Object 1

Burette Washing:
1. Rinse with Distilled Water:
The burette is first rinsed with distilled water to remove Previous solution(name).
2. Rinse with the Titrant (solution to be filled)
After rinsing with water, the burette should be rinsed with the solution that will be dispensed
from it (the titrant).
This prevents dilution of the titrant by any residual water otherwise solution is diluted
and more volume is required.
3. Ensure no Air Bubbles:
After rinsing with the titrant, the burette should be filled with the titrant and any air bubbles
should be removed by allowing some of the titrant to flow through the tip.

Conical Flask Washing:

1. Empty and Rinse with Distilled Water:
The conical flask is emptied and rinsed with distilled water to remove any previous solution.
If water remains in the flask, it will NOT change the results as number of moles are
unchanged.
If flask is washed with acid or alkali, it will exceed the volume from 25.0 cm3 and more
volume of solution from burette needed.

Comparison of Apparatus
Apparatus Advantages Disadvantages
Volumetric Pipette Accurate/precise Slow addition, fixed volume
Burette Precise upto one dp, variable Slow addition, max volume
volume 50.0 cm3
Measuring cylinder Fast addition Approximate
ACCURACY
burette one dp
pipette one dp
thermometer one dp
electronic balance one dp
measuring cylinder nearest whole number
stop watch nearest whole number
Concordant readings
Readings of burtte with max difference of 0.2 cm3. Average of concordant readings is taken.
Yellow flame is less hot
Yellow flame can interfere with flame of sodium.

How to find out whether ppt are white or cream in colour( Chloride or bromide)?
Add aqueous acidified silver nitrate to separate solutions of potassium chloride and bromide and match
the colour of ppt formed with the ppt obtained from a test of unknown solution.
• Test for CO2
• CO2 gas is bubbled through lime water in another test tube using a delivery tube.
• it reacts with the calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is a white
precipitate, making the lime water cloudy.
• This reaction can be represented by the following equation:
• Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Phenophthalein colorless pink
SLOW HEATING OF TEST TUBE
1. to avoid spit out of solid
2. to to avoid splashes of liquid
3. to avoid cracking of test tube.

Methods Of Collecting Gas

1. Displacement of water
Gases that are not soluble in water and are not required dry are collected in an inverted tube
Graphs
• Unless instructed otherwise, the independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis (horizontal
axis) and the dependent variable plotted on the y-axis (vertical axis).

• Each axis should be labelled with the physical quantity and the appropriate unit, e.g. time / s.

• Points on the graph should be clearly marked as x or encircled dots ( ⊙).

• A best-fit line (trend line) should be a single, thin, smooth straight line or curve.
Frequent Questions
Question 1:
When the gas collecting tube is upside down, give a property of this gas.
Answer: It is less dense than air.

Question 2:
Why is a pencil used in drawing the origin line in chromatography?
Answer: as it will not interfere with results which makes the experiment more accurate

Question 3:
When using ethanol, give a better apparatus arrangement, and why?
Answer: Cover apparatus with a lid, because ethanol is volatile.

Question 4:
In the tests and observation tables, they tell you that upon heating condensation occurred, there
will be a question asking, What does this show about the solid?
Answer: It is hydrated.

Question 5:
Why is this experiment done in a fume cupboard?
Answer: It releases harmful gases that are poisonous. It is toxic.

Question 6:
Which result appears to be inaccurate? ( In graph drawing)
Answer: It is the point not appearing on the drawn graph, you read its x-axis and write it with
a reason indicating that it doesn't occur in the graph.

Question 7:
Explain the term distillate
Answer: Liquid collected in the flask after distillation.

Question 8:
Why is concentrated sulphuric acid not used to dry ammonia?
Answer: it will react the base ammonia, which is neutralization reaction.

Question 9:
Suggest why in an experiment for rusting the water level increases.
Answer: Oxygen is used up, and water is used to take its place.

Question 10:
For electrolysis, state the observations.
Answer: The bulb will light
A metal is formed on the cathode or bubbles of a colourless gas
Bubbles of a colourless gas at anode
Question 11:
When copper oxide is reacted with hydrogen, what is the colour change?
Answer: black to brown, because copper oxide is reduced to copper.

Question 12:
How can you distinguish between water and ethanol?
Answer: use cobalt chloride paper, it turns from pink to blue with water, but there will be no
change with ethanol.

Question 13:
How can you distinguish between sulphuric acid and Hydrochloric acid?
Answer: White ppt for sulphuric acid when acidified barium nitrate is added.

Question 14:
How can you distinguish between hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
Answer: add acidified silver nitrate, in which white ppt. will be formed with hydrochloric acid, but
there will be no reaction with nitric acid.

Question 15:
What is the purpose of the mineral wool?
Answer: to absorb and hold the liquid.

Question 16:
When there is a delivery tube involved in a question, what precaution should be taken in the
experiment when the heat is removed?
Answer: remove the delivery tube from water to prevent suck-back.

Question 17:
How can you make crystals?
Answer: 1) heat till point of crystallization. 2) Leave to cool gradually. 3) Filter, dry and
collect the crystals!

Question 18:
How can you detect the point of crystallization?
Answer: Place a stirring rod in the solution and see the formation of the first crystals on it.

Question 19:
What is used to crush a substance?
Answer: when you crush, you use a pestle and mortar.
Question 20
To check for the purity for a collected solvent, test it's melting or boiling point.

Question 21:
The chromatogram needs to be sprayed with locating agent (ninhydrin spray) if amino acids are
investigated because they are colourless.
Question 22: Saturated solution: maximum amount of solute is dissolved in solvent at a given
temperature.

Question 23: An excess amount of reactant is used to make sure all the other reactant will be used.

Question 24:Physical test of water: heat, it will boil at 100 degrees Celsius, or heat ice and it will melt
at 0 degrees Celsius.

Question 25

Question 28
Why is the ppt washed with distilled water?
Answer: To remove the excess reagent and the second product.
Question 29
Why would the first gas jar will NOT give positive test of gas?
Answer:
It contains air in it.
Question 30
When to stop heating when mass is decreasing?
Answer: Heating is done till constant mass.

Question 31
Why is lid loosely placed on crucible during heating.
Answer: To allow gas to escape.
To stop powder from escaping.

Question 32
What is role of fractionating column?
Answer: It separates vapours of liquids having different boiling points.

Question 33
What is role of glass beads?
Answer: they provide maximum surface area for condensation.

Question 34
How to identify a substance through chromatography?
Answer: Rf value is calculated and compared with standard Rf Value.

Question 35
How to improve reliability of results?
Answer: Repeat and take average

Question 36
Why is flask swirled during a reaction?
For uniform mixing of substances.

Question 37
How to improve accuracy during an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
Prevent heat loss by insulation/ use polystyrene cup.

Question 38
What is the type of reaction when temperature decreases then increases?
Endothermic
Question 39
What is the type of reaction when temperature increases then decreases?
Exothermic
Question 40
Define a fair test?
Only one variable, all other factors are constant.
Experimental Design