READING @ Comparing generations I can understand a text comparing past and present generations. 1 107 Which of these things do you ‘think were common in the 1950s? Which are common now? Read, listen and compare your answers with the text. ballrooms bigbands mobile phones computers jobs for women discos blackand-whiteTV bad language 2 Read the text again. Write true or false. Correct the false sentences. 1. The cinema wasn't popular in the fifties. 2 Alice's family bought a TV. 3 Alice thinks that teenagers are spoilt today. 4 Becky thinks that the fifties style of clothes was awful. 5. Alice doesn’t lke the violence on TV today. 6 Alice thinks that life is better for women today, 7 People get married earlier now than in the fifties. 8 Becky is respectful to older people. 3 BUILD YOUR VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with prepositions. Then check your answers in the text. 1. Most teenagers aren't keen jazz. 2 She's sometimes shocked the bad language and violence on TV. 3. She's cool _ most things. 4 She's really interested that. 5 I'm polite older people. 4 Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box and your own ideas. of about for with from at 1 I'mnot very fond 2 Inever get bored 3. These days people are crazy — 4 I'm not very good... 5 Marilyn Monroe was famous 6 ... today are very different _ those in the fifties. 10 & Generations 5 YOUROPINIONS Ask and answer the questions. 1. How was life different for women inthe fifties in your country? 2 Doparents spoil their children more now ‘than in the past in your country? 3 Doyou think people should respect the older generation? Why? 4 What do the older generation think about ‘the younger generation in your country? 5 Doyou think it’s better to be a teenager now than in the fifties? Why? How different was a teenager's life fifty years ago? Alice and her granddaughter, Becky, share their ‘experiences and today and in the fifties. ‘Iwas a teenager in the fifties. They were exciting times. A lot of terrible things had happened in the Second World War and when it ended in 1945 people needed to have some fun. Every Saturday, | used to go to a ballroom where a big band played live jazz, There was a craze called swing dancing, which we loved. We went to the cinema, a lot, t09, It used to cost two shillings then.* Nowadays, there are so many machines and gadgets. | remember that a family in our street, bought a black-and-white TV and we all went to their house to watch it. I'd only seen them in the shops before that. And of course, in those days we hadn't seen a computer or a mobile phone. I find most young people today are respectful,LANGUAGE FOCUS @ Past perfect and past simple Ican talk about events at different times in the past. 1 Study the timeline and the sentence. Write ‘the events in the correct place on the timeline. ‘Then choose the correct words in the rules. Ivisited my gran last weekend and she'd found some of her old photos. iy ead Orutes @ We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before / after another action in the past. b We use the past simple / past perfect for the more recent action. € We form the past perfect with have / had anda past participle Becky ‘Iyisited my gran last weekend and she'd found some of her old photos. They were interesting. | really liked the hairstyles and fashions, especially the big skirts and teenage guys in suits! Things are different now. We go to discos, but we don’t dance to live music there. Most teenagers aren‘t keen on jazz today and nobody watches black-and-white TV anymore. My gran is sometimes shocked by the bad language and violence on TY, but she's cool about most things. She thinks it's good that more women. study and work now. She says women have more opportunities now. | want to do media studies and she's really interested in that. My gran left school when she was sixteen and got married, when she was twenty. | think people wait longer these days. By the time she was twenty-two, she and my grandad had bought a house. vs true that teenagers have got more these days, ‘but I don’t think we're all spoilt. Some teenagers. can be rude, but | try to be nice and polite to older people because, like my gran says, I'll be Workbook page 90 Complete the sentences. Use the past perfect and the past simple in each sentence. I'd seen (see) the film before, but | watched (watch) it again yesterday. 1 Alice — (tell) me that she (not study) at university. 2 When her neighbours (get) a TV, she — (g0) round to watch it. She (not seen) one before. 3 They (not invent) computers when Alice — (be) young, 4 By the time he (be) eighteen, he (leave) school and (find) a job. 5. The band (not start) playing when we — arrive) 6 Inthe 1950s, people (want) to enjoy ‘themselves because they (have) a hard ‘time during the war. Complete the sentences using the past perfect and your own ideas. The girl was in hospital because .. ‘The girl was in hospital because she had broken her leg. 1 We were tired because... 2 Bythe time we arrived, 3. We went home after... 4 Before Icame to this school, 5 When | got into town | realized 6 My friend became crazy about... after. ACTIVATE Work in pairs. Find out what your partner had or hadn't done before arriving at school today. Th sten breakfast before rived at school toda O Finished? Look again at the sentences in exercise 3. Think of different ways to complete each sentence. The girl was in hospital because her mother had had a baby. Generations @ 11LANGUAGE FOCUS @ used to « Past perfect and past simple used to 1 > Choose the correct words. My grandad used to /(didn’t use to)have a mobile phone when he was young. 1 My family used to / didn’t use to live in the city but now we live on a farm. 2 There used to / didn’t use to bea library in ourarea but they built one last year. 3 used to / didn't use to play with toys when | was younger. These days | play computer games. 4 We used to / didn't use to be vegetarian but we don't eat meat now. 5 | love spicy food but | used to / didn’t use to like it when I was younger. 6 Lused to / didn’t use to walk everywhere but now | go.on my bike 7 Lused to / didn’t use to be unemployed but | work in a hospital now. 8 There used to / didn’t use to be war but now there is peace. 2 ok Complete the sentences. Use used to or didn’t use to and the verbs in the box. drive email listen read ride be write use watch Then and Now Inthe 1930s, people didn't use towatch television, There were black-and-white television sets, but they'___very expensive. People? to the radio instead. Most people?___cars. They ‘ bicycles or walk. Inthe 1930s, people*__letters, but they *___their friends. They i newspapers but they ‘computers. Some people hada telephone in the 1930s, but mobile phones didn't exist then. Past perfect and past simple 3 eX Write sentences. Use the past perfect and past simple in each sentence. we / eat /all the sandwiches / mum / make for us We ate all the sandwiches mum had made for us. 1 bythe time / my parents /come home /1/ cook dinner / and | / clean the house 2 she /not get / Amber's present / when | / see / her / this morning 3 he / get upset /after he / read / the news 4 when | /see / Steven yesterday / he / buy / another gadget 5 Jason / be / good at football / because he / learn /to play when he was four 6 the war / start / before Liam / join / the army 7 bythe time / the police / arrive / the thieves [run away with the money 8 1 /not read / the book before we / watch / the DVD AK Complete the sentences with your own ideas using the past perfect to explain each situation. I got to the bus stop at 2.03 but the bus had gone 1 We asked Jack to play football with us but 2 Mark's wallet was empty because 3 Louis laughed because 4 Mary failed the history test because 5. tried to buy an mp3 player on the internet but 6 They offered me some food but Generations @ 9Read the words in the box. Which of the clothes can you see in the pictures? baggy jeans a miniskirt atop hat ahooded sweatshirt underwear a suit and tie ® 223 Read the title of the text and look at the pictures. What do you think the text will be about? Choose a,b or ¢. Then read, listen and check your answer. a Fashionable criminals bb Clothes that shock people. ¢ Famous fashion designers. Read the text again and write true or false. Correct the false statements. 1 It's always people, not their clothes, which provoke negative reactions. 2. People were scared by the top hat. 3. Trousers weren't usually worn by women until the 1960s. 4 All skirts and trousers were accepted in the 1960s. 5 The author thinks that it’s bad to wear hoodies. 6 Some people have a negative opinion of hip hop fans. 7 The author thinks that we should look at people's clothes before we judge their character. Find the negative form of adjectives 1-6 in the text. Then complete the table. 1 moral 3 responsible 5 decent 2 fair 4 legal 6 respectful im- moral immoral Check the meaning of the adjectives in the box. Add negative prefixes and include them in the table in exercise 4. Then think of an example sentence for each word. common regular possible sensitive organized legible Image and identity Ask and answer the questions. 1. What do you think about hoodies and baggy jeans? 2. Are any fashions shocking these days? Why? 3 What doyyou think of the way people dress in your country? 4 What kind of clothes do you like wearing? 5 What do your parents think about your clothes? Clothes can be comfortable and casual, smart and stylish, or colourful and eccentric. That's fine, but beware if what you're wearing is too different or daring. Itisn’t your personality or opinions, but your appearance that can ‘cause disapproval. Clothes, it seems, can sometimes provoke a strong reaction, There are many examples of clothes which have attracted the attention of the law. The inventor of the top hat, for example, was arrested in London in 1797 for wearing ‘a tall structure calculated to frighten timid people’. People screamed and panicked when they saw it. Women have also caused controversy with their clothes. In 1926, the actress Marlene Dietrich wore a man's suit and tie in Paris and was warned that her clothes were causing offence. It wasn’t unti the sixties that trousers were accepted as part of a woman's wardrobe, even though women of all ages wear trousers these days. Miniskirts caused similar shock waves in the sixties because some people ‘thought they were ‘immoral’LANGUAGE FOCUS @ Active or passive: introduction can use the passive to talk about clothes and fashion. ‘1 Compare the active and passive sentences in the tables. Then write true or false for 1-3. Find more examples of passive sentences in the text. Police arrested him in london, Women wear trousers these days. He was arrested —_(byppolice) in London, Trousers are worn by women _these days. 1. We often use the passive when the action is more important than the person who does it 2. The subject in active sentences becomes the agent in the passive 3. The agent is always needed in passive sentences. (More practice <5 Workbook page #1) ‘You may think that people are more open-minded now. But that isn’t always true. Recent clothes ‘criminals’ were teenagers wearing fairly standard clothes. In Britain, young people wearing hooded sweatshirts were banned from some shopping centres because ‘hoodies’ are sometimes worn by criminals who want to hide their faces. But does that mean that all people who wear hoodies are criminals? It seems unfair and irresponsible to persecute people if they simply want to wear practical, comfortable clothes. And in the United States, it was baggy jeans that shocked the public. A popular fashion with hip hop. fans is to wear very baggy jeans and show their underwear —en ‘outrage’ which was banned and became illegal in some American towns. This probably wasn't because the clothes were indecent or immoral, but because some people thought that this style was typical of the disrespectful or criminal nature of some hip hop fans. Maybe the day will ‘come when people will be judged on who they are and not on the clothes that they wear. 2 Complete the sentences using the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 These days, people a lot of clothes on the internet. (buy) 2 The first wellington boots by the Duke of Wellington in the early 19th century. (wear) 3 Inthe eighteenth century, new machinery — which revolutionized the textile industry. invent) 4 Alot of cheap clothing in Thailand these days. (make) 5 Very thin models in some fashion shows. (ban) 6 Torn jeans a popular fashion in the 1970s. (become) 3 Make the active sentences passive. Include the agent if necessary. ‘Someone named the bikini after an island in ‘the Pacific Ocean. Sarah Burton designed Kate Middleton's, wedding dress. Charles Worth established the first fashion house in Paris in 1858. Nike sponsors the top US tennis player, Serena Williams, People made the first jeans in Genoa, Italy. yee eee eee 4 ACTIVATE Write three true passive sentences and three false passive sentences about the Clothes Crimes text. Then read your sentences to a partner. Guess if your partner's sentences are true or false. 5) Miniskirts were) ==) Falsel (row inva.) UO O Finished? Write example sentences for the vocabulary in exercise 1. Use the passive. Bagay jeans are worn by teenagers. Image and identity @ 51LANGUAGE FOCUS @ Passive: past, present and future « Passive: questions eee eerie ts Passive: past, present and future 11 Study the sentences from the listening on page 52. Which of these sentences refers to the past, present and future? Which part of the sentence changes? 1 Alot of chemicals are used when jeans are produced. 2 The article was written to shock people. 3 Inthe future, old clothes won't be thrown away. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. 1. 190 million items of clothing each year. {throw away) 2 More clothes from the Far East in the next five years. (import) 3. Most of the cotton which in the fashion industry — organically. (use, not grow) 4 The first platform boots in the sixteenth century and ‘chopines’. (wear, call) 5 Roman clothing in different sizes, it__ together. (not make, tie) 6 Ina few years’ time, new fabric which can generate power for your mp3 player using thermal energy. (develop) 3 B22) complete the text. Use past, present and future passive forms. Then listen and check. Special clothes are often ‘made (make) for films. These clothes "__ (create) by costume designers, who find out what clothes 2 (wear) in different periods of history. After the clothes *__ (wear) by the actors, they (usually / keep) by the studios. Occasionally, however, they > (sell) at auction This jacket, for example, ® (wear) by actor Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean. It Gell) for £12,367. If you want to wear your favourite star's clothes, then search the internet, as more clothes *_ (auction) in charity sales. These sales *_ (often / advertise) online. Passive: questions 4. Study the sentences from page $2 and answer questions 1and 2. ‘a How much ate workers in the clothes industry paid? b Why was Stella invited to the interview? ¢ Will more clothes be recycled in the future? 1. Which of these questions refers to the a past? b present? ¢ future? 2 Where do we put be in questions in the future form? (More practice =D Workbook page 43) Order the words to make passive questions. Then ask and answer with a partner. 1. manufactured / in your region / are / what products / ? 2. when / built / was / your house /? 3. students / will taught / be /in the future / by robots /? 4. was / who / this book / by / written /? 5 when / miniskirts / worn / first / were /? 6 what / be /new gadgets / invented / 2030 / will /in /? ACTIVATE Work in pairs. Imagine that you own ‘a company that makes one of the products in the box. Complete questions 1-7 using the passive and prepare answers about your company and your product. Then find another pair and interview them to find out about their company. clothes electronic gadgets cars 1. What your product? (call) 2 Who (your product) by? (design) 3 Where it? (sell) 4 Where __ it _? (advertise) 5 Which famous people (your product) by? (wear / use / drive) Where it _? (produce) 7 Where (your product) to in the future? (export) (O Finished? Design a leaflet to advertise your company in exercise 6. Wri product, Include passive sentences. a paragraph describing your Image and identity m 535.6 The passive ‘We use the passive when we want to focus.on an action rather than the person or the thing that caused the action, rif we don't know who didit. “The photo was taken by a famous photographer. It won several prizes. We form the passive wth the correct form ofthe verb be and the past participle. We use the passive infinitive (be+ past participle) after modal verbs. Tense Passive form Presentsimple | Rice is sold here, Deri Anew sports centre is being built Pastsimple | The car was made in Italy. Past continuious Ella was being driven to the airport. Present perfect My bike has been repaired. Pastperfect The paintinghad been destroyed in thefre Future With Will”) A prize willbe given to the winner Modalverbs —— Herhomenork could might / must / has to should be done tonight. fave want to mention the person doing the action, we use by ‘That window was broken by one ofthe students, \We form negative passive sentences by adding not to the auniliary verb. We usvally use the short form of the negative. My homework hasr't been checked by the teacher, ‘The car wasn't made in aly. We form passive questions by putting the auxiliary verb before the subject. Has your homework been checked by the teacher? Was the car made in taly? 1 Choose the passive sentence: Aor B. 1A The salmon was delicious. B The salmon was prepared ina butter sauce. 2A The chef had been to school in France. B The food had been made in the French style, 3. A Themealhas been cooked by the students. B The students have cooked the meal. 4A More salt should have been added to the soup. B Weshould have added more salt to the soup. 5 A Dessert will be served in an hour. B Wewill have had dessert an hour. 6 A Isthewedding cake being baked by Sam? B ls Sam baking the wedding cake? 7A Dinner might be finished by 10 o'clock B They might finish dinner by 10 o'clock. GRAMMAR BOOSTER 2 Complete the sentences using the passive form of the verbs in brackets. Choose the correct tense. 1 coffee after e'vehad dessert? (serve) 2 When | got home, my shopping already. (deliver) 3 The main course while the guests ate their starter. (prepare) 4 Thefood_____ before pm. orwe ‘won't finish on time. That's really important ~if not, we might miss the show. (serve) 5 Yoursandwich right now. (prepare) 6 The bread at the restaurant ‘every day. (bake) 7 the cake with normal four or will you use gluten-free flour (make) 8 The chicken ‘check. (cook) bynow-let’s 3 Rewrite the sentences using the passive. 1 Theyhave bult anew Italian restaurant inthe town centr. 2 They hadn't cooked the chicken before they added it to the stew. 3 Meera Sodhais writing a new recipe book. 4 Hundreds of people watch the documentary Blue Planet. 5 You can take your passport photo at home, but you should take tn a place with lots of natural ight. 6 The flood destroyed the house, 7 They make the bread from rice flour. 8 The bike shop was repairing my bike all day yesterday. 9 Someone will give you Instructions. Grammar booster 141 qLook at the title and the photos. What do you think a micronation is? ® 236 Read and listen to the text. Write true or false. Correct the false sentences. 1. Most micronations do not appear on official maps. 2_ All micronations start online. 3 Britain doesn't recognize Sealand as a country. 4 Bergonia only exists on the internet. 5. The planet Verden is part of the Aerican Empire. 6 The citizens of the Aerican Empire voted for their emperor in an election. Reading new words in context can help you to guess their meaning. Find the words in blue in the text. What parts of speech are they? Look at the context of each word and match with the correct, synonyms 1-5, Tunreal 2 before 3 land 4 started 5. group Look again at the text and find prepositions to go with these words. Then write an example sentence for each the internet fun holiday advance (reality trouble ) Choose the correct prepositions and answer the questions with your own ideas, Then ask and answer with a partner. 1. Have you ever done something silly in / on purpose? 2. How do you learn things by / with heart? 3 Doyouthink you will have the same friends for / of life? 4 Have you ever taken something that wasn't yours by /in mistake? 5 Do you always get to lessons on /at time? 6 Would you like to work in / at business when you leave school? 60 @ Aperfect world ‘Ask and answer the questions. 1. Which micronation in the text do you think isthe most interesting? Why? 2 What do you think of the people who have started micronations? 3. What are the good and bad things about your own nation? 4 Would you like to rule a nation? Why / Why not? 5 Where would you start a new nation and what would you call it? you look for Sealand, Bergonia or the Aerican Empire on a map, you wor't find them. People sometimes try to create new countries either in reality or on the internet, but usually they aren’t recognized by the UN or the rest of the world. Why create a new country? Well it seems that there are always people who are unhappy with the government, policies or laws where they live and they want to create a better place. Others simply do it for fun, Ifyou want to start a new nation in the real world, you will need some territory. To do that, people sometimes claim, buy or even build islands. In the case of Sealand, the teritry is a metal platform in the sea near the British coast. Since they claimed the platform, the Bates family — ‘Prince’ Roy, “Princess Joan and ‘Prince’ Michael — have tied to be recognized as rulers of a nation, but without success. Sealand has gota flag and has produced its ‘own currency and stamps. However, you will be in trouble if you visit without an invitation.LANGUAGE FOCUS @ First conditional + if or unless I can talk about.a future situation and its consequences 1 Complete sentences 1-4 from the text with the words in the box. Then choose the correct options in the rules. should won't let visit know apply 'Ilbe if 1 Ifyou for a Bergonian passport, you'll receive one, 2 You — in trouble if you without an invitation. 3. They you land unless they you. 4 You contact them in advance you want to visit. (More practice = workbook page 49) You should contac them in advance if you want to vis. ‘The Bates family won't let you land unless they know who you are. The platform was once invaded by a small ang of people, so visitors are no longer welcome. ‘Apar from the micronations which have real tetitory, there ate now hundreds of virtual countries onthe internet. Bergonia, for example, was started as a hobby by an ‘American lawyer, Joseph Comet. He has written a complete online history of his fictional country and has invented flags, maps, laws and other documents. If you apply for 8 Betgonian passport, you'l receive one, but you won't actualy beable to travel with it ‘Another popula, but less sensible micronation isthe Aerican Empire, which was founded in 1987 and has more than a hundred citizens. The nation's website says that it owns a house in Canada, land on Pluto and will also own the planet Verden, if somebody discovers, it. t's the ideal nation for people with a sense of humour Eric Lis declared himself emperor and there are elections for jots such as Minister of Sily Things. There are also twenty- eight public holidays every year, including Happy Things Day and Icio’ Day. Therefore, ifyou want to go on holiday all the time, just become an Aerican. O Finished? Orutes 1. We use the first conditional to talk about the results of actions which are likely or possible / unlikely or imaginary. 2 When if present simple clause is first, there is /isn’t a comma between the two clauses. 3 We never / always use willin the ifclause. 4 Wecan /can't use modal verbs (like should or might) instead of will. 5. Unless + affirmative means the same as if + negative / affirmative. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 IF 1__ your jacket, | _ you. (find / ring) 2 you with me if |__the tickets? (come / buy) 3 |__to the party unless you to go. (not go / decide) 4 |__ this CD unless it in the sale. (not buy /be) 5 Ifshe the election, she the country. (win / change) 6 The minister toyou unless you her your email address. (not reply / send) ‘The Wetzian Empire is another micronation. Make rules for the Empire by completing the sentences. 1 The Empire will welcome anyone asa citizen if The citizens will elect the Emperor unless The Empire will not start a war unless .. Citizens will lose their citizenship if. If you visit the Empire, you should The Empire will not tax its citizens unless The Empire will come to an end if Sow nen ACTIVATE Work in pairs. Ask and answer the ‘questions using the first conditional. What will you do at the weekend if 1 itrains? 4 you get some money? 2 youre bored? 5 you meet some friends? 3 you'retired? 6 youcan't goout? What will ou do at the weekend if it rains? Ifitrains, Pl play video games. Rewrite your answers to the questions in @) exercise 4 using unless. UI play video games at the weekend unless it rain. Apertect world @ 61LANGUAGE FOCUS @ Second conditional « First and second conditionals Ican talk about what | would do in likely or unlikely situations. ‘Second conditional 1 Read the rules. Then complete the table with five of the words and phrases in the box. Do we use the second conditional to talk about possible or imaginary situations? ORULES 1 We form the second conditional with if + past simple and would / wouldn't + infinitive. 2 We use if+ past simple to describe the situation and would / wouldn't + infinitive to describe the result. 3 We form questions with Would + infinitive and if + past simple. would taxed they'll go theyd woulduse raise were used Ifyouwerea politician, fd vote for you. ifyou"_ the +_toa different footballers more, country. What" you do if you were president? People’ public _ifwe*__ the price of transport petrol, ‘More practice => Workbook page 1 2. Choose the correct words. 1 if we would ban / banned violent games, people do / would still play them. 2 If politicians played / play football, would people think / thought they were cool? 3 If people wouldn't / didn’t have cars, they will / would be healthier. 4 We didn’t / wouldn't vote for you if you stood / would stand for president. 5 Iwould / will buy a new computer if | had / would have more money. 6 She would / will stand for the election if she had / would have more support. 7 Would you buy / bought a big car ifyou had / will have a lot of money? 3 Look again at the ideas in exercise 1 on page 62. Write about the results of each policy. Use ‘the second conditional. If we lowered the school-leaving age, many young people would stop studying. 4 Match examples 14 with descriptions a and b. Which conditional is used in each sentence? 1 If have time, I'l help you. 2 If had time, Id help you. 3 He'll win the election if he’s honest 4 He'd win the election if he was honest. a The speaker thinks that this situation is imaginary or unlikely. b The speaker thinks that this situation is, possible, ‘More practice =D Workbook page 51 First and second conditionals Write two versions of each sentence, one for person a and one for person b. Use first and second conditionals. IF see lion, I'll take a photo. (tourist on safari) If saw a lion, I'd take a photo. (tourist in London) 1 If (earn) a million euros, |__ (buy) a Ferrari a you b famous footballer 2 It___(be) brilliant if we — (win) the league. a manager of good team b manager of bad team 3 If (become) president, |__ (cut) taxes. a yourfriend —b politician 6 ACTIVATE Complete the sentences with your ‘own ideas and the first or second conditional. Then ask and answer with a partner. 1 Iflwas the mayor of this town, 2 If have time tonight, . 3 If pass my exams, 4 If go on holiday next summer, 5 Ifl visited the USA, .. 6 Iflwon a million euros, . What would you do if you were mayor? Td build @ new sports stadium. of consequences. O Finished? Continue the ch {If won a million euros, I'd buy a beautiful island in the Pacific. if |had an island, Id... Aperfect world m 63Ee TUT Talk about regrets and consequences. Third conditional 1M) Workin pars. Have you ever bought something online and regretted itlater? so, what wasit? Why did you regretit? 2 Read the blog post. What was the problem? What positive thing happened because of the purchase? = MY BLOG Posted 10 October as ‘A study in the UK has found that around 70% of people regularly regret buying things online. I isnt difficult to see why. Last month, I needed a new school backpack. | saw one online, it looked good Inthe photos and | thought I'd found a really good offer. | got free delivery too! But when It arived, it was tiny. It was the right size for my cat, Benji! When | looked again at the website, | realised ‘my mistake. If| had read the description more carefully, | would have seen that it said it was an extremely small backpack. If| had known that, | wouldn't have bought it. If| hadn't bought it, though, | wouldn't have got a cute photo of Benj siting in it The next time | buy something online, Il remember to read the ‘small print! 3 Find three sentences that start with ifn the text. Then complete the ules. Third conditional @crammar animation We use the third conditional to talk about #real / unreal situations in the past and their real / imaginary results. IF they had been in the sale, | woold have bought those cool jea [= The jeans *were / weren't inthe sale and | *bought / didn't buy them) \We form the third conditional with if+*____ woud hove + We can also use the third conditional totalk about actions we regret, IF hadh clicked on that link, my computer wouldn't have got a virus, [1 "clicked / didn’t click on the link and my computer got / idn't get a virus. \Wecan put the ifclause in the first or second part ofa conditional sentence, | ould have bought those cooljeansif they had beenin the sale, ‘GRAMMAR BOOSTER Pm ones 4 Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 11 {not make) the purchaseif (realise) the shoes were bright red 2 If Shona try on) the dress, she {oot buy it 3 IFRussell {not keep) the receipt, he (notbe abl) to geta refund, 4 they (know) the product was dangerous, (elit 5 Ihwe (not get up early, we {not get) the best discountsin thesale. 6 Lana {not get into debt ifshe (not spend) mare than her budget. 5 Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional. 1 Mark was arrested because he didn't pay for the book Mark wouldn't have be had paid for the book. 2 I didn't make a complaint because! didn't see the manager. 3 left my wallet at home so | had to borrow money from my friend, en arrested iFhe 4 My cousin got into debt because he bought an expensive watch. 5 I didn’t know it was so high in sugar, so! bought it. 6 We queued for three hours so we could buy the best tickets for the show 6 GEG Listen toa talk about a decision that Coca-Cola regretted, What was the decision and why did they regretit? 7 GER Listen again and complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form ofthe verbs in brackets. 1 IfCoca-Cola (change) the recipe, it {lose} customers to Pepsi 2 If Pepsi (be) so successful, Coca-Cola (change) their recipe, 3 Coca-Cola (be) such a big part of culturein the USA, people (be) soangry. 4 Coca-Cola (realise) itsmistake, Pepsi (become) the number one cola, Work in pairs. Use the third conditional to tell your partner about something you achieved with some difficulty. IFI hadn't been able to convince my parents, | wovldr't have taken part in the school play!Em eI T YS Use modals to speculate and make deductions. Modal verbs of deduction and 5. Decide if the pairs of sentences have the same (S) or l different (0) meanings speculation 1A We'resure the storyis an example of fake news. B Itmust bean example ke news, 1 M@) Workin pairs. Read the extract from an articleon a news website. Do you think itis real or fake? Why? / Why not? 2. A The reviews of that product are possibly written by the ‘of that product can't be from the company, that Amy is at school. Amy can't be at school The photo she pos dis definitely real The photo she posted might be real, Itmust be, solution to the problem. Itwas possibly a bot that trolled your friend, Itcould bea b that trolled your frie ible that he is so pop nd. ar thathe has a B A 8 A B 5 A It'sapossible solution to the problem, B A 8 A B He may beso popular that he has a million followers, 8 A It's possible that they are at the restaurant already. B They might e restaurant are 6 Rewrite the B sentences in Ex’ that are different so that they have the same meaningas the A sentences. 7 Rewrite the sentences using can't, must and could / may / The Japanese government has decided that people might. ‘must stop using microwave ovens from next year. Any 1 I'm sure she’s a journalist person or organisation that uses a microwave will go to Sha okt hea jaurvali rox five 10" Jeers 2. Jamal thinks the story is possibly fake. 3 We're certain that he isn'ta police officer. 2 GHG Listen to two people talkingabout the story 4 Andyis certain that Andreas Uruguayan Do they think tis real or fake? What reasonsdo they ive? tht chotcdotnecly ont 3 GERD) Listen again. complete the sentences. 6 We aren't sure if the painting is by van Gogh or not. 1 Noway-it true! T Itsimpossible that the new 2 phone isso cheap 2k a fake news story. Yeah, 'm sure 8 Their answers are possibly itsfale. 3 They — sent 8 @) GENET Look at the headlines below: two They sai mk reeetarely ees are true, ones false. In pairs, decide which headlines are rue true and give reasons for your answers, Use the modal an J, but then again it verbs below. 4 Complete the table with the modals from Ex 3. corte ould ayaa Sst Nae et ae et SE eebn een ne OTe Ties © Grammar animation Goats in police Te Ts Cc caste atten chaeed tospeculte and guessifsometinglstrue fromthe op et children eres information we have. group . CE DESC “Certain Pe] “ be ‘Woman looking for cat finds burglar under bed. rey 9 @) GUI write four headlines: two true and two false. Then, in groups, decide which headlines are trueand sive reasons for your answers, Use the modal verbs below. can't could may might must Px unitsGRAMMAR BOOSTE! 3.2 Modals of deduction and speculation We can use must, cant, could, may (not) and might (not) to {guessif somethingin the present is true or not based on information we have. We use must + verb to sy that somethings certainly true or that it seems the most likely possibilty. Darius must be rich because he goes on holiday sx times year. We use cant + verb to say that somethingis certainly nottrue. They carrt be Australian because they don't understand English We use could / may / might + verb to say that something is possibly tue. “What's that noise” ‘it could be the wind, / It might be an animal, /It may be my brother! We use may not / might not + verb to say that somethings possibly not true It might not be the wind, / 1 may not be an animal ‘We don'tuse can, couldn't or mustn't to make deductions in the present. It mau / taht be fake news. NOT Hrewmrbe-fake meds: X Itcant be fake news. NOT Hemesterebe fake ness X DL Hered tenth res We form deductions in the present with must / can't / could / ‘may (not) { might (not) + verb. The form of the modal verb does not change. Subject Modalverb Verb must 1/You/He/she/it/ 2A* could be happy. pee may (not) might (not) D 136 Grammar booster 1 Choose the correct alternative so the second sentence has the same meaning as the first. 1 lim certain that the painting sa fake. It must / might be a fake. 2 It's possible that I don't remember him. 'm not sure. it not / can’t remember him. 3. She isnot the winner. That's impossible. She can’t / may notbe the winner. 4 its possible that you are confused. You must / might be confused. 5 lim sure thatthe story str. The story could / must be true. 6 You'e certainly not the person who tried to cheat ‘You may not / can’t be person who tried to cheat. 7 Look- they/re smiling, They are definitely friends again. Look they're smiling, They must / might befriends again 8 | think he isthe writer, btm not certain. He could /can’t be the writer 9 haven't seem Ade. Perhaps he's not at school today. Ade can’t / might not be at school today, haven't seen him, 2 Complete the sentences using the modals below and the verb be. | can't could might not must 1 He is nota thief, 'm certain! He_______the thief 2 It’s possible that she i from Mexico. She_________from Mexico. 3 | think she's in my class, but it’s possible 'm wrong she inmy class 4 The story isin every newspaper. m sure it’s true The story true 3. Complete the sentences with the correct modal verbs. 1 Ithink she. be the person who took my bag, but 'm not sure, 2 He be annoyed or maybe he isjust stressed. 3 They be angry with you, Maybe it’s possible, butit wasn accident. 4 He be on social media. Idon’t think I've ‘ever seen him post anything. 5 Ifheisn't athome, he beattheleisure centre. He goes swimming there occasionally 6 His identification looks fake and he looks too old to came to this school, He beastudent 7 She looks scared. She be frightened 8 it___elanat thedoor -hesent mea message earlier to say he was on his way. 9 Paul be younger than Charlie. Charlieis at university, but Pauls stil at school. 20 He speak Vietnamese. He used to live in Vietnam.READING @ Honesty Pearce ree tari 1 Look at the photos and the title of the text. Which of the topics 1-4 do you think ‘the text mentions? Read the text and check your answers. 1 Hurting someone's feelings. 2. Cheating in an exam, 3. Downloading music. 4 Keeping money that isn’t ours. (© 22 Read the text again and complete gaps 1-4 with sentences a-e. There is one extra sentence that you do not need. Then listen to the text and check your answers. a Soare older people less honest, or more thoughtful? b Telling the truth in some situations is considered to be rude. € Inthe same way, most people thought that it was OK to buy copied DVDs at a market. 4 For young people, it depends on the type of shop. They said that it was acceptable to take money from a supermarket because they were very rich BUILD YOUR VOCABULARY Complete the phrases with make or do. Then check your answers in the text. 1 —_asurvey 2 _adifference 3 excuses 4 your best 5 __the right thing Complete the sentences with the correct form of make or do. 1. Have you the washing-up yet? 2 I'm going to__a sandwich ina minute. 3 What job do you want to__? 4 haven't any plans for the summer. 5 You should a habit of doing exercise every day. 6 Can you _ mea favour, please? 5 YOUROPINIONS Ask and answer the questions. 1 If you were given too much change in a supermarket, what would you do? 2. How do you feel about copying music illegally? 3. When did you last tell a white lie? 4 Is it always possible to be honest? Why / Why not? 5 Doyou think most people are honest? ‘urprise, surprise, we aren't all perfect! A popular magazine recently published a survey about honesty. Virtually everyone who did the survey admitted that they had been dishonest at some time in their lives. But people had very different ideas about what was acceptable in diferent situations, One classic test of honesty is when we're given too much change in a shop. In the survey, 67% of people said that ‘they would retum the money, but others said that the answer depended on the shop assistant and the type of shop. Some said, for example, that they would return the money ‘to.a small shop, but not to a supermarket, unless the assistant had been very Kind, ‘__ They thought that it wouldn't make a diference to a big compary. There was a similar attitude towards software and ‘music: 45% of the people in the survey sai that they had already downloaded softvare or music, illegally. They sai that this was OK because the companies which sel the software or musi ‘have got enough money already’. it seems that we make excuses for our cishonesty so that we don't feel too guilty. We also persuade ourselves that is OK tole, and we tell “white is? when we don't want to hurt people's feelings. © So if someone asks, How do | look?” and they look terrible, What do you say? In that type of stuation, its often kinder to be dishonest. Most people said that they couldn't tel the truth. They'd say thatthe person looked good. Or i you see your friend's partner with someone else, do you tell your friend? ‘The survey showed very different resus for younger and older people: 55% of young people sald that they would tell the i. friend, while only 18% of people over fity said the same thing ‘The answer isn't clear Obviously we should all do our best tobe honest, but the survey showed that we don't always do the right thing Unfortunately, for alot of people, what's right and wrong isn't always black and white.LANGUAGE FOCUS @ Reported speech: tense changes eet eee 1 Study sentences 1-5. Find these sentences in reported speech in the text. How do the verbs change? Choose the correct words in the rules. 1 ‘We'll return the money’ 2 ‘its acceptable to take money froma supermarket’ 3 ‘We've already downloaded music’ 4 ‘We can’t tell the truth’ 5 You look good.” (Wore practice <> Workbook page & ) Orutes When you change direct to reported speech: 1 Verbs in the present simple change to the future / past simple 2 Verbs in the past simple change to the present perfect / past perfect. 3. Verbs in the present perfect change to the past perfect / past simple. 4 We change can to could, will to would and must to had to / have to. 5. The pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change, eg, ‘Ilike your hai’ Mark said Mark said that he liked my hair. 2 Read the dialogue and complete the summary with the correct pronouns. Jane | want to meet your friend Pete I'll introduce you to him. Jane | saw himat a party with Liz. We both liked him. Jane told Pete that she wanted to meet __ friend. Pete said that ?__ would introduce *__ to*_..Jane said that *__ had seen® ata party with Liz and that”__ had both liked *__. Rewrite the sentences using reported speech. Mary: ‘I've never told a lie” Mary said that she'd never told ale 1 The man: ‘I don’t feel guilty’ ‘My brother: You're making a big mistake.’ Phil's father: Phil must stay at home. John: ‘ll keep quiet about the crime’ The children: ‘Our teacher can be quite strict’ The teacher: ‘Some students didn’t do much revision’ His friends: ‘We've already seen that film.” ACTIVATE Work in pairs. Take turns making true and false reported statements. Guess the true statements. Bill told me that he'd bought a new bike. U don’t think that’s true. Bill hasn't gota bike. O Finished? Write five things people have said to you today. Tania said that she was going shopping after school. Honestly!Check the meaning of the verbs in the box. ‘Then choose the correct words in the text. invite order refuse explain convince offer agree complain admit insist FOR SALE THE EIFFEL TOWER Tuesday 19.30 Channel 6 In 1925, a conman called Victor Lustig ‘invited / refused businessmen to attend a meeting, where he ?admitted / offered to sell the Eiffel Tower to them. Lustig didn’t own the tower, but he ‘complained / explained that he represented the city of Paris. It was a lie. He told the businessmen that the city council didn’t want the tower, but ‘refused / insisted that it was a secret. because the people of Paris would ‘complain / order if they knew about the plans. In the end, a man called Poisson fagreed / admitted to buy the tower. This week's programme tells the story of Victor Lustig and other conmen who have “convinced / agreed people to buy some of the world’s most famous buildings. Honestly! ‘Study the verb patterns in the table. Add five more verbs from the text in exercise 1 to the table. order ask tell invite someone todo = something, refuse #1 todo something complain admit shag sm Rewrite sentences 1-6. Then listen and check your answers. “Yes, lied’ (He admitted ..) He admitted that he'd led. 1 Goto your room, Sandra” (He ordered...) 2 ‘No, won't go!’ (He refused ..) 3 ‘Shall lopen the window?’ (She offered ..) 4 “Will you all come to my party?’ (He invited ..) 5 ‘We haven't got any money’ (They complained ..) 6 ‘Ididn't do it!’ (He insisted ..) ® 32 Listen to the radio programme. Who was George C. Parker? What happened to him? @® 32 Listen again and write true or false. Correct the false sentences. 1 Poisson's wife had some doubts about the deal. 2 Poisson didn’t complain to the police because he was happy with the deal. 3. George C. Parker told visitors to New York that he owned buildings in the city. 4. Parker had authentic documents for the buildings. 5. Parker sold the Brooklyn Bridge twice. 6 The other prisoners didn’t respect Parker. Work in pairs. Invent a new crime story using verbs in exercise 1. Then present ‘your stories to the rest of the class.GRAMMAR BOOSTER 7.2 Reported speech ‘We use reported speech to talk about what someone said We often use the verbs say or tell to introduce reported statements, "The weather s nice’ She said (that) the weather was nice. She told me (that) the weather was nice. When we change direct speech to reported speech, we usually change the verb and go one tense back. The past perfect doesn’t change in reported speech. fa We always use an indirect object after el We do not use an indirect object aftersay. He told us he could speak three languages. He said he coold speak three langoages. a ee We can use or omit thatin reported sentences. He said he felt ill. = He said that he fli Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple ‘Ilike Italian food? He said he liked Italian food. Present continuous Past continuous ; : She said that itwasn't itisn’t snowing: Ete Present perfect Past perfect ni Shetold mesheld been to Wwe been tothe UK twice” Fi tyioe Past simple Past perfect ' They old us that they hadn't We didn't enjoythe lm: oo the fi, can could "You can come to our They said that | could come meeting? to their meeting, ‘am is/are going to was / were going to ‘Tmgoingtomake some Heald he was going to lunch? make some lunch will would "We won't go to the They said they wouldn't go beach? to the beach, The modal verbs can, may, must and have to usually change form, but the auxiliary verbs might, could, should and ought todor't usually change form. "We can’t raise taxes again; said the president. The president said we couldn't raise taxes again, “More people ounht to volonteer; said the mayor. ‘The mayor said that more people ought to volunteer. Pronouns and possessive adjectives often have to change in reported speech. We also sometimes need to change references to time and place. Fatima: ‘im taking my project home with me tomorroun’ Fatima said that she was taking her project home with her the following day, 144 Grammar booster Direct speech Reported speech today that day now then’ atthemoment/time at that moment /time this morning that moming yesterday the day before last Tuesday /year the Tuesday /year before tomorrow the following day next Tuesday /year the following Tuesday / year here there this that Complete the sentences with the words below. | couldn't had hadn't was wouldn't 1 ‘Wewor't have enough time for everyone to present? Alisha sai. Alisha said we everyone to present. 2 "Youhave shared some great ideas’ Maxsaid. Maxsaidwe shared some great ideas. 3 ‘Ican't give an award to everyone,’ the presenter told us. ‘The presenter told us he give an award to everyone, 4 The presenter sai, ‘tsa pleasure to be here?” ‘The presenter said it apleasureto be there 5 Ourteacher sad, diet mark ll the exams. Our teachersaid she marked all the exams. have enough time for ‘Complete the sentences. Use no more than four words. 1 ‘Ilove volunteering,’ Maria said Mariasaid________ volunteering, 2. "Youshould be a volunteer; Maria sad Mariasaid__________a volunteer. 3 ‘can’t goon the volunteer trip, Bako sai. Bako said Con the volunteer trip 4 ‘Ihave donated to charity many times, he told us. He told us tocharity many times. 5 ‘Tm goingto start giving oreo local charities, she said She said start giving moreto local charities. 6 ‘Iwillorganise some fundraising’ said Lin Lin said some fundraising Read Mo's speech. Then rewrite it using reported speech. 41 thinkall teenagers should have jobs. i worked at a restaurant when | was sixteen. ?At the time, hadn't ‘made many friends in this town. was lonely, but my job changed that. 1 met people different from me. wil always be thankful for that experience,7.6 Reported questions When we want to say what someone has asked, we change direct questions to reported questions. The verb form usually moves back one tense. "Do you ike pizza?” He asked mei lked pizo, We usually use the reporting verb ask to report what someone has asked. Inyes/no questions, we add if or whether: "Do yoo wanta cup of tea, Joe?” Mom asked Joe he wanted a cup of tea. Mom asked Joe whether he wanted a cup oftea, ‘To form reported questions with question words, we must repeat the question word. We use the structure (somebody) ‘asked (me / him | them, etc.) + question word (where, what, hhow,etc), We don’tuse auxiliary verbs lke do or didin reported questions. The word order's the same asin statements. ‘Where do you lve?" She asked me where | lived. INOT Bhesshed ae anhere dit Hive | “How are you going to pay for it? ‘She asked me how | was going to pay for it, INOT She nehed me how was tgenre to pay fort) We can use ask with or withouta direct object. She asked where the bus station was She asked us where the bos station was. In reported questions, we have to make the same changes to pronouns, possessive adjectives and time or place phrases as we do in reported statements. ‘Where were you yesterday?” She asked me where |had been the day before GRAMMAR BOOSTER 1. Read the questions about Hasan’s volunteer work. Complete the reported versions of them. 1 “what does your organisation do?” They asked him “why did you start the organisation?” They asked him “who will the organisation help the most? They asked him “How are you goingto pay for the project?” “They asked him “How much money did you raise last year?” They asked him “where will ou be travelling to next month? They asked him 2 Order the words to make sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 whether/I/ she / had / asked /ajob I/done / she / whether / asked / had / my chores asked /he /apart-timejob/if/he / get / could asked /if/ had / that / bought /he /car/ | ‘would /her/speech / asked / she /if/1/ listen to | /had / asked / when / she / Iwas /young/ worked / where 3 Write the reported questions in Ex2 as direct speech. 4 Rewrite the questions that Mrs George, the careers teacher asked Lucas, as reported speech 1 2 “Do you want to travel “Do you like working with people?” ‘Which languages can you speak?" “Are you going to study at university?” ‘what subjects are you interested in?” “where do you wantto live” “How many hours do you want to work a week? ‘What kind of work experience have you had?” Grammar booster 145 q