Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

PEPERIKSAAN
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA (STPM)
(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION)

CHEMISTRY
962

Syllabus and Specimen Papers

THIS EXAMINATION SYLLABUS FOR STPM WILL BE USED STARTING FROM SEMESTER 1 2026 EXAMINATION
IN NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2025 UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.
 ISBN 978-983-2321-92-7

© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia 2024

Hak cipta terpelihara. Tidak dibenarkan mengeluar ulang mana-mana bahagian isi kandungan buku
ini dalam apa-apa bentuk dan dengan apa-apa cara pun, sama ada secara elektronik, fotokopi,
mekanik, rakaman, atau cara-cara lain sebelum mendapat izin bertulis daripada Ketua Eksekutif,
Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia.

Ditaip set dan dicetak oleh:

Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

Diterbitkan oleh:

Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

Persiaran 1, Bandar Baru Selayang
68100 Batu Caves
Selangor Darul Ehsan
03 - 6126 1600
www.mpm.edu.my
MEC MPM
 NAT I O NA L
E D U C AT I O N
PHILOSOPHY

Education in Malaysia is a continuous

effort aimed at further developing the
comprehensive and integrated potential of
individuals. The goal is to create individuals
who are balanced and harmonious in terms of
intellect, spirituality, emotions, and physical
well-being, grounded in belief and obedience
to God. This effort is undertaken to cultivate
Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable,
skilled, virtuous, responsible, and capable of
achieving personal well-being. Additionally,
it aims to enable individuals to contribute
to the harmony and prosperity of families,
communities, and the nation.

iii
 FOREWORD

T
he Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC), which was established on 1 February 1980 under the
Malaysian Examinations Council Act (Act 225), is a statutory body which operates under the aegis of
the Ministry of Education (MOE). Under the act, MEC is responsible for handling certain examinations
including Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM). In addition to conducting examinations, MEC is also
responsible for preparing the examination syllabus for each subject at STPM level.

The revised examination syllabus is designed to replace the existing examination syllabus which has been in
used since 2012 for the 2013 STPM examination cohort. The revision of the examination syllabus takes into
account the views of teachers and lecturers, and the requirements and importance of education for the current
STPM assessment system. The assessment system for Form Six still maintains three semesters, i.e the candidates
sit for the examinations at the end of each semester. Since MEC introduced the new assessment system in 2012,
the system has been able to improve the orientation of teaching and learning in Form Six which is parallel to
the orientation of teaching and learning in colleges and universities. The revised examination syllabus will be
used in 2025, which is for the examination of 2026 STPM semester 1 cohort.

The revision of the examination syllabus takes into account the changes and improvement that need to be done
by MEC towards the current examination syllabus. In the efforts of revising the examination syllabus, MEC
has moved forward by involving the industry representatives in the committee to ensure that the content of the
syllabus is in line with the current and future resource requirements, giving emphasis to the academic field.
This is to ensure that the STPM students are able to use the ideas and knowledge gained when they enter the
field of work later.

The revision of the examination syllabus is a process of updating and reorganising topics, content, skills
and assessment to be in line with current developments. The examination syllabus is giving the exposure to
candidates about the knowledge that will be acquired at the university level. The content of the examination
syllabus is arranged according to the candidate’s cognitive level and has continuity with the knowledge learned at
the SPM level. In addition, the content of the examination syllabus is streamlined with the content that matches
current needs. In relation to that, it is hoped that the examination syllabus can produce STPM graduates who
are knowledgeable, mature and able to convey ideas effectively through various forms of communications.

The effort to refine the examination syllabus was carried out by a committee consisting of lecturers, teachers with
experience in teaching Form Six, MOE officers and industry representatives. On behalf of MEC, I would like
to express my gratitude and appreciation to the committee for their services. MEC hopes that the examination
syllabus will be a guide for teachers and candidates in the teaching and learning at Form Six centres. May the
implementation of this examination syllabus succeed in achieving its goals.

Chief Executive
Malaysian Examinations Council

v
 Why choose STPM Chemistry?

Chemistry is the centre of sciences because it connects other sciences to each other
such as biology, physics, geology and environmental sciences. The content of STPM chem-
istry covers the principle, theories, application, develop lifelong skills on scientific enquiry,
confidence in technology, communication and teamwork skills. Thus, studying chemistry at
STPM level provides solid background to excel in today’s challenging world.

Chairman
Chemistry Examination Syllabus Committee

Chemistry enables us to understand the world in which we live in and cover wide
range of science-based courses and careers. STPM chemistry provides essential skills for
the industry.

The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)

Industry Representative

Chemistry is a dynamic experimental science that combines academic knowledge

with practical and investigative skills. STPM chemistry is the central science that serves as
a foundation for many tertiary courses.

Teacher Representative

vi
 Career Prospects

Chemistry is the central science that ties together knowledge from many
major fields of science, like biology and physics. Chemistry education
provides fundamental and applied chemistry related to physical and medical
sciences, and engineering. The skills acquired such as problem solvings,
critical and analytical thinking which are highly transferable and in demand
across various fields.

Chemistry graduates have a wide range of career prospects. They can persue
roles in research, academia, industries and many more. Chemistry also
provides a strong foundation for further education in the fields of science,
medical, law, forensic chemistry, food technologies and engineering.

‘Chemists always have solutions’

STPM Graduates Bachelor’s Degree Graduates

• Laboratory technician • Analytical chemist
• Assistant science officer • Clinical biochemist
• Assistant research officer • Forensic scientist
• Assistant forensic officer • Research and development scientist
• Assistant chemist • Scientific journalist
• Material engineer
• Chemical engineer
• Quality assurance manager
• Plant chemist
• Enviromental consultant
• Teacher or lecturer

vii
 CONTENTS
STPM Chemistry Examination Syllabus (962)

Page
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
Aims .......................................................................................................... 1
Objectives .................................................................................................. 1
Scheme of Assessment .............................................................................. 2
Contents .................................................................................................... 4
Semester 1 .......................................................................................... 5
Semester 2 .......................................................................................... 15
Semester 3 .......................................................................................... 25
Coursework ........................................................................................ 40
Written Practical Test ......................................................................... 41
List of References ..................................................................................... 42
Performance Descriptions ......................................................................... 43
STPM Grading System ............................................................................. 45
Summary of Key Quantities and Units ..................................................... 46
Values of Constants ................................................................................... 48
Periodic Table ............................................................................................ 49
Specimen Papers
Paper 1 ................................................................................................ 51
Paper 2 ................................................................................................ 65
Paper 3 ................................................................................................ 83
Paper 4 ................................................................................................ 99
Paper 5 ................................................................................................ 103

Details about the STPM Examination Syllabus can be viewed on the MPM
YouTube channel at the following link: https://www.youtube.com/@mpmselayang.

ix
 EXAMINATION SYLLABUS
CHEMISTRY (962) STPM

Introduction
Chemistry is one of the subjects offered by Malaysian Examination Council (MEC) for Sijil Tinggi
Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM). The examination syllabus comprises of topics in General Chemistry
and Inorganic Chemistry for Semester 1, Physical Chemistry for Semester 2 and Organic Chemistry for
Semester 3. It consists of topics, teaching and practical hours, learning outcomes, assessment scheme,
references, performance descriptors, table of constants, table of key quantities and units, Periodic Table
and specimen papers. The syllabus covers theories, practicals, problem-solving and critical thinking
skills which provides a strong foundation for related programmes in higher education and everyday life.
It also develops life-long, scientific, entrepreneurship, teamwork and communication skills, confidence
in technology, usefulness and limitations of scientific methods and environmental awareness among
candidates.

Aims
The Chemistry syllabus aims to enhance candidates’ knowledge, understanding and applications of
chemistry. It enables them to advance their studies at institutions of higher learning and assists them to
pursue chemistry-related careers. It will also instill awareness, develop attitudes and stimulate interests
in the sustainability of nature and the universe.

Objectives
The objectives of the syllabus are to enable candidates to:
(a) Understand facts, terminologies and principles of chemistry;
(b) Interpret scientific phenomena by using laws and chemical principles;
(c) Interpret and apply scientific information presented in various forms;
(d) Solve chemistry related problems;
(e) Analyse, synthesise and evaluate information logically and critically;
(f) Plan, carry out experiments, draw inferences and make deductions;
(g) Handle scientific apparatus and chemicals safely, correctly and efficiently;
(h) Develop positive attitudes and values towards the environment;
(i) Demonstrate good ethics and values in the practice of chemistry;
(j) Acquire generic skills.

1
Scheme of Assessment

Code and
Semester Mark
paper Theme/Title Type of test Duration Administration
of Study (Weighting)
name

Semester 962/1 General Written test 60

1 Chemistry Chemistry and (26.67%)
Paper 1 Inorganic
Chemistry Section A 20
Answer
20 multiple-choice
questions. Central
1.5 hours
assessment
Section B 14
Answer 2 structured
questions.
Section C 26
Answer 2 essay
questions.

Semester 962/2 Physical Written test 60

2 Chemistry Chemistry (26.67%)
Paper 2
Section A 20
Answer
20 multiple-choice
questions. Central
1.5 hours
assessment
Section B 14
Answer 2 structured
questions.
Section C 26
Answer 2 essay
questions.

2
 Code and
Semester Mark
paper Theme/Title Type of test Duration Administration
of Study (Weighting)
name

Semester 962/3 Organic Written test 60

3 Chemistry Chemistry (26.67%)
Paper 3
Section A 20
Answer
20 multiple-choice
questions. Central
1.5 hours
assessment
Section B 14
Answer 2 structured
questions.
Section C 26
Answer 2 essay
questions.

962/5 Written Written practical 45

Chemistry Chemistry test (20%) Central
Paper 5 Practical 1.5 hours
Answer 3 structured assessment
questions.

Semesters 962/4 Chemistry Coursework 225 Through-

1, 2, 3 Chemistry Practical 15 experiments. To be out the
Coursework
Paper 4 scaled to 45 three
(20%) semesters

3
Contents
The Chemistry syllabus is divided into three semesters:

Semester Contents Teaching Period

1 General Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry 120

2 Physical Chemistry 120

3 Organic Chemistry 120

4
Semester 1

FIRST SEMESTER: GENERAL CHEMISTRY AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

1 Atoms, Molecules 12
and Stoichiometry

1.1 Relative atomic, 4 Candidates should be able to:

isotopic and
molecular masses (a) Describe the principle of The operation of
mass spectrometer; mass spectrometer
is not required.

(b) Interpret mass spectra in Another term for

terms of relative relative abundance
abundance of isotopes of is relative
elements, compounds and intensity.
molecular fragments;

(c) Calculate relative atomic

mass of an element from
the relative abundance of
its isotopes and from its
mass spectrum.

1.2 The mole concept 8 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Relate mole to Avogadro

constant;

(b) Construct balanced

chemical equations for
all types of reactions;

3+3 (c) Determine the number of • Include

mole of reactants, limiting
volume of gases, volume reagents
of solutions,
concentration of • In calculations,
solutions and percentage answers should
yield; be in the
correct
significant
figures based on
the data given.

5
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(d) Deduce stoichiometric

relationships from the
calculations in daily and
industrial processes.

2 Electronic Structure 15
of Atoms

2.1 Electronic energy 3 Candidates should be able to:

levels of
hydrogen atom (a) Explain qualitatively the
concept of electronic
energy levels by using
line spectrum of
hydrogen atom or any
other one electron
species in the Lyman
and Balmer series;

(b) Determine the ionisation

energy of hydrogen atom
using E = h.

2.2 Atomic orbitals: 8 Candidates should be able to:

s, p and d
(a) State the four quantum
numbers (n, l, m, s);

(b) Relate quantum numbers Exclude f orbitals

with shape and
orientation of atomic
orbitals;

(c) Determine the four

quantum numbers of an
electron in any orbital;

(d) Deduce the number and

relative energies of s, p
and d orbitals for the
principal quantum
numbers 1, 2 and 3,
include 4s orbital;

2.3 Electronic 4 Candidates should be able to:

configuration
(a) Explain aufbau Include the term
principle, Pauli degenerate orbitals
exclusion principle and
Hund’s rule;

6
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(b) Write the electronic Limited to proton

configuration of atoms number 1 to 30
and ions from the proton
number;

(c) Identify the position of

elements in the Periodic
Table based on
electronic
configurations.

3 Chemical Bonding 28

3.1 Ionic bonding 4 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Explain the stability of Another term for

ions based on pseudo-noble gas
configuration is
(i) noble gas
fully-filled
configuration,
orbital.
(ii) pseudo-noble gas
configuration,
(iii) half-filled orbital.

(b) Explain the formation of

ionic bonding.

3.2 Covalent bonding 16 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Draw the Lewis Exemplified by

structure of covalent NH3, CCl4, H2O,
molecules; CO2, N2O4, BF3,
NO, NO2, PCl5,
SF6

(b) Draw the Lewis • Exemplified by

structure of ions; SO42−, CO32−,
NO3−, CN−
• Include the
term formal
charge

(c) Explain the concept of Exemplified by

overlapping and BeCl2, BF3, CH4,
hybridisation of s and p N2, HCN, NH3,
orbitals; H2O

7
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

3 (d) Explain the shapes and

bond angles in
molecules and ions using
the principle of valence-
shell electron-pair
repulsion (VSEPR)
theory;

(e) Explain the existence of Include C−C1,

polar and non-polar C−N, C−O,
bonds; C−Mg

(f) Explain the existence of

polar and non-polar
molecules;

(g) Relate bond length and

bond strength with
respect to single, double
and triple bonds;

(h) Explain the inertness of

nitrogen molecule;

(i) Compare the properties Limited to

of ionic and covalent melting point and
compounds; electrical
conductivity

(j) Explain the existence of • Another term

coordinate covalent for coordinate
bond. bond is dative
bond
• Exemplified by
H3O+, NH4+,
A12C16

3.3 Metallic bonding 2 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Describe metallic

bonding in terms of
lattice of positive ions
surrounded by
delocalised electrons;

(b) Explain qualitatively the

factors that affect the
strength of metallic
bonding.

8
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

3.4 Intermolecular 6 Candidates should be able to:

forces
(a) Describe van der Waals Include the terms
forces; instantaneous,
induced and
permanent
dipoles

(b) Explain the effect of van

der Waals forces on
boiling point and
solubility;

(c) Describe intermolecular

and intramolecular
hydrogen bondings;

(d) Explain the effect of

hydrogen bonding on
boiling point and
solubility.

4 Periodic Table: 11
Periodicity

4.1 Atomic and 6 Candidates should be able to:

physical
properties of (a) Explain the trend of Include the terms
Period 3 elements atomic radii; effective nuclear
charge and
shielding effect

(b) Explain the trend of

melting points in terms
of structure and bonding;

(c) Explain the trend of

electrical conductivities
by applying the concept
of band theory;

(d) Differentiate conductor,

semi-conductor and non-
conductor by using band
gap;

9
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(e) Explain the trend of first

ionisation energies;

(f) Deduce the electronic

configuration and group
of unknown elements
based on successive
values of ionisation
energies.

4.2 Reactions of 2 Candidates should be able to:

Period 3 elements
with oxygen (a) Describe the reaction of
elements with limited
and excess oxygen;

(b) Explain the reactivity of

metals with oxygen.

4.3 Acidic and basic 3 Candidates should be able to:

properties of
Period 3 oxides (a) Describe the reaction of
the oxides with water;

(b) Explain the acidic and Include the types

basic properties of the of bonding
oxides;

(c) Deduce the oxides as

basic, amphoteric or
acidic based on their
reactions with acid
and/or base;

(d) Explain the usage of

sulphur dioxide in food
preservation.

5 Group 2 7

5.1 Group 2 elements 5 Candidates should be able to:

and compounds
(a) Compare the reactivity
of elements towards
oxygen and water;

(b) Compare the reactivity

of the oxides with water;

10
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

3 (c) Explain qualitatively the

thermal decomposition
of carbonates,
hydroxides and nitrates
in terms of charge
density of cations and
polarisability of anions;

(d) Explain qualitatively the • Include

solubility of sulphates in definition of
terms of enthalpy of enthalpy of
hydration and lattice solution,
energy. enthalpy of
hydration and
lattice energy
• Hsoln =
Hhyd −
Hlattice

5.2 Usage of Group 2 2 Candidates should be able to:

compounds
(a) State the usage of Limited to oxides,
Group 2 compounds in nitrates,
agriculture, industry and carbonates and
medicine. sulphates

6 Group 14 13

6.1 Physical 4 Candidates should be able to:

properties of
Group 14 (a) Explain the trend of
elements melting points in terms
of structure and bonding;

(b) Explain the trend of

electrical conductivities
by applying the concept
of band theory.

6.2 Tetrachlorides 6 Candidates should be able to:

and oxides of
Group 14 (a) Describe bonding and
elements molecular shapes of
tetrachlorides;

(b) Explain volatility of

tetrachlorides in terms of
structure and bonding;

11
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(c) Explain hydrolysis of

tetrachlorides in terms of
structure and bonding;

(d) Explain bonding and

acid-base properties of
+2 and +4 oxides down
the group;

(e) Compare acid-base

properties between +2
and +4 oxides of the
same elements.

6.3 Relative stability 3 Candidates should be able to:

of +2 and +4
oxidation states (a) Explain thermal stability Include the term
of Group 14 of +2 and +4 oxides and inert pair effect
elements chlorides down the
group;

(b) Compare thermal

stability between +2 and
+4 oxides and chlorides
of the same elements.

7 Group 17 8

7.1 Chemical 5 Candidates should be able to:

properties of
Group 17 (a) Explain the order of Exclude astatine
elements reactivity of the elements
with hydrogen;

(b) Explain the relative

thermal stability of the
hydrides;

(c) Compare the reactions of

chlorine with cold and
hot aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

7.2 Chemical 2 3 Candidates should be able to:

properties of
halides (a) Explain the order of Exclude astatide
reactivity of the elements
with hydrogen;

12
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(b) Explain the reactions of Exclude fluoride

halides with concentrated and astatide
sulphuric acid.

7.3 Industrial 1 Candidates should be able to:

applications of
halogens and (a) Explain the usage of
their compounds chlorine in water
treatment;

(b) Explain the usage of

iodine as antiseptics.

8 Transition Elements 11

8.1 Atomic and 3 Candidates should be able to:

physical properties
of first row (a) Define transition
transition elements element;

(b) Explain the similarities

in atomic radii and first
ionisation energies;

(c) Compare qualitatively the

atomic radius, first
ionisation energy, melting
point and electrical
conductivity between the
first row of transition
elements and calcium.

8.2 Chemical 2 Candidates should be able to:

properties of first
row transition (a) Explain various
elements oxidation states of
transition elements;

(b) Explain qualitatively the

relative stability of
various oxidation states
of transition metal ions.

8.3 Nomenclature 4 Candidates should be able to:

and bonding of
complexes (a) Define complex ions and
ligands;

13
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(b) Identify the monodentate, • Bidentate

bidentate and hexadentate ligands are
ligands; limited to
ethylenediamine
and ethanedioate
or oxalate ions.
• Hexadentate
ligand is limited
to
ethylenediamine
tetraethanoate
(EDTA) ion.

(c) Explain coordinate bond

formation;

(d) Name neutral, cationic

and anionic complexes
according to the
International Union of
Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC)
nomenclature.

8.4 Usage of first row 2 Candidates should be able to:

transition elements
and their (a) State the usage of
compounds chromium, cobalt,
manganese and titanium;

(b) Explain the usage of Fe2+

or Fe3+ as homogeneous
catalyst in the reaction
between I− and S2O82−;

(c) Explain the usage of Ni

as heterogeneous
catalyst in hydrogenation
of alkenes.

Total 105 15

14
Semester 2

SECOND SEMESTER: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

9 States of Matter 12

9.1 Gases 6 Candidates should be able to:

(a) State Boyle’s law,

Charles’ law and
Avogadro’s law;

(b) Apply Boyle’s law,

Charles’ law and
Avogadro’s law in
problem solving;

(c) Derive the ideal gas law;

(d) Apply the ideal gas law

in problem solving
including the
determination of relative
molecular mass and
density;

(e) State the basic

assumptions of the kinetic
theory;

(f) Explain qualitatively the

conditions necessary for a
gas approaching the ideal
behaviour;

(g) State Dalton’s law of

partial pressures;

(h) Determine partial

pressure of a gas and its
composition using
Dalton’s law of partial
pressures.

15
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

9.2 Liquids 2 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Explain vaporisation and

vapour pressure of
liquids by using simple
kinetic theory and
intermolecular forces;

(b) Compare boiling points

of liquids in terms of
intermolecular forces.

9.3 Solids 4 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Describe qualitatively the The lattice

lattice structure of a structure is
crystalline solid: face-centred
cubic.
(i) metallic, as in
copper,
(ii) simple molecular,
as in iodine,
(iii) ionic, as in sodium
chloride.

(b) Compare the allotropes • Graphite,

of carbon in terms of diamond and
structures, properties and fullerene (C60)
usage.
• Properties
limited to
hardness and
electrical
conductivity

10 Equilibria 34

10.1 Chemical 14 Candidates should be able to:

equilibria
(a) Explain a reversible
reaction and dynamic
equilibrium;

(b) Describe mass action

law from stoichiometric
equation;

16
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(c) Deduce expressions for Kp = Kc(RT)n

equilibrium constants
Kc, and, Kp for
homogeneous and
heterogeneous systems,
and the relationship
between Kc and Kp;

(d) Determine the values of

equilibrium constants
from a given data;

(e) Determine the quantities

present at equilibrium
from a given data;

(f) State Le Chatelier’s

principle;

(g) Explain the effect of

concentration, pressure,
temperature and catalysts
on the chemical
equilibrium such as in
(i) synthesis of
hydrogen iodide,
(ii) dissociation of
dinitrogen
tetroxide,
(iii) hydrolysis of
simple esters,
(iv) contact process,
(v) Haber process,
(vi) Ostwald process.

(h) Explain the effect of The equation is

temperature on H
equilibrium constant; ln K = − +C
RT

(i) Explain the effect of

concentration of
stratospheric ozone on the
photodissociation of
oxides of nitrogen.

17
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

10.2 Ionic equilibria 14 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Explain acids and bases

using Arrhenius,
BrØnsted-Lowry and
Lewis theories;

(b) Identify conjugate acids

and bases;

(c) Explain qualitatively the

differences in dissociation
of strong and weak acids
and bases;

(d) Determine pH, pOH, Ka,

pKa, Kb, pKb, Kw and pKw;

(e) Plot the titration curve for Limited to

strong acid-strong base, monoacids and
strong acid-weak base and monobases
weak acid-strong base
titrations;

(f) Explain the changes in pH

during strong acid-strong
base, strong acid-weak
base and weak acid-strong
base titrations;

(g) Identify suitable indicators

for acid-base titrations;

(h) Explain buffer solutions;

(i) Determine the pH and Henderson-

pOH of buffer solutions; Hasselbach
equations are
given.

(j) Explain the role of buffer

solutions and their
importance in controlling
blood pH.
and

18
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

10.3 Solubility 6 Candidates should be able to:

equilibria
(a) Explain solubility product,
Ksp;

3 (b) Determine Ksp from given

concentrations and vice
versa;

(c) Explain the common ion

effect;

(d) Determine the possibility

of precipitation from
solutions of known
concentrations;

(e) Describe industrial process

for water softening based
on the common ion effect.

11 Reaction Kinetics 13

11.1 Rate law 4 Candidates should be able to:

(a) State the rate equation;

(b) Determine the rate

constant from initial rates;

(c) Deduce the initial rate

from rate equation and
experimental data.

11.2 The effect of 3 Candidates should be able to:

temperature on
reaction kinetics (a) Explain qualitatively the
effect of temperature on
the rate of reaction by
using collision theory;

(b) Explain the distribution

of molecular energy at
different temperatures by
using the Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution
curve;
and

19
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

3 (c) Explain the relationship Arrhenius

between rate constant with equation is
activation energy and E
− a
temperature using k = Ae RT
Arrhenius equation.

11.3 The role of 2 Candidates should be able to:

catalysts in
reactions 3 (a) Explain the effect of Refresh the term
catalysts on the rate of homogeneous
reactions; and
heterogeneous
catalysts

(b) Describe the production of

sulphuric acid using the
following catalysts
(i) oxides of nitrogen,
(ii) vanadium(V) oxide.

11.4 Order of 4 Candidates should be able to:

reactions and
rate constants (a) Deduce the order of a The orders are
reaction and the rate limited to zero,
constant by the initial first and second.
rate method and
graphical methods;

(b) Propose the reaction Include the term

mechanism with the rate-determining
observed kinetics; step

(c) Calculate half-life (t½)

and rate constant for
first-order and
second-order reactions.

12 Chemical Energetics 19

12.1 Enthalpy changes 7 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Explain endothermic

reactions based on bond
breaking and exothermic
reactions based on bond
forming;

20
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(b) Define standard • The symbols

enthalpies of formation, are Hf,
combustion, hydration, Hc,
solution, neutralisation Hhyd,
and atomisation; Hsoln, Hn,
Ha
• Ha for
elements and
compounds

(c) Construct
thermochemical
equations for all
enthalpies;

(d) Define bond energy, Emphasise on

ionisation energy, lattice energy
electron affinity and (Hlattice) that
lattice energy; refers to the
formation of one
mole of ionic
compound

3 (e) Determine the heat

change from experimental
measurement using the
relationship: q = mc;

(f) Determine H from

experimental data.

12.2 Hess’s law 6 Candidates should be able to:

(a) State Hess’s law;

(b) Apply Hess’s law to

calculate H using
(i) the energy level
diagram,
(ii) the energy cycle,
(iii) the formula:
H = Hf 
(products) − Hf 
(reactants).

21
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

12.3 Born-Haber 6 Candidates should be able to:

cycle
(a) Construct Born-Haber
cycle for
(i) simple ionic
compounds,
(ii) an aqueous solution
of ionic
compounds;

(b) Explain qualitatively the

effects of ionic charge
and ionic radius on the
numerical value of lattice
energy and hydration
energy.

13 Electrochemistry 27

13.1 Half-cell and 3 Candidates should be able to:

redox equations
(a) Construct electrochemical
cells;

(b) Write half-cell equations;

(c) Deduce overall equations

and cell notation of
electrochemical cells.

13.2 Standard 7 Candidates should be able to:

reduction
potential (a) Describe the standard
hydrogen electrode;

(b) Determine the standard

reduction potential, Eº,
using the standard
hydrogen electrode;

(c) Calculate the standard The abbreviation

cell potential; e.m.f. may be
used instead of
Ecell.

(d) Compare the strength of

oxidising and reducing
agents from Eº values;

22
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(e) Predict the spontaneity of

a reaction from Ecell
value.

13.3 Non-standard 5 Candidates should be able to:

cell potentials
(a) Calculate Ecell using Nernst equation
Nernst equation; is given.

(b) Determine the

spontaneity of a reaction,
equilibrium constant, Kc,
and solubility product,
Ksp, using Nernst
equation.

13.4 Electrolysis 6 3 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Compare the principles of

electrolytic cell with
electrochemical cell;

(b) Predict the products

formed during electrolysis;

(c) State Faraday’s first and

second laws of
electrolysis;

(d) Explain the relationship

between Faraday
constant, Avogadro
number and electronic
charge;

(e) Determine the quantity of

electricity used, the mass
of material and/or volume
of gas liberated during
electrolysis.

13.5 Application of 6 Candidates should be able to:

electrochemistry
(a) Explain the hydrogen-
oxygen fuel cell and its
importance;

23
 Hour
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(b) Explain the extraction of Include the

aluminium by recycling of
electrolysis; aluminium and
its advantages

(c) Explain the process of

anodisation of aluminium;

(d) Explain the diaphragm

cell in the manufacture of
chlorine from brine;

(e) Describe the treatment of

industrial effluent to
remove Ni2+, Cr3+ and
Cd2+.

Total 105 15

24
Semester 3

THIRD SEMESTER: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

14 Introduction to 7
Organic Chemistry

14.1 Bonding in 3 Candidates should be able to:

organic
compounds (a) Describe the bonding and
shapes of organic
compounds using sp3, sp2
and sp hybridised orbitals;

(b) Explain the concept of

delocalisation of 
electrons in benzene ring.

14.2 Classification 1 Candidates should be able to:

of organic
compounds (a) Describe the classification Emphasise on
of organic compounds: classes of
compounds and
(i) Alkanes, alkenes,
functional groups
alkynes and arenes,
(ii) Haloalkanes and
haloarenes,
(iii) Alcohols and
phenols,
(iv) Aldehydes and
ketones,
(v) Carboxylic acids
and their
derivatives:
• acyl chlorides
• amides
• esters
(vi) Amines.

25
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

14.3 Molecular 1 Candidates should be able to:

structure and
its effect on (a) Explain the relationship Within the same
boiling points between boiling points, classes of
size of molecules and compounds and
intermolecular forces. between different
classes of
compounds

14.4 Free radicals, 2 Candidates should be able to:

nucleophiles
and (a) Explain the homolytic and
electrophiles heterolytic cleavages;

(b) Explain free radicals,

nucleophiles and
electrophiles;

15 Hydrocarbons 29

15.1 Alkanes 9 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Write the general and Include the term

structural formulae for saturated aliphatic
alkanes C1 to C10; hydrocarbon

(b) Name alkanes according to

IUPAC nomenclature;

(c) Name alkyl groups;

(d) Explain the structural • Another term

isomerism and for structural
stereoisomerism in aliphatic isomerism is
alkanes and cycloalkanes; constitutional
isomerism.
• Include the term
chiral centre

(e) Explain boiling points of

alkanes;

(f) Explain free radical Limited to

substitution reaction of chlorination and
alkanes; bromination

(g) Explain the mechanism of

free radical substitution;

26
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(h) Explain the thermal and

catalytic crackings
processes for the formation
of smaller alkanes and
alkenes;

(i) Describe the usage of

alkanes as fuel and the role
of catalytic converters in
minimising air pollution;

(j) Explain the effects of Limited to

chemical pollutants from greenhouse effect
the combustion of and acid rain
hydrocarbon on air quality
and rainwater.

15.2 Alkenes 10 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Write the general and Include the term

structural formulae for unsaturated
alkenes C2 to C10; aliphatic
hydrocarbon

(b) Name alkenes according to

IUPAC nomenclature;

(c) Explain structural and Another term for

geometrical isomerisms in geometrical
alkenes; isomerism is
cis-trans
isomerism.

3 (d) Describe chemical reactions

of alkenes through
(i) addition of • Include
hydrogen, water, Markovnikov’s
hydrogen halides, rule
bromine water,
halogens in inert • Halogens
solvents and limited to Cl2
concentrated and Br2
sulphuric acid,
(ii) Oxidation, Limited to
KMnO4 and
K2Cr2O7
(iii) Ozonolysis.

27
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(e) Introduce relative stability Limited to

and rearrangement of 1,2 shift (methyl
carbocations; and hydride shift)

(f) Explain the mechanism of

electrophilic addition
reaction of alkenes;

(g) Explain the confirmatory

tests for unsaturated
compounds.

15.3 Arenes 10 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Name arenes according to Limited to

IUPAC nomenclature; benzene and
alkylbenzenes
(Alkyl: C1 to C4)

(b) Describe the structural

isomerism in arenes;

(c) Describe electrophilic Include IUPAC

aromatic substitution name for the
reactions of arenes through products
(i) halogenation,
(ii) nitration,
(iii) Friedel-Crafts
alkylation,
(iv) Friedel-Crafts
acylation.

(d) Explain ortho-para and • Limited to the

meta directors towards reactions in (c)
further substitution;
• Limited to
disubstituted
products

(e) Explain the mechanism of Limited to the

electrophilic aromatic formation of
substitution reactions; monosubstituted
product

(f) Explain the stability of

benzene towards addition
reactions;

28
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(g) Describe the oxidation of The alkyl group

alkylbenzene; must contain
benzylic
hydrogen.

(h) Explain the halogenation of

alkylbenzene in the
presence of Lewis acid
catalyst and ultraviolet
light.

16 Haloalkanes 11

16.1 Introduction 2 Candidates should be able to:

of haloalkanes
(a) Write the general and
structural formulae for
haloalkanes C1 to C10;

(b) Classify haloalkanes as

primary, secondary and
tertiary;

(c) Name haloalkanes

according to IUPAC
nomenclature;

(d) Explain the structural

isomerism and
stereoisomerism in
haloalkanes.

16.2 Chemical 8 (a) Describe the nucleophilic

properties of substitution reactions of
haloalkanes haloalkanes through water,
hydroxide ion, alcohols,
alkoxide ions, ammonia,
amines and cyanide ions;

(b) Explain the mechanism of Include

nucleophilic substitutions reaction-energy
(SN1 and SN2) of diagrams
haloalkanes;

(c) Explain the relative

reactivity of primary,
secondary and tertiary
haloalkanes towards
nucleophilic substitutions;

29
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(d) Compare the reactivity of Limited to

halobenzene and chlorine and
haloalkanes in hydrolysis bromine
reactions;

(e) Explain the elimination Include Saytzeff’s

reaction of haloalkanes. rule

16.3 Usage of 1 Candidates should be able to:

haloalkanes
(a) Describe the synthesis of Organomagnesium
organomagnesium compounds are
compounds from known as Grignard
haloalkanes; reagents.

(b) Describe the usage of

fluoroalkanes and
chlorofluoroalkanes as
inert substances for
aerosol propellants,
coolants and fire-
extinguishers;

(c) Explain the mechanism

involved in the depletion
of the ozone layer by
chlorofluoroalkanes.

17 Hydroxy 16
Compounds

17.1 Introduction to 2 Candidates should be able to:

hydroxy
compounds (a) Write the general and
structural formulae for
hydroxy compounds C1 to
C10;

(b) Name hydroxy compounds

according to IUPAC
nomenclature;

(c) Explain the structural

isomerism and
stereoisomerism in
hydroxy compounds.

30
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

17.2 Alcohols 7 3 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Classify alcohols as

primary, secondary and
tertiary;

(b) Explain the chemical

reactions of alcohols
involving RO−H bond
breaking through
(i) the reaction with
sodium,
(ii) the reaction with
carboxylic acids,
(iii) the reaction with
acyl chlorides.

(c) Explain the chemical

reactions of alcohols
involving R−OH bond
breaking through
(i) the reaction with
SOCl2, PCl3 and
PCl5, The products are
(ii) the reaction with alkenes or ethers.
concentrated H2SO4.

(d) Explain the confirmatory

test for primary, secondary
and tertiary alcohols using
Lucas reagent;

(e) Explain the presence of The structure of

methyl carbinol using methyl carbinol is
iodoform test;
CH3CH(OH)

(f) Describe the usage of

alcohols as antiseptic,
solvent, fuel and coolant.

31
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

17.3 Phenols 7 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Explain the acidity of

phenols in comparison to
water and alcohols using the
inductive and resonance
effects;

(b) Describe the chemical

reactions involving
C6H5O−H bond breaking
with
(i) sodium,
(ii) sodium hydroxide,
(iii) acyl chlorides.

(c) Describe the electrophilic

aromatic substitution of
phenol through
(i) halogenation,
(ii) nitration,
(iii) Friedel-Crafts
alkylation,
(iv) Friedel-Crafts
acylation.

3 (d) Explain the confirmatory

tests for phenol;

(e) Describe the cumene

process in the manufacture
of phenol;

(f) State the usage of phenol.

18 Carbonyl 9
Compounds

18.1 Introduction of 1 Candidates should be able to:

carbonyl
compounds (a) Name aldehydes and
ketones according to
IUPAC nomenclature.

32
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

18.2 Preparation of 2 Candidates should be able to:

carbonyl
compounds (a) Describe the preparation of
aldehydes and ketones
through
(i) oxidation of Include
alcohols, pyridinium
chlorochromate
(PCC) for
preparation of
aldehydes
(ii) ozonolysis of
alkenes,
(iii) Friedel-Crafts
acylation of
aromatic
compounds.

18.3 Chemical 6 Candidates should be able to:

properties of
carbonyl (a) Describe the nucleophilic • HCN is highly
compounds addition reaction of toxic and
aldehydes and ketones with volatile.
HCN and NaCN/H+; • NaCN can be
replaced by
KCN.

(b) Explain the mechanism of

nucleophilic addition
reaction of aldehydes and
ketones with NaCN/H+;

(c) Explain the chemical Refer to topic

reactions of aldehydes and 16.3
ketones with Grignard
reagents;

(d) Describe the reduction of

aldehydes and ketones
through
(i) the catalytic
hydrogenation,
(ii) LiA1H4 or NaBH4.

(e) Describe the oxidation of

aldehydes;

33
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(f) Explain confirmatory tests Reaction with

for carbonyl group; KMnO4 cannot be
used as
confirmatory test.

3 (g) Explain the chemical tests

to distinguish between
aldehydes and ketones;

(h) Explain the presence of The structure of

methyl ketone using methyl ketone is
iodoform test.
CH3−C=O

19 Carboxylic Acids 14
and Derivatives

19.1 Carboxylic 4 Candidates should be able to:

acids
(a) Name carboxylic acids
according to IUPAC
nomenclature;

(b) Explain the acidic Include the effects

properties of carboxylic of substituents
acids;

(c) Describe the preparation

of carboxylic acids from
alcohols, aldehydes and
nitriles;

(d) Describe the preparation

of carboxylic acids using
carbon dioxide and
Grignard reagents;

3 (e) Explain the chemical

reactions of carboxylic
acids with
(i) alcohols,
(ii) SOCl2, PCl3 and
PCl5,

34
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(f) Describe the electrophilic

aromatic substitution of
benzoic acid through
(i) halogenation,
(ii) nitration,
(iii) Friedel-Crafts
alkylation,
(iv) Friedel-Crafts
acylation.

(g) Describe the reduction of

carboxylic acids to
primary alcohols;

(h) Explain the reducing

property of methanoic
acid;

(i) State the usage of

carboxylic acids in
industries.

19.2 Acyl chlorides 4 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Name acyl chlorides

according to IUPAC
nomenclature;

(b) Explain the ease of

hydrolysis of acyl
chlorides compared to
chloroalkanes;

(c) Describe the chemical Include the term

reactions of acyl chlorides nucleophilic acyl
with substitution
(i) alcohols,
(ii) phenols,
(iii) ammonia,
(iv) amines.

19.3 Esters 3 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Name esters according to

IUPAC nomenclature;

35
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(b) Explain the structural

isomerism in esters;

(c) Compare the boiling points

of esters with carboxylic
acids;

(d) Explain acid and base

hydrolyses of esters;

(e) Describe the reduction of

esters to alcohols;

(f) State the usage of esters.

19.4 Amides 3 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Name amides according to

IUPAC nomenclature;

(b) Classify amides into

primary, secondary and
tertiary;

(c) Compare the boiling points

of primary, secondary and
tertiary amides;

(d) Describe the preparation of

amides from
(i) carboxylic acids,
(ii) acyl chlorides.

(e) Explain acid and base

hydrolyses of amides;

(f) Compare the reactivity of

amides, esters, acyl
chlorides and carboxylic
acids towards nucleophilic
acyl substitution reaction.

36
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

20 Amines and Amino 9

Acids

20.1 Amines 5 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Classify amines into

primary, secondary and
tertiary;

(b) Name amines according to

IUPAC nomenclature;

(c) Compare the boiling points

of primary, secondary and
tertiary amines;

(d) Explain the relative basicity

of ammonia, primary
amines and aniline;

(e) Describe the preparation of

(i) primary amines by
reduction of nitriles,
(ii) aniline by reduction
of nitrobenzene.

(f) Explain the formation of

salts when amines react
with mineral acids;

(g) Explain the chemical test to Nitrous acid is

differentiate classes of prepared in situ
amines using from sodium
nitrite and
(i) Hinsberg test,
hydrochloric acid
(ii) nitrous acid. at 0 − 5 C.

(h) Explain the chemical tests

to distinguish the primary
aliphatic amines from the
primary aromatic amines
using bromine water

(i) Describe the formation of

diazonium salts.

3 (j) Describe the formation of

dyes by coupling reaction
of diazonium salts.

37
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

20.2 Amino acids 4 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Write the general

structural formula for
-amino acids;

(b) Name -amino acids

according to IUPAC
nomenclature;

(c) Explain stereoisomerism

in -amino acids;

(d) Explain the formation of

zwitterions;

(e) Explain physical properties

of -amino acids in terms
of
(i) melting point,
(ii) solubility in water.

(f) Explain acid and base

properties of -amino
acids;

(g) Explain the condensation

of -amino acids to form
dipeptides and tripeptides.

21 Polymers 10 Candidates should be able to:

(a) Define monomer,

polymer, repeating unit,
homopolymer and
copolymer;

(b) Identify the monomers in a

polymer;

(c) Describe the addition Polyphenylethene is

polymerisation for also known as
polyethene, polystyrene and
polyphenylethene and polychloroethene is
polychloroethene; also known as
polyvinyl chloride.

38
 Period
Topic Learning Outcome Notes
Theory Practical

(d) Describe the role of

Ziegler-Natta catalyst in
addition polymerisation;

(e) Explain the classification

of polymers as
thermosetting,
thermoplastic and
elastomer;

(f) Describe condensation

polymerisation for
polyesters and
polyamides;

(g) Identify the monomer of

natural rubber;

(h) Describe the elasticity of

two isomers of poly
(2-methylbuta-1,3-diene);

(i) State the usage of

polymers;

(j) Describe the difficulty in Include the term

the disposal of polymers; biodegradable
polymer

(k) State the advantages and

disadvantages of disposal
of polymer-based
materials in rivers and
seas;

(l) Explain the degradation of The example of

polymer by the polymers are
photodegradation and polyethylene
hydrolysis. (by
photodegradation),
polyethylene
terephthalate, PET
(by hydrolysis).

Total 105 15

39
Coursework (Paper 4)

The coursework is carried out by Form Six candidates from government and private schools approved
by MEC.

MEC determines 15 experiments to be carried out by the candidates and to be assessed by the
subject teachers in schools in the respective semester. Details of title, objective, introduction, apparatus,
and procedure for each experiment are specified in the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Chemistry
Coursework which can be downloaded from MEC Portal (http://www.mpm.edu.my) at the beginning
of Semester 1 by the subject teachers.

Each candidate will be given a worksheet one week before the experiment is carried out to enable
the candidate to plan his work. The duration of each experiment is two hours. The candidate is assessed
by the subject teacher during the experiment and from the laboratory report. The assessment should
comply with the guidelines prepared by MEC.

The chemistry coursework for STPM is meant to improve the quality of candidates on the
experimental skills. The candidates should be able to:
(a) Follow a set or sequence of instructions;
(b) Plan and carry out experiments using appropriate methods;
(c) Choose suitable apparatus and equipment and use them correctly and safely;
(d) Explain experimental arrangements, techniques and procedures;
(e) Record experimental data accurately and/or plot graphs;
(f) Interpret, analyse and evaluate observations, experimental data and make deductions;
(g) Perform calculations based on experiments;
(h) Make conclusions based on the objective of the experiment;
(i) Prepare a comprehensive report of the experiment;
(j) Integrate scientific ethics and noble values.

40
Written Practical Test (Paper 5)

The main objective of the written practical test is to assess the candidates’ understanding of practical
procedures in the laboratory.

The following candidates are required to register for this paper:

(a) Individual private candidates
(b) Candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the coursework

The candidates are required to answer three structured questions based on the current coursework.
Where appropriate, candidates will be given sufficient information to enable them to answer the
questions. Only knowledge of theory within the syllabus and laboratory procedures will be expected.

The questions will test candidates’ ability to:

(a) Record readings from diagrams of apparatus;
(b) Describe or explain, experimental arrangements, techniques, and procedures;
(c) Complete tables of data and/or plot graphs;
(d) Interpret, analyse and evaluate observations, experimental data and make deductions;
(e) Perform calculations based on experiments.

41
List of References

Teachers and candidates may use references such as those listed below.

Brady, J. E. and Senese, F., 2014. Chemistry. 7th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Brown, T. L., LeMay, H.E., Bursten, B. E., 2023. Chemistry: The Central Science. 15th edition.
New Jersey: Pearson.

Chang, R., 2023. Chemistry. 14th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

Hill, G. and Holman, J., 2021. Chemistry in Context. 10th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.

Housecroft, C. E. and Sharpe, A. G., 2018. Inorganic Chemistry. 5th edition. Essex: Pearson.

Lee, J. D., 2023. Concise Inorganic Chemistry. 5th edition. Blackwell.

McMurry, J. and Simanek, E., 2023. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. 10th edition.
California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Moore, J.W., Stanitski, C. L., and Jurs, P.C., 2014. Chemistry The Molecular Science. 5th edition.
California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Ramsden, E. N., 2016. A-Level Chemistry. 4th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.

Silberberg, M. and Amateis, P., 2023. Chemistry. The Molecular Matter and Change. 10th edition.
San Jose City Collage: McGraw Hill.

Solomons, G., Fryhle, C., and Synder, S.A., 2017. Organic Chemistry. 12th edition.
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Wade, L.G., Simek, J. W., 2022. Organic Chemistry. 10th edition. Pearson.

42
 PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTIONS

GRADE A

A Grade A candidate should be able to:

• Shows excellent understanding of the principles of chemistry;
• Can interpret most of scientific phenomena by using laws and chemical principles;
• Can interpret and apply scientific information presented in clear and logical form;
• Can solve most of the chemistry related problems;
• Can analyse, synthesise and evaluate most of the information logically and critically;
• Can plan, carry out experiments, draw inferences and make deductions critically;
• Can handle scientific apparatus and chemicals safely, correctly and efficiently;
• Always demonstrate positive attitudes and values towards the environment;
• Always demonstrate good ethics and values in the practice of chemistry;
• Can acquire excellent generic skills.

GRADE C

A Grade C candidate should be able to:

• Shows satisfactory understanding of the principles of chemistry;
• Can interpret adequate scientific phenomena by using laws and chemical principles;
• Can moderately interpret and apply scientific information presented in various forms;
• Can solve some of the chemistry related problems;
• Can analyse, synthesise and evaluate some of the information logically and critically;
• Can plan, carry out experiments, draw inferences and make deductions;
• Can handle some scientific apparatus and chemicals safely, correctly and efficiently;
• Usually demonstrate positive attitudes and values towards the environment;
• Usually demonstrate good ethics and values in the practice of chemistry;
• Can acquire adequate generic skills.

43
GRADE D

A Grade D candidate should be able to:

• Shows some basic understanding of the principles of chemistry;
• Can interpret limited scientific phenomena by using laws and chemical principles;
• Can interpret and apply limited scientific information presented in various forms;
• Can solve limited chemistry related problems;
• Can analyse, synthesise and evaluate limited information logically and critically;
• Can plan, carry out experiments, draw inferences and make deductions with guidance;
• Can handle a few scientific apparatus and chemicals safely, correctly and efficiently;
• Sometimes demonstrate positive attitudes and values towards the environment;
• Sometimes demonstrate good ethics and values in the practice of chemistry;
• Can acquire limited generic skills.

44
STPM Grading System

Grade of
Grade of Subject Value of Subject Grade Level of Passing Subject
Paper

A A 4.00 Full pass

A- A- 3.67 Full pass

B+ B+ 3.33 Full pass

B B 3.00 Full pass

B- B- 2.67 Full pass

C+ C+ 2.33 Full pass

C C 2.00 Full pass

C- C- 1.67 Partial pass

D+ D+ 1.33 Partial pass

D D 1.00 Partial pass

F F 0.00 Fail

45
Summary of Key Quantities and Units

Candidates are expected to be familiar with the following quantities, their symbols, their units, and their
interrelationships. They should also be able to perform calculations and deal with questions involving
these quantities as indicated in the syllabus. The list should not be considered exhaustive.

Quantity Usual symbols Units

Mass m kg, g
Length m
Time t s
Electric current I A
Amount of substance n mol
Temperature T C, K
Temperature change  , T C, K
Volume V m3, dm3, cm3
Density  kg m−3, g dm−3, g cm−3
Pressure p Pa, atm
Frequency  Hz
Wavelength  m, mm, nm
Speed of light c m s−1
Planck’s constant h Js
Elementary/electronic charge e C
Standard electrode potential/ standard reduction potential E V
Standard cell potential o
Ecell V

Cell potential Ecell V

Electromotive force E V
Gas constant R J K mol−1
−1

Half-life t 12 s

Atomic mass unit − a.m.u.

Relative atomic mass Ar −
Relative molecular mass Mr −
Molar mass M g mol−1
Molar volume of gas Vm dm3 mol−1
Nucleon number A −

46
 Quantity Usual symbols Units

Proton number Z −
Neutron number N −
Avogadro’s number NA mol−1
Faraday constant F C mol−1
Specific heat capacity c J g−1 C−1
Heat capacity C J C−1
Heat change q J, kJ
Enthalpy change of reaction H J, kJ
Standard enthalpy change of reaction H J mol−1, kJ mol−1
Ionisation energy I kJ mol−1
Lattice energy H lattice
o kJ mol−1

Bond energy − kJ mol−1

Electron affinity Eea kJ mol−1
Rate constant k as appropriate
Equilibrium constant K, Kp, Kc as appropriate
Acid dissociation constant Ka mol dm−3
Base dissociation constant Kb mol dm−3
Mole fraction x −
Concentration c mol dm−3
Solubility product Ksp as appropriate
Ionic product of water Kw mol2 dm−6

47
 962 CHEMISTRY
Values of constants

Avogadro’s number NA = 6.02  1023 mol−1

Faraday constant F = 96 500 C mol−1
Gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
Planck’s constant h = 6.63  10−34 J s
Speed of light in free space c = 3.00  108 m s−1
Specific heat capacity of water cw = 4.18 J g−1 °C−1

48
 Periodic Table (Jadual Berkala)

Group (Kumpulan)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1.0 4.0
H He
1 2
6.9 9.0 a a = relative atomic mass (jisim atom relatif) 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
Li Be X X = atomic symbol (simbol atom) B C N O F Ne
3 4 b b = atomic number (nombor atom) 5 6 7 8 9 10
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 40.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
49

85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rl
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
[223] [226] 227 [261] [262] [266] [264] [269] [268] [281] [272] [285]
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

 140 141 144 [145] 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

 232 231 238 237 [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262]
 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
• The atomic numbers and approximate relative atomic masses shown in the table are for use in the examination unless stated otherwise in a specific question.
(• Nombor atom dan anggaran jisim atom relatif yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual adalah untuk digunakan dalam peperiksaan kecuali yang sebaliknya dinyatakan dalam
soalan yang tertentu.)
50
 SPECIMEN PAPER
962/1(U1) STPM
962/1
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1 (REPEAT 1) AND PAPER 1
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

1 Hour 30 Minutes
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE ALLOWED TO DO SO.
Answer all questions in Section A, B and C.
Write the answers on the answer sheets provided for Sections B and C. Begin each answer on a
new page of the answer sheet.
All working should be shown. For numerical answers, units should be quoted wherever
appropriate.
Answers may be written either in English or Malay.

Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN
BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.
Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A, Bahagian B, dan Bahagian C.
Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan untuk Bahagian B dan Bahagian C.
Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian baharu helaian jawapan.
Semua kerja hendaklah ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-
mana yang sesuai.
Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau bahasa Melayu.

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank pages.

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan halaman kosong)
© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

51
 Section A [20 marks]

Answer all questions.

Indicate the correct answer on the Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided.

1 The mass spectrum of an element is shown below.

Relative
abundance

19 38 m/e

Which statement is true about the element?

A The element has two isotopes.
B The element is a diatomic molecule.
C The peak at m/e =19 is due to a dipositive ion.
D The relative atomic mass of the element is 38.

2 Lithium oxide is used to remove water vapour and carbon dioxide that are exhaled by astronauts
aboard a space shuttle. The chemical equations for the reactions are shown below.

Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s)

LiOH(s) + CO2(g) LiHCO3(s)

If 50.0 kg lithium oxide is available, what is the maximum number of removeable carbon dioxide
molecules?
[Avogadro number is 6.02  1023 mol–1.]
A 1.01  1024 B 2.02  1024 C 1.01  1027 D 2.02  1027

3 A volume of 10 cm3 ethane, C2H6, burnt completely in 50 cm3 oxygen gas. Which statement is true
about the combustion at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?
A The volume of water is 60 cm3.
B The volume of excess oxygen gas is 15 cm3.
C The volume of the remaining mixture is 65 cm3.
D The total volume of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide formed is 20 cm3.

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

52
 Bahagian A [20 markah]
Jawab semua soalan.

Tandakan jawapan yang betul pada Borang Jawapan Aneka Pilihan yang dibekalkan.

1 Spektrum jisim bagi suatu unsur ditunjukkan di bawah.

Kelimpahan
relatif

19 38 m/e

Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang unsur itu?

A Unsur itu mempunyai dua isotop.
B Unsur itu ialah satu molekul dwiatom.
C Puncak pada m/e = 19 adalah disebabkan oleh satu ion dwipositif.
D Jisim atom relatif bagi unsur itu ialah 38.

2 Litium oksida digunakan untuk menyingkirkan wap air dan karbon dioksida yang dihembus oleh
angkasawan di dalam kapal angkasa. Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu ditunjukkan di bawah.

Li2O(p) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(p)

LiOH(p) + CO2(g) LiHCO3(p)

Jika 50.0 kg litium oksida tersedia, berapakah bilangan maksimum bagi molekul karbon dioksida
yang boleh disingkirkan?
[Nombor Avogadro ialah 6.02  1023 mol–1.]
A 1.01  1024 B 2.02  1024 C 1.01  1027 D 2.02  1027

3 Sebanyak 10 cm3 etana, C2H6, terbakar secara lengkap dalam 50 cm3 gas oksigen. Pernyataan yang
manakah yang benar tentang pembakaran itu pada suhu bilik dan tekanan atmosfera?
A Isi padu bagi air ialah 60 cm3.
B Isi padu bagi gas oksigen berlebihan ialah 15 cm3.
C Isi padu bagi baki campuran itu ialah 65 cm3.
D Jumlah isi padu bagi karbon monoksida dan karbon dioksida yang terbentuk ialah 20 cm3.

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

53
4 The first four lines of the Lyman series of the hydrogen spectrum is shown in the diagram below.

I II III IV

Which deduction can be made based on the above Lyman series?

A The continuum of Balmer series appears after line IV.
B Line III is due to lower frequency of light than that of line II.
C Line IV is due to the electronic transition from n = 5 to n = 1.
D The series of lines appear in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

5 Which orbital diagram shows the filling of electron(s) based on Hund’s rule?

6 Which valence electronic configurations of an atom does not form ion 2+?
A 3s23p1 B 3d 5 4s2 C 3d104s1 D 5s2

7 The types of covalent bonds in organic molecules are σ and π bonds. How many covalent bonds
are present in a molecule of benzonitrile, C6H5CN?
σ bond π bond
A 5 8
B 6 7
C 7 6
D 8 5

8 Polyatomic molecules and polyatomic ions have various geometries. Which species correspond
correctly to its geometry?
Species Geometry
–
A NH2 Linear
B H3O+ Trigonal planar
C SiCl4 Square planar
D ICI3 T-shaped

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

54
4 Empat garis pertama siri Lyman bagi spektrum hidrogen ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah.

I II III IV

Deduksi yang manakah yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan siri Lyman di atas?
A Kontinum siri Balmer muncul selepas garis IV.
B Garis III adalah disebabkan oleh frekuensi cahaya yang lebih rendah daripada frekuensi cahaya
garis II.
C Garis IV adalah disebabkan oleh peralihan elektron daripada n = 5 kepada n = 1.
D Siri bagi garis muncul dalam rantau nampak spektrum elektormagnet itu.

5 Gambar rajah orbital yang manakah yang menunjukkan pengisian elektron berdasarkan aturan
Hund?

6 Konfigurasi elektron valens bagi satu atom yang manakah yang tidak membentuk ion 2+?
A 3s23p1 B 3d 5 4s2 C 3d104s1 D 5s2

7 Jenis ikatan kovalen dalam molekul organik ialah ikatan σ dan ikatan π. Berapakah ikatan kovalen
yang terdapat dalam satu molekul benzonitril, C6H5CN?
Ikatan σ Ikatan π
A 5 8
B 6 7
C 7 6
D 8 5

8 Molekul poliatom dan ion poliatom mempunyai pelbagai geometri. Spesies yang manakah yang
berpadanan dengan betul kepada geometrinya?
Spesies Geometri
–
A NH2 Linear
B H3O+ Satah trigon
C SiCl4 Satah segi empat sama
D ICI3 Berbentuk T

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

55
9 Which is true about CO32− and NO3ˉ?
A Trigonal planar in shape
B Have a formal charge on the central atom
C Form two double bonds and one single bond
D Have central atom with one pair of unpaired electrons

10 The atomic numbers of four elements, W, X, Y and Z, are shown below.

Element W X Y Z

Atomic number 3 11 13 26

Which element has the strongest metallic bond?

A W B X C Y D Z

11 Two compounds, P and Q, are simple molecules. The boiling point of P is higher than the boiling
point of Q. Which compounds are represented by P and Q?
P Q
A HF HCl
B CHCl3 CCl4
C PH3 SbH3
D HCOOCH3 CH3COOH

12 Sulphur and phosphorus are simple molecules. Which statement is true about both molecules?
A Phosphorus has a larger bond angle compared to sulphur.
B Phosphorus has weaker covalent bonds compared sulphur.
C Sulphur has a lower melting point compared to phosphorus.
D Sulphur has stronger van der Waals forces compared to phosphorus.

13 The following statements are about A12O3, SiO2 and P4O10.

I A12O3 is an ionic oxide.
II SiO2 and P4O10 are covalent oxides.
III SiO2 is neutral and soluble in water.
IV P4O10 is hydrolysed in water to form H3PO4.
Which statements are true about the oxides?
A I and II B I and IV C II and III D III and IV

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

56
9 Yang manakah yang benar tentang CO32− dan NO3−?
A Berbentuk satah trigon
B Mempunyai satu cas formal pada atom pusat
C Membentuk dua ikatan ganda dua dan satu ikatan tunggal
D Mempunyai atom pusat dengan satu pasangan elektron tak berpasangan

10 Nombor atom bagi empat unsur, W, X, Y, dan Z, ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.

Unsur W X Y Z

Nombor atom 3 11 13 26

Unsur yang manakah yang mempunyai ikatan logam yang paling kuat?
A W B X C Y D Z

11 Dua sebatian, P dan Q, ialah molekul ringkas. Takat didih bagi P adalah lebih tinggi daripada takat
didih bagi Q. Sebatian yang manakah yang diwakili oleh P dan Q?
P Q
A HF HCl
B CHCl3 CCl4
C PH3 SbH3
D HCOOCH3 CH3COOH

12 Sulfur dan fosforus ialah molekul ringkas. Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang
kedua-dua molekul itu?
A Fosforus mempunyai sudut ikatan yang lebih besar berbanding sulfur.
B Fosforus mempunyai ikatan kovalen yang lebih lemah berbanding sulfur.
C Sulfur mempunyai takat lebur yang lebih rendah berbanding fosforus.
D Sulfur mempunyai daya van der Waals yang lebih kuat berbanding fosforus.

13 Pernyataan yang berikut adalah tentang A12O3, SiO2, dan P4O10.

I A12O3 ialah satu oksida ion.
II SiO2 dan P4O10 ialah oksida kovalen.
III SiO2 adalah neutral dan larut dalam air.
IV P4O10 terhidrolisis dalam air untuk membentuk H3PO4.
Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang oksida itu?
A I dan II B I dan IV C II dan III D III dan IV

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

57
14 The elements of Group 2 of the Periodic Table are also known as alkaline earth metals. Which
statement is true about the metals on descending the group?
A The solubility of sulphate increases.
B The charge density of cation decreases.
C The thermal stability of nitrate decreases.
D The enthalpy of hydration of cation increases.

15 Tetrachloride of Group 14 elements of the Periodic Table are liquid at room temperature. The least
thermally stable tetrachloride is
A CCl4 B GeCl4 C SnCl4 D PbCl4

16 SnCl₂ is used to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ in quantitative analysis of iron ores because SnCl₂ is
A an ionic compound B a reducing agent
C soluble in water D thermally stable

17 Which is true about Group 17 hydrides of the Periodic Table on descending the group?
A Bond energy increases B Electron affinity increases
C Thermal stability increases D Van der Waals forces increase

18 The reaction between an aqueous solution of MX and an aqueous solution of AgNO3 followed by
the reaction with NH3 is shown below.

AgNO3(aq) Coloured Excess NH3(aq)

MX(aq) Insoluble
precipitate

What is the colour of fumes formed when concentrated H2SO4 is added to MX?
A Pale yellow B Greenish yellow
C Red-brown D Purple

19 Which statement is true about the transition elements from vanadium to copper in the Periodic
Table?
A The atomic size decreases.
B The 4s orbital is fully filled.
C The most stable oxidation state is +2.
D The first ionisation energies are almost the same.

20 A solution of [Cr(H2O)6]3+ is violet while solution of [Cr(OH)4(H2O)2]– is grey-green.

The observation is due to the difference in
A counter ion B charge
C ligand D oxidation state

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

58
14 Unsur bagi Kumpulan 2 Jadual Berkala juga dikenali sebagai logam alkali bumi. Pernyataan yang
manakah yang benar tentang logam itu menuruni kumpulan?
A Keterlarutan bagi sulfat meningkat.
B Ketumpatan cas bagi kation berkurang.
C Kestabilan terma bagi nitrat berkurang.
D Entalpi penghidratan bagi kation bertambah.

15 Tetraklorida bagi unsur Kumpulan 14 Jadual Berkala adalah cecair pada suhu bilik. Tetraklorida
yang paling kurang stabil secara terma ialah
A CCl4 B GeCl4 C SnCl4 D PbCl4

16 SnCl₂ digunakan untuk menukarkan Fe3+ kepada Fe2+ dalam analisis kuantitatif bijih besi kerana
SnCl2 adalah
A satu sebatian ionik B satu agen penurunan
C larut dalam air D stabil secara terma

17 Yang manakah yang benar tentang hidrida Kumpulan 17 Jadual Berkala apabila menuruni
kumpulan?
A Tenaga ikatan meningkat B Afiniti elektron meningkat
C Kestabilan terma meningkat D Daya van der Waals meningkat

18 Tindak balas antara larutan akueus MX dengan larutan akueus AgNO3 diikuti oleh tindak balas
dengan NH3 ditunjukkan di bawah.

AgNO3(ak) Mendakan NH3(ak) lebihan

MX(ak) Tak larut
berwarna

Apakah warna wasap yang terbentuk apabila H2SO4 pekat ditambahkan kepada MX?
A Kuning pucat B Kuning kehijauan
C Merah-perang D Ungu

19 Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang unsur peralihan daripada vanadium hingga kuprum
dalam Jadual Berkala?
A Saiz atom berkurang.
B Orbital 4s adalah terisi penuh.
C Keadaan pengoksidaan yang paling stabil ialah +2.
D Tenaga pengionan pertama adalah hampir sama.

20 Larutan [Cr(H2O)6]3+ adalah berwarna ungu manakala larutan [Cr(OH)4(H2O)2]– adalah berwarna
hijau-kelabu. Pemerhatian itu adalah disebabkan oleh perbezaan dalam
A ion kaunter B cas
C ligan D keadaan pengoksidaan

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

59
 Section B [14 marks]

Answer all questions.

Write the answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a new page of the answer
sheet.

21 (a) Draw the Lewis structures for NH4+ and NO3− and state their shapes. [4]
(b) Aluminium chloride is a covalent compound whereas aluminium fluoride is an ionic compound.
Why? Explain your answer. [3]

22 The first and second ionisation energies of chromium are 653 kJ mol –1 and 1592 kJ mol–1
respectively.
(a) Write a chemical equation for the first ionisation energy of chromium. [1]
(b) State the orbital that involved in the second ionisation energy. [1]
(c) What is the most stable oxidation state of chromium? Explain your answer. [2]
(d) Predict the first ionisation energy of calcium with respect to chromium. Explain your answer.
[2]
(e) State the usage of chromium. [1]

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

60
 Bahagian B [14 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada halaman
baharu helaian jawapan.

21 (a) Lukis struktur Lewis bagi NH4+ dan struktur Lewis bagi NO3− dan nyatakan bentuknya. [4]
(b) Aluminium klorida ialah satu sebatian kovalen manakala aluminium fluorida ialah satu sebatian
ion. Mengapa? Jelaskan jawapan anda. [3]

22 Tenaga pengionan pertama dan tenaga pengionan kedua bagi kromium masing-masing ialah
631 kJ mol–1 dan 1592 kJ mol–1.
(a) Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi tenaga pengionan pertama kromium. [1]
(b) Nyatakan orbital yang terlibat dalam tenaga pengionan kedua. [1]
(c) Apakah keadaan pengoksidaan yang paling stabil bagi kromium? Jelaskan jawapan anda. [2]
(d) Ramalkan tenaga pengionan pertama bagi kalsium dengan merujuk kepada kromium. Jelaskan
jawapan anda. [2]
(e) Nyatakan kegunaan kromium. [1]

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

61
 Section C [26 marks]

Answer all questions.

Write the answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a new page of the answer
sheet.

23 M is an element of Group 14. Properties of MCl4 and MO2 are given below.
• MCl4 is a thermally stable liquid. MCl4 reacts with water to form a solution of low pH
value.
• MO2 dissolves in hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide but not soluble in acidic
solution.
(a) Determine M. [3]
(b) Explain acid-base property and thermal stability of the oxides of M. [6]
(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between MCl4 and water, and explain the reasons for
MCl4 is a liquid at room conditions. [4]

24 (a) Compare the reactions between chlorine with cold sodium hydroxide and hot aqueous sodium
hydroxide. Write the chemical equation for the reactions involved. [4]
(b) Suggest a chemical test to confirm the presence of halide ions in common salts. State the
observations and write the equations involved. [4]
(c) Bromine and iodine can be produced from the reactions of their halide salts in concentrated
sulphuric acid whereas chlorine cannot be produced through the same process. Why? Explain your
answer. [5]

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

62
 Bahagian C [26 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada halaman
baharu helaian jawapan.

23 M ialah suatu unsur kumpulan 14. Sifat bagi MCl4 dan sifat bagi MO2 diberikan di bawah.
• MCl4 ialah satu cecair yang stabil secara terma. MCl4 bertindak balas dengan air untuk
membentuk larutan dengan nilai pH yang rendah.
• MO2 larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida panas tetapi tidak larut dalam larutan berasid.
(a) Tentukan M. [3]
(b) Jelaskan sifat asid-bes dan kestabilan terma bagi oksida M. [6]
(c) Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara MCl4 dengan air, dan jelaskan sebab bagi
MCl4 ialah satu cecair pada keadaan bilik. [4]

24 (a) Bandingkan tindak balas antara klorin dengan akueus natrium hidroksida sejuk dengan akueus
natrium hidroksida panas. Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang terlibat. [4]
(b) Cadangkan satu ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan kehadiran ion halida dalam garam biasa.
Nyatakan pemerhatian dan tulis persamaan yang terlibat. [4]
(c) Bromin dan iodin boleh dihasilkan daripada tindak balas garam halidanya dalam asid sulfurik
pekat manakala klorin tidak boleh dihasilkan melalui proses yang sama. Mengapa? Jelaskan jawapan
anda. [5]

STPM 962/1(U1), 962/1

63
64
 SPECIMEN PAPER
962/2 STPM
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

1 Hour 30 Minutes
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE ALLOWED TO DO SO.
Answer all questions in Sections A, B and C.
Write the answers on the answer sheets provided for Sections B and C. Begin each answer on a
new page of the answer sheet.
All working should be shown. For numerical answers, units should be quoted wherever
appropriate.
Answers may be written either in English or Malay.

Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN
BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.
Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A, Bahagian B, dan Bahagian C.
Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan untuk Bahagian B dan Bahagian C.
Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian baharu helaian jawapan.
Semua kerja hendaklah ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-
mana yang sesuai.
Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau bahasa Melayu.

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank pages.

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan halaman kosong)
© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia
STPM 962/2

65
 Section A [20 marks]

Answer all questions.

Indicate the correct answer on the Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided.

1 Gas X occupies 22.4 dm3 container at 273 K and 1.0 atm. When the volume of the container is
decreased to 11.2 dm3 at constant temperature, the pressure of the gas becomes 1.8 atm. Which
statement explains the above observation?
A Gas X undergoes dimerisation.
B The kinetic energy of gas X decreases.
C The number of molecules of gas X decreases.
D The intermolecular attractive forces of gas X become stronger.

2 Which is true about the sublimation of iodine at room temperature?

A A non polar molecule
B Has low vapour pressure
C Has weak covalent bonds
D Has weak intermolecular forces

3 The reforming of methane is the principal commercial source of hydrogen gas. The equation for
the endothermic reaction involved is shown below.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

At equilibrium, the quantity of hydrogen gas formed can be increased by

A adding a suitable catalyst B increasing the temperature
C adding a dehydrating agent D reducing the volume of the vessel

4 A chemical reaction is given below.

Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+.

In the reaction, Cu2+ acts as a

A Lewis acid B Lewis base
C BrØnsted-Lowry acid D BrØnsted-Lowry base

5 Aniline, C6H5NH2, is an organic base used in the manufacture of dyes. A solution of

0.15 mol dm–3 of aniline has a pH of 8.9. Which is true about aniline?
A An Arrhenius base
B The value of Kb is 4.2  10–10 mol dm–3
C A weaker conjugate acid compared to water
D Dissociation produces 1.3  10–9 mol dm–3 hydroxide ion

STPM 962/2

66
 Bahagian A [20 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tandakan jawapan yang betul pada Borang Jawapan Aneka Pilihan yang dibekalkan.

1 Gas X menempati bekas 22.4 dm3 pada 273 K dan 1.0 atm. Apabila isi padu bagi bekas dikurangkan
kepada 11.2 dm3 pada suhu malar, tekanan gas menjadi 1.8 atm. Pernyataan yang manakah yang
menjelaskan pemerhatian di atas?
A Gas X mengalami pendimeran.
B Tenaga kinetik bagi gas X berkurang.
C Bilangan molekul bagi gas X berkurang.
D Daya tarikan antara molekul bagi gas X menjadi lebih kuat.

2 Yang manakah yang benar tentang pemejalwapan iodin pada suhu bilik?
A Satu molekul tak berkutub
B Mempunyai tekanan wap yang rendah
C Mempunyai ikatan kovalen yang lemah
D Mempunyai daya antara molekul yang lemah

3 Pembentukan semula metana adalah sumber komersial yang utama bagi gas hidrogen. Persamaan
tindak balas endotermik yang terlibat adalah ditunjukkan di bawah.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

Pada keseimbangan, kuantiti gas hidrogen terbentuk dapat ditingkatkan melalui

A menambah satu mangkin yang sesuai B meningkatkan suhu
C menambahkan satu agen pendehidrat D mengurangkan isi padu bekas

4 Satu tindak balas kimia diberikan di bawah.

Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+.

Dalam tindak balas itu, Cu2+ bertindak sebagai satu

A asid Lewis B bes Lewis
C asid BrØnsted-Lowry D bes BrØnsted-Lowry

5 Anilina, C6H5NH2, ialah satu bes organik yang digunakan dalam pembuatan perwarna. Suatu
larutan anilina 0.15 mol dm–3 mempunyai pH 8.9. Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang
anilina?
A Satu bes Arrhenius
B Nilai Kb ialah 4.2  10–10 mol dm–3
C Suatu asid konjugat yang lebih lemah berbanding air
D Penceraian menghasilkan ion hidroksida 1.3  10–9 mol dm–3

STPM 962/2

67
6 The variation of pH for the titration of 25.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm−3 aqueous ammonia solution
with 0.2 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is shown in the graph below.

pH

Volume of HCl added/cm3

Which part of the graph shows the mixture of ammonia and hydrochloric acid that can be used as
buffer solution?
A p B q C r D s

7 In a healthy individual, the blood pH is in the range of 7.35 to 7.45. Which explanation is true
about the maintaining of pH when there is an excess of H+?
A The excess H+ are excreted through sweating.
B The excess H+ are neutralised by OH– in the blood.
C The excess H+ are neutralised by H2CO3 in the blood.
D The excess H+ are neutralised by HCO3– in the blood.

8 The solubility product, Ksp, for silver carbonate is 6.30  10–12 mol3 dm–9 at 298 K. What is the
concentaration of silver ion, in mol dm–3, for a saturated solution of siver carbonate at that temperature?
A 1.77  10–6 B 2.51  10–6 C 1.16  10–4 D 1.47  10–4

9 The equation for the reaction between P and Q, and its kinetic data are shown below.

P+Q R+S

Experiment [P]/mol dm–3 [Q]/mol dm–3 Initial rate/mol dm–3 s–1

1 0.5 0.4 1.2  10–3
2 1.0 0.8 4.8  10–3
3 1.0 1.6 1.92  10–2

Which is the rate law for the reaction?

A Rate = k[P]2 B Rate = k[Q]2 C Rate = k[P][Q]2 D Rate = k[P]2[Q]

STPM 962/2

68
6 Ubahan pH bagi pentitratan 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus ammonia 0.2 mol dm–3 dengan asid hidroklorik
0.2 mol dm–3 ditunjukkan dalam graf di bawah.

pH

Isi padu HCl ditambah/cm3

Bahagian graf yang manakah yang menunjukkan campuran ammonia dan asid hidroklorik itu yang
boleh digunakan sebagai larutan penimbal?
A p B q C r D s

7 Dalam seorang individu sihat, pH darah adalah dalam julat 7.35 hingga 7.45. Penerangan yang
manakah yang benar tentang pengekalan pH apabila terdapat H+ yang berlebihan?
A H+ berlebihan dirembeskan melalui peluh.
B H+ berlebihan dineutralkan oleh OH– dalam darah.
C H+ berlebihan dineutralkan oleh H2CO3 dalam darah.
D H+ berlebihan dineutralkan oleh HCO3– dalam darah.

8 Hasil darab keterlarutan, Ksp, bagi argentum karbonat ialah 6.30  10–12 mol3 dm–9 pada 298 K.
Berapakah kepekatan bagi ion argentum, dalam mol dm–3, bagi satu larutan tepu argentum karbonat
pada suhu itu?
A 1.77  10–6 B 2.51  10–6 C 1.16  10–4 D 1.47  10–4

9 Persamaan bagi tindak balas antara P dengan Q, dan data kinetiknnya ditunjukkan di bawah.

P+Q R+S

Uji kaji [P]/mol dm–3 [Q]/mol dm–3 Kadar awal/mol dm–3 s–1
1 0.5 0.4 1.2  10–3
2 1.0 0.8 4.8  10–3
3 1.0 1.6 1.92  10–2

Yang manakah hukum kadar bagi tindak balas itu?

A Kadar = k[P]2 B Kadar = k[Q]2 C Kadar = k[P][Q]2 D Kadar = k[P]2[Q]

STPM 962/2

69
10 Which statement is true about the activation energy of an endothermic reaction?
A The activation energy varies with temperature.
B The rate of reaction is higher if the activation energy is big.
C The presence of a catalyst does not change the activation energy.
D The activation energy for the forward reaction is greater than that of backward reaction.

11 The reaction between acidified aqueous solution of potassium iodide and aqueous solution of
hydrogen peroxide is shown below.

2I−(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

The following steps may be involved in the reaction mechanism:

slow
H2O2 + I− H2O + OI−
fast
OI− + H+ HOI
fast
HOI + H+ + I− I2 + H2O

Which is the unit of the rate constant, k?

A s−1 B dm3 mol−1 s−1 C dm6 mol−2 s−1 D mol dm−3 s−1

12 The standard enthalpies of formation of CaCO3 and BaCO3 are –1206.9 kJ mol–1 and
–1218.8 kJ mol–1, respectively. Which statement explains the differences in the values?
A The ionisation energy of Ca is higher than that of Ba.
B The hydration energy of Ca2+ is higher than that of Ba2+.
C The lattice energy of BaCO3 is higher than that of CaCO3.
D The enthalpy of atomisation of Ca is lower than that of Ba.

13 The standard enthalpy of formation of C2H2 is +226.7 kJ mol–¹. The standard enthalpies of
combustion of C and H2 is −393.5 kJ mol–¹ and −285.9 kJ mol–¹, respectively. What is the standard
enthalpy of combustion of C2H2?
A −119.1 kJ mol–¹ B −452.7 kJ mol–¹ C −906.1 kJ mol–¹ D −1299.6 kJ mol–¹

STPM 962/2

70
10 Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang tenaga pengaktifan bagi satu tindak balas
endotermik?
A Tenaga pengaktifan berubah dengan suhu.
B Kadar tindak balas adalah lebih tinggi jika tenaga pengaktifan adalah besar.
C Kehadiran satu mangkin tidak mengubah tenaga pengaktifan.
D Tenaga pengaktifan bagi tindak balas ke hadapan adalah lebih besar daripada tenaga
pengaktifan bagi tindak balas berbalik.

11 Tindak balas antara larutan akueus kalsium iodida berasid dengan larutan akueus hidrogen
peroksida ditunjukkan di bawah.

2I− (ak) + H2O2 (ak) + 2H+(ak) I2(ak) + 2H2O(c)

Langkah yang berikut mungkin terlibat dalam mekanisme tindak balas itu:

perlahan
H2O2 + I− H2O + OI−
pantas
OI− + H+ HOI
pantas
HOI + H+ + I− I2 + H2O

Yang manakah unit bagi pemalar kadar, k?

A s−1 B dm3 mol−1 s−1 C dm6 mol−2 s−1 D mol dm−3 s−1

12 Entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi CaCO3 dan entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi BaCO3
masing-masing ialah –1206.9 kJ mol–1 dan –1218.8 kJ mol–1. Pernyataan yang manakah yang
menjelaskan tentang perbezaan nilai itu?
A Tenaga pengionan bagi Ca adalah lebih tinggi daripada tenaga pengionan bagi Ba.
B Tenaga penghidratan bagi Ca2+ adalah lebih tinggi daripada tenaga penghidratan bagi Ba2+.
C Tenaga kekisi bagi BaCO3 adalah lebih tinggi daripada tenaga kekisi bagi CaCO3.
D Entalpi pengatoman bagi Ca adalah lebih rendah daripada entalpi pengatoman bagi Ba.

13 Entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi C2H2 ialah +226.7 kJ mol–1. Entalpi pembakaran piawai bagi C
dan entalpi pembakaran piawai bagi H2 masing-masing ialah −393.5 kJ mol–1 dan −285.9 kJ mol–1.
Berapakah entalpi pembakaran piawai bagi C2H2?
A −119.1 kJ mol–1 B −452.7 kJ mol–1 C −906.1 kJ mol–1 D −1299.6 kJ mol–1

STPM 962/2

71
14 The energy cycle of solubility of Group 2 sulphates is shown below.

ΔH1
MSO4(s) M 2 +(aq) + SO42˗(aq)

ΔH2
ΔH3

M 2 +(g) + SO42˗(g)

Which statement is true based on the above cycle?

A ∆H1 is negative.
B ∆H2 is lattice energy.
C ∆H2 and ∆H3 decrease on going down the group.
D ∆H3 for BaSO4 is more negative than that of MgSO4.

15 The cell diagram for an electrochemical cell is shown below.

Pt(s)│Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq)║Ag+(aq)│Ag(s)

The e.m.f. of the cell is +0.03 V under standard conditions. Which statement is true when the e.m.f.
of the cell is 0.00 V?
A The silver electrode becomes thicker.
B There is no redox reaction in the cell.
C The equilibrium constant at 25 C is 3.20 dm3 mol-1.
D The e.m.f. of the cell increases when NaCl is added to Ag+(aq)│Ag (s) half-cell.

16 The standard reduction potential, E, at 298 K for five half-cells are given below.

Half-cell reaction E/V

W 2 +(aq) + 2e– W(s) –2.38

X 3 +(aq) + 3e– X(s) –1.66

Y 2 +(aq) + 2e– Y(s) +0.34

Z + (aq) + e– Z(s) +0.80

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Fe(s) –0.44

Which species causes iron to rust faster?
A W2+ B X3+ C Y2+ D Z+

STPM 962/2

72
14 Kitar tenaga bagi keterlarutan sulfat Kumpulan 2 ditunjukkan di bawah.

ΔH1
MSO4(p) M 2 +(ak) + SO42˗(ak)

ΔH2
ΔH3

M 2 +(g) + SO42˗(g)

Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar berdasarkan kitar di atas?

A ∆H1 adalah negatif.
B ∆H2 ialah tenaga kekisi.
C ∆H2 dan ∆H3 berkurangan menuruni kumpulan.
D ∆H3 bagi BaSO4 adalah lebih negatif daripada ∆H3 bagi MgSO4.

15 Gambar rajah sel bagi satu sel elektrokimia ditunjukkan di bawah.

Pt(p)│Fe2+(ak), Fe3+(ak)║Ag+(ak)│Ag(p)

D.g.e. sel ialah +0.03 V pada keadaan piawai. Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar apabila d.g.e
sel itu ialah 0.00 V?
A Elektrod argentum itu menjadi lebih tebal.
B Tiada tindak balas redoks dalam sel itu.
C Pemalar keseimbangan pada 25 oC ialah 3.20 dm3 mol-1.
D D.g.e. bagi sel itu meningkat apabila NaCl ditambahkan kepada setengah sel Ag+(ak)│Ag (p).

16 Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E, pada 298 K bagi lima setengah sel diberikan di bawah.

Tindak balas setengah sel E/V

W 2 +(ak) + 2e– W(p) –2.38

X 3 +(ak) + 3e– X(p) –1.66

Y 2 +(ak) + 2e– Y(p) +0.34

Z + (ak) + e– Z(p) +0.80

Fe2+(ak) + 2e– Fe(p) –0.44

Spesies yang manakah yang menyebabkan besi berkarat lebih cepat?

A W2+ B X3+ C Y2+ D Z+

STPM 962/2

73
17 An electrochemical cell is shown below.

V
Salt bridge
Metal X Platinum

X 2 +(aq) 1.0 mol dm‒3

Cotton Y 2 +(aq) 1.0 mol dm‒3
wool and Y 3 +(aq) 1.0 mol dm‒3
I II

The value of the standard reduction potentials, E°, for both half-cells are

E/V
2+ –
X (aq) + 2e X(s) +0.34
Y 3 +(aq) + e– Y 2 +(aq) +0.77

0.059
and the Nernst equation is E = E  − log Q . If a reducing agent, Z, is added to beaker II, the graph
n
represents the change in the e.m.f. of the above cell is

A B
e.m.f./V
e.m.f./V e.m.f./V
e.m.f./V

0.43
0.43 0.43
0.43

00 00
VolumeofofZZ
Volume VolumeofofZZ
Volume
AA BB

C D
e.m.f./V
e.m.f./V e.m.f./V
e.m.f./V
0.43
0.43

0.43
0.43

00 00
VolumeofofZZ
Volume VolumeofofZZ
Volume

CC DD

STPM 962/2

74
17 Suatu sel elektrokimia ditunjukkan di bawah.

V
Titian garam
Logam X Platinum

Wul Y 2 +(ak) 1.0 mol dm‒3

X 2 +(ak) 1.0 mol dm‒3
kapas and Y 3 +(ak) 1.0 mol dm‒3
I II

Nilai bagi keupayaan penurunan piawai, E°, untuk kedua-dua setengah sel ialah

E/V
2+ –
X (ak) + 2e X(p) +0.34
Y 3 +(ak) + e– Y 2 +(ak) +0.77

0.059
dan persamaan Nernst ialah E = E  − log Q . Jika satu agen penurunan, Z, ditambah ke dalam
n
bikar II, graf yang mewakili perubahan d.g.e. sel bagi di atas ialah

A B
d.g.e./V
d.g.e./V d.g.e./V
d.g.e./V
0.43
0.43 0.43
0.43

00 paduZZ 00
Isipadu
Isi paduZZ
Isipadu
Isi
AA BB

C D
d.g.e./V
d.g.e./V d.g.e./V
d.g.e./V
0.43
0.43

0.43
0.43

00 00 paduZZ
paduZZ
Isipadu
Isi Isipadu
Isi

CC DD

STPM 962/2

75
18 Electrolysis of an aqueous copper(II) nitrate is carried out using copper electrodes. The mass of the
anode decreases by 1.28 g while that of the cathode increases by 1.18 g.
Assuming the copper anode contains silver and gold impurities, which statement is true the
electrolysis?
[The Faraday constant is 96 500 C mol–1]
A Copper dissolves at the anode is 1.28 g.
B The quantity of electricity used is 1.79 × 103 C.
C Silver and gold collected from the electrolysis is 0.10 g.
D The blue colour of aqueous copper(II) nitrate becomes darker.

19 An electrolytic cell is shown in the diagram below.

Graphite electrode Metal M

KNO3(aq) M(NO3)2(aq)
I II

At the end of the experiment, 560 cm3 of oxygen gas is produced at the anode in I, while the mass
of the anode in II decreases by 2.75 g. Which statement is true about the experiment?
[1 mol gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under normal conditions]
A The concentration of M(NO3)2 increases.
B The relative atomic mass of metal M is 58.9.
C The volume of hydrogen gas produced in I is 560 cm3.
D The amount of current that flows through the circuit is 0.023 F.

20 The production of chlorine gas is carried out by the electrolysis of brine using a diaphragm cell.
Which statement is not true about the cell?
A The electrodes are graphite.
B The diaphragm is permeable asbestos.
C Hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode.
D The diaphragm separates the products of electrolysis.

STPM 962/2

76
18 Elektrolisis bagi kuprum(II) nitrat akueus dijalankan menggunakan elektrod kuprum. Jisim bagi
anod berkurangan sebanyak 1.28 g manakala jisim bagi katod bertambah sebanyak 1.18 g.
Dengan mengandaikan anod kuprum mengandungi bendasing perak dan bendasing emas,
pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang elektrolisis itu?
[Pemalar Faraday ialah 96 500 C mol–1]
A Kuprum yang terlarut di anod sebanyak 1.28 g.
B Kuantiti elektrik yang digunakan ialah 1.79 × 103 C.
C Perak dan emas yang dikumpulkan daripada elektrolisis itu adalah sebanyak 0.10 g.
D Warna biru kuprum(II) nitrat akueus menjadi lebih gelap.

19 Suatu sel elektrolisis ditunjukkan di bawah.

Elektrod grafit Logam M

KNO3(ak) M(NO3)2(ak)
I II

Pada akhir uji kaji, 560 cm3 gas oksigen dihasilkan pada anod di I, manakala jisim anod di II
berkurang sebanyak 2.75 g. Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang uji kaji itu?
[1 mol gas menempati 24.0 dm3 pada keadaan biasa]
A Kepekatan bagi M(NO3)2 meningkat.
B Jisim atom relatif bagi logam M ialah 58.9.
C Isi padu bagi gas hidrogen yang terhasil dalam I ialah 560 cm3.
D Jumlah arus yang mengalir melalui litar itu ialah 0.023 F.

20 Penghasilan gas klorin dijalankan secara elektrolisis air garam dengan menggunakan suatu sel
diafragma. Pernyataan yang manakah yang tidak benar tentang sel itu?
A Elektrod itu adalah grafit.
B Diafragma itu adalah asbestos separa telap.
C Gas hidrogen dihasilkan di katod.
D Diafragma itu mengasingkan hasil elektrolisis.

STPM 962/2

77
 Section B [14 marks]

Answer all questions.

Write the answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a new page of the answer
sheet.

21 Combustion of sulphur in air forms sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. Both oxides have
commercial importance. Sulphur dioxide is used to sterilise dried fruit and wine. Sulphur trioxide is
used to prepare sulphuric acid. The standard enthalpies of formation, Hf, of both oxides are shown
below.

The standard enthalpy formation of sulphur dioxide Hf = −297 kJ mol–1

The standard enthalpy formation of sulphur trioxide Hf = −395 kJ mol–1

(a) Define the standard enthalpy of formation of a compound, Hf. [2]

(b) Draw the enthalpy cycle to determine the value of the enthalpy change of the reaction shown
below.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Hence, calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction. [3]

(c) Calculate the amount of heat evolved when 50.0 cm3 of SO2 burned completely with oxygen at
25 °C. [2]

22 Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid and is also converted to nitrogenous fertilisers
to be used in agriculture.
(a) State the conditions required for ammonia to exhibit ideal behaviour. [2]
(b) Derive the expression for the density of a gas, ρ, from the ideal gas law. [2]
(c) A sample of gases contains an equal amount of ammonia, helium and nitrogen. Determine the
density, in g dm–3 of the sample at 101 kPa and 30 C. [3]
[Gas constant, R, is 8.31 J K–1]

STPM 962/2

78
 Bahagian B [14 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada halaman
baharu helaian jawapan.

21 Pembakaran sulfur dalam udara membentuk sulfur dioksida dan sulfur trioksida. Kedua-dua oksida
mempuyai kepentingan komersial. Sulfur dioksida digunakan untuk mensterilkan buah-buahan kering
dan wain. Sulfur trioksida digunakan untuk menyediakan asid sulfurik. Entalpi pembentukan piawai,
Hf, bagi kedua-dua oksida ditunjukkan di bawah.

Entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi sulfur dioksida Hf = −297 kJ mol–1

Entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi sulfur trioksida Hf = −395 kJ mol–1

(a) Takrifkan entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi suatu sebatian, Hf. [2]
(b) Lukis kitar entalpi untuk menentukan nilai perubahan entalpi bagi tindak balas yang
ditunjukkan di bawah.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Dengan yang demikian, hitung perubahan entalpi bagi tindak balas itu. [3]
(c) Hitung amaun haba yang dibebaskan apabila 50.0 cm3 SO2 terbakar secara lengkap dengan
oksigen pada 25 °C. [2]

22 Ammonia digunakan dalam pembuatan asid nitrik dan juga ditukarkan kepada baja bernitrogen
untuk digunakan dalam pertanian.
(a) Nyatakan keadaan yang diperlukan bagi ammonia untuk mempamerkan kelakuan unggul. [2]
(b) Terbitkan ungkapan bagi ketumpatan suatu gas, ρ, daripada hukum gas unggul. [2]
(c) Satu sampel gas mengandungi amaun ammonia, helium dan nitrogen yang sama. Tentukan
ketumpatan, dalam g dm–3 bagi sampel itu pada 101 kPa dan 30 C. [3]
[Pemalar gas, R, ialah 8.31 J K–1]

STPM 962/2

79
 Section C [26 marks]

Answer all questions.

Write the answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a new page of the answer
sheet.

23 (a) An electrochemical cell is constructed based on the following reaction.

Cd(s) + Ni2+(aq) Cd2+(aq) + Ni(s)

(i) Based on the reaction above, draw and label the complete electrochemical cell. Indicate
the direction of electron flow and write the half-cell reaction equation at each electrode. [5]
(ii) Determine the cell potential under standard conditions. Predict the cell potential of the
cell when the concentration of Ni2+ is increased. Explain your answer. [4]
[E°Cd2+/Cd = −0.40 V and E°Ni2+/Ni = −0.28 V]
(b) A sample of effluent from industrial area contains heavy metal, Cd2+. From the analysis of the
sample, the concentration of Cd2+ in the effluent is 1.5  10–5 g dm–3. Calculate the time required to
remove all the Cd2+ from 1000 dm3 effluent using 2.0 A of current. [4]
[The Faraday constant is 96 500 C mol–1]

24 (a) The chemical equation of decomposition of steam is shown below.

2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

(i) The decomposition of 2.0% of steam at a high temperature produces hydrogen and
oxygen gases with a total pressure of 1.0 atm. Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kp, of the reaction at
the temperature. [5]
(ii) The Kp of the above reaction at room conditions is 2.0  10–42 atm. Compare the values
of Kp in (i) and (ii). [2]
(b) The major acidic component of soured milk is lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)COOH.
When 10.0 cm3 of a solution of lactic acid is titrated with 0.050 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution,
the following data are obtained.

Volume of
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
NaOH/cm3
pH 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.4 5.0 9.0 11.6 11.8

Based on the data above, plot a graph of pH against volume. Determine the equivalence point from
the graph and calculate the concentration and the value of Ka for the lactic acid. [6]

STPM 962/2

80
 Bahagian C [26 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada halaman
baharu helaian jawapan.

23 (a) Sel elektrokimia dibina berdasarkan kepada tindak balas yang berikut:

Cd(p) + Ni2+(ak) Cd2+(ak) + Ni(p)

(i) Berdasarkan tindak balas di atas, lakar dan label sel elektrokimia yang lengkap.
Tandakan arah bagi aliran elektron dan tulis persamaan tindak balas bagi setengah sel pada setiap
elektrod. [5]
(ii) Tentukan keupayaan sel pada keadaan piawai. Ramal keupayaan sel bagi sel itu apabila
kepekatan Ni2+ ditingkatkan. Jelaskan jawapan anda. [4]
[E°Cd2+/Cd = −0.40 V dan E°Ni2+/Ni = −0.28 V]
(b) Suatu sampel efluen dari kawasan perindustrian mengandungi logam berat, Cd2+. Daripada
analisis sampel itu, kepekatan bagi Cd2+ di dalam efluen ialah 1.5  10–5 g dm–3. Hitung masa yang
diperlukan untuk menyingkirkan semua Cd2+ daripada 1000 dm3 efluen dengan menggunakan
arus 2.0 A. [4]
[Pemalar Faraday ialah 96 500 C mol–1]

24 (a) Persamaan kimia bagi penguraian wap ditunjukkan di bawah.

2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

(i) Penguraian bagi 2.0 % wap pada suhu tinggi menghasilkan gas hidrogen dan gas oksigen
dengan jumlah tekanan 1.0 atm. Hitung pemalar keseimbangan, Kp, bagi tindak balas itu pada suhu
tersebut. [5]
(ii) Kp bagi tindak balas di atas pada keadaan bilik ialah 2.0  10–42 atm. Bandingkan nilai
Kp di (i) dan nilai Kp di (ii). [2]
(b) Komponen utama asid bagi susu masam ialah asid laktik, CH3CH(OH)COOH. Apabila
10.0 cm3 bagi suatu larutan asid laktik dititratkan dengan 0.050 mol dm–3 larutan natrium hidroksida,
data yang berikut diperoleh.

Isi padu
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
NaOH/cm3
pH 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.4 5.0 9.0 11.6 11.8

Berdasarkan data di atas, plot satu graf pH lawan isi padu. Tentukan takat kesetaraan daripada graf
itu dan hitung kepekatan dan nilai Ka bagi asid laktik itu. [6]

STPM 962/2

81
82
 SPECIMEN PAPER
962/3 STPM
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 3
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

1 Hour 30 Minutes
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE ALLOWED TO DO SO.
Answer all questions in Section A, B and C.
Write the answers on the answer sheets provided for Sections B and C. Begin each answer on a
new page of the answer sheet.
All working should be shown. For numerical answers, units should be quoted wherever
appropriate.
Answers may be written either in English or Malay.

Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN
BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.
Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A, Bahagian B, dan Bahagian C.
Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan untuk Bahagian B dan Bahagian C.
Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian baharu helaian jawapan.
Semua kerja hendaklah ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-
mana yang sesuai.
Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau bahasa Melayu.

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank pages.

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan halaman kosong)
© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

STPM 962/3

83
 Section A [20 marks]

Answer all questions.

Indicate the correct answer on the Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided.

1 How many  bonds are present in propyne, CH3CCH?

A 3 B 5 C 6 D 8

2 The structure formula of an organic compound is shown below.

CH2 O CH2 C≡N

y z
x

Which types of hybrid orbitals are formed by each atom labelled as x, y and z?
x y z
A sp2 sp2 sp
2 3
B sp sp sp
C sp3 sp3 sp2
D sp2 sp3 sp3

3 P and Q are two hydrocarbons that have the empirical formulae CH2 and CH respectively. Both
P and Q undergo bromination under different reaction conditions. Which mechanisms are correct about
the bromination of P and Q?
P Q
A Electrophilic addition Electrophilic substitution
B Electrophilic addition Nucleophilic substitution
C Electrophilic substitution Nucleophilic substitution
D Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic substitution

4 The following organic compounds show stereoisomerism.

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3 HOCH2─CH─C(CH3)2CH=CH2 CH3CH2─C=CH─CH2CH3

│ │
CHO CH2CH2CH3
I II III

Which type of stereoisomerism is shown by each compound?

I II III
A Geometrical Geometrical Optical
B Geometrical Optical Geometrical
C Optical Geometrical Optical
D Optical Optical Geometrical

STPM 962/3

84
 Bahagian A [20 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tandakan jawapan yang betul pada Borang Jawapan Aneka Pilihan yang dibekalkan.

1 Berapakah jumlah ikatan  yang terdapat dalam propuna, CH3CCH?

A 3 B 5 C 6 D 8

2 Formula struktur bagi suatu sebatian organik ditunjukkan di bawah.

CH2 O CH2 C≡N

y z
x

Jenis orbital hibrid yang manakah yang dibentuk oleh setiap atom berlabel x, y, dan z?
x y z
A sp2 sp2 sp
B sp2 sp3 sp
3 3
C sp sp sp2
D sp2 sp3 sp3

3 P dan Q adalah dua hidrokarbon yang masing-masing mempunyai formula empirik CH2 dan CH.
Kedua-dua P dan Q mengalami pembrominan pada keadaan tindak balas yang berbeza. Mekanisme
yang manakah yang betul tentang pembrominan P dan pembrominan Q itu?
P Q
A Penambahan elektrofilik Penukargantian elektrofilik
B Penambahan elektrofilik Penukargantian nukleofilik
C Penukargantian elektrofilik Penukargantian nukleofilik
D Penukargantian elektrofilik Penukargantian elektrofilik

4 Sebatian organik yang berikut menunjukkan kestereoisomeran.

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3 HOCH2─CH─C(CH3)2CH=CH2 CH3CH2─C=CH─CH2CH3

│ │
CHO CH2CH2CH3
I II III

Jenis kestereoisomeran yang manakah yang ditunjukkan oleh setiap sebatian?

I II III
A Geometri Geometri Optik
B Geometri Optik Geometri
C Optik Geometri Optik
D Optik Optik Geometri

STPM 962/3

85
5 Which alkene forms two different carboxylic acids when heated with hot acidified KMnO4
solution?
A CH3CH2CH=CH2 B (CH3)2C=CHCH3
C CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 D CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3

6 Which reagents do not react with nitrobenzene?

A conc. HNO3/conc. H2SO4 B Br2/FeBr3
C KMnO4/H , Δ +
D CH3COCl/AlCl3

7 Toluene reacts with chlorine in the presence of a catalyst to form 4-chlorotoluene as one of the
products. Which statement is true about the reaction?
A The reaction is catalysed by UV light.
B The reaction also produced 3-chlorotoluene.
C The reaction mechanism is free radical substitution.
D The reaction involves the formation of an electrophile.

8 Which is the product of the reaction between ClCH2CH2 Cl with an aqueous solution

of sodium hydroxide?

A HOCH2CH2 OH B ClCH2CH2 OH

C HOCH2CH2 Cl D ClCH2CH2 Cl

HO
9 The structural formula of menthol is shown below.

CH(CH3)2
OH

CH3

Which is true about menthol?

A Optically active B Tertiary alcohol
C Insoluble in ethanol D Does not undergo oxidation

STPM 962/3

86
5 Alkena yang manakah yang menghasilkan dua asid karboksilik yang berbeza apabila dipanaskan
dengan larutan berasid KMnO4 panas?
A CH3CH2CH=CH2 B (CH3)2C=CHCH3
C CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 D CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3

6 Reagen yang manakah yang tidak bertindak balas dengan nitrobenzena?

A HNO3 pekat/ H2SO4 pekat B Br2/FeBr3
C KMnO4/H , Δ+
D CH3COCl/AlCl3

7 Toluena bertindak balas dengan klorin dengan kehadiran suatu mangkin untuk membentuk
4-klorotoluena sebagai satu daripada hasil. Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang tindak balas
itu?
A Tindak balas itu dimangkinkan oleh cahaya UV.
B Tindak balas itu juga menghasilkan 3-klorotoluena.
C Mekanisme tindak balas itu adalah penukargantian radikal bebas.
D Tindak balas itu melibatkan pembentukan satu elektrofil.

8 Yang manakah hasil bagi tindak balas antara ClCH2CH2 Cl dengan

larutan akueus natrium hidroksida?

A HOCH2CH2 OH B ClCH2CH2 OH

C HOCH2CH2 Cl D ClCH2CH2 Cl

HO

9 Formula struktur bagi mentol ditunjukkan di bawah.

CH(CH3)2
OH

CH3
Yang manakah yang benar tentang mentol?
A Aktif secara optik B Alkohol tertier
C Tak boleh larut dalam etanol D Tidak mengalami pengoksidaan

STPM 962/3

87
10 Two organic compounds, R and S, have the same functional group. The chemical properties of R
and S are as follows:
• R and S react with KMnO4/H+
• R gives a yellow precipitate when reacts with alkaline iodine and no observable change
for S
Which are the structural formulae of R and S?
R S
A CH3CHO CH3COCH3
B CH3COOH CH3CH2COOH
C CH3CH2OH (CH3)3COH
D CH3CHOH CH2OH

11 Compound X dissolves in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution but does not dissolve in an
aqueous carbonate solution. Which is represented by compound X?

A COOCH3 B OH

C CH2OH D COOH

12 The alcohol that can be used to produce a ketone is

A C6H5CH2OH B (CH3)2CHCH2OH
C CH3CH2CH(CH3)(OH) D (CH3)3COH

13 A carbonyl compound produces a silver mirror with Tollens’ reagent and the compound reacts
with alkaline solution of potassium manganate(VII). Which statement is true about the reactions?
A The carbonyl compound is a ketone.
B The reactions are nucleophilic addition.
C The silver ion in [Ag(NH3)2]+ is reduced.
D The reactions form a carboxylic acid as one of its products.

STPM 962/3

88
10 Dua sebatian organik, R dan S, mempunyai kumpulan berfungsi yang sama. Sifat kimia bagi R dan
sifat kimia bagi S adalah seperti yang berikut:
• R dan S bertindak balas dengan KMnO4/H+
• R memberikan satu mendakan kuning apabila bertindak balas dengan iodin beralkali
dan tiada perubahan diperhatikan bagi S
Yang manakah formula struktur bagi R dan formula struktur bagi S?
R S
A CH3CHO CH3COCH3
B CH3COOH CH3CH2COOH
C CH3CH2OH (CH3)3COH
D CH3CHOH CH2OH

11 Sebatian X larut dalam larutan akueus natrium hidrosida tetapi tidak larut dalam larutan akueus
karbonat. Yang manakah yang diwakili oleh sebatian X?

A COOCH3 B OH

C CH2OH D COOH

12 Alkohol yang boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan keton ialah

A C6H5CH2OH B (CH3)2CHCH2OH
C CH3CH2CH(CH3)(OH) D (CH3)3COH

13 Satu sebatian karbonil menghasilkan satu cermin argentum dengan reagen Tollens dan sebatian itu
bertindak balas dengan larutan beralkali kalium manganat(VII). Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar
tentang tindak balas itu?
A Sebatian karbonil itu adalah suatu keton.
B Tindak balas itu ialah penambahan nukleofilik.
C Ion argentum dalam [Ag(NH3)2]+ diturunkan.
D Tindak balas itu membentuk asid karbosilik sebagai satu daripada hasilnya.

STPM 962/3

89
14 Which reaction can be used to synthesise cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, C6H11COOH?

A is heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

B CH3 is treated with hot acidified potassium manganate(VII).

C MgBr is bubbled with carbon dioxide then treated with dilute acid.

D CH=CHCH2CH3 is treated with cold alkaline potassium manganate(VII)

solution.

15 The structural formulae of two isomers, X and Y, are shown below.

O O
|| ||
CH3 ─ C ─ OH H ─ C ─ OCH3
X Y

Which statement is true about X and Y?

A Both isomers undergo reduction reaction.
B Both isomers have the same boiling point.
C X is produced when Y is hydrolysed.
D Both isomers form the same amide when react with ammonia.

16 The equation for hydrolysis of RCOOR and reactions of its hydrolysed products are shown below.

HCl
RCOOR RCOOH + ROH


RCOOH KMnO4/H+ H2O + CO2



I2, NaOH
ROH CHI3 + RCOONa

Based on the above equations, which is the structural formula of RCOOR?
A HCOOCH2CH2CH3 B HCOOCH(CH3)2
C CH3COOCH2CH3 D CH3COOCH(CH3)2

STPM 962/3

90
14 Tindak balas yang manakah yang dapat digunakan untuk mensintesiskan asid
sikloheksanakarboksilik, C6H11COOH?

A dipanaskan dengan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid.

B CH3 diolahkan dengan kalium manganat(VII) berasid panas.

C MgBr digelembungkan dengan karbon dioksida kemudian diolahkan dengan

asid cair.

D CH=CHCH2CH3 diolah dengan larutan kalium manganat(VII) beralkali sejuk.

15 Formula struktur bagi dua isomer, X dan Y, ditunjukkan di bawah.

O O
|| ||
CH3 ─ C ─ OH H ─ C ─ OCH3
X Y

Pernyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang X dan Y?

A Kedua-dua isomer mengalami tindak balas penurunan.
B Kedua-dua isomer mempunyai takat didih yang sama.
C X terhasil apabila Y dihidrolisiskan.
D Kedua-dua isomer membentuk amida yang sama apabila bertindak balas dengan ammonia.

16 Persamaan hidrolisis bagi RCOOR dan tindak balas bagi hasil terhidrolisis RCOOR ditunjukkan
di bawah.

HCl
RCOOR RCOOH + ROH


RCOOH KMnO4/H+ H2O + CO2



I2, NaOH
ROH CHI3 + RCOONa

Berdasarkan persamaan di atas, yang manakah formula struktur bagi RCOOR?
A HCOOCH2CH2CH3 B HCOOCH(CH3)2
C CH3COOCH2CH3 D CH3COOCH(CH3)2

STPM 962/3

91
17 A compound, X, shows the following chemical properties:

• Produces white precipitate with bromine water

• Produces colourless product with nitrous acid at 0 C
• Produces salt when hydrochloric acid or aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is added

Which compound is represented by X?

A HOCH2 NH2 B HO NH2

C HO CH2NH2 D NH2CH2 COOH

18 The structural formula of tryptophan is shown below.

NH2

CH2 CH COOH
─

H
Which property of tryptophan is not true?
A Forms a zwitterion B High melting point
C Insoluble in water D Optically active

19 The repeating unit of a polymer is shown below.

O O
H H
C C
O ─ C─ C─ O─

H H

The polymer can be classified as

A homopolymer B addition polymer
C condensation polymer D thermosetting polymer

20 Poly(chloroethene) is an addition polymer. Which reaction produces the monomer for the polymer?
A The reaction between propene and HCl
B The reaction between 1,2-dichloroethene and HCl
C The reaction between 2-chloropropane and ethanolic NaOH
D The reaction between 1,2-dichloroethane and ethanolic NaOH

STPM 962/3

92
17 Suatu sebatian, X, menunjukkan sifat kimia yang berikut:

• Menghasilkan mendakan putih dengan air bromin

• Menghasilkan hasil tidak berwarna dengan asid nitrus pada 0 C
• Menghasilkan garam apabila asid hidroklorik atau larutan akueus natrium hidroksida
ditambah

Sebatian yang manakah yang diwakili oleh X?

A HOCH2 NH2 B HO NH2

C HO CH2NH2 D NH2CH2 COOH

18 Formula struktur bagi triptofan ditunjukkan di bawah.

NH2

CH2 CH COOH

H
Sifat triptofan yang manakah yang tidak benar?
A Membentuk satu zwiterion B Takat lebur tinggi
C Tak larut dalam air D Aktif secara optik

19 Unit berulang bagi satu polimer ditunjukkan di bawah.

O O
H H
C C
O ─ C─ C─ O─

H H
Polimer itu boleh dikelaskan sebagai
A homopolimer B polimer tambahan
C polimer kondensasi D polimer termoset

20 Poli(kloroetena) ialah satu polimer penambahan. Tindak balas yang manakah yang menghasilkan
monomer bagi polimer itu?
A Tindak balas antara propena dengan HCl
B Tindak balas antara 1,2-dikloroetena dengan HCl
C Tindak balas antara 2-kloropropana dengan NaOH beretanol
D Tindak balas antara 1,2-dikloroetana dengan NaOH beretanol

STPM 962/3

93
 Section B [14 marks]

Answer all questions.

Write the answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a new page of the answer
sheet.

21 (a) 3-Methylcyclohexene yields more than one product when it reacts with hydrogen bromide.
(i) Draw the structural formulae of all the products formed. [2]
(ii) Suggest a chemical test to differentiate 3-methylcyclohexene from 3-methylcyclohexane.
State the observation. [2]
(b) The reactions of ethylbenzene are shown in the reaction scheme below.

CH2CH3

Step 1 KMnO4/H+
Δ

Br2 /uv
X

(i) State the reagent in Step 1. [1]

(ii) Draw the structural formulae of X and Y. [2]

22 (a) Banana oil contains isoamyl acetate, a naturally occurring ester which gives odour to the ripe
bananas. The structural formula of isoamyl acetate is shown below.

O
H3C
CH CH2 CH2 O C CH3
H3C

(i) Name isoamyl acetate according to IUPAC nomenclature. [1]

(ii) Draw the structural formulae of the products formed when isoamyl acetate undergoes
acid hydrolysis. [2]
(iii) Reduction of isoamyl acetate produces compounds X and Y. Draw the structural formulae
of compounds X and Y. [2]
(iv) State the reagents used in the reduction of isoamyl acetate. [2]

STPM 962/3

94
 Bahagian B [14 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada halaman
baharu helaian jawapan.

21 (a) 3-Metilsikloheksena menghasilkan lebih daripada satu hasil apabila 3-metilsikloheksena

bertindak balas dengan hidrogen bromida.
(i) Lukis formula struktur bagi semua hasil yang terbentuk. [2]
(iii) Cadangkan satu ujian kimia untuk membezakan 3-metilsikloheksena daripada
3-metilsikloheksana. Nyatakan pemerhatian itu. [2]
(b) Tindak balas bagi etilbenzena ditunjukkan dalam skema tindak balas di bawah.

CH2CH3

Langkah 1 KMnO4/H+
Δ

Br2 /uv
X

Y
(i) Nyatakan reagen dalam Langkah 1. [1]
(ii) Lukis formula struktur bagi X dan formula struktur bagi Y. [2]

22 (a) Minyak pisang mengandungi isoamil asetat, suatu ester semula jadi yang memberikan bau
kepada pisang masak. Formula struktur bagi isoamil asetat ditunjukkan di bawah.

O
H3C
CH CH2 CH2 O C CH3
H3C

(i) Namakan isoamil asetat mengikut tatanama IUPAC. [1]

(ii) Lukis formula struktur bagi hasil yang terbentuk apabila isoamil asetat mengalami
hidrolisis berasid. [2]
(iii) Penurunan isoamil asetat menghasilkan sebatian X dan sebatian Y. Lukis formula struktur
bagi sebatian X dan sebatian Y. [2]
(iv) Nyatakan reagen yang digunakan dalam penurunan isoamil asetat itu. [2]

STPM 962/3

95
 Section C [26 marks]

Answer all questions.

Write the answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a new page of the answer
sheet.

23 (a) Suggest a synthetic pathway to prepare 2-phenylethanamine from toluene. [5]

(b) Phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, is an essential amino acid that cannot be
synthesised in the human body. Phenyalanine exhibits stereoisomerism.
(i) Draw the structural formula of the isomers and state the type of stereoisomerism. Explain
your answer. [4]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of zwitterion of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine undergoes
condensation reaction to form a dipeptide. Draw the structural formula of the dipeptide and indicate
the peptide linkage. [4]

24 (a) Compound A, C4H10O, is treated with pyridinium chlorochromate, PCC, to produce

compound B. A greyish solid is formed when compound B is warmed with Tollens’ reagent. Treatment
of compound A with hot concentrated sulphuric acid produces compound C. Compound C reacts with
bromine water to form compound D.
(i) Draw the structural formulae of compounds A, B, C and D. [4]
(ii) Write all the chemical equations for the reactions involved. [3]
(b) 2-Bromopropane, 1-bromopropane and 2-bromo-2-methylpropane are alkyl bromides.
(i) Arrange the alkyl bromides in descending order of reactivity towards S N1 reaction.
Explain your answer. [3]
(ii) Write the mechanism for the reaction between methanol and the most reactive alkyl
bromide in SN1 reaction. [3]

STPM 962/3

96
 Bahagian C [26 markah]

Jawab semua soalan.

Tulis jawapan pada helaian jawapan yang disediakan. Mulakan setiap jawapan pada halaman
baharu helaian jawapan.

23 (a) Cadangkan satu laluan sintetik untuk menyediakan 2-feniletanamina daripada toluena. [5]
(b) Fenilalanina, asid 2-amino-3-fenilpropanoik, ialah satu amino asid perlu yang tidak boleh
disintesis dalam tubuh manusia. Fenilalanina mempamerkan kestereoisomeran.
(i) Lukis formula struktur bagi isomer itu dan nyatakan jenis bagi kestereoisomeran itu.
Jelaskan jawapan anda. [4]
(ii) Lukis formula struktur zwiterion bagi fenilalanina. Fenilalanina mengalami tindak balas
kondensasi untuk membentuk satu dipeptida. Lukis formula struktur bagi dipeptida itu dan tandakan
rangkaian peptida itu. [4]

24 (a) Sebatian A, C4H10O, diolah dengan piridinium klorokromat, PCC, untuk menghasilkan
sebatian B. Satu pepejal kekelabu-kelabuan terbentuk apabila sebatian B dipanaskan dengan reagen
Tollens. Pengolahan bagi sebatian A dengan asid sulfurik pekat yang panas menghasilkan sebatian C.
Sebatian C bertindak balas dengan air bromin untuk membentuk sebatian D.
(i) Lukis formula struktur bagi sebatian A, sebatian B, sebatian C, dan sebatian D. [4]
(ii) Tulis semua persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang terlibat. [3]
(b) 2-Bromopropana, 1-bromopropana, dan 2-bromo-2-metilpropana ialah alkil bromida.
(i) Susun alkil bromida itu mengikut urutan menurun kereaktifan terhadap tindak balas SN1.
Jelaskan jawapan anda. [3]
(ii) Tulis mekanisme bagi tindak balas antara metanol dengan alkil bromida yang paling
reaktif dalam tindak balas SN1. [3]

STPM 962/3

97
98
 SPECIMEN PAPER
962/4 STPM

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

CHEMISTRY

PAPER 4

MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank pages.

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan halaman kosong)
© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

STPM 962/4

99
 Title: Volumetric analysis − Purity and stoichiometry

Objective: To determine the purity of a sodium sulphite sample

Introduction:
The sulphite ion can be oxidised quantitatively to sulphate ion by iodine in the presence of
hydrogen carbonate ion.

SO32 − + I2 + H2O SO42 − + 2HI

2HI + 2HCO3− 2I − + 2H2O + 2CO2

When a solution of sodium sulphite is added to an excess of a standard solution of iodine, the
excess iodine in the resulting solution can be titrated with a standard solution of sodium
thiosulphate. Hence the concentration of sodium sulphite can be determined.

Apparatus:
10 cm3 pipette
Pipette filler
25 cm3 pipette
250 cm3 conical flasks
50 cm3 burette
Retort stand and clamp
White tile

Chemicals:
Aqueous iodine solution
Sodium thiosulphate solution
Sodium sulphite solution
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
1% starch solution

Procedure:
1. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 aqueous iodine solution into a conical flask.
2. Pipette 10.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm3 Na2SO3 solution into the conical flask containing aqueous
iodine solution and shake the flask.
3. Add 1.00 g of NaHCO3 and shake the flask.
4. Titrate the resulting solution against Na2S2O3 until pale yellow solution appear.
5. Add freshly prepared starch solution as the indicator to the flask.
6. Continue the titration until the solution changes from dark blue to colourless.
7. Repeat the titration twice.

STPM 962/4

100
 Results:
Titration reading

Accurate
Titration Rough
First Second

Final reading/cm3

Initial reading/cm3

Volume of Na2S2O3/cm3

Questions:
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between iodine and the thiosulphate ion.
(b) Calculate the volume of I2 that did not react with the sulphite ions.
(c) Using your answer in (b), calculate the volume of I2 that reacted with the sulphite ions.
(d) Using your answer in (c),
(i) calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of the sulphite ions in Na2S2O3 solution,
(ii) calculate the mass of Na2SO3 present in 250 cm3 of Na2S2O3.
(e) Using your answer in (d)(ii), calculate the percentage purity of Na2SO3 used.
(f) Why starch solution is not added before the titration?

STPM 962/4

101
102
 SPECIMEN PAPER
962/5 STPM
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 5
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

1 Hour 30 Minutes
Instructions to candidates:
For examiner’s use
(Untuk kegunaan
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE pemeriksa)
ALLOWED TO DO SO.
Answer all questions. Write the answer in the spaces provided. 1

All working should be shown. For numerical answers, units should be 2

quoted wherever appropriate.
Answers may be written either in English or Malay. 3

Total
(Jumlah)

Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN
BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.
Jawab semua soalan. Tulis jawapan dalam ruang disediakan.
Semua kerja hendaklah ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan
di mana-mana yang sesuai.
Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank pages.

(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan halaman kosong)
© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

STPM 962/5

103
1 An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of a saturated NaOH solution.
In the experiment, NaOH solution was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
(a) In the experiment, 250.0 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3 HCl was prepared from 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl.
(i) Calculate the volume of 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl used in the dilution. [1]
(ii) Describe the steps taken to prepare 250.0 cm3 0.0200 mol dm–3 HCl from
0.200 mol dm–3 HCl and the suitable apparatus used. [3]
(b) A 25.0 cm3 sample of saturated NaOH solution was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 HCl using
phenolphtalein as an indicator.
(i) Complete the following table: [1]

Accurate
Titration
First Second Third

The final reading/cm3 27.00 28.90 36.80

The initial reading/cm3 0.30 2.00 10.20

The volume of HCl used/cm3

(ii) Using suitable titre values, calculate the average titre. [1]
(iii) State the change of colour at the end point of the titration. [1]
(c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between HCl and NaOH. [1]
(d) (i) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution. [2]
(ii) Calculate the concentration of sodium ions in the solution. [2]
(e) In another experiment, 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl is replaced by 0.200 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. [1]
(ii) Predict the pH at equivalent point. [1]
(iii) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. [1]

STPM 962/5

104
1 Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kepekatan bagi satu larutan NaOH tepu. Dalam uji
kaji itu, larutan NaOH dititratkan dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl, 0.0200 mol dm–3.
(a) Dalam uji kaji itu, 250.0 cm3 HCl 0.0200 mol dm–3 disediakan daripada
HCl 0.200 mol dm–3.
(i) Hitung isi padu bagi HCl 0.200 mol dm–3 yang digunakan dalam pencairan itu. [1]
(ii) Perihalkan langkah yang diambil untuk menyediakan 250.0 cm HCl 0.0200 mol dm–3
3

daripada HCl 0.200 mol dm–3 dan radas yang sesuai digunakan. [3]
(b) Satu sampel 25.0 cm3 bagi larutan NaOH tepu telah dititratkan dengan HCl 0.0200 mol dm–3
dengan menggunakan fenolftalein sebagai penunjuk.
(i) Lengkapkan jadual yang berikut: [1]

Jitu
Pentitratan
Pertama Kedua Ketiga

Bacaan akhir/cm3 27.00 28.90 36.80

Bacaan awal/cm3 0.30 2.00 10.20

Isi padu asid HCl yang digunakan/cm3

(ii) Dengan menggunakan nilai titer yang sesuai, hitung purata titer. [1]
(iii) Nyatakan perubahan warna pada takat akhir pentitratan itu. [1]
(c) Tulis satu persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas antara HCl dengan NaOH. [1]
(d) (i) Hitung kepekatan bagi ion hidroksida dalam larutan itu. [2]
(ii) Hitung kepekatan bagi ion sodium dalam larutan itu. [2]
(e) Dalam satu uji kaji yang lain, 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl digantikan dengan asid etanoik, CH3COOH,
0.200 mol dm–3 CH3COOH.
(i) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas itu. [1]
(ii) Ramalkan pH pada titik setara. [1]
(iii) Cadangkan satu penunjuk yang sesuai bagi pentitratan itu. [1]

STPM 962/5

105
2 Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4, and hydrated copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4•5H2O, dissolve
in water to form blue aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution.

CuSO4(s) + water CuSO4(aq)

CuSO4•5H2O(s) + water CuSO4(aq)

The enthalpies of solution for anhydrous CuSO4 and CuSO4•5H2O are determined in the experiment
below.
Using a burette, 50.00 cm3 of water is transferred into a polystyrene cup. After a few minutes,
the temperature of water is recorded. A test tube containing anhydrous CuSO4 is weighed and the mass
is recorded. The anhydrous CuSO4 is transferred simultaneously into the polystyrene cup.
The mixture is stirred with a thermometer and the temperature is recorded. The experiment is repeated
by using CuSO4•5H2O.
The temperature of water in both experiments is the same before the solid is added. The initial
temperature of water before the addition of solid is shown in the diagram below.

30

29

28

(a) (i) Complete the table below. [3]

Anhydrous CuSO4 CuSO4•5H2O

Mass of test tube + solid/g 19.32 21.40

Mass of empty test tube/g 15.30 15.22

Mass of solid/g

Initial temperature of water/°C

Final temperature of mixture/°C 36.9 28.1

Temperature change/°C

STPM 962/5

106
2 Kuprum(II) sulfat kontang, CuSO4, dan kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat, CuSO4•5H2O, larut dalam air
untuk membentuk larutan akueus biru kuprum(II) sulfat.

CuSO4(p) + air CuSO4(ak)

CuSO4•5H2O(p) + air CuSO4(ak)

Entalpi larutan bagi CuSO4 kontang dan entalpi larutan bagi CuSO4•5H2O ditentukan dalam uji kaji
di bawah.
Dengan menggunakan buret, 50.00 cm3 air dipindahkan ke dalam sebiji cawan polistirena. Selepas
beberapa minit, suhu bagi air direkodkan. Satu tabung uji yang mengandungi CuSO4 kontang ditimbang
dan jisimnya direkod. CuSO4 kontang itu dipindahkan sekaligus ke dalam cawan polistirena. Campuran
itu dikacau dengan termometer dan suhu direkod. Uji kaji itu diulang dengan menggunakan
CuSO4•5H2O.
Suhu air dalam kedua-dua uji kaji itu adalah sama sebelum pepejal ditambah. Suhu awal air
sebelum penambahan pepejal ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah.

30

29

28

(a) (i) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. [3]

CuSO4 kontang CuSO4•5H2O

Jisim tabung uji + pepejal/g 19.32 21.40

Jisim tabung uji kosong/g 15.30 15.22

Jisim pepejal/g

Suhu awal air/°C

Suhu akhir campuran/°C 36.9 28.1

Perubahan suhu/°C

STPM 962/5

107
 (ii) Write an expression to calculate the heat change of the reaction. [1]
(iii) Calculate the heat change of the reaction in both experiments. [2]
–1 –1
[The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g K and the density of the solution
is 1.0 g cm–3].
(b) Calculate the enthalpies of solution for anhydrous CuSO4 and CuSO4•5H2O. [3]
(c) Using Hess’s Law, determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction: [3]

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4•5H2O(s)

(d) Write the equation for the reactions between

(i) solid copper(II) oxide and dilute sulphuric acid, [1]
(ii) solid copper(II) hydroxide and dilute sulphuric acid. [1]
(e) Using the equations in (d), draw a suitable energy cycle to determine the enthalpy change of
the following reaction: [2]

CuO(s) + H2O(l) Cu(OH)2(s).

STPM 962/5

108
 (ii) Tuliskan suatu ungkapan untuk menghitung perubahan haba bagi tindak balas itu. [1]
(iii) Hitung perubahan haba bagi tindak balas dalam kedua-dua uji kaji itu. [2]
–1 –1 –3
[Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan ialah 4.18 J g K dan ketumpatan bagi larutan ialah 1.0 g cm ].
(b) Hitung entalpi larutan bagi CuSO4 kontang dan entalpi larutan bagi CuSO4•5H2O itu. [3]
(c) Menggunakan Hukum Hess, tentukan perubahan entalpi bagi tindak balas yang berikut: [3]

CuSO4(p) + 5H2O(c) CuSO4•5H2O(p)

(d) Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara

(i) pepejal kuprum(II) oksida dengan asid sulfurik cair, [1]
(ii) pepejal kuprum(II) hidroksida dengan asid sulfurik cair. [1]
(e) Menggunakan persamaan di (d), lukiskan satu kitaran tenaga yang sesuai untuk
menentukan perubahan entalpi bagi tindak balas yang berikut: [2]

CuO(p) + H2O(c) Cu(OH)2(p).

STPM 962/5

109
3 An experiment is carried out to identify an organic compound, P, with a molecular formula C7H8O.
The scheme below shows several observations obtained when certain reagents are added to P.

Na NaOH(aq)
Gas T P Insoluble

PCl5 NaOH(aq)/I2(aq)/∆
PCC
White fumes, U No observable change

Reagent Y 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Orange-yellow

Silver mirror Q
precipitate, X
Reagent W

Brick red KMnO4/H+/∆

precipitate, V

Reagent Z
R Fruity smell product

Na2CO3

Gas S turns limewater chalky

(a) Identify the gases S, T and U. [3]

(b) P is insoluble in NaOH(aq). What inference can be made based on the observation? [1]
(c) When an alkaline iodine solution is added to P and warmed, no change is observed. What
inference can be made based on the observation? [1]
(d) Identify the reagents W, Y and Z. [3]
(e) Identify V. [1]
(f) Write the structural formulae of P, Q, R and X. [4]
(g) What is the state of R at room temperature? [1]
(h) Suggest one usage of R in the food industry. [1]

STPM 962/5

110
3 Satu uji kaji dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti satu sebatian organik, P, dengan formula molekul
C7H8O. Skema di bawah menunjukkan beberapa cerapan yang diperoleh apabila reagen tertentu
ditambahkan kepada P.

Na NaOH(ak)
Gas T P Tak larut

PCl5 NaOH(ak)/I2(ak)/∆
PCC
Wasap putih, U Tiada perubahan kelihatan

Reagen Y 2,4-Dinitrofenilhidrazina Mendakan

Cermin argentum Q
jingga-kuning, X
Reagen W
Mendakan KMnO4/H+/∆
merah bata, V

Reagen Z
R Hasil berbau buah-buahan

Na2CO3

Gas S mengeruhkan air kapur

(a) Kenal pasti gas S, gas T, dan gas U. [3]

(b) P adalah tak larut dalam NaOH(ak). Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan cerapan
itu? [1]
(c) Apabila satu larutan iodin beralkali ditambah kepada P dan dihangatkan, tiada perubahan
dicerap. Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan kepada pemerhatian itu? [1]
(d) Kenal pasti reagen W, reagen Y, dan reagen Z. [3]
(e) Kenal pasti V. [1]
(f) Tuliskan formula struktur bagi P, formula struktur bagi Q, formula struktur bagi R, dan formula
struktur bagi X. [4]
(g) Apakah keadaan R pada suhu bilik? [1]
(h) Cadangkan satu kegunaan bagi R dalam industri makanan. [1]

STPM 962/5

111
 Appendix A

112
 Lampiran A

113
114
115
 Appendix B

116
 Lampiran B

117
118
119