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LESSON_14_The_Use_of_Different_Statistical_Treatment_in_Research.pptx

The document discusses various statistical treatments used in research, including data analysis methods such as descriptive and inferential statistics. It covers specific techniques like t-tests, z-tests, correlation, ANOVA, and Chi-Square tests, along with their formulas and applications. The aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of how to apply these statistical methods effectively.

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Anjo Marcelo
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7 views20 pages

LESSON_14_The_Use_of_Different_Statistical_Treatment_in_Research.pptx

The document discusses various statistical treatments used in research, including data analysis methods such as descriptive and inferential statistics. It covers specific techniques like t-tests, z-tests, correlation, ANOVA, and Chi-Square tests, along with their formulas and applications. The aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of how to apply these statistical methods effectively.

Uploaded by

Anjo Marcelo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Use of Different

Statistical Treatment in
Research
Prepared by:
Ponzi Anthony C. Ray del Val, MAEd
What is Statistical Treatment?
1. In Data Analysis: Applying any statistical
method — like regression or calculating a
mean — to data.
2. In Factor Analysis: Any combination of
factor levels is called a treatment.
3. In a Thesis or Experiment: A statistical
treatment is a summary of the procedure,
including statistical methods used.
Statistical Treatment in Data Analysis
 The term “statistical treatment” is a catch all
term which means to apply any statistical
method to your data.
 Treatments are divided into two
groups: descriptive statistics, which
summarize your data as a graph or summary
statistic and inferential statistics, which
make predictions and test hypotheses about
your data.
Statistical Treatment in Data Analysis
Treatments could include:
 Finding standard deviations and sample

standard errors.
 Finding t-scores or z-scores.

 Calculating Correlation coefficients.


Weighted Mean
 Mean in which each item being averaged is
multiplied by a number (weight) based on the
item's relative importance. The result is
summed and the total is divided by the sum of
the weights. Weighted averages are used
extensively in descriptive statistical analysis
such as index numbers. Also called weighted
mean.
Formula

Σ = the sum of
w = the weights
x = the value
t-test
 The t test is one type of inferential statistics.
 It is used to determine whether there is a
significant difference between the means of
two groups.
 When we assume a normal distribution exists,
we can identify the probability of a particular
outcome.
Steps for calculating t-test:
1. We specify the level of probability (alpha
level, level of significance, p) we are willing
to accept before we collect data (p < .05 is a
common value that is used).
2. After we collect data we calculate a test
statistic with a formula.
3. We compare our test statistic with a critical
value found on a table to see if our results fall
within the acceptable level of probability.
Formula

= mean of the first variable
= mean of the second variable
= variance of the first variable
= variance of the second variable
= population of the first variable
= population of the second variable
z-test
 A z-test is a statistical test used to determine
whether two population means are different
when the variances are known and the sample
size is large.
Formula

= sample mean
= population mean
= population standard deviation
Correlation
 A correlation is simply defined as a
relationship between two variables. The
whole purpose of using correlations in
research is to figure out which variables are
connected.
 Correlation is a bivariate analysis that
measures the strength of association between
two variables and the direction of the
relationship.
Correlation
 In terms of the strength of relationship, the
value of the correlation coefficient varies
between +1 and -1.
 A value of ± 1 indicates a perfect degree of
association between the two variables. As the
correlation coefficient value goes towards 0,
the relationship between the two variables
will be weaker.
Pearson r correlation
 Pearson r correlation is the most widely used
correlation statistic to measure the degree of
the relationship between linearly related
variables.
Formula

r = Pearson r correlation coefficient


N = number of observations
∑xy = sum of the products of paired scores
∑x = sum of x scores
∑y = sum of y scores
∑x2= sum of squared x scores
∑y2= sum of squared y scores
ANOVA
 ANOVA is a statistical technique that
assesses potential differences in a scale-level
dependent variable by a nominal-level
variable having 2 or more categories. This test
is also called the Fisher analysis of variance.
Formula

= variance of between-group
= variance of within-group
Chi-Square
 The Chi Square statistic is commonly used
for testing relationships between categorical
variables. The null hypothesis of the Chi-
Square test is that no relationship exists on
the categorical variables in the population;
they are independent.
Formula

The formula for the chi-square statistic used in


the chi square test is: The chi-square formula.
The subscript “c” are the degrees of freedom.
“O” is your observed value and E is your
expected value.
Thank you very much!

Good luck to you researchers.

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