GOVERNING

EQUATIONS OF FLUID
DYNAMICS

Dr. Sana Zulfiqar

ENERGY EQUATION
Three Dimensions

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ENERGY EQUATION
• The energy equation is derived from the first law of
thermodynamics, which states that the rate of change of energy of a
fluid particle is equal to the rate of heat addition to the fluid particle
plus the rate of work done on the particle:

• An equation for the rate of increase of energy of a fluid particle per

unit volume, which is given by

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ENERGY EQUATION
Integral Form
Rate of work done by the body
force

Differential Form

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WORK DONE BY SURFACE FORCES
• The rate of work done on the fluid particle in the element by a
surface force is equal to the product of the force and velocity
component in the direction of the force.
• The rate of work done by the body force acting on the fluid
element moving at a velocity V is given as:

• Surface forces: pressure plus shear and normal forces

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WORK DONE BY SURFACE FORCES

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 WORK DONE BY SURFACE FORCES

To emphasize the energy

considerations, the moving fluid
element is redrawn, where the rate of
work done on each face by surface
forces in the x direction is shown
explicitly.

To obtain the net rate of work done on

the fluid element by the surface forces,
the forces in the positive x direction do
positive work and that forces in the
negative x direction do negative work.

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 WORK DONE BY SURFACE FORCES

Comparing the forces on face adhe

and bcgf, the net rate of work done by
the pressure in x direction is

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WORK DONE BY SURFACE FORCES

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 WORK DONE BY SURFACE FORCES
Considering all the surface forces

Sum of force contributions in all the directions

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 HEAT FLUX INTO ELEMENT
Heat flux is due to (1) volumetric heating such as absorption or
emission of radiation and (2) heat transfer across the surface due to
temperature gradients, i.e., thermal conduction.
q as the rate of volumetric heat
addition per unit mass. -------- where
qdot is the heat transferred in the x
The net heat transferred in the x direction into the fluid element by direction per unit time per unit area
thermal conduction by thermal conduction. The heat
transfer in a given direction, when
expressed in dimensions of energy
per unit time per unit area
perpendicular to the direction, is
called the heat flux in that direction.
Considering the heat transfer in the y and z directions

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HEAT FLUX INTO ELEMENT

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TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF ENERGY
OF THE FLUID ELEMENT
The moving fluid element has both internal and kinetic energy.

The sum of these two is the total energy.

The energy in the term A is the total energy (e + V2/2)

The time rate of change of total energy per unit mass is given by the substantial derivative.

Since the mass of the fluid is 𝜌𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

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ENERGY EQUATION Non-conservative Form

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ENERGY EQUATION

multiply above Eqs. by u, v, and w

Adding Eqs. and noting that u2 +

v2 + w2 = V2

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ENERGY EQUATION
Adding Eqs. and noting that u2 + v2 + w2 = V2

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ENERGY EQUATION

Subtract two equations

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ENERGY EQUATION
Internal Energy Form

• Does not explicitly contain the body force.

• Viscous stresses appear by themselves, multiplied by velocity gradients.
• Still is in the Non-conservative form.
• The energy equation can be couched also in terms of h - Enthalpy
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that the left-hand side can be expressed
in terms of different energy forms; for
each of these different forms, there is
also a different form of the right hand
side of the energy equation.

Expressing the viscous stresses in terms of velocity gradients Flow Field Variables Form

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ENERGY EQUATION

Conservation form of the energy equation,

written in terms of the internal energy.
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ENERGY EQUATION

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ENERGY EQUATION

Conservation form of the energy equation,

written in terms of total energy

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 EQUATIONS OF STATE
• Fluid motion is described by five partial differential equations for
mass, momentum, and energy.
• Amongst the unknowns are four thermodynamic variables: ρ, p, i(or e),
and T.
• We will assume thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e. that the time it
takes for a fluid particle to adjust to new conditions is short
relative to the timescale of the flow.
• We add two equations of state using the two state variables ρ and
T: p=p(ρ,T) and i=i(ρ,T).
• For a perfect gas, these become: p=ρ RT (Thermal Eqn. of state)
and i=CvT (Caloric Eqn. of state).
• At low speeds (e.g. Ma < 0.2), the fluids can be considered
incompressible. There is no linkage between the energy equation,
and the mass and momentum equation. We then only need to
solve for energy if the problem involves heat transfer.
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