Chapter 2

Review on Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory Solution Manual

2.1
2.1 A 75 Ω coaxial line has a current i(t , z) 1.5cos(1.85 1010 t  90 z) mA. Determine (a) the frequency,
(b) the phase velocity, (c) the wavelength, (d) the relative permittivity of the line, (e) the phasor form
of the current, and (f) the time domain voltage on the line.

Sol. t , z ) 1.5cos(1.85 1010 t  90 z) mA

i(
 1.85 1010 rad/sec
   80 rad/sec Z
0 75 
 1.85  10 10
f
(a)    2.94 GHz
2 2
 1.85  1010
(b) V
P   2.31  108 m/sec
 80
2
  0.0785 m
(c) 

2
C 3  108
(d)
 r     1.68
 VP  2.31  108
(e) I ( z)  1.5e j 80 z mA
(f) V ( z, t ) 1.5  75cos(t   z) 0.1125cos(1.85 1010 t  80z ) volts

2.2
2.2 A transmission line has the following per-unit-length parameters: L = 1.5 μH/m, C = 150 pF/m,
R = 5.0 Ω/m, and G = 0.05 S/m. Calculate the propagation constant and characteristic impedance of
this line at 900 MHz. If the line is 30 cm long, what is the attenuation in dB? Recalculate these
quantities in the absence of loss (R = G = 0).

Sol. Given that: R = 5.0 Ω/m

G = 0.05 S/m
L = 1.5 mH/m
C = 150 pF/m
f = 900 mHz
l = 30 cm

 ( P  j L)(G  jC
 ) 7207.43 176.59/2 84.89 88.3
  2.52  j84.85/m
Z0
 ( P  j L)/(G  jC
 ) 9982.67 3.34
/2 99.911.67
 99.87  j2.91 
0,  
with R = G = LC 84.823 rad/m
L
Z0
  100 
C
Note that β, Z0 w/o loss are very close to value with loss.
For l = 30 cm attenuator =  l 2.52  30  102 np
 8.686 dB 
 0.75 np   
 np 
= 6.567 dB.

1
2.3
2.3 RG-402U semirigid coaxial cable has an inner conductor diameter of 0.91 mm and a dielectric
diameter (equal to the inner diameter of the outer conductor) of 3.02 mm. Both conductors are copper,
and the dielectric material is Teflon. Compute the R, L, G, and C parameters of this line at 1 GHz, and
use these results to find the characteristic impedance and attenuation of the line at 2.4 GHz. Compare
your results to the manufacturer’s specifications of 50 Ω and 0.43 dB/m, and discuss reasons for the
difference.

Sol.
From Table 2.1
For RG – 402 U, a = 0.47 mm, b = 1.475 mm
r 2.02
 & tan  0.00022 and f = 1 GHz
0  b  7
L
 ln  2.28  10
2  a 
2 0r
C
  9.83  1011 f/m
ln(b/a)

Rs
  0.00825 
25
Rs  1 1 
R     3.68 /m
2  a b 
2 0r
G
 tan
  1.358  104 s/m
ln(b/a)
L
For small loss Z0
  48.2 
C
From (2.85a)
1 R 
   GZ0   0.0402 np/m  0.35 dB/m
2  Z0 
From RG-402 U cable data Z0 = 50 Ω
α = 13 dB/100 ft
= 0.426 dB/m
(difference due to Guided outer conductor not solid)
Check using formulas from Example 207.
For f = 2.4 GHz to determine Z0, αc, αd
 ln(b/a)
 Z0  48.25 
 2

Rs
  0.01278 
2
 120
  0
 265.25 
0r 2.02
Rs  1 1 
c    0.0591  np/m 05133 dB/m
2 ln b/a  a b 
 0r
d   tan  0.00787
 np/m 0.06835 dB/m
2
Total c  d  0.06697 np/m  0.582 dB/m

2
2.4
2.4

319
2.5
2.5

204
2.6
2.6

215
 2.7
2.7

2.8 A lossless transmission line of electrical length l = 0.4 λ is terminated with a complex load impedance
2.8
2.8
a shown in the accompanying figure. Find the reflection coefficient at the load, the SWR on the line,
the reflection coefficient at the input of the line, and the input impedance to the line.

Sol. ZL = 50 – j40 Ω
Z0 = 75 Ω
l = 0.4 λ
2.9 Z ZL
L  0.67  j 0.53
Z0
 L 0.359 255
SWR = 2.12
ZL located at 0.395 λ
0.4 λ towards source we have 0.295 λ, 0.295 λ gives
in 0.359 327
 Zin  1.65  j 0.74
Zin 
124  j55.6 

2.9 A 75 Ω coaxial transmission line has a length of 2.5 cm and is terminated with a load impedance of
37.5 + j75 Ω. If the relative permittivity of the line is 2.2 and the frequency is 6.0 GHz, find the input
impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient at the load, the reflection coefficient at the input, and
the SWR on the line.

i 2  108
Sol. 
0  0.05,
f 6  109
0 0.05 22
g 
  3.37 cm 6
r 2.2
2.5 cm
 L
0.4 λ towards source we have 0.295 λ, 0.295 λ gives
in 0.359 327

 Zin  1.65  j 0.74
Zin  124  j55.6 

2.9
2.9 A 75 Ω coaxial transmission line has a length of 2.5 cm and is terminated with a load impedance of
37.5 + j75 Ω. If the relative permittivity of the line is 2.2 and the frequency is 6.0 GHz, find the input
impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient at the load, the reflection coefficient at the input, and
the SWR on the line.

i 2  108
Sol. 

0  0.05,
f 6  109
0 0.05
g 
  3.37 cm
r 2.2
2.5 cm
l  0.742 λg
3.37 cm/λg
2
l   (0.742  g )  4.66 rad  267
g
Smith chart solution
Z L  37.5  j 75 
Z
Z L  L  0.5  j1
Z0
 L 0.62 83 at 0.135 λ

SWR = 4.27
+ 0.135 λ = 0.877 λ – 0.5 λ = 0.377 λ
Zin 0.42  j 0.85

in 0.62 267

The results are verified with the analytical formula.

2.10
2.10 A terminated transmission line with Z0 = 50 Ω has a reflection coefficient at the load of  0.575.
(a) What is the load impedance? (b) What is the reflection coefficient 0.325 λ away from the load? (c)
What is the input impedance at this point?

Sol.  L 0.5 75


Z
0 50 

L 0.13  j0.483
1   L  (1.13  j 0.483)
(a) Z L Z 0   50 37.8  j 48.7 
1   L  (0.87  j 0.483)
(b) in  L e2 j l  0.5 75  234  0.5 159  0.5 201
2
Where   l  0.325

e2 j l  234
(c) Zin 0.325  j 0.18 (smith chart)
Zin 16.25  j9 

2.12 A lossless transmission line is terminated with a 200 Ω load. If the SWR on the line is 3, find the two
possible values for the characteristic impedance of the line.

S 1 3 1
Sol. 
   0.5
S 1 3 1
Z L  Z0 200  Z 0
  (Z0 is real)
Z L  Z0 200  Z 0
7
200  Z0 1   0.5 
So either  0.5  Z0  Z L  200    66.7 
200  Z0 1   1.5 
2.10 A terminated transmission line with Z0 = 50 Ω has a reflection coefficient at the load of  0.575.
(a) What is the load impedance? (b) What is the reflection coefficient 0.325 λ away from the load? (c)
2.11
2.11 What is the input impedance at this point?
Sol.  L 0.5 75

Z
0 50 

L 0.13  j0.483
1   L  (1.13  j 0.483)
(a) Z L Z 0   50 37.8  j 48.7 
1   L  (0.87  j 0.483)
(b) in  L e2 j l  0.5 75  234  0.5 159  0.5 201
2
Where   l  0.325

e2 j l  234
(c) Zin 0.325  j 0.18 (smith chart)
Zin 16.25  j9 

2.12
2.12 A lossless transmission line is terminated with a 200 Ω load. If the SWR on the line is 3, find the two
possible values for the characteristic impedance of the line.
2.12
S 1 3 1
Sol. 
   0.5
S 1 3 1
Z L  Z0 200  Z 0
  (Z0 is real)
Z L  Z0 200  Z 0
200  Z0 1   0.5 
So either  0.5  Z0  Z L  200    66.7 
200  Z0 1   1.5 
200  Z0 1   1.5 
(or) 0.5  Z0  ZL  200   600 
200  Z0 1   0.5 

2.14 A radio transmitter is connected to an antenna having an impedance 100 + j50 Ω with a 75 Ω coaxial
cable. If the 75 Ω transmitter can deliver 50 W when connected to a 75 Ω load, how much power is
2.13 delivered to the antenna?
2.13

Sol. Z 100  j50 23

L

Z0 = 75 Ω
PINC = 50 W
Z L  Z0 25  j50

   0.21  j 0.23
 0.307 47.5
Z L  Z 0 175  j50
PLOAD = PINC – PREF = PINC [1 − |Γ|2] = 50[1 – (0.307)2] = 45.3 W
2.14

2.15
8
 200  Z0 1   0.5 
So either  0.5  Z0  Z L  200    66.7 
200  Z0 1   1.5 
200  Z0 1   1.5 
(or) 0.5  Z0  ZL  200   600 
200  Z0 1   0.5 

2.14
2.14 A radio transmitter is connected to an antenna having an impedance 100 + j50 Ω with a 75 Ω coaxial
2.14 cable. If the 75 Ω transmitter can deliver 50 W when connected to a 75 Ω load, how much power is
delivered to the antenna?

Sol. ZL 100  j50

Z0 = 75 Ω
PINC = 50 W
Z L  Z0 25  j50

   0.21  j 0.23 0.307 47.5
Z L  Z 0 175  j50
PLOAD = PINC – PREF = PINC [1 − |Γ|2] = 50[1 – (0.307)2] = 45.3 W

2.15
2.15

24

9
 2.16
2.16

25
10
2.17
2.17

2.18
2.18 Consider the transmission line circuit shown in the accompanying figure. Compute the incident power,
the reflected power, and the power transmitted into the infinite 75 Ω line. Show that power
conservation is satisfied.
2.18

Sol.

1 (20)2
Power delivered by
source  1.6 W
2 50  75
2
1  20 
Power dissipated
 in 50 Ω Load (50)   0.64 W
2  50  75 
2
1  20 
Power transmitted
 down line (75)   0.96 W
2  50  75 
2
1  20 
Incident power
 (50)   1W
2  50  50 
2
2 75  50
Reflected power  PINC  1   0.04 W
75  50
PINC – PREF = 1.0 – 0.04 = 0.96 W = PTRANS
PDISS + PTRANS = 0.64 + 0.96 = 1.6 = PSOURCE

2.19 A generator is connected to a transmission line as shown in the accompanying figure. Find the voltage
as a function of z along the transmission line. Plot the magnitude of this voltage for l  z  0.

Z L  Z0 30  j 40
Sol.    0.297  j 0.216
 0.3676 36
Z L  Z 0 130  j 40
26
11
 80  j 40 
VL  50   32.43  j5.4 32.88 9.46
 130  j 40 
 2 75  50
Reflected power  PINC  1   0.04 W
75  50
PINC – PREF = 1.0 – 0.04 = 0.96 W = PTRANS
PDISS + PTRANS = 0.64 + 0.96 = 1.6 = PSOURCE

2.19
2.19 A generator is connected to a transmission line as shown in the accompanying figure. Find the voltage
as a function of z along the transmission line. Plot the magnitude of this voltage for l  z  0.

Z L  Z0 30  j 40
Sol.    0.297  j 0.216
 0.3676 36
Z L  Z 0 130  j 40
 80  j 40 
VL  50   32.43  j5.4 32.88 9.46
 130  j 40 
 100 
V ( z) V  [e j z  e j z
 ] where V  50
 100  50  33.33 V
 
So, V ( z) 33.33[e j z  e j  z ]

Vmax 33.33(1 
   ) 33.33(1  0.3676)
 45.58 V
Vmin 33.33(1
   ) 33.33(1  0.3676)
 21.07 V
These results repeat very λ/2
|V(z)| is plotted below:

2.20 Use the Smith chart to find the following quantities for the transmission line circuit shown in the
accompanying figure:
(a) The SWR on the line.
(b) The reflection coefficient at the load.
(c) The load admittance.
(d) The input impedance of the line.
(e) The distance from the load to the first voltage minimum.
(f) The distance from the load to the first voltage maximum.

Sol. Z0 = 75 Ω ZL = 60 + j50 Ω l = 0.4 λ

From smith chart (ZL = 0.8 + j0.67)
(a) SWR = 2.14
(b)  0.364 86.2

(c) YL (0.73  j 0.62)/75 9.84 j8.2 mS
12
(d)
 in 0.364158 Zin 0.48  j 0.15
Z 35.97  j11.21 
2.20
2.20 Use the Smith chart to find the following quantities for the transmission line circuit shown in the
accompanying figure:
(a) The SWR on the line.
(b) The reflection coefficient at the load.
(c) The load admittance.
(d) The input impedance of the line.
(e) The distance from the load to the first voltage minimum.
(f) The distance from the load to the first voltage maximum.

Sol. Z0 = 75 Ω ZL = 60 + j50 Ω l = 0.4 λ

From smith chart (ZL = 0.8 + j0.67)
(a) SWR = 2.14
(b)
  0.364 86.2
(c) YL  (0.73  j 0.62)/75 9.84 j8.2 mS
(d)
 in 0.364158 Zin 0.48  j 0.15
Zin 35.97  j11.21 
(e) min = 0.325 λ
(f) max = 0.075 λ

13
2.21
2.21 Use the Smith chart to find the shortest lengths of a open-circuited 50 Ω line to give the following
input impedance:
(a) Zin = 0.
(b) Zin =∞.
(c) Zin = j50 Ω.
(d) Zin = −j25 Ω
(e) Zin = j10 Ω

Sol. Z0 = 50 Ω ZL = ∞
(a) Zin = 0 at = 0.25 λ
(b) Zin = ∞ at = 0 λ or 0.5 λ
(c) Zin = j50 Ω at = 0.375 λ
(d) Zin = −j25 Ω at = 0.676 λ – 0.5 λ = 0.176 λ
(e) Zin = j10 – Ω at = 0.218 λ

2.22
2.22 A slotted-line experiment is performed with the following results: distance between successive
minima = 2.5 cm; distance of first voltage minimum from load = 1.2 cm; SWR of load = 2.
If Z0 = 50 Ω, find the load impedance.


Sol.  2.5 cm    5 cm
2
1.2
  0.24
From smith chart lmin
5
From the load, so Z L 2  j 0.18 100  j9 
analytically, using 2.58 – 2.60
SWR  1 2  1 1
    0.33
SWR  1 2  1 3
   e j
 1  2 180  2(360)(0.24) 352.8
min

1  0.33 352.8
thenZL   (50)
1  0.33 352.8
ZL = 98.8 – j9.3 Ω

2.23
2.23 Design a quarter-wave matching transformer to match a 35 Ω load to a 75 Ω line. Plot the SWR for
0.5 ≤ f/f0 ≤ 2.0, where f0 is the frequency at which the line is λ/4 long.

Sol. Zt  (35)  (75)  51.23 

The VSWR is plotted Vs f/f0 below:

14
2.24
2.25

2.25
2.26
30

15
2.26
2.27

32
16
2.27
2.27 Compute and plot the factor by which attenuation is increased due to surface roughness, for rms,
roughness ranging from 0 to 0.01 mm. Assume copper conductors at 12 GHz.

Sol. The skin depth of copper at 12 GHz is

 s 6.03  107 m

2
 c 2 
then, compute  1  tan 1 1.4   (2.107)
c  s 
The results are plotted below:

2.28
2.28 A 50 Ω transmission line is matched to a 20 V source and feeds a load ZL = 150 Ω. If the line is 2.8λ
long and has an attenuation constant α = 0.5 dB/λ, find the powers that are delivered by the source,
lost in the line, and delivered to the load.

Sol.Since the generator is matched to the line

Vg
V0  e l (phase reference at z = 0)
2
 0.5 dB/λ 0.0576 np/λ
 l (1 j  )l 0.1613  j 288
Vg = 20 λ
l = 2.8 λ
Z0 = 50 Ω
ZL – 150 Ω
αl = 0.1613
25 17.59  180
 l   2.8  1008
 1
= 288°
20
thus, V0  e l 8.51
2
Z1  Z 0 150  50
    0.5
Z 2  Z 0 150  50
e2.
(l ) 
From (2.92) – (2.94) we then have,
2
V01 8.512 2(0.1613)
Pin ]e2 l
[1  (l )2 [e  0.52 e2(0.1613) ]
2Z 0 2  50
0.8688 W (power delivered to line)
 Pin 
2
V0 8.512
2
PL (1 
 ) 0.52 ] 0.5432 W
[1 
2Z 0 100
PLOSS = Pin – PL = 0.8688 – 0.5432 = 0.3256 W

17
2.29
2.30

18
35
2.30
2.31

36
19