TSSM’s BSCOER Narhe-41 Basic Electrical Engineering

Experiment No:
Date of Performance: / / Timely Completion: /10
Date of Assessment: / / Understanding: /10
Presentation: /10
Signature of Faculty:
Total: /30
Title:Electrical Protection Equipments
Aim:To demonstrate different types of electrical protection equipment such as fuses, MCB,
MCCB, ELCB.
Prerequisite:
(1) Electromagnetism
(2) Shock and its effects
(3) Effect of temperature on a current-carrying conductor
(4) Thermocouple
Learning outcomes: At the end of this experiment student will be able to
(1) Elaborate need of protection equipment in electrical systems.
(2) Explain the structure and operation of fuse, MCB, MCCB, and ELCB.
(3) Choose a protective device for a different electrical system with justification
Theory:
The need for Protection:
Electrical power system operates at various voltage levels from a 230V single phase, 415 V
to 765 kV three-phase or even more. Electrical apparatus used may be enclosed (e.g., motors)
or placed in open (e.g., transmission lines). All such equipment undergoes abnormalities in their
lifetime due to various reasons. It is necessary to avoid these abnormal operating regions for
the safety of the equipment.
Even more important is the safety of the human person which may be endangered due to
exposure to live parts under fault or abnormal operating conditions. A small current of the
order of 50 mA is sufficient to be fatal! Whenever human security is sacrificed or there exists
the possibility of equipment damage, it is necessary to isolate and de-energize the equipment.
Designing electrical equipment from a safety perspective is also a crucial design issue which will
not be addressed here. To conclude, every electrical equipment has to be monitored to protect
it and provide human safety under abnormal operating conditions. This job is assigned to
electrical protection systems. It encompasses apparatus protection and system protection. This
is generally carried out by using switchgear and protection.
Switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with power
system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating
of electrical power systems. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms switchgear. In
other words, systems used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical power circuits
and different types of electrical equipment are known as switchgear. The switchgear has to
perform the function of carrying, making and breaking the normal load current like a switch and
it has to perform the function of clearing the fault in the power system. In addition to that, it
also has the provision of metering and regulating the various parameters of electrical power
systems. Thus the switchgear includes circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage
transformers, protection relays, measuring instruments, electrical switches, electrical fuses,
miniature circuit breaker, lightning arresters or surge arresters, electrical isolators and other
associated piece of equipment.
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Following are the major protective equipment used in household electrical appliances:
(1) Fuse
(2) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
(3) Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
(4) Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
FUSE:
A) Types of Fuses and Applications
In the field of electronics or electrical, a fuse is an essential device used in various electrical
circuits which gives the protection from the overcurrent. It comprises a strip or a metal wire
that dissolves when the heavy flow of current supplies through it. Once this device has
functioned in an open circuit, it ought to rewire or changed based on the type of fuse. A fuse is
an automatic disconnection of supply which is frequently shortened to ADS. The alternative of
the fuse is a stabilizer or circuit breaker, but they have many different characteristics.
B) Why do we require Fuse?
These are used to prevent the home appliances from the high current or overload damage. If
we use a fuse in the homes, the electrical faults cannot happen in the wiring and it doesn’t
damage the appliances from the fire of wire burning. When the fuse gets break or damage,
then an abrupt sparkle happens which may direct to damage your home appliances. That is the
reason we require different types of fuses to guard our home-appliances against damage.
C) Working Principle of Fuse
The working principle of the fuse is “heating consequence of the current”. It is fabricated with a
lean strip or thread of metallic wire. The connection of the Fuse in an electrical circuit is always
in series.
When the too much current is produced due to the
heavy flow of current in the electrical circuit, the fuse
gets soften and it opens the circuit. The extreme flow of
current may direct to the collapse of the wire and
prevents the supply.The fuse can be changed by the
new fuse with an appropriate rating. It can be designed
with the elements like Cu (copper), Zn (zinc), Al
(aluminum) and Ag (silver). They also perform like a circuit breaker for breaking the circuit while
the abrupt fault happens in the circuit. This works like a safety measure or protector for
humans from risks. Like this, the fuse works.
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔)
𝑭𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔)
The selection of a fuse can be done by calculating the fuse rating by using the above formula.
 Write down the voltage (volts) and power (watts) of the appliance.
 Calculate the fuse rating.
 After the result, use the maximum fuse rating. For instance, if the calculated fuse rating
is the maximum fuse rating. For example, if the calculated fuse rating is 7.689 amps, you
can use an 8 amp fuse.
D) Different Types of Fuses:
The fuses are classified into several types based on the application namely AC type
fuse and DC type fuse. Again these fuses are classified into several types. The following diagram
illustrates the electrical fuse types chart based on the AC fuse and DC fuse.
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DC Fuse:
DC fuses are available superior in size, and DC supply has a
stable value over 0 volts. So it is tough to remove and
deactivate the circuit. There will be a chance of generation of
an electric Arc between dissolved wires. To conquer this,
electrodes located at better distances. For this reason, the
size of the DC fuse gets amplified.

AC Fuses:The AC fuse is slighter in size and oscillated 50 to 60 times in each and every sec
from least to highest. As a result, there is no scope for Arc generation between the dissolved
wires. For this reason, they can be crammed in a small size. Further, AC fuses are classified
into two parts namely HV fuses and LV fuses. Here LV& HV indicates the low voltage and
high voltage.LV Fuses: The low voltage fuses are divided into five types such as a rewirable,
cartridge, drop out, striker and switch fuses.
Rewirable Fuses: Rewirable fuses are LV fuses, which are
almost used in small applications like wiring in the house,
small-scale industries, and other tiny current applications.
These types of fuses include two essential parts such as a
fuse base, which has two terminals like in and out. In
general, this element is fabricated with Porcelain. Another
part of this fuse is a fuse carrier, which grips the fuse
element. This element is fabricated with aluminum, tinned
copper and lead. The main advantage of a fuse carrier is, we
can simply plug and remove from the base of the fuse
without the risk of shock. As the fuse is damaged due to
heavy current, then we can simply eliminate the Fuse Carrier
as well as put back the fuse wire.

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Cartridge type Fuses: The cartridge type of fuses has entirely

closed containers and the metal contact as well. The
applications of this fuse mainly include low voltage (LV), high
voltage (HV), and small fuses. Again, these types of fuses are
classified into two types, they are D-type and Link-type fuses.

D-type Cartridge Fuse

This type of fuse is composed with the cartridge, base of the
fuse, adapter ring, and cap. The base of the fuse includes a
fuse cap, which is packed with the fuse ingredient by
cartridge using an adapter ring. It is composed of the
cartridge, fuse base, cap & adapter ring. The fuse base has
the fuse cap, which is fitted with the fuse element with a
cartridge through the adapter ring. The connection of the
circuit is finished when the tilt of the cartridge builds contact
through the conductor.

High Rupturing Capacity or Link Type Fuse:

The link type fuse is also known as high rupturing capacity
(HRC) or BS type fuse. In this sort of fuse, the current flow
with fuse element is specified under standard condition.In
this BS type fuse, the flow of current by fuse element is given
under normal condition. The arc which is generated by the
fuse blown is controlled is fabricated with porcelain, ceramic,
and silver. The container of the fuse element is packed with
silica sand. This type of fuse is again categorized into two
parts includes a blade type and bolted type.

Blade and Bolted Type Fuses

The knife type fuse or plug-in type of fuses is designed with
plastic. This type of fuse can be simply changeable in the
electric circuit exclusive of any load.In bolted type fuse,
plates of this fuse are conducting are set to the base of the
fuse.

Striker type Fuse

The striker type of fuse is employed for tripping and closing
the electrical circuit. These fuses are having plenty of force as
well as displacement.

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Switch type Fuse

Basically, the switch type fuse is enclosed with a metal switch
and also a fuse. These fuses are mainly used in low and
intermediate voltage levels.

HV (High Voltage) Fuses

Generally, HV fuses are used to protect the transformers like
instrument transformers, small power transformer and also
used in power systems. These fuses are normally charged for
voltages over 1500V to 138000V.
The fuse part in HV fuses are fabricated with either copper,
silver or in some cases Tin is used, in order to offer consistent
and steady performance. These fuses are classified into three
types which include the following.

Cartridge Type HRC Fuse

The fuse component of the HRC is cut in the helix form which
evades the effect of the corona at the upper voltages. It
includes two fused elements namely low resistance and high
resistance, and that are located parallel by each other. The
low-resistance wires take the usual current which is blown-
out as well as decreases the short-circuit current throughout
the fault state.

Liquid Type HRC Fuse

This type of fuse is packed with carbon tetrachloride also
preserved at both the tops of the caps. Once the error occurs
when the flowing current surpasses away from the allowable
limit, and the element of the fuse is blown-out. The fluid of
the fuse performs as an arc extinguishing standard for the
HRC fuse types. They may be used to protect the transformer
as well as the support protection to the breaker circuit.

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Expulsion Type HV Fuse

These types of fuses are extensively used to protect the
feeders as well as transformer due to they’re low-priced. It is
designed for 11kV; also their cracking capability is up to 250
MVA. This type of fuse includes an unfilled open-finished
cylinder designed with synthetic resin-bonded paper. The
elements of the fuse are positioned in the cylinder, and the
tops of the tubes are linked to appropriate equipment at
every finish. The arc generating is blown off in the inside
covering of the cylinder, and the gases thus shaped destroys
the arc.

E) Applications of Fuse:
The different types of fuses and their uses have discussed are essential components in all
the electrical circuits. Some of the main applications of fuses in the Electrical and Electronics
field include the following.
 Power Transformers, Electrical Appliances, like ACs (Air Conditioners), TV, Washing
Machines, Music Systems, and many more, Electrical Cabling in Home, Mobile Phones,
Motor starters, Laptops, Power Chargers, Cameras, Scanners, Printers, and Photocopiers,
Automobiles, electronic devices and Gaming’s
F) Advantages of an Electrical Fuse
1) It is the cheapest form of protection, and it does need any maintenance.
2) Its operation is completely automatic and requires less time as compared to circuit
breakers.
3) The smaller sizes of fuse element impose a current limiting effect under short-circuit
conditions.
4) Its inverse time-current characteristic enables its use for overload protection.
G) Disadvantages of an Electrical Fuse
1) Considerable time is required in replacing a fuse after the operation.
2) The current-time characteristic of a fuse cannot always be correlated with that of the
protective device.

Miniature Circuit Breaker:

Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) are electromechanical devices which areused to protect
electrical equipment from an overcurrent.MCB is a mechanical switching device which is
capable of making, carrying and breaking
currents under normal circuit conditions and
also making, carrying for a specified time and
automatically breaking currents under
specified abnormal circuit conditions such as
those of short circuit. In short, MCB is a
device for overload and short circuit
protection.
A) Construction: The construction of

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Miniature Circuit Breakers(MCB) is very simple, robust and maintenance-free. MCB

is replaced by a new one when it is failing because MCB is not repaired or maintained.there
are three parts of Miniature Circuit Breakers(MCB) in construction,
1) Frame:the frame is a rigid, strong, insulated housing in which the other components are
mounted. it is a molded case.
2) Trip Unit: For the proper working of the miniature circuit breaker trip unit is responsible.
Two main types of trip mechanism are provided in Miniature Circuit Breakers(MCB). A
bimetallic strip provides protection against overload current and an electromagnet provides
protection against short-circuit current. trip unit is the main part of the MCB.
3) Operating Mechanism: The operating mechanism of MCB provides with the manual
operation for closing and opening operation of the miniature circuit breaker. It has three-
positions “ON,” “OFF,” and “TRIPPED”.By observing the positions of the switching latch one
can determine the condition of MCB whether it is closed, tripped or manually switched off.
If the MCB is tripped due to over-current or overheating, The external switching latch in the
“TRIPPED” position. When manually switch off the miniature circuit breaker, the switching
latch will be in “OFF” position. the switch is positioned at “ON”, In a closed condition of the
miniature circuit breaker.
B) Working:The principal of operation is simple. functions of Miniature Circuit
Breakers(MCB) is interrupting the continuity of electrical flow through the circuit once a fault is
detected. In simple terms of MCB is a switch, which automatically turns off when the
overcurrent flowing through it.Generally, MCB is designed to protect against overcurrent and
over-temperature faults. There are two contacts one is fixed and the other movable. When the
current exceeds the predefined limit a solenoid forces the movable contact to open (i.e.,
disconnect from the fixed contact) and the MCB getting off thereby stopping the current to
flow in the circuit.The MCB is manually turned on to restart the flow of current. This mechanism
is used to protect from the faults arising due to over current.To protect against fault arising due
to overheating or increase in temperature a bi-metallic strip is used. MCBs are generally
designed to trip within 2.5 milliseconds when an overcurrent fault arises. In case of
temperature rise or overheating it may take 2 seconds to 2 minutes for the MCB to trip. If the
circuit is overloaded for a long time, the bimetallic strip becomes overheated and deformed.
This deformation of bimetallic strip causes, displacement of latch point.The moving contact of
the MCB is so arranged by means of spring pressure, with this latch point, that a little
displacement of latch causes, release of spring and makes the moving contact to move for
opening the MCB. The current coil or trip coil is placed such a manner, that during short circuit
fault the MMF of that coil causes its plunger to hit the same latch point and make the latch to
be displaced. Hence the MCB will open in the same manner. And it protects the circuit from the
overcurrent or overloading.
C) Advantages :
1. With a miniature circuit breaker, it is very simple to resume to the supply. You just need to
push the knob of MCB back to on position. But in case of fuse, the entire fuse wire needs to
be replaced.
2. A miniature circuit breaker is more sensitive to current than a fuse. It detects any
abnormality in the current flow and automatically switches off the electrical circuit.
3. A miniature circuit breaker is reusable and hence has less maintenance and replacement
cost. Whereas a fuse needs to be replaced whenever it goes faulty.

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4. In the case of a miniature circuit breaker, the faulty zone of an electrical circuit can be easily
identified.
D) Types of MCB
There are three standard characteristics are available for domestic as well as commercial MCBs
and are given by B, C and D. Each type has its own function.
Type B MCBs are mainly used where switching surges are small or
non-exist and are generally suitable for domestic applications and
light commercial applications. There are no devices with long high
starting current in domestic applications and hence the best suited
MCB is type B.
These are designed to trip at fault currents in the range of 3 to 5
times the rated current. Suppose if the rated current is 10 A, then the
MCB trips at 30-50 A.

Type C MCBs are designed for high inductive circuits where surge
currents are expected. These are generally used for commercial and
industrial applications where a number of fluorescent lamps being
turned ON or starting of small motors may give high surge currents.
These are less sensitive than type B MCBs and causes reduced
nuisance trips. Type C MCBs are designed to operate or trip at the
fault currents of 5-10 times that of rated current. For 10 A type C
MCB, the operating current range is 50-100 A.

Type D MCBs are designed for heavy industrial applications where

normal surge currents are very high. These are ideal for electric
welders and site transformers where frequent high surge currents
are expected.
The most common applications of type D MCBs include motors, UPS
systems, X-ray machines, transformers and battery charging systems.
These are designed to trip at 10-20 times the rated current. For 10 A
type D MCB, the operating current range is 100-200 A.

The settings or characteristics of an MCB are fixed in the factory itself by the manufacturer and
they are not adjustable at the user end or at the site. Tripping currents for operation at 0.1 Sec
or less of different MCBs are given below.

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e-Resources:
(1) Youtube Videos: https://youtu.be/6lpH6HFhDik
(2) Youtube Videos: https://youtu.be/9Xgn40eGcqY
.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB):
An ECLB is one kind of safety device used for installing an electrical device with high earth
impedance to avoid shock. These devices identify small stray voltages of the electrical device on
the metal enclosures and intrude the circuit if a dangerous voltage is identified. The main
purpose of Earth leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans & animals due to
electric shock.Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) is a device used to directly detect currents
leaking to earth from an installation and cut the power and mainly used in TT earthing systems.
There are two types of ELCBs:
1.Voltage Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (voltage-ELCB)
2. Current Earth Leakage Current Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (Current-ELCB).
Voltage-ELCBs have first introduced about sixty years ago and CurrentELCB
was first introduced about forty years ago. For many years, the voltage-operated ELCB and the
differential current operated ELCB wereboth referred to as ELCBs because it was a simpler
name to remember.But the use of a common name for two different devices gave rise to
considerable confusion in the electrical industry.If the wrong type was used on an installation,
the level of protectiongiven could be substantially less than that intended.To ignore this
confusion, IEC decided to apply the term Residual CurrentDevice (RCD) to differential current
operated ELCBs. Residualcurrent refers to any current over and above the load current.
A) Working Principle of Voltage ELCB:Voltage ELCB is a voltage operated device. It has a coil
and if the voltage across the coil exceeds a
predetermined value such as 50 V, the current
through the coil will be sufficient enough to trip the
circuit.Voltage ELCB is connected in between the
metallic part of equipment and the Earth. If we take
an example of insulation failure, then the voltage
across the coil of Voltage ELCB will drive enough
current to cut the power supply till the manually
reset.The way to identify an ELCB is by looking for green or green and yellow earth wires
entering the device. They rely on voltage returning to the trip via the earth wire during a
fault and afford only limited protection to the installation and no personal protection at all.
You should use plugin 30mA RCD’s for any appliances and extension leads that may be used
outside as a minimum.
Advantages of Voltage Operated ELCB

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 ELCBs are less sensitive to fault conditions and have few nuisance trips.
 While current and voltage on the ground line generally fault current from a live wire, this
is not continuously the case, therefore there are conditions in which an ELCB can
annoyance trip.
 When installation of the electrical instrument has two contacts to earth, a near high
current lightning attack will root a voltage gradient in the earth, offering the ELCB sense
coil with sufficient voltage to source it to a trip.
 If either of the soil wires become detached from the ELCB, it will no longer install will
frequently no longer be correctly earthed.
 These ELCBs are the necessity for a second connection and the opportunity that any extra
connection to ground on the threatened system can inactivate the detector.
Disadvantages of Voltage Operated ELCB
 They do not sense errors that don’t permit current through the CPC to the ground rod.
 They do not permit an only building system to be simply divided into many sections with
independent error protection because earthing systems are typically used mutual earth,
Rod.
 They may be skipped by outside voltages from something associated with the earthing
system like as metal pipes, a TN-C-S or a TN-S earth mutual neutral and earth.
 As electrical leaky utilizations like washing machines, some water heaters and cookers
might source the ELCB to trip.
 ELCBs present an extra resistance & an extra point of failure in the earthing system.
B) Working Principle of Current ELCB:
The working of Current ELCB is quite
interesting but easy. Current operated
ELCB is also known as Residual Current
Device, RCD. A Residual Current Device
(RCD) has a toroidal iron core over
which phase and neutral windings are
wound. A search coil is also wound on
the same iron core which in turn is
connected to the trip coil. Figure below
shows the constructional detail of RCD
or Current ELCB.Under normal
operating condition, the current
through the phase winding and neutral winding are same but both the windings are wound in
such a manner to oppose the mmfs of each other, therefore net mmf in the toroidal iron core
will be zero.Let us consider a condition where earth leakage current exists in the load side. In
this case the current through the phase and neutral will no longer be equal rather phase
current will be more than the neutral current.Thus mmf produced by phase winding will be
more than the mmf produced by neutral winding because of which a net mmf will exist in the
toroidal iron core.
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒎𝒎𝒇 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝒎𝒎𝒇 𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 – 𝒎𝒎𝒇 𝒃𝒚 𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
This net mmf in the core will link with the Search Coil and as the mmf is changing in nature
(current is AC), an emf will be induced across the terminals of the Search Coil. This emf will in
turn drive a current through the Trip Coil which will pull (because of current flow through the
Trip Coil, it will behave as an electromagnet and hence will pull the lever to open contact) the
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supply contacts to isolate the power supply. Notice that Current ELCB works on Residual
Current that is the reason it is also called Residual Current Device.A RCD / Current ELCB is also
provided with test button to check the healthiness of the safety device. If you carefully observe
the figure, you will notice that, when we press the Test Button, Load and phase winding are
bypassed due to which only mmf because of neutral winding will exist in the core (as there is no
opposing mmf as was the case with both the windings in service) which will cause RCD to trip to
isolate the supply.

e-Resources:
(1) Youtube Videos: https://youtu.be/zH3gsVOtw2c
(2) Youtube Videos: https://youtu.be/G6edCysCxeA
.
Molded Case Circuit Breaker:

Moulded Case Circuit Breakers are

electromechanical devices which protect
a circuit from Overcurrent and Short Circuit. They provide Overcurrent and Short Circuit
Protection for circuits ranging from 63 Amps up to 3000 Amps.Their primary functions are to
provide a means to manually open a circuit and automatically open a circuit under overload or
short circuit conditions. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit,
overload or faulty design.
Unlike fuse, anMCCB can be easily reset after a fault and offers improved operational safety
and convenience without incurring operating cost.
Moulded case circuit breakers generally have a Thermal element for overcurrent and Magnetic
element for short circuit release which has to operate faster. MCCBs are manufactured such
that end user will not have access to internal workings of the over-current protection device.
Generally constructed of two pieces of heavy-duty electrically insulated plastic, these two
halves are riveted together to form the whole. Inside the plastic shell is a series of thermal
elements and a Spring-loaded trigger. When the thermal element gets too warm, from an
overcurrent situation, the spring trips, which in turn will shut off the electrical circuit.
A) Sizing the MCCB: MCCBs in an electrical circuit should be sized according to the circuit’s
expected operating current and possible fault currents. The three main criteria while
selecting MCCBs are:
 The rated working voltage (Ue) of the MCCB should be similar to the system voltage.
 The trip value of the MCCB should be adjusted according to the current drawn by the load.

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 The breaking capacity of the MCCB must be higher than the theoretical possible fault
currents.
B) Types of MCCB:
Type of Operating Operating Application Suitability Surge Installation
MCCB Current Time Current Location

Type B Trips between 0.04-13 Domestic Resistive load Low Sub feeder of
3 and 5 times seconds applications application Distribution board
rated current (lighting and
(In) resistive
elements)

Type C Trips between 0.04-5 Commercial or Inductive load Moderate At

5 and 10 times seconds industrial applications incoming/outgoing
rated current applications of Distribution
(In) Board

Type D Trips between 0.04-3 Commercial or Inductive High At incoming of

10 and 20 seconds industrial capacitive load Distribution
times rated applications applications Board/Panels
current (In) (Pumps,
motor, large
winding
motors etc.)

Type K Trips between8 0.04-5 Industrial Inductive and High At incoming of

and 12 times seconds applications motor loads Distribution
rated current with high Board/Panels
(In) inrush
currents.

Type Z Trips between 0.04-5 Highly sensitive Medical Very low At sub feeder of
2 and 3 times seconds to short circuit instruments Distribution board
rated current and are used for for IT equipment.
(In) protection of
highly sensitive
devices such as
semiconductor
devices

e-Resources:
(1) Youtube Videos: https://youtu.be/xU99YrzClN4
(2) Youtube Videos: https://youtu.be/8BJm62AVaHY
Apparatus: Open model of different types of fuses, model of MCB, ELCB and MCB
Conclusion:____________________________________________________________________
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