
(cos ?r'cos 0 + sin zr sin 0) (cos 7r cos e - sin
4
r:
4
r: l +coso I + ,", 0 Not an equivalent equation
Not an equivalent equation Answer.' Symmehic with respect to the polar axis
rt4l PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
12.r:4-sin0 Pore: -":i equivalent equation
0:t,T r:4- sin(zr- 0) -il,: J'an
r : 4 - (sin ?rcos e + sin 0cos r)
r : 4 - (sin zrcos 0 - cos rrsin 0) r:4+sin0
r:4-sin0 Not an equivalent equation
Equivalent equation
: Answer Symmetric with respect to e : I
Polar axis: r 4 -
- sin( e) 2
r--4+sin0
Not an equivalent equation
-r = 4 - sin(zr - e)
-'r-4-sin0
. Not an equivalent equation
14. r:2csc 0cos e - 2cot0 16. P - 25 cos 40
0:itTT
-r-2cot(-0) 0 : 7r
(- r), : 25 cos[+(- 0)]
tt
r:2cot0 Equivalentequation f-25cos40
Polar axis: - r :'2 cot(n - e) Equivalent equation,
-r:2cot(-0) Polar axis: P - 25 cos[4(- d)]
r:2cot0 Equivalentequation P- 25 cos 40 Equivalent equation
Pole: r:2cot(tr* 0) Pole: (- ,)' : 25 cos 40
r:2cot0 Equivalentequation F- 25 cos 40 Equivalent equation
Answer Symmetric with respect to t : Answer; Symmetric with respect to 0 : !r,
t,
polar axis and pole. polar axis and pole.
lE. lrl : 16 + 12 cos 0l < 16l + 112 cos 0l 20. lrl : 15 sin 201
:6+l2lcos0l <18
cos Q- I
Maximum: lrl - s when Q --
I,T,T,+
0:0 kro: r : o when
Tr 3r
e : u'''I T'n'T''tn 'l',
Maximumt ltl : 18 when 0 - 0
2rr 4r
hro: r:owhenf,:T,T
42. Circle: r:2 A. Q- -;5rr
fr
7, Line
ll42 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
26, r= 3cos0 2E. r=2- 2sin0 30. r: 5 - 4 sin 0
Circle Cardioid Dimpled limagon
Radius: 1
2
center, (,1,0)
\4 I
32. r=4+ 5cos0 y. r : -sin 50 36. r= 3cos50
Limagon Rose curve Rose curve
fr 5 petals
.2
3t. r=0 40. 412. 2
Symmetric with respect
0:, fi A L
-'( Y
Spiral
-2
_41n. n<1lrr
v-
0s 0s2r
4 4
u. a 6. a 4t 1
/
'r)
L -12
L -12
) /
-a
0S 0<2n 0 0< 0S2n
1143 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
50. 2
52. 2 54. 12
( ) S. 2 ttll /
( \
-2
) )
-2 -12
0S 0<2r 0 0
I
56. 1
58. 0
60. a
alat
,) b,
J ,ES
taar(
(
-7
(
-6
m5 -4
0< 0<2r 0< 0<2n 0< 0<4n
ffi. I
62. I r:2+csc0:/+
sin 0
,rt\ 0< 0<a
rsinQ-2sine+1
r(rsin 0):2rsin 0 * r
\-, 7 @"f++Pityl:2y * (*ffi
-1
@'FAb- i:b
6ffiA-
J'
a
y- I
x2+Y2:#,
-r_ y2(3*2y-y2)
x3:
o-r)'z
The graph has an asymptote at y : 1.
66,, a
68. False. It has 16 petals. 70. False. For example, let
r: cos 30.
-1
72. The graph of r = f(A is rotatcd about the pole through an angle Q.Let (a 0) be any point on the graph of
r=f(A.Then(r,0+Q)isrotatedthrougbtheangled,andsincer:f((0+0)-6)=f(O),itfollowsthat
(r,0 i {) is on the graph of.r = f(0 - Q\.
ll44 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
74. (a) r: 2- ,in(,
- \ - T)
4l
(b) r:2- ,i"( ,-;)
6
=/- ftrin o- coso) :2+ cos 0
(c)
'::',
Tr) (d) r-2- ,i"( o-?
*::; -7 tH cos 0
76. (a) r:1 sin0 (b) r: I t-1o)
""(
78. r:3sinft0
(a) (b) a (c) Yes
1
b,
q, sv
Y ET -1
-1
ft - 2.5:O
ft- 1.5:0< 0<4r
80.ar:ar+U
it:,+zd =+ ?i:*-f=-2 + d--i
ar -- ],az : i -+ : E,o, -- E - + : +
a4:+-+:3:1,,or:|,-+:Z
an: at + (n - l)(-i) : -I" + f
E2.ar': 0,525
a2: 0.525 + 0.75 : I.275
a3: 2,025
e4: 2.775
. as: 3.525
en= ar + (n l)d:0.525 + (n - 1X0.75) : 0.75n - 0.225
50
84.,48n-
_8(so)(sl)_lo,2oo
z
86. 1 (300r' -
n: I
n):
tt' 300(200)
'/\'v\-vvi'l - 2w(20r) - 3e,e0o
2
88. 6(0.47n-r: r(*h) :.(#) : ro
"i
1145 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section 10.8 Polar Equations of Conics
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. 4.
3 4
6. r:2-coso E. r:
1+sin0
Ellipse Parabola opening downward
Matches (c). Matches (a).
10. r:l+sino 12.r:=.,.',
7 *sine- I ++sing=
e : 1, the graph is a parabola. I
e:
Vertex: (3, T/2) i ellipse
Vertices: (r, 0) :
G,i),(1,+)
r:- 62 5 -5-
14. ' - 3-zcos e 1 -?cos0 16.r- +zcos0 -
-1 I -zcos0
2
e - : < l, the graph is an ellipse. e : 2> 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
J
Vertices: (5, 0), [
ls-], ol\
Vertices: (6, t,(:,d \J /
1E. r:-:- 10+ 20.r:= ?, =:=,
3+9sin0 1+3sin0 z+4sin0 =tr=
1+zsin0
-
e : 3 hyperbola Hyperbola
Vertices: (r, 0) : (2,9,(- j,+)
\J I
-5
1146 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
22'r-#=# A.f :- 7,
,rin( t-9
Hyperbola
Rotated ellipse
2
\ /
..r \
/ \ \ J
-3
-2
26. I 28. e - 1,) : -4,P:4
. . . . \. .
Horizontal directrix below the pole
\ L-
l(4)
r:ffi:f:;ino 4
Rotated hyperbola
? ?
30. e -
i,r: -4,p:4 32. e-7,x:
z
-l,p:1
Horizontal directrix below pole Vertical directrix to the left of the pole
(i)
f' : -'-;-:-
+n r: I 3n0) : 2-3cos0
3
I (f)sin0 4-3sin0 Q4cos0
34. vertex, (to, e r,p :2o : 36. centerr (t ,flrc : L,a: 3,€: *
9* \ Ll
Horizontal dirctrix above the pole Horizontal dircctrix above the uds
r:,jffi:1*k r-#:#
'r-P
p:8
jr:#
' It zr\ : 5 3 :7 5
3g. center ,
\t'T)'c vo: i"
Horizontal direcrix above the pole
r:ffi
l:I 5P
3+5sin(-3r/2)
'Tfu
p:38
5(8/5)
'r: 3+5sin0 : 3+5sin0
8
tt4il PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
40. Minimum distance occurs when e - n.
r = -0 -4 - Q - e)(t + e)a :
a(t e)
I- e cos ?r I* e
Maximum distance occurs when 0 : 0.
,- 1(l -ecosO
ez)a (r-e)(r+e)a
1e - a(r + e)
-
42. Perihelion distance : a(l - e) : 4.458 x lOe kilometers
Aphelion distance : a(l + e) : 7.342 x 10e kilometers
r: (l - &)o
ffi:w(Exercise39)
5.5476 x lOe ,-.
44. From Exercise 43, r : - 79-88' 1
46. P-
16.
I-
lVhen 0
0.937 cos 0
- 30", r : 42,370 and the distance is
s - 4ro.( t. i)
42,370 - 4000 : 38,370 miles. False. The graph is not an ellipse.
4t. t_
a2 b2
_f :l rn *g -)P
16:1
P cosz 0 P sinz 0 :1
a:3,b:4,c:5,€:;
* cosz
T-T:r
0 P(L - cos2 0)
'rffi=m
P__ -16 rM
fF cos2 0- Paz * Pazcos2 0 - azbz
f(62 * a2) cos2 0 - Paz - s262
a2+b2:c2
*czcos2e-Pa2:a2F
,( c\2
*\;) cos20-P-b2,€::
- P : b2
Pe2 cos2 e
P(Ecos2e-l):b2
f- Ecosze-l
=
-b2
I e2 cos2 0
56. rgCro :
52.
h:10,080 54.
# = 50,400 153 5E. zfz: 8I2
t14t PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
Review Exercises for Chapter 10
Solutions to Even-Numbened Exercises
2. Parabola
4. Vertex: (2, 0) : (h, k) 6. Vertex: (2,2) = (h,k)
Focus: (0,0)+P:-2 Directrix: y:0+P:2
(Y- k)2:4P(*-h) (x- h)2:ap9-k)
y2:-8(r-2) (x-2)':8(y-2)
8. x2=-2y- -(-)r,p= -t
I t\
Focus: | 0,.-
\ 2l
I
4:;+ h
dz: J .4-
t
o)2 + (-t .t)' :+
lL7r
4:dz ==+;+b:T + f - 8
h+8 8Lg _4
Slopeof tangentline:
ffi: il +
Equation: y * $ = a(x + 4)
Y = 4r + 8
Fon y : 0, tr : -2 + x-intercept is (- 2, O\
10. y2 : 4px Vertices: (2, 0), (2,4) + a : 2, (h, k) : Q,2)
Foci: (2, L), (2,3') Q s : 1
vz = +(tr)*
b2:a2-c2:4-1:=3
!2:6x (* - (y -_k)2
=h)' *
b2'a2 - I
-1 -3 -2 -r
-2
(x - 2)2 * (y -.2)z - I
-3 34
-l
14. Center: (- 4,5), a : 6, b -/ 16. Longest distance : 2a : 2-M = 36 feet
(x + 4)' , (y :-S)' I Shortest distance : 2b : 2",86 : Z}feet
436 -
a:18,b = l4,c: ffi: -Mand
2c : 22.63 feet
ll49 PART III: Solations to Even-Numbcred Exercises
18.4(x2*4x+4) +25(y2- 6y+9): -l4l +16+225
4(x+2)2+25(y-3)':100
(x+2)2*(y-3)2:l
254^
a:srb:2rc - -.f
Center: (- 2,3)
Vertices: (3, 3), (- 7,3)
Foci: (-z * -,6.,1\
e:
.rn
5
Center: (5, -3), a: 6,b : l,g : -FlS 22. Vertices: (2,2), (-2,2) + a :, 2, (h, k) = (0, 2)
Vertices: (5, 9), (5, 3)
Foci: (4,2), (-4, 2) + c = 4
-
b2:C2-42:16-Q.-12
Foci: (5, -3 t ..,6) (x-h)2 _(y-k)z _l
e= 65
I
6 ", =-=
,'-(y-2)2
4t2 -l
Foci: (1,*Z) -r c =, 2,(h,&) : (3,0)
Asymptorcs i y = *2(x - a\ I''
3)=+i:2,a:2b
-'
b2: c2 - a2 = 4 - 4F==+ b2:,!,,", =
f
(y - k)2
_(* ;=^)' = I
a2 b2
y2 _(*-3)'_r_r.5y2 5(x;3)2=l
t=?
W-T- 16 4
?,6.25(y't6y +9) -4(yz+2x+ l): -l2l+225-4
25(y+3)2-4(x+I\2:100
ry-o*,,'-,
Centcr: (- l, - 3), a =, 2, | - 5, c= -E
Vertices: (- l, - l), (- l, -5)
Foci: (-t, -3 t 6)
Asymptotes: y:-3 *IU+ 1)
f150 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2t. b- 1)'
- x2 = I
4
a:2r$ - lrc : -fr
Center: (0, t)
Vertices: (0, 3), (0, - 1)
Foci: (o,tt €
Asymptotes: y:1 tzx
30. L€tthefriendsbeatBandGyouattheoriginA.ThesoundatCishead2seconds rfrrrB.
2a : cD - BD =r(i#) = -fr. rnor, o = *," =2 andbz : & - o, =ry.
* - h=
Thus, using niles, the hyperbola is ,.
\5?6/ \ 5?6 /
Now place the centcr at (1,0) and detffmine the second hyperbola.
2a= DB - AD= r(i#) + o: I
c= l and b2:1 -?:?
g@
(x-I\z _
iry-6:r
vz
I
\a/ \a/
32. - 4x t 8y - 11 = 0
4x2'4y2
AC=4(-4):-16<0
The graph is a hypcrbola.
Y.*-l0rr*y2+l=0
A=C:1+ @J20=0 + e:[
/; /;
,=tb -y),y=litx'+t)
l*o' -,'r]' - ,ol{u' - ,,ll*o'*,)] .l*o' *,')]'* I = 0
f,u'r *Irr'o -,,y, - 5(r'), - b,D *f,{*'\, * x'y'+f,b), = -,
-4(*'r'+ 6(Y'72 = -t
q-b:)':rHypcrbora
l1
l15l PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
36. e;ttzo:?-o+ o=I
' 46r-y,),y: {e, +y,)
-€; ; : 6,' -'l+o,+ y,) . ol+(,,,,,,]'
+t-,El+rr -r',] *n-nffu'*r',] -o
Zl(x')z + (yt)2 - ?7'y'] + 4f(x'72 - (y')rl +Zl(x'\2 + (y'), *Zx'y'f
+ 7(x' - y') + 9(x' * y') = Q
8(r')24l6x'*2y':Q
y' = -4(x')2 - 8r' Parabola
3E. (a) B- 4AC : -300 =+.Ellipse 40. (a) P- - Yl ==) Hyperbola
4AC
(b) 7y2 - 8ry + (13x2 - 45) : Q (b) -2y' - 4xy * (x2 - 6) = Q
SrtW
y= v: 4x t Jl6rz - 4(-2lkz -
(c) a (c) a
I ) z
L/ -a..?
{ {
42. 4x2 * 4y2 : 100
' 9x-4Y2=Q
Adding, 4x2 a 9x = 100
4x2*9x-100:Q
(r- a)(ax+25).=Q =+ x:4,-E 4
If x:4,4y2:9(a) =36
y2-9 =+ y:*3
rrx= -?,r(-?) - 4y2 impossible
fuiswcr z (4, 3), (4, - 3)
Arf3
U.x :JCOST:' x=r.or( _i)=+
v - /sin2 t:1 y =z sin2(-f,) - r
ll52 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
I
48. x: t + 4,y : t2 50. x:2,J:2t*3
t
f=x-4
y=(x-4)z .-- I
x
y: -x2 + 3
v: 2*3x
52. N = 3 + 3cos 0,y - / + 5 sin 0 54. x:20- sin4y:2- cos0
x-3 ' e=r:-2 cos Q - 2 - Y + Q : arccos(z - Y)
cos Q-
3 'slll- 5 x- 2arccosQ- i sin(arccos(2 -y))
(*-3)'-(y-2)2 :_l x--2arccos(2-y) @*4rn
g -'r 25 r
,(@4j
56. x=3trm0 5E.
y=4**0
do. (-r,-?) 6i2.(i,T) (vio, -n
b,i) (-i,T) (-vio,+)
(r,-T) (-i,-+) (--"m' -i,)
t
PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
66. (r,0) : (-r,'+) 618. (r, o): (6,t.za)
(r,y) : (-0.360, 1.694)
(',y) : (-, cos T, -3sin+) g
: (',-+)
(r,y) : (-6, 8) 72. (r,y) : (-f, -./3)
(r, 0) : (10, Z.zI4'1, (- 10, 5.356)
(r' e) : (-,a,f),(ra,+)
r:,L2 76. r:8sin0 78. f - sinO
,W:lz f - 8 rsin 0 f - rsin 0
' x2*yr:lM x2 t y' :8y (r'+y2)3/2:y
(x'+Yz)3:Y2
t0
E0. r= 4-7cos0 UL.x2+y2=20
P :2O
4r - 7 rcos Q - 10
aaffiz:7x* lo
f=.rm
+ y2) : 49x2 *
l6(x2 l40x * 100
33x2-L6y2+140x*100=Q
x:14 t6. x2+y2- 6y:0
rcos Q - 14 f-6rsin0:0
r:14sec0 r:'6sin0
EE. ry:-2 90. r:' ll
(rcos 0)(r sin 0) : -2
f - -2sec 0csc 0
lf54 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
92. Q- -i5n 94. r:2sin0 96. r=4- 3cos0
,E
7
]
2
P =^ 9 cosz 20 100. r: =-4 ,
I-1 L..
a
,in(e.+)
r
r=t3cos20
4Jeaved rose Line
-a
lU2. r=3 -5sin0 104. r: cos50
Symmetry: polar axis
Symmetry: 0 :
;
Maximum r-values: r :1 at Q - 0,.f, T,T, rn
3o
Maximum r-valuo is 8 at 0 - 2
Zetos of r: 0.644,2.498
krosof r: Q - ft, "r"
'
2
106. P - 5 sin20 108. r:7(l-sino)
Symmetry: Pole Cardioid
Maximum r-values: r: 6 at 0: !0,+
A UrTo
ktosof r: A: '\ 7f
t1s5 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
110. r:8,+3cos0 ll2. r =' 2cos30 114. f - 36sin20
Convex limagon 3-leaved rose Lemniscate
116. r:1 #?, e:2 118. r:#: 1 -
-6
4cos 0'e> 4
Hyperbola Hyperbola
fr
2
1
' 4-4cos0 1-cos0'
4
122' Parabola: r=ffi'€:1
Parabola (, g\
I
'\"'t)
vetrtex'
2
Focus: (0,0) =+ p : 4
r:**il
l?A.Hyperbola: r=,ffi
Vertices: (1,0), (2, Ol =+ a = 3
Onefocus: (0,0) + c=4
e:;:c47i,p:.a
r:ffi:ffi:#
ff56 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbcred Exercises
126. Falsc. fire yt Hm is 4th @r€c. 12t False. See Exerciscs 59-64 in this s€ction.
13lL (a) Horizontal major axis 132. The orientation would bc rwersed.
O) Circle
(c) Ellipse is flatter.
(d) Huizontal nanslation
CHAPTER 11
Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions
Section 11.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System . 1158
Sccton 112 Vectqs in Space . . 1160
Soctrn 113 TWoVectcs
The Choss hoduct of ... . lldi
Sccton 11.4 Lines and Planes in Space ... . 1166
Revlewhercises .116,
1157
CHAPTER 11
Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions
Section 11.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. A(6,2, -3), BQ, -1,2)
c(- 2,3,0)
E. x:6r!: -lrZ= -l + (6r-1r-l) 10. x =0,y : 4,2 = 3 ==) (0,4, 3)
12. Octant VI 14. Octants III, IV Vtt, or Vm 16. Octants I, II, VII, or VIII
1&d=ffi=-F=-fr
20. d= = m= -8=5
llld= =.ffi9=-Fttg
A.dr= =.@I=f,oz
dr= =.l.FTl= jG
4= :-@=-,F50
d?:d7+d7=62
.
26.dt=ffi=JE4T|=Ji=3
4=ffi=-ffi=.,8,=1,f2 jETETi=,fs:g
4=ffi=
dr = dc = 3. Isoscelcs tiangle
2& Midpoint,
W,#,#) = (1, 1,4)
/-z-Gs+4s+8\_/ g213\
30. Midpoint, |.-7, T,T = ) \-r, r,T )
1158
1159 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Y. (x + 3)2 + (y - 4)2 + (z - 3)2 : 4
3E. radius : diameter
: 4: (" - o)' + ()'- s)t + (e + 9)' : 42 : L6
I -2+4 2+6\ lt
40.centerrP-
\ , ' 2 ' 2 ):\t't' o\r
Radius ,
/ l\' 4)' :;
61
=
ffi: 61
4
V -;)
sphere, (y -
++ (Y 1)2 + (2"- 4)2,
42, (* - 6x + 9) + (f * 4y + 4) * z2 = -9 + g + 4
(r - 3i'+ 0 + 2)2 + *:4
Center: (3, -2,O)
Radius: 2
44. * (f - 8y * 16) + (22 - 6z + 9):
+ -13 + 16 + 9
*+ (y- 4)2+(z-3)''=12
Center: (0, 4,3)
Radius, ..fr. = 2$
46. * +f +* - x- 3y - 2a, - -:2
(o-x*1)*l'
4t
q\
*k'-22i1): -i+i*?*
\ 1
| 1\2 1 'f-t'*i)
V-;) +V-;)
3\2
+(,-!)2= r-
It ? \
center,
l;, ;,r)
Radius: 1
4t yz - trace (" : 0)t Cv + 3)2 + *: 25 Circle 50. ry- trace (z:0):.r2+(y-1)':3 Circle
1160 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerclses
52.f +7F+6y*(*-82* 16): -21 +16
*+y2+6y*(z-4)2:-5
z1 =4*
z2:4 -
54. x2 +'y2 + z2 : 39632. Assume the north and south 55. False. The frace could be a single point, or empty.
poles are on the e-uris. Lines of longitude that run
north-south are fiaces of planes containing the
e-axis. These shapes are circles of radius 3963
miles. Latitudes are traces of planes perpendicular
to the e-axis. These shapes are circles.
5t The frace is a circle, or a single point. 60. x^:ry+rz:\fr^- x1.
Similarly for yrand 22.
(*r,rz,4): (b^ - .rl ,2!^ - !t,22^ - zr)
62. (y - l)'= 4P(* - 4).P: -3 g. a : 3, b : 2,center (3, 3), horizontal major axis
(Y- L)'=4(-3Xt-4) Qt - 3)' + (y -=3)' : I
94
(Y - L)': -rz(x - 4)
66. Center: (6, 0), horizontal fiansverse axis.
a - 2,c : 6rb2: & - a2 :36 - 4 - 32
b.- o)' -
432 t:1
Section 1-l.2 Vectors in Space
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) v : (1 - 1,4 - 4,0 - 4) : (0,0, -4it
(b) z
1161 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4. (a)
(b)
(c)
6. (a) (b)
(d)
(t,-t'*)
12. ll"fl : :'m5:.,8 14. ll"ll
= =ffi
: .rn
It. (a) : :
ffi *# h(-3i + si + rok)
(b) + + rok)
#(-3i sJ
20. 2u * ]," : 2FL,3,4, + ](5,4.5, -6) : (+,ff, -ly
?,12. u - v = (-1, 3,4, - (5, 4.5,-6) = (-6, -1.5, 10)
ll"-vll : :.,ffi:11.758
a. ll"ll =w-"rB 26. u. Y:0(12) - 6(-1) + 0(-Z) - -g
u =\E,W,ml
l-l i 4 \
iFIi
1162 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2t. u . v = 0(6) + 3(-4) - 6(-2) : 0 a). cos Q-iffi =J#J=u==+ Q:49.80o
gz.cos Q- u'Y =ffi
loo
=+ Q=6s'47o 34. u.Y: -2-3 -5=-10+0and
fiiilFii
u # cv =+ neither
36. -8u - -A(-t,1, -t) - (8, -4, 8) : v =+ parallel
3t. v = (-4 - (-2),8 - 7,1 - 4l = (-2,1, -3)
u = (0 - (-4),6 - 8,7 - ll = (4,-2,61
Since u = -2v,the points are collinear.
40. v: (-1 - 0,5 - 4,6 - 4l : (-l,l,2l
u: (-2 - (-1),6 - 5,7 - 6') : (-1, 1, l)
Since u and v are not parallcl, the points 8r€ not collirpar.
42. (4,-1, -1) = (r + l,y - 3,2-21=+ (r,y,7l = (3,2,1)
4+ (r,-L,4 = (, - g,y - 2,2 + l) - (x,y,z\ = (*,1,1)
lC lb"fl= l"lllofl =b)mT6=lcl-,6= 12 4& vliosin.xz-plane * v=Q.
+ , , 12 6 .yrQ n * c = tvotz v = l0(sin 6ff,0, cos 6d) = (S.fa, O, S)
lcl =
Tu= Tu=
50. Al : (0, 70, 115). Ft = Cr(O, 70, 115)
-l)
AC = ( - d), 0,1 15) . F2 : Cz(-60, 0, 115)
+
Ab = (45, -65, 115). Fg: Cs(45, -65,115)
Ft * Fz * F, = (0,0, -500).'Thus
-@c2 +' 45Ca: Q
7Oq - 65Ca: Q
115Cr + ILSCI+ 115Cr: -500
Solvingthis systc,myields C, : +f ,Cz: #,Cg= #.
Thus,
llFtll
* 2v2gr9 N
llrJl : rsz 'ecB N
llF lf * 226.52r N
52. True 54, fitis sct is a sphe're:
(r - xr)2 + (y - !r)2 + (e - zr)2 = 16
1153 P RT III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
56. Irt Y + (rr, v2, vs) and u + (ur, tr2, u3).
Then fi + (t r, tu2, tur)
u * tlt + (u, * tvp uz * tv2, r,\ * *r)
and su * tY + (sr, * tvp su, * tuz, su, * tur)
The endpoints of these three vectors are collinear, as indicated in the figure.
5t r*4t- l 60. x*-t+ I
y*2t+1 v+f
,(+)+ I +r,.lrine y+(l -x)3
v*
f 8 2 el
62. aetln 3 gl+ 802- rr7) -2(48-27) + e(156-s) + 44r
1313 4l
Section 11.3 lhe Cross Product of lbyo Vectore
Solufions to Even-Numbercd Exercises
4.kxi+
lii:l+j
J kl j kl
G.uxv*l ; 2 3l +-3i-3k 8.uxv*li 5 tll + (-7,37, -2o)
l0 I 0l l2 2
+ (-3,0, -3)
nA PART III: Solutions to Even-Nambered Exercises
J kr
to. ux"=ll 2
2 -rl= Fl, -?, -I)= -lt - /! - |*,
_1
ll 4 rl
,2.ux'=li
i -ll =
''t*? '14'ux"=l-i i;l =,-*'-34,'18)
16 ux"= =,t -t)r- .,2-r)r +(6+2)r= -lr+3r +8h
li i_?l
ux"= -?l =(0-2)t-(r -0)r+(-1 -o)k : -21-i-k
r&
lj i
Ir ?r rl It j rl
20.uxy=lt 0l :-6i+3J-2k ?i2. uxY:17 -L4 5l :70fl*175J+3923
lr b -31 Ito 2s -rsl
lb'vll :ffi:r f[x"ll =
ux =.,@iE9:21'v@
vector = -fi
Unit
ffi: + ?t -?Y
: :
unitvector
ffi #r(70,r75,3n,
:#(ro,zs,s6>
i
uxy:ltIt 2 2l=21+J-2k
tl
A. uxv=li -t ;l :6r+6J+3k 26.
12 -1 -2|| Ir o tl
llo*vlf =@-') Area : llo x yll = ll2t + J - 2klf
+ + 3k) = ffi=J sq.units
unit
"*io' = ffi =
lut 6J
=?*?*i*
tl It r
2t uxy=l-2 3 2l=(8, 10,-7>
lr 2 +l
Area=lb""ff= :-ffi
sq. units = ffi-!6 sq. units
1165 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
--+
DC
Opposite sides are parallel and same length. This ABCD form a parallelogram.
--++lijkl
(b) AB x AD : 3 :
l-4 5l (43,34, 14>
lz -s 6l
Area : llnf x Abll: : @I sq. units
(c) It' B : -8 15 + 30 + o + not arecrangle
34. u: (2- 1,0- (-4),2-3, = (1,4,-1) 36. u= (-2-2,-4-4,0- 0): (-4,-g,0)
v = (-2- 1,2 - (-4),0 - 3): (-3,6,-3) v = (0 -Z,O- 4,4- 0) = (-2, -4,4>
i kl - j
uxv=lli I 4 li rrl
-11 -(-6,6,18) uxv=l-4 -8 0l =(-32,16,0)
l-3 6 -31 l-z -4 +l
Area=fffuxvff :r.m Area:llluxvll :tW
: Lffi = 3JTI sq. units : L.m: 8../5 sq. units
lzo lo rol
3t. u . (v x w) =|t 4 al : zo(o) - lo(2) + t0(2) : o
l0 2 2l
Ir 4 -7'
40. u.(vxw)= lz 0 ol = t(o +rz)-4(12-0)-7(-6)=6
l0 -3 6l
Ir r rol
:
tU2. a. (v x w) = lO 3 3l 1(9) - l(-9) + 3(-9) : -9
Volume : lo. lgo3l
(v x w)l : l-gl : 9 cubicunits
2-Ll
4. t.(vxw) = Ir
l-l 2 2l= r(2)-2(-r - 4)- l(0- 4): L6
12 0 ll
Volume : lo . (v x w)l = 16 cubic units
46. u = (2 - 3, -2 - O,2 - 0> = (-1, -2,2>
v = (4 - 3, I - O,2 -0) = (1, 1,2)
w= (-l -
3,5 - O,4 - 9) = (-4,5,4)
l-r -2
I.(vxw)=l I |
zl
2l
l-r s 4l
= -l(-6) + 2(t2) + 2(9) + 48
Volumc = 4E cubic unis
ttffi PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
48. fr: Q.16k
li j kl
--\
PQ xF: l0
|
0 0.16 I
: l6}'-,6i
lo -tooofi - rocd
ild x Fll : 160J3ft'lb
S0. False. u x y : _(v X u)
li j kl
52. u x Y : lu, u2 utl: (urrg - vzug)i - (urrg - vpg)i + (urrz - vp)k
u, vz vgl
I
u . (u x v) : ur(uzvg- vzut) uz(ufg- vlz,s) * us(utvz- vru)
:Q
Similarly,v'(uxY):Q.
54. cos 480' = cos l2O" : -t2 56. sin 6900 : sin 330o : -1
2
s& ri'ff-ri"(+): -t
60.
""+: tan+: -l
62.x*6y:30
6x*Y=40
These lines intersect at (6,4)
Vertex z-value
o)
(0, o
(?,0) N
(6,4) 52
(0,5) 20
Maximum of 52 at (6,4)
Minimum of 0 at (0, 0)
Section ll.4 Lines and Planes in Space
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) x:xr*at -3+3t (b) Symmetric equations:
x-3 v*5 z-1
3!-:-
!:lr*bt: -5 -7t 3 -7 -10
Z:Zt*ct: I lOf
Parametric equations:
x:3+3t,y: -5 -7t,2: I l0r
tt6fl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4.x:rr*at=J+4t 6. (a) Y: (3, -2,L>
!:lt+bt:Q+0t i x: I +3try: -2trz: I +t
Z:Zr*ct:10+3t
(a) Parametric equations: x : 5 + 4t,) : 0,
(b) Symmetricequations:
+:+: +
z-
l0 + 3t
(b) Symmetricequatio*'f : o
'8. (a) y : (- =f,/:
l - 4,0 - (- 1),5 (- 1)) : (-5, 1,6),
Poinfi (4, - 1, - l)
Parametricequations: x-4-st,y- -1 *t,z: Ll +6t
(b) Symmetric equationr, # :+ :+
10. (a) y = (t (-i),-s - z, -4 - 2l = (?, -+, -6), or (e, - 13, -12>
Point: (3, - 5, - 4)
Parameticequations: x:3 + 9t,y = -5 I3t,z: -4 - I2t
(b) Symmetricequations:
+= tf :#
12. Parametric equations: x : -2 + 4t, y : 3, z : 1- t 14.
(a) (2,3,0). Yes let f : 1
(b) (-6, 3,2).Yes let f : - I
(c) (2, l, 0). No. y must be 3.
(d) (6,3, -2). No.
16. a(x-rr) +b(y -/r) *c(z-zr\:Q lE. 0(x - 0) - 3(y - 0) * S(, - 0) : Q
0(x - 2) + 0(Y - 3) + l(e - s) : Q -3y t 5z - 0
z-5=Q
20. n:(-1,1 -2>
-1(r - 0) + l(y - 0) - 2(z - 6) : Q
-rfy-22*12:O
22. u : (2, -6,2'), y = ( -3, -3,0) 24. u = (-4,0, -21,v = (-3, 2, -7>
j li j kl
uxv:l2
li -6
kl
: (6, - 6, -24>
uxy=l-l 0 =(4,-22,-8),or
-2|,
l-3 2 -7i1
l-a -3 3t
n : (2, - 11, -4)
1 : (-1 ,1,4')
: Plane: 2(x - 5) 11(y + l) - a(z - 4) : Q
Plane: - l(x - 4) + l(y + 1) + 4(z - 3) Q
-x*y*42-7=O b - lly - 4z- 5 = Q
116E PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
26. n = k is the normal vector: z - 3: Q ?8. (- 1 - 2, | -'2, -l l) : (-3, - 1, -2> and
(2, -3, l) are parallel to plane.
li j kl
n:l-l -l -Zl :(-7,-1, ll)
z
I -3 1l
-7(*-2) I(y-2) + l1(.- 1):Q
-7x-y*1'12*5-0
30. nr : (3,2, -l), t2: (1, -4,2> 32. nr - (1, -5, -1)
t2: -5) :
- -7 :+
(5, -25, 5rlr =+ parallel
o-It'',,o?,
ll',ll ll"rll frA- &
cos
e - 65.9"
38.
42. P : Q:
(2,0,0) on plane, (1,2,3), M. P - (6, 0, 0) on plane, Q : (- I ,2,5),
n: (2, -1, lr,rc: (-l ,2,31. FA: F7,2,5l,n: (2,3, l>
p- 14, ; "l : l-tl :+ ri
p_lPQ.nl: l-3f :4
lloll & {G
llnll Jt+ JI+
46. (a) nr = (1, -3,1), nr= (2,O,5)
coso=
lf;# : #= # I Q=66.e3'
(b) be * 5z *3 =O :+, = l1-Sz - Z)
Then3y = x t z* 2 = ieS:- - 3) + z * 2 = -22 + * y: +t
l*tz: , = -* -t,y: -l2t
LParamctriccquations:
-
+l,z:
-iz
t
orequivalc,lrtly,lete:2randyouobtain.r : -5t -|,y = -t + *, z= 2t.
1169 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
{& The planes are parallel because ni = (2, 4, -2, is a multiple of n, = (- 3, - 6, 3).
The planes do not intcrsect.
50. The plane containing P(6, 0, 0), S(0, 0, 0), f(- l, - l, 8) has normal vector
j
(6,0,0)x(-1,-1,8):lli 6 0
kl
0l :(0,-48,-6>
l-r -r 8l
or nr : (0, 8, 1).
The plane containing P(6, 0, 0), Q(6,6, 0), and R(7, 7, 8) has normal vector
li i kl
(0, -6,0) x (1, 1,8) : lo -6 0l : (-48,0,6),
lrI 8l
or n2 : (- 8, 0, 1).
The angle between two adjacent sides is given by
cos o-f,t',',,t^l
t 1
52. False. The skew lines x : t, !: 0, z: Q and 54. The lines are parallel:
x- 0,): I *t,z- 0arenotparallelanddonot
intersect. -t(lo, - lg,2o): (- 15, z'1 , -30)
56. *+ jiz:102:100 58. r-3cos0 60. *: 49
- 3rcos 0
P r:7
*+y2:3x
62. !:5 G. b-Y*1:Q
rsin 0: 5 2rcos0-rsinQ--1
r - 5 csc 0 r(2cos 0- sin0): -1
r: sin0-zcos0
Review Exercises for Chapter 11
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2.2 4. y-axis =+ x:u:0
(0, -7,o)
Il70 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
6. fl-
ffi
: 6r
4: (4 - 0)2 + (3 - 0)'+ (2 - 4)': @:6
dz: ,tNg: rre
d3: @--Fn
d?+d7:d?:42
4-3 -3+lo\
.. .. (o+3,7,
mropornu\
10.
2 2 ):' e,i,i)
.. ..
l-s-7 ,7,
-3 gl-5\ (-
t2. mropornu\ 6, - 6, -2)
2 2 ):
14,. (r - 3)' + (y + 2)' + (z - 4)' : 16 16. (r - l)' + (y + 2)' + (z - 6)' : e)' :T:56'25
1E. (*- lOx+25) +(y'*6y+9)+(*-42+4): -34+25 +9+4
(r - 5)' + (y + 3)2 + (z - 2)2 : 4
Center: (5, -3,2)
Radius: 2
20. (a) ry-tace (z: 0): (r + 2)' + (y - l)2 : 9 circle (b) yz-tace (r : 0): 4 + (Y - 1)'+z2:9
(y- l)'+22:5circle
: - 3,6 - (- 1)) : - ll,7'l
--.--s,
re
-\ = (-3, -2,2 - (-l),3 - 2>: (-5,3, 1) 24. re (5 - 0, -8 (5,
llfrll :8 llFsll : ffi
26. u . Y : 8(2) - 4(5) + 2(2) : Q u . Y : 2(l) + 1(-3) - 2(2) : -5
+5-
30. cos Q - 1,,','I, -
12
frfi
2
u. v: (8,5, -8) . (-2,4,t>
ll"ll ll"ll
32,,
: -16 + 20 - 4: Q
,= 5
+ Q:47.61" Orthogonal
JrrJ4s
llll PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
34. First two polnts form vector: (I,2,3')
Last two points form vector: (1,2,3>
Opposite sides are parallel and same length + parallelogram.
36. Let a, b, c be the three force vectors determined by A(0, 10, l0), 8(-4,6, 10) and C(4, -6, 10).
to, ror/rc-n= il'll(0,
" = ll"ll(0, +,+)
u = llrll (-4,-6,tot/&= 1b1(*,#,+J
"
= ll"ll (4,-6,r0')/ffi,= ll"l(#,#,#
Wemusthavea + b + c = 20Ok.Thus,
.JAilcu =o
;frrrorr
$tt"rr -*lbl-*ilcl =o
$lat.*ilu **ilcil = zoo
Solving this system, lhll : tOe.t, llUll = lbll : 77.1.
Tlrus, the tensions are 106.1,77.1Lnd77.l ft-lbs.
It j kl
38.uxv=110 15 5l =(15,25,-tOS>
ls -3 ol
li 0 al=4i :+
4{f.uxv:10
r kl
unitvector:j=(O1,0)
Jr o tzl
lE2. u = (1,0, 1), v : (1,0, 1) opposite sides parallel and equal length.
Adjacent sides: u: (1, 0, l), w : (0, 2, 0)
It j kl
uxw:ll 0 ll =(-2,O,2>
lo2ol
Area : lu x wl = 1fa 4 = Z-f2squareunits
44. (a) v=(3-(-l),6-3,-1-5) =(4,3,-61 46. (a) v= (1,1,1)
o)+:*#=+
x: -L * 4t,y:3 * 3t,z=5 - 6t x=3* t,! = | | t,z=2+
o)+=+=#*
t
x_3:y_l=Z_2
tt12 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4E. u : (5,0, Zl,v : (2, 3, 8) 50. n:knormdlvector
li j kl Plane: 0(x - 5) + 0(y 3) + r(z 2):Q
n:uxv:lS 0 2l:(-6,-36, 15) z-2=O
lz 3 8l
Plane: 6(x - 0) 36(y - 0) + 6(, - 0) - 0
-6x-36y+15e:0
-bc - lZY + 5z- Q
'52. 3x - 2y * 3z: 6
56. n : (2, -20, 6), P - (0, 0, l) in plane, Q : (2,3, 10), fr: (2,3,g>.
l-21 :4
D- 14;"1 - @.-m-o'0e53
lloll
58. n : (1, -10,3), p: (2,0,0)inplane, Q: (0,0, O),fi: (2,0,0)
p-q#:#--h=zerer
60. False. a x b : _(b x a) 6i2. o.o A;#r3,-2, 1>
'arT4
: ll"ll'
64. u. : (3, -2,L')'(1,-2, -1) :
(v + w) $
u.Y*u.rr:11 +(-5)-$
CHAPTER 12
Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
Section 12.1 Intoduction to Limits . . .ll74
Section 122 Limits
Techniques for Evaluating .ll77
Sectionl23 TheTangentlineProblem . ...1180
Scction 12.4 Limits at Infinity andl-imis of Sequences . U84
Soction 125 The Area Problem . . . . .1187
Review Exercises . 1191
rt73
CHAPTER 12
Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
Section l2.l Introduction to Limits
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) (d)
(b) xz + y'= 18 ==+ y: 'M
tuea:Ion:1x.,ffi
(c)
x 2 2.5 2.9 3 3.1 3.5 4
A 3.74 4.28 4.49 4.5 4.49 4.20 2.&3
lim A(*) : 4.5
x+3
tim{4v,* -
4. x+4t' h + 3) : 3 The limit is reached.
x 3,9 3.99 3.99g 4.0 4.001 4.01 4.1
f(x) 2.805 2.980 2.ggg 3 3.002 3.020 3.205
lim.-:x* I
r.
r-+-rxz-x-2
I
3
x - 1.1 - 1.01 - 1.001 - 1.0 -0.ggg -0.99 -0.9
f(x) -0.3226 -o.3322 -o.3332 ? -o.3334 -0.33M -0.3348
lim ,!!2,
E.*5-zxz * 5x * 6--=l
3
x -2.t - 2.001 -2.0 - l.ggg - 1.99 - IL
li
-2.OL 1.9
f (x) 1.11 I 1 1.0101 1.0010 ? 0.9990 0.9901 0.9(Bl
-3
10. lim -/l-x-2
r. 2
x+-3 x*3
x -3.1 - 3.01 -3.001 -3.0 -2.999 -2.99 -2.9
f (x) -0.2485 -o.yI98 -o.25 ? -0.25 -0.2502 -0.2516
-2
ll74
llTS PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Section
r _L
limx*2 4
12.
x+2 x-2
- -116
x 1.9 r.99 t.999 2.0 2.Wl 2.0r 2.I
f (x) -0.0641 -0.0627 -0.0625 ? -0.0625 -0.0623 -0.0610
2
)i,
a -2
14. lirUcosx - I- 0
.r+0 X
x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
,l
f (x) 0.050 0.005 0.0005 -0.0005 -0.005 -0.050
0.0001
\
-0.0001
: 3* !2
-
.r+-4'.(*
16. lim - 3) 13 18. lim
x+2 X-2 - L2
20. The limit does not exist becaus e f(x) does not 22.x+''r/2
lim sec .r does not exist.
approach a real number as .r approaches 1.
/- + 5 4
d- | Jx - does
,
.r-+0 X -
24. lim 1 26. lim sin ax
.r+l - 0 2g. lim
x+2 . 4 not exist
2
nn /i
3
n
--/
-1
/
VV V
-2
-3
l.
1
30. Iim -n does not exist lim ln(r * 6) =
32..r+-l ln 5
x+l|- 3
iL
3
c
.-
\ ,I
,I
\l
,\l
,l I
{
ll -3
-t
1176 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Section
34 li..(f -6x +5): (-z)t-a(-z)+S=l fim VI6'-FE={lf['{sJ)={T= I
36. x-r-3
3s.,F,h=+n=*=-, 40.
lslE=#=l
nc tan(Ir/q
- I2
tan
limlnx:lne-l lim
2 -
42. 44.
x+e x1r/+ 2
46. lim,-, rr"*rf = arccos : 1.M72 Ce. fg1flx) : 0. Asxapproaches 2fromboth
i: i
sides, /(x) approaches 0.
)
s0. (a) :
lg tfft) + s(')f, (3 - 2), -- 1 s2. (a)
lg f@):ft-2
:
l'* lorb)s0)l 6(3)(-2): -36 lg s6) : :
(b)
(b) sin(rr2)
(c)lsw:#:+
Q
(c)
lg [fl')g(')] : 2(0) - 0
(d)1,*h:+:+
(d)
lg tg(') - /(')l - 0 - 2: -2
54. True (assuming the limits exist). 56. In general you cannot use a graphing utility to
determine whether a limit can be reached. It is
important to analyze a function analytically.
5E. No. /(2) may or may not exist. Furthermore, it f(2) exists, it may not be equal to 4.
60. a
Jgg/(r) =
o
Domain: x2O,x*9
It is difficult to detemrine the domain solely by the
graph because it is rct obvious that the function is
undefinedatx = 9.
oq.
^
x2-l2x+36 _(r-6Xr-it) _r-6
m: :
[=66;;y ;=1,* + 6 cc.
r-8 _(x-Z)(*+X++) _x2+2;+4
fi= 1ffiff --+2 :]ff,,
6iE. d - 70, d-
:m:$g :@:ffi
72. d-
:m:frI
lI77 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Section L2.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
4. lim-
x-l 4-l :- 3 1
2. xl-2
lim-(i*
" -5r):r(-2)3 5(-2): -4+10:6 i;a*+2x+3 +z+2(4)+3 27 9
, r. x2+ 1 ]-:-32+ I
O. llm
10
8. lim 71ffi:1,P1 :#-/
;;ix33 x->3
10. h(x):* -x 3x 12. f(x):U
x*1
hr(*):x-3 fr(x):x- I '
: (a)
lg1 f(x):
(a)
Jj!, h(x) -s Q
(b) h(x): -3 (b)
]gg/(x) I
:
lg5
(c) h(x) -0 (c) h(x) : -2
lgl lg1
(t+t)(P-3t+g)
14.
l*fr:lsm
r. 5-x r. 5-x
16. t->-3
lim
f+27 :
t+3 t+-3
lim t+3
r.
:rtltr -1 :- -l : lim (P-3t+9):27
;;3x * 5 10 t->-3
ffi_ Jj(6q /\ ,. (7 - z) -7
18. lim
z+0 \6 1:lS
: lim -1
J7 - z* J7
a!!rl t-
a+o
:7: -r -
J1
2J7 14
,.4-ffi : 4- tffi.++,,ffi
20,, uIIl
,1, x-2
lim
x+2 x-z 4+ ffi
: 16-(18-x)
lim
x+2
: lim- 1
x+24 +
4-x 4 a. 4-(a-x) ,,-_ I I
ZZ. rr11l
.r-+o x -- ,56
ruFr
(4 - x)4x ;3'6 (4 - x\4
u]i-rr
L6
24. lim- 1-sinx:,,m 1-sin;.1*sinx
;;/2 cos r ililz-: cos r I + sin x
.. 1
=
]*,rffi:)*nsos{ + sinr)
:lim cosx :Q
x->fl2 1+ sinx
llTE PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
_I I
26.1g#:-0. 1667 (-*) 28. lim2*x
2--o.zs f-!)
x-+0 x \ 4/
I 2
trlrla
.E
J
(
-2
5
30. lim::0.1XL
x+5*-ZJ
I
-
x 5.1 5.0r 5.001 5
\\
f (r) 0.099 0.999 0.09ggg 0.1
-1
Algebraically,,[T"
#
: lim,= (t;t) .
"'ji? (5 - rX5 + r)
r.
: r[Il: I 1
'J545 *x 10
32. lim
.r-r0-
ffi-o : 0.3536 2
x - 1.0 -0.1 - 0.01 - 0.001 0 \-
,l
f (r) 0.4142 0.3581 0.3540 0.3536
-2
.A,lgsbraically,,[T-
ry' ffi
,:_ @+2)-2
: llm-
4.F7,+ O
"5il-
:,S-#:#:'0.3536
34.,$r_ l* - 2l:,lg_ l, - 2l: lg1 l, - 2l - o 3
-1
36. lim L
x+l- xz^ - I- does not exist
a
lim --L
x+l* Xt - I
doesnotexist J L
lim:does
.r+l X. - I
I
notexist {
-1
I
rt79 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
3E.j$1r_f(x)-Q,-1:3 0
-3 1-2
Jgpf@)
lgl f @) does not exist
I tr\
\
-6
: sin 3x I- cos2x
40. lim
x-10+
* lnx 0 42. lim
r-+0 X
- 3 44. lim
;+0 X
7 4
1
AI v-
taatl r\_A
-\,/
-1
-1 -4
46.
ls (1 + ?.x)r/x : 7.389 48.
lgb/k) -0 s0.
lgts/ft)
:o
\*_
-4
sz.
lg f6): e 54. (a) Can be evaluated by direct substitution.
x - o :o
limCOS.r
.r+0 0 COS
(b) Cannot be evaluated by direct substitution.
lim
1 - cosx: Q
.r-+0 X
(See Section t2.t, Exercise 14)
"m&P=mW: I$-Y = -u
t*;s&ff=mW
G- .ffi
-i36OGTZ -
_,:*
=lt't1-
h . .frFn.F2 +
OGtn'n-+-Fi,
:iryoffi
_,.- (2(x + h) - 2) - (?r - 2)
2
= h+0
lim
::-: 21
zJh-2 Jzx-2
11E0 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
60. lim f(x
+Jr) - f(x) : lim
Ia - 2@ + h) - (x + hYJ - la - ?-x - fl
h+O h h+O h
: lim
4 - 2x - 2h - * - zxh - hz - 4+ b +*
h+O h
: lim -2h - bh - h2 _ r:n (_o _ n_
h-+O h
62. v(z): t+2
liru
s(2) -- s(r)
: hru
?il + 128) - (-r6P + r2g)
2-t t->2 2-t
l6f - @ + z)(t - z)
lim
= t+2
2-t = t--+2
rr^16(t
2-t
= lin
t--+2-16(t\
+ 2) : -64 feet per second
il. f@): 10.75 ffi. False. The value of f at c has no bearing on the
liqr f(*) :
"gT- limit.
14.70
.r+1+-
Thus,
lg fk) does not exist.
6E. Many answers possible. 70. Slope of line through (4, -6) and (9, -+):
-6+4 _ _',
4 - 3': -z
Slope of perpendicular line ,
;
Equation: y* 10: it.-6)
2y-x*26=0
72. <7, -2,3')' (- 1,4, 5) : -7 8 + 15 : Q + orthogonal
74. -3( -4,3, -6) : (12, -9, 18) + parallel
Section 12.3 The Thngent Line Problem
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. Slope is - 1 at (", y). 4. Slope is - 2 at (r, y).
6. Slope =z Q 8. Slope : J
E 0
-2
J
(1,0)
I -6
'fu,,
a
1ltl PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exerciscs
10. ffin*:
h(-r+h)-h(-1) 2(-r+h)+s 3 2h
h h
lim
h-rO h
4:z
12. msec: f(3
+ h) - f(3) 10(3 + h) 2(3 + tllz - 12
-2h - 2h2
h -2 - 4h,h + a
m - lirrl
h-+O '
(-2 - 4h) =-2
1
14. ffin*:Ts@+h)-s@)
4+h-2 2 2+h 2
:ffi:2a*h)'h+o
-hl
rn- | -1 \ I
16. ffin :
h(-L + h) : h(-L) _ m_3 ffi+3
h Jt, + 9 + 3
(h+e)-e :-tn-O I
hlffi +31 Jh + 9 + r
rn:lim
Hoffi+3 :1
6
18.
s@+h)-s(x) (x+h)3-x3
ffin*:T:T: 3*h+3xh2+h3
: 3* + 3xh + hz,h + O
rn: ISQ* * 3xh + h2):3*
At (1, 1), m - 3(l)2 - J
At (-2, -8), tn : 3(-272 : 12
20. mw:'.
T_Ft ffi+F7
h ffi+ jE-_r
h+a
rn:
rro ;56m+F-yFT
lim
I
At(5,2),m:+:
- z"gi 4
At(10,3),rn:#::
tr82 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
f@ + h) - f(*) + ti + zl- (-sx + z)
?;1. f(r):!iq
t50 h =,!iql-s(x
fr;6 h
r. -5h
: lim*:
h-r0 h -5
f@ + h) - f(') : l(x + h)? - 3(x + h) + 4l - (x2 - 3x + 4)
?A. f(*): i;0
lirq h Fru
r;0 h
: lim
x2+2xh+lP-3h-x2
:lSQr+h-3):zrc-3
h,(i: h(s + h) - h(s) ffi
:-*-Agb x * I
26. \-/ aJo
lim
h h
:limfrI-ffi.'.lt+t+ffi
n;offiFT-vffl+ffi
:lim +l) -(s+ft+1)
h;o --.(f
[.Fi+ffi]
:lim : ;1
D;o [.FT+ffi]
"
-1 -1
ffi:,G+W
n
2E.
fQ+h)-f(2) _(z+tig-Q+D-0
ffin*:T h
_h3 + 6h2 + lrh lo',
= h2 + 6h + ll,h + 0
h /
m:liq(h2+6h+
h+0
11) = 11
-20
Tangentline: y - $ - 11(x - 2)
v: lLx - 16
.-1-] -6 | 12
2+hl (,
30. mw: fQ+h)-f(2)_
\2(2+h)-{
h h ^/
(4+2h)(2+h)+4-6Q +h) 2h+2tP
Q+h)h (2 + h)h
2+2h
-- nh'h#O /n-12
rn:['s(#) :1
Tangentline: y - $ - l(x - 2)
y:x*4
1183 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
32.
x -2 - 1.5 -l -0.5 0 0.5 I 1.5 2
f(*) -2 -.844 -.25 -.031 0 .031 0.25 .844 2
f'(x) 3 1.689 .'7 5 . 188 0 . 188 .'7 5 1.688 3
a -2
34.
x -2 - 1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0,5 I 1.5 2
f(*) 0 -o.7 -l - 1.07 t -l -0.833 -0.6 -0.318 0
f'(*) -2 -0.92 -0.333 -0.020 0.25 o.4w 0.52 0.603 0.667
2
*-4
f(x) x*4
\ *+8r+4
f'(x) (x +
-/ 4)2
36. f'(x) : lirU
h-+O
f + 3*h * SxtP + h3 * 3x + 3h - x;3 - 3x
lim
h-+0
: 3*h + 3xh2 + h3 + 3h
lim
ft-+o h
: :
ItS Q* 3xh + h2 + 3) 3* + 3
+
f'(*) : 3* + 3 : Q Impossible; No horizontal tangents.
3(x + h)4 + 4(x + h)3 - (3f + 4x3)
3E. : i;ohF0h
f'(x) $ryW: Fru
.. 0?fh + I8*h2 + lb,hs + 3h4) + I2*h + L2xh2 + 4h3)
: IlIIll+O
(
h
: I2f + L2*
f'(x):0: l2f- + l?-*:I?-*(x+ 1) ==+ 0, -l
/has horizontal tangents at (0, 0) and (-1, - l).
40. (a) /[: l.Uf - 81.50p* 1613.31
(b) 1500
10
-s (d) The rate of decrease in sales decreases as the
Slope : -50'3 forP : 15 price increases.
Slope : - 19.1 for P : 30
11E4 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
42. False. For example, the tangent line to y : x3 at 44. Matches (a).
(1, l) intersects the curve at ( -2, - 8). (Derivative approaches -oo when r approaches 0.)
46. Matches (c). 48.
(Derivative decreases until origin, then increases.)
50./(x):#:# 52. f(x) -
x2 - x- 2:
x-2
(x - 2)(x + 1)
x--:'r*L'x+2
Vertical asymptotes: x : 2, - L Line with hole at (2,3')
Horizontal asymptote: 1l : 0 Intercepts: (0, 1), (- 1, 0)
intercept: (0, -l)
jkl
54. (1, 1, l) x (2, l, -1): 1 ll : F2,3, -1)
lj I - 1l
li j kl
56. (- 4,10, 0) x (4, - l, 0) : l-+ 10 0l : (0,0, -36)
4
| -1 ol
Section 12.4 Limits at Infinity and Limits of Sequences
Soludons to Even-Numbercd E:rerclscs
l.
2. Horizontal asymptote: y : -2 4. f (*) - x.t x No horizontal 6.,g fi:o
Matches (a).
asymptete. Matches (b).
11E5 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
f. x+ol l6x6
iim*: 10.
3x2+ I
lim ?:- 3
t5x -v' rJ:; lim +doesnotexist.
12. y-r@
5 4x2 5 - 4 y- + J
r4.,r*#:Jg#-z 16,,999[r .&]-r +2-s
r8.
20. 4 22. g
-.- - -:- f1-
-:------ ;--n
-4
\
-5
I
Horizontal asymptote: y : I Horizontal asymptote: y : 1
24.
x 100 l0t rv 103 104 lff 106
f(*) -0. 162 -0.0167 -0.00167 -1.6'l x l0-4 -1.7 x l0-5 -I.7 x 10-6 -2 x l0-7
Jgk,*- ffi|:o 2
-10
26. x 100 101 lo2 103 1tr 1tr 106
2
ttl
f(.) 0.509 0.5008 0.50008 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1ir
rlo
+(+x-
\ ffi):,
-6
z*2!11 15 19 rr7ll<
--- 4,5, 6, 7, g il. -;'-'3' 3'-
.. 4n- L
+ notexist
"t$;;3-: "tg=does
32-
(32-1)! r
a,=bn+Llji:l3,,*r;19 o, , I I I I
34- r,-i.r-r"2s'
11111 =
Lt 42'go'-tN'fr "B$
o
fi-(3t-u=o
(3n + 1)!
"'f?
1186 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
lim
36. n->@ a.:
rO
12
x 100 101 102 103 104 10s 106
f(x) 20 t2.8 12.08 12.008 12.0008 12.00008 12.000008
lim an:}
38. rlte
x ld l0r 102 103 1ff lff 106
f(x) I 0.7975 0.7 5497 5 o.75049975 0.75005 0.750005 0.7500005
l'35x * 457o t-
,. 1.35x + 4570
40. (a) Average cost :9 - lim--lim-:$1.35
(b) x+@
xx x+@
x x
when x : 100, average cost : $47.05
when x : 1000, average cost : $5.92
42. False. The limit does not exist. 44.
-t -...
-f
TWo horizo'ntal asymptotes: y : tl
46. Diverges 48. Converges to 6
lto 7
aOtOOOoO
o o
o o
o
oo
0 o
50. t'+ f -6x=r$ t x2 - 6)= x(x2+Z)(xz-2) 52. f -4x2-Ex * 100= x\x- a)-25@-a)
Real zeros: 0, t -fZ : (xz - zl\(x - 4)
5 Real zeros: *,5,4
150
-5
U fU
-100
4
T 5i?: o+5 +20+ 45+80:150
.H
d-O
s6'
A h- s'87sr
llffi PART, III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
Section 12.5 The Area Problem
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
,.20=W:tE+gU=e455
..
X e*
+ L)= rXo *
X, = ff* 5o = 26oo
.. $.ci, -s^ r8z0 s.s(n)=t+- Ln(n-+ 1)=n=* I
-r' -lG(llF-3FEl!EU)
4 -\ 6 I =
An'z n2 2 2n
n 100 101 IG 103
s(n) I 0.55 0.505 0.5005
lim S(n) = |
ro.s(z) =,_i_ry:i(r(ry) .r) :+*!:+
n 100 10t lo2 103
lim S(n) : I
s(n) 5 1.4 l.a4 1.004 llta
n 1d 10t lo2 103
s(n) I 1.9 1.9 l.wg
lim
n-+@
S(n) -/
!4.s(n)=: (:.3\?)=:Try.3 ]
/l4n2 ! 4n zQnz i tn + t)l r6nz + run + 2
;L 2" - 6" J: 3n2
n 1@ l0t LOz 103
s(n) 12.o 5.94 5.3934 5.3393
-lip
n+6
S(n) :f
118t PART III: Solations to Even-Numbered Exercises
16. f(x) -/- x2, - I s x < l, n - !,.Width :t
Area . Q+ e)')+ e-
"t
18. Area :tlo * l+fl+ a] :3.09875
=lp;Y\':S;:l
20. The width of each rectangle is 3 /n.The height is
-s (#)'
{#) n 4 8 2A 50
A:x(' (#)'E Approximate area 14.344 16.242 17.3I4 17.7282
(Note: exact area is 18)
22. The width of each rectangle is (2 (-1))/n - 3/n. The height is
{-'.#) :3 -il-'.#)' n 4 8 20 50
A:l['-i(-'.#)']; Approximate area 7.113 7.614 7.8895 7.994
(Note: exact area is 8ft : 8.0625)
r:24-r.#X;)
E
24.
:$ff -2-'+s)
f,{L\
16S.
n)+ -fn
21!
16n(n* l)
,/
A
-2
#
nre' n2
!t
z
26. r:It(t.#X;)
:
a [i('
.*)'.'](;)
:,i[?. i:.?#]e)
:ni' .#,i'*#i*
)l , 9 n(n * l) , 27 n(n *
:-6tnt=fi L)(zn 11)
, = 4rr, 6
A: n+*y4
riml+*?ry+r e ' + l)(Zn+t)]
4 n:*grr'(n
279945
:-T-T-:-
4 4'4 4
1189 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2t. !=
24*X;)
ttttra .#[ ...,.,
(?)'l(il V
: 16S.
7?;:7 f',
16 -6
16 n(n * 1) 16 nz(n + L)'
-4
\
1) 16 nz(n + l)
.n"'' n2 2 ' n3 G n44
limA
n-{oo -4-10++-+:?
3 3
32. 4.t57 34. 5.lgg
36. (a) -4.089 x 10-513 + 0.01 615x2 - 2.67 l6x + 452.9296
(b) 600
(c) Integrating y from 0 to 300 gives
Area : 78.2M square feet (Answers will vary.)
38. False. n approaches infinity 410. Area is approximately a triangle of base 2 and
height 3. Area : 4. (c)
1190 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
42. (a) (b)
M. llvll -z:-6-2 46. llullt - llvll' :41 - 5 : 36
1191 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercfses
Review Exercises for Chapter 12
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
'x 3
z.lt*#:0.0625=*
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1
f(x) 0.0641 0.06,27 o.0625 I 0.0625 0.06,23 0.061(
4. Limit does not exist. 6.
lg!/(x) -{ 8'"litrt.',ffi:rc
=J6
10. limT - J 12. limtanr:
.r-+0
tan0:0
14. (a)
lS1ffi:fi :3 (b)$#:#:1
(c) : (27)(12) :
I'g [/(x) g(x)] 324
(d)
fl-9 ,. G-3)(t+3)' : :
22. lirq
t+3t-3 hn!-
t+3 t-3 t-3'- + 3)
hq! (r S
-:
xtl .. (.r+1) ,. I : -;I
A }grffi=,!E, ffi =,!iT, fi
f-& ,. (x-4)(*+4x+16):19
no'8n74:19 ,. *+4x*16 =T-:o
16+16+16
e-416,+4) "*+
2& r+0
lim
(t/(t + r) - t) :
1- I
;.(1+
+.") 30. lim
Fi - s
X r+0 .r(l X) v+0 y
{#doesnotexist.
=Bbffi: -t
-n-ffi
r-, " -B-@ 'fs+Fz'
=ls-l-x
"ols ffi
:!916
.. 3 -(x+2)
..1t.fr
= i 166=m=T
ll92 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
3L lia,/ft) =2*3=5 36. lil*,g(x):0 I
]g_f@=5-2=3 ,t$_s(r)=o -;\.
Therefore,
lg!/(r) does not exist. :O -8
|gg s(r)
-4
-2
i\ /i
38. a
,g6r. s(x)
s(x) :2
lgsft): 2
"tgp_ -2
s-
)l -1
(
40. (a) 1.0001
x 1.1 I .01 1.001
f(x) -0.4881 -0.4988 -0.4999 -0.5000
I fi 1+fi ,. l-x
(b),[T_fr.m:,gT_ffi lim -t6-=: -12
: ;-11+1+
ryL.,jg-#:l 44. li4 f@):02-4- -4
x-+0-'
R-r 1 I I
46. limY "=t
i-'E6-x lim-=::-
--;;t*+9
48. (-g)t+9 18
a o.25
aa .l
-1 0
+ r')' - s(, * o, - - r*' - t* -
lg !ry:
l@
so. ls h
" "
r. 2xh+h2-5h
= ffm-
t;o h
:, lim2x+h-5-)s-5
h-+0
52. SloPe : Q
1193 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
54. l 56. 6
/ V,
-A/ (2,3)
\
Atlz,f(z\l: (z,z) Atl2,f(2)l=o 1r, r;
Slope = -4 Slope = 3
58. zr : "y,lkt# = ysW [] fl i;?i,? : ;,!:'
= -g
,. (r/4)lf. + 4fh + o*lP * 4xht + t{ - ff
,r+0 h
C!t' + 6*h * * s
1
= lgb 4xh2 h3f =
6o.m:r;gr&-l$@:r;**J.ffi*
=
,. (.r+h)-x
t^rg"w: .. I I
ffi16T7* .16:-2{,
(a) At (r,r),m=#=,
(b) At (4,2), m =
#: i
62. e'6): me*d = fg# : fs; : o
64.r'(x)=ti.u&ry=r#P=t
rL' o*r]-(i'.r)
66.f,(x)=mry=m#
t,
: ,.rn1
llm::
r;0h - 2
6E f'(x): h;6
liru
f@+h)-f(x) :liru m- ffi
h t;6 h
,.ffi-ffiffi+ffi
t;o
llm'
h m+ffi
: lim
(r2-x-h) (rz-x)
Ir-+0 h[ffi+ffi]
= x+0ffi
lim -l I
:: -1
ll94 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
66
70. s'(t): lirq
sQ+h)- sG):[,q 5-(t+h) 5-t
t;o h ft+o h
.. 30-6t-30+6t+6h
;56 h(s t-hxs-r)
: lim ,=
6'
;3t(s -t-h)(s-t) (5 -i2
7r7l-'2
72.
]$ffi=i:; 74.
Jgfrdoesnotexist'
I i.:r91ll4
76.,$ @ - z)-t =,S 1r:;U = o 7E.
1!: r' 7T,i
hma'=1L
I
Zn(n * 1)] :
3n +1
80. en = ,*lt - 2rr, n
-0.5, - 1. L25, - .L66, - 1. 15625, - 1.1
1
lim dr:g
n--t@
- I : -l
82. t(+-i)l:+ff:r " _1$€, i
?-r\n' nln n3 n2
4 n(n* r)(2n + l) 1n(n* 1)
n36fiz
4n(n + l)(2n + L) - 3n2(n + L)
6n3
n(n + r)(8n + 4 - 3n) _ (n + 1)(5n + a)
6n3 6n2
n 1s 101 102 103
s(n) 3 0.99 0.8484 0.8348
:Z
"lgS(n)
84. Area =tE + 3 +* +2 +z + r] : t+ :T = 6.75
E6.
n 4 8 20 50
Approx. Area 7.5 6.375 5.74 5.49M
(e*.rt area it 16)
1195 PART III: Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
88. A:.rg:(ro- +X#)
:",st#}1-#}']
:.,g[#r,-#(*#)]
:,gg
[t* - so ry]:
roo - 5o : 5oexactarea
e0. A:.,g>,
L(-'
.:)'. -](il :"rgl l' -I.#li,
:.rg[f:t -"*I'.# ',]
, 2'l n(n *
:lir f 15, '. 18 n(n + l) -nt l)(2n + t)l
i;XL;t"t-E 2 6 J
:15-9+9=15exactarea
s2. A:.gg
>,
r[( -' .';)' - -' .':)'] (il
(
:s:;(, -: +v -(-, .1 - Y. 5))
:'g:il'-#.#-#)
:.lill
[;gX
|- #5,' + 4f * - #,,1"]
:.'Igpo-;ry.# -#ry1
: 8 - zo ++ - g: f "*""tarea
94. (a) y: -3.376x 10-7x3 +3.753 x 10-aN2 - 0.168x+ t32'168
(b) 19
(c) Area : 88,868 square feet
fuiswers will YarY.
96. False. the limit does not exist.
You might also like
- Bird - Higher Engineering Mathematics - 5e - Solutions Manual94% (50)Bird - Higher Engineering Mathematics - 5e - Solutions Manual640 pages
- Richard Earl - Towards Higher Mathematics - A Companion-Cambridge University Press (2017)No ratings yetRichard Earl - Towards Higher Mathematics - A Companion-Cambridge University Press (2017)544 pages
- Ordinary Differential Equations 9781498733816 Compress100% (7)Ordinary Differential Equations 9781498733816 Compress864 pages
- Mccune Sandra Clark William Mcgrawhills 500 Precalculus QuesNo ratings yetMccune Sandra Clark William Mcgrawhills 500 Precalculus Ques174 pages
- Antimirov A.A., Kolyshkin R. - Vaillancourt Complex Variables (1998) EXCELENTE100% (1)Antimirov A.A., Kolyshkin R. - Vaillancourt Complex Variables (1998) EXCELENTE466 pages
- (Ebook-Pdf) - Mathematics - Alder - Multivariate CalculusNo ratings yet(Ebook-Pdf) - Mathematics - Alder - Multivariate Calculus197 pages
- Student Success Center: y 3 X 2 6 X 6 3 X 3 1 X 1 XNo ratings yetStudent Success Center: y 3 X 2 6 X 6 3 X 3 1 X 1 X22 pages
- Solution Manual for Precalculus with Limits, 3rd Edition download100% (2)Solution Manual for Precalculus with Limits, 3rd Edition download61 pages
- (eBook PDF) Precalculus Essentials by J. S. Rattipdf download100% (2)(eBook PDF) Precalculus Essentials by J. S. Rattipdf download45 pages
- Adamson University College of Science Mathematics Department Course OutlineNo ratings yetAdamson University College of Science Mathematics Department Course Outline2 pages
- Numerical, Algebraic. AP Edition. Fourth Edition. Pearson.2012No ratings yetNumerical, Algebraic. AP Edition. Fourth Edition. Pearson.20123 pages
- Arihant Mathematics Engineering Solved Papers - Watermark100% (5)Arihant Mathematics Engineering Solved Papers - Watermark1,136 pages
- Sam Melkonian, MATH1005 - Differential Equations and Infinite Series100% (1)Sam Melkonian, MATH1005 - Differential Equations and Infinite Series458 pages
- Mathematics OR Secondary School Teachers: Elizabeth G. Bremigan Ralph J. Bremigan John D. LorchNo ratings yetMathematics OR Secondary School Teachers: Elizabeth G. Bremigan Ralph J. Bremigan John D. Lorch442 pages
- Download (eBook PDF) Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 7th Edition ebook All Chapters PDF100% (8)Download (eBook PDF) Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 7th Edition ebook All Chapters PDF45 pages
- Northview High School AB Calculus AP Prerequisites PacketNo ratings yetNorthview High School AB Calculus AP Prerequisites Packet11 pages
- Stitz, Zeager - College Algebra, 3rd Corrected Ed (2011)No ratings yetStitz, Zeager - College Algebra, 3rd Corrected Ed (2011)757 pages
- Practice Makes Perfect in Mathematics: Algebra (Volume 2 of 2)From EverandPractice Makes Perfect in Mathematics: Algebra (Volume 2 of 2)No ratings yet
- Hilbert Projection Theorem: Unlocking Dimensions in Computer VisionFrom EverandHilbert Projection Theorem: Unlocking Dimensions in Computer VisionNo ratings yet
- Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities Test ANo ratings yetChapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities Test A6 pages
- Philips Zenition 70 Series Specification Brochure Feb 2019100% (1)Philips Zenition 70 Series Specification Brochure Feb 201924 pages
- Mba ' Notes Theory of Probabilities in Business Statistics PDFNo ratings yetMba ' Notes Theory of Probabilities in Business Statistics PDF18 pages
- Characteristics of Management: Multi-DimensionalNo ratings yetCharacteristics of Management: Multi-Dimensional17 pages
- 20D/25D/30D/33D-7E: Dimension SpecificationNo ratings yet20D/25D/30D/33D-7E: Dimension Specification7 pages
- Building-In Reliability in BCD (Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) TechnologiesNo ratings yetBuilding-In Reliability in BCD (Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) Technologies5 pages
- Full download (Ebook) Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition by Catherine Rouby, Benoist Schaal, Danièle Dubois, Rémi Gervais, A. Holley ISBN 9780521790581, 9780140974737, 9785256223823, 0140974733, 0521790581, 5256223828 pdf docx100% (3)Full download (Ebook) Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition by Catherine Rouby, Benoist Schaal, Danièle Dubois, Rémi Gervais, A. Holley ISBN 9780521790581, 9780140974737, 9785256223823, 0140974733, 0521790581, 5256223828 pdf docx71 pages
- Accepted Manuscript: Infrared Physics & TechnologyNo ratings yetAccepted Manuscript: Infrared Physics & Technology20 pages
- International Economics 9th Edition Appleyard Test Bank - All Chapters Are Available In PDF Format For Download100% (3)International Economics 9th Edition Appleyard Test Bank - All Chapters Are Available In PDF Format For Download42 pages
- United States Court of Appeals, Third CircuitNo ratings yetUnited States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit14 pages
- Nemesis LD Rulebook 280x280mm Bleed3mm-32-PagesNo ratings yetNemesis LD Rulebook 280x280mm Bleed3mm-32-Pages32 pages
- Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Cordierite Ceramics, Part 1. InterceramNo ratings yetSynthesis, Properties and Applications of Cordierite Ceramics, Part 1. Interceram5 pages
- Control Theory II - Homework 1-Chapter 1: 1 ProblemsNo ratings yetControl Theory II - Homework 1-Chapter 1: 1 Problems2 pages
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux-9-Upgrading From RHEL 8 to RHEL 9-En-USNo ratings yetRed Hat Enterprise Linux-9-Upgrading From RHEL 8 to RHEL 9-En-US61 pages
- Readings in Philippine History: Instruction For Infographic & Work ReportNo ratings yetReadings in Philippine History: Instruction For Infographic & Work Report2 pages
- Download ebooks file Raising Capital for Real Estate Investing: An In-Depth Look at 5 Methods to Raise the Money You Need to Start Your New Business Using Personal/Business Loans, Grants, Crowdfunding and Angel Investors 1st Edition Randolph E. Brynner all chapters100% (4)Download ebooks file Raising Capital for Real Estate Investing: An In-Depth Look at 5 Methods to Raise the Money You Need to Start Your New Business Using Personal/Business Loans, Grants, Crowdfunding and Angel Investors 1st Edition Randolph E. Brynner all chapters25 pages
- E101 3234 - IK 700 Retractable SootblowerNo ratings yetE101 3234 - IK 700 Retractable Sootblower4 pages
- FBISE HSSC-II BIOLOGY(PBA) 2025 ENCORE STAR COLLEGE & ACADEMY 0306-4941878 DR.SADAQAT BALOCH100% (3)FBISE HSSC-II BIOLOGY(PBA) 2025 ENCORE STAR COLLEGE & ACADEMY 0306-4941878 DR.SADAQAT BALOCH30 pages
