Sumpner’s Test of Two Single

Phase Transformers
Nvis 7011

Learning Material
Ver 1.3

Designed & Manufactured by:

141-A, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India, Tel.: 91-731- 4211500,
Telefax: 91-731-4202959, Toll free: 1800-103-5050, E-mail: [email protected],
Website: www.nvistech.com
Nvis 7011

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Sumpner's Test of Two Single Phase Transformers

Nvis 7011
Table of Contents

1. Introduction 4
2. Features 5
3. Technical Specifications 6
4. Safety precautions 7
5. Theory 16
6. Experiments
Experiment 1 36
Study of the Polarity Test with two single phase transformers
Experiment 2 39
Study of Sumpner's Test including Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test
and consequently determine the Efficiency and Voltage Regulation of
each single Phase Transformer.
7. Warranty 42
8. List of Accessories 43

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Introduction
Nvis 7011 Sumpner's Test of Two Single Phase Transformers is a very exclusive
and important product designed for students to explain very first block of Electrical
Engineering. With this trainer, students can learn about how losses occurs in the
transformers, equivalent parameters, efficiency and heat run test which is very helpful
to study the functioning of the single phase transformers. They can also get aware of
the phenomenon of polarity in a very simple manner.
In the first experiment, one can determine which ends of the two windings acquire
either simultaneously positive and negative polarity or alternative in nature. In
experiment second, one can not only calculate the losses and equivalent circuit
parameters of the transformers but also gives heating information under various
loading conditions to obtain the predetermining efficiency and regulation of the
transformers.
The product helps you to get fully acquainted with the basic concepts and functioning
of a Single Phase Transformer. The product is represented in such an easy way so that
each test can be studied differently in proper sequence. Not much brainstorming is
required to make the circuits connection. The varied scope of learning makes the
subject complete understanding and interesting.

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Features
Stand alone operation
Exclusive and rugged designed panel
Terminals are provided in different sections
Designed by considering all the safety precautions
On board high quality meters are being used
Micro controller based LCD meter is used to display the
rising temperature
Diagrammatic representation for the ease of connections
provided with an inbuilt components so that no additional
component required
Learning Material

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Technical Specifications
Mains Supply : 230V ±10%, 50Hz
Transformers Rating (2Nos.) : 1KVA
Primary Voltage : 0-125V, 0-125V
Secondary Voltage : 0-125V, 0-125V
Meters Used:
Voltmeter 2Nos. : 100V, 300V
Ammeter 2Nos. : 1A, 10A
Wattmeter 2Nos. : 100W, 1000W
Auto Transformer : 270V, 10A
MCB : 10A
Dimensions (mm) : 600W x 450D x 600H
Weight : 51.5 (kg)(approx.)

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Safety Instructions

Why is it important to know about electrical

safety?
The coming 2 pages will explain the importance of safety in
day to day use and while performing experiments in lab.
Afterwards Safety Precautions are given which
Must!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
be followed while using any electric circuit and performing
Experiments In Lab

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Using Electricity and Electrical Appliances properly can help us avoid injury:
1. Careless use of electric-powered appliances or tools can cause Injuries.

2. Shocks caused due to contact with electric current passing through wires,
appliances or tools. To avoid shock do not touch live wires and always wear
rubber shoes.

3. Fire resulting from over-heated wires, appliances or electric fixtures. So always

use wires and electrical devices with correct specifications to avoid heating. The
thicker wire is required to carry large current.

Following are some safety measures which should always be followed while working
with electric system.

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Carefully observe all safety measures to keep yourself safe.

1. Always shut off power to a circuit or device that you will be working on. This is
the first thing you should do before working on any electrical circuit.

2. After turning a circuit OFF, it's a good idea to check it again to be sure even it is
OFF. Never assume that the circuit is OFF!

3. If any part of the device is damaged, it should not be used and get repaired
immediately.
4. Never attempt electrical repairs or rewiring without proper experience. Always
inform your supervisor and consult supplier.

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5. All tools and electric equipments should be unplugged when not in use and
stored in dry areas.

6. Tools and components must be clean and in good condition, with no cracks or
exposed wires. Never use a patch chord whose wires are exposed. Use of such
types of patch chords can cause shock and severe injuries.

7. Avoid direct contact with the floor. Always wear rubber sole shoes. The rubber
that you're wearing will prevent the electricity from creating complete circuit
using your body as a path to the ground.
8. Always refer user manual of the equipment under use
9. Never use electrical devices or circuits if they are wet.

10. Use three-pronged plugs instead of two-pronged ones. The third prong (below
the top two) "grounds" the appliance. When a device is grounded, if it fails, the
circuit will blow out immediately instead flowing to other places. So, whenever
possible, use appliances that have three prongs unless it is stated in user manual
to use 2 Pronged Plugs or provided with the equipment. Always refer user

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manual of the equipment under use. Electricity cannot travel through rubber. So,
while using equipments that are potentially faulty or not grounded (no three-
pronged plugs), wear strong rubber gloves.

11. Wires should never be run under carpets, wooden blocks, wet areas because if
wire heats due to over current, It may fuse and cause fires.
12. Chords should be firmly plugged into outlets - if the cord is loose it can cause
spark and can damage the instrument.

13. Do not pull the cord. Always turn off the machine and then pull the plug. In this
way, you keep your electrical appliances in working order and avoid a possible
short circuit.

14. It's dangerous to put too many plugs into an outlet. Most household extension
cords and wall adapters will only allow you to place up to six plugs to an outlet.
If you use more than six plugs, the risk of power overloads and fires due to the
wires getting too hot increases.

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Till Now we have learned to follow the safety rules while

using Electrical Circuits and Power Supplies.

Now,What
to do in case of
Electrical Accident?

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Do not endanger yourself- If the victim is still in contact with the electrical current,
you must be careful to avoid being shocked yourself.

Self Precautions to Save the Victim

Do not touch the victim. The current can pass through you also and you will
not be in a position to help the victim.
Do not touch the source of electricity.

Immediate action to be taken

Break the current. Before you can do anything else, you must get the victim free
from the current. There are two ways to do this:

Shut off the current at the power box. Turn off the current at the circuit
breaker or fuse box. This is the preferred option.
If no shut off is immediately available, use a non-conducting item to move the
victim, such as a wooden broomstick, blanket, or rope. If they are holding onto
a wire or other conductor, attempt to knock their hand(s) free with a wooden
or non conducting stick or dry towel.

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Immediately call an ambulance or doctor to start the victim’s treatment.

If the victim is unconscious, check to see if he is breathing and have a pulse. Electric
shocks may knock the person unconscious, halt their breathing, and stop the heart. If
the victim is not breathing, apply artificial breathing.

Do not attempt to move the victim unless they are in further danger. Other injuries
may have occurred that you are unaware of.

Cover the victim in a blanket and stay with him until help arrives. Do not leave him
alone. Take steps to prevent the severity of shock.

Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To
avoid any personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected to the
instrument.
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within or the supply is
not within below specified limits

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Observe input supply : To avoid any unexpected things, check whether single
phase or three phase balanced supply appears
correctly.

Healthy Single Phase Power System

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Theory
Transformer
Michael Faraday built the first (Single phase pole mounted step down) transformer in
1831, although he used it only to demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic
induction and did not foresee its practical uses.

Small Single Phase Transformer

Transformer is a static device, which is used to convert AC electricity from one
voltage to another without any change in frequency. Transformer works only with AC
and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers
increase voltage, Step-down transformers decrease voltage. Most power supplies use a
step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V) to a safer
low voltage.
The input coil is called as primary and the output coil is called as Secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an
alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two
lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very
little power so the power output is (almost) equal to the power input
Number of turns on each coil, called as Turn’s Ratio, determines the ratio of the
voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil, which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of
turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage. For step up
transformer, it is vise versa.
Transformer on DC
A transformer cannot works in DC supply, if a rated DC voltage is applied across the
primary, a flux of constant magnitude will be set up in the core. Hence, there will not
be any self induced emf which is only possible with the rate of change of flux linkage.
In the primary winding to oppose the applied voltage the resistance of the primary
winding is very low and the primary current will be quite high as given by the ohm’s
law.
Primary current = DC applied voltage / resistance of the primary winding
This current is much more than the rated full load current of primary winding, thus it
will produce lot of heat and burns the insulation of the primary winding and the
transformer will be damaged that is why DC is never applied to a transformer.

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1250 kVA 11/.433 kV Transformer

Standard fitting of a transformer
Rating and diagram plate
Earthling terminals
Lifting lugs
Oil level indicator (Plain)
Oil filling hole with plug on conservator
Oil conservator
Air release plug
Silica gel air breather
LV and HV cable boxes
Winding temperature indicator
Buchholz's relay
Magnetic oil level gauge
HV terminals-outdoor bushings
LV terminals-outdoor bushings
Radiators
Filter valve with plug
Oil temperature indicator
Externally operated ‘Off’ circuit tap changing switch
Explosion vent
Sampling valve (for 2000 kVA and above transformers only)
Pressure relief valve
Why we use transformers
In our country, usually electrical power is generated at 11kV. For economic reasons,
AC power is transmitted at a very high voltage 200kV/ 400kV over long distance,
there a step up transformer is applied at the generating station then to feed different
area voltage is step down to different levels for economic reason by transformer at
various substations ultimately for utilization of electrical power the voltage is step
down to 400kV/ 220kV/ 132kV/ 66kV/ 33kV/ 11kV and 4kV for safety. Transformer
plays an important role in the power system to transmit high levels of power or watts.

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An analogy
A transformer can be likened to a mechanical gearbox, which transfers mechanical
energy from a high-speed, low torque shaft to a lower-speed, higher-torque shaft, but
which is not a source of energy itself. A transformer transfers electrical energy from a
high-current, low-voltage circuit to a lower-current, higher-voltage circuit. But power
will remain same.

Transformer principle
Coupling by mutual induction
The principle of the transformer is illustrated by consideration of a hypothetical ideal
transformer. In this case, the core requires negligible Magneto-Motive Force to
sustain flux, and all flux linking the primary winding also links the secondary
winding. The hypothetical ideal transformer has no resistance in its coils. A simple
transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary winding and the
secondary winding. Energy is coupled between the windings by the time varying
magnetic flux that passes through (links) both primary and secondary windings.
Whenever the amount of current in a coil changes, a voltage is induced in the
neighbouring coil the effect, called mutual inductance, is an example of
electromagnetic induction.

An ideal step-down transformer showing flux in the core if time varying voltage Vp is
applied to the primary winding of Np turns, a current will flow in it producing a
Magneto-Motive Force (MMF). Just as an electromotive force (emf) drives current
around an electric circuit, so mmf tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic
circuit. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux Φp in the core, and, with
an open circuit secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (emf) in
opposition to Vp. In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the voltage induced
across the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux.

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Vp = Np ( dΦp/dt ) and VS = Ns (dΦs/dt )

Where,
Vp and VS are the voltages across the primary winding and secondary winding,
NP and NS are the numbers of turns in the primary winding and secondary winding,
(dΦp/dt ) and (dΦs/dt ) are the derivatives of the flux with respect to time of the
primary and secondary windings.
In the hypothetical ideal transformer, the primary and secondary windings are
perfectly coupled, or equivalently Φp = Φs. Substituting and solving for the voltages
shows that :
Vp/VS = Np/Ns
Where,
Vp and VS are voltages across primary and secondary,
Np and Ns are the number of turns in the primary and secondary, respectively.

Hence in an ideal transformer, the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is equal
to the ratio of the number of turns in their windings, or alternatively, the voltage per
turn is the same for both windings. The ratio of the currents in the primary and
secondary circuits is inversely proportional to the Turn’s ratio.
The EMF in the secondary winding will cause current to flow in a secondary circuit.
The MMF produced by current in the secondary winding opposes the MMF of the
primary winding and so tends to cancel the flux in the core. Since the reduced flux
reduces the emf induced in the primary winding, increased current flows in the
primary circuit. The resulting increase in MMF due to the primary current ‘Off’sets
the effect of the opposing secondary MMF. In this way, the electrical energy feed into
the primary winding is delivered to the secondary winding. In addition, the flux
density will always stay the same as long as the primary voltage is steady.
P = EI (Power = electromotive force × current)
Since a direct current by definition does not change, it produces a steady MMF and so
steady flux in the core; this quantity does not change and so cannot induce a voltage
in the secondary winding. In a practical transformer, direct current applied to the
winding will create heat and can damage the insulation of core.
Transformer Equation
The universal electromotive force (emf) equation :
If the flux in the core is sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its
number of turns, voltage, magnetic flux density and core cross-sectional area is
given by the universal emf equation (from Faraday's law).

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E = (2 π f N a B)/√2 = 4.44f N a B
Where,
E is the sinusoidal rms or root mean square voltage of the winding,
f is the frequency in hertz,
N is the number of turns of wire on the winding,
a is the cross-sectional area of the core in square meter,
B is the peak magnetic flux density in Tesla.
Other consistent systems of units can be used with the appropriate conversion in
the equation.
Classifications
Transformers are adapted to numerous engineering applications and may be classified
in many ways:
a) By power level (from fraction of a volt-ampere (VA) to over a thousand MVA).
b) By application (power supply, impedance matching, circuit isolation).
c) By frequency range (power, audio, radio frequency (RF)).
d) By voltage class (a few volts to about 750 kiloVolts).
e) By cooling type (air cooled, oil immersed, fan cooled, water cooled, etc.).
f) By purpose (distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc.).
g) By ratio of the number of turns in the coils.
1. Step-up
The secondary has more turns than the primary.

2. Step-down
The secondary has fewer turns than the primary.

3. Isolating
The secondary has got equal turns than the primary.

Intended to transform from one voltage to the same voltage. The two coils have
approximately equal numbers of turns, although often there is a slight difference in
the number of turns, in order to compensate for losses.
Variable
The primary and secondary have an adjustable number of turns, which can be
selected without reconnecting the transformer.

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Circuit symbols
Standard symbols of various transformers given below :
Transformer with two windings and iron core.

Transformer with three windings. The dots show

the relative winding configuration of the
windings.
Step-down or Step-up transformer.
The symbol shows which winding have more
turns, but does not usually show the exact ratio.

Transformer with three windings. The dots show

the relative winding configuration of the
windings.

Transformer Energy losses

An ideal transformer would have no losses, and would therefore be 100%
efficient. In practice, real transformers are less than 100% efficient. Energy is
dissipated due to both the resistance of the windings known as copper loss or I2 R
loss, and due to magnetic effects primarily attributable to the core (known as iron
loss). Transformers are in general highly efficient (large power transformers over
50 MVA) may attain efficiency as high as 99.75%. Small transformers, such as a
plug-in "power brick" used to power small consumer electronics, may be less than
85% efficient. Various types of transformer energy losses are given below:
a) Winding resistance losses
There are resistive losses in the coils (losing power I2 R). For a given material, the
resistance of the coils can be reduced by making their cross section large. The
resistivity can also be made low by using high purity copper. Current flowing through
the windings causes resistive heating of the conductor (I2 R loss). At higher
frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and
losses.
b) Eddy current losses
Induced eddy current circulate within the core, causing resistive heating. Silicon is
added to the steel to help in controlling eddy current. Adding silicon also has the
advantage of stopping aging of the electrical steel that was a problem years ago.
These can be reduced by laminating the core. Laminations reduce the area of circuits
in the core, and so reduce the Faraday’s emf, and so the current flowing in the core,
and so the energy thus lost.
c) Hysterisis losses
Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost to hysteresis
within the magnetic core. The amount of hysteresis is a function of the particular core
material. The Magnetization and Demagnetization curves for magnetic materials are
often a little different and this means that the energy required to magnetize the core
(while the current is increasing) is not entirely recovered during Demagnetization.
The difference in energy is lost as heat in the core.

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d) Magnetostriction losses
Magnetic flux in the core causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with the
alternating magnetic field (producing a buzzing sound), an effect known as
Magnetostriction. This in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible
ferromagnetic cores.
In addition to Magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating
electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite
vibrations within nearby metalwork, creating a familiar humming or buzzing noise,
and consuming a small amount of power.
e) Stray losses
Not all the magnetic field produced by the primary is intercepted by the secondary. A
portion of the leakage flux may induce eddy currents within nearby conductive
objectives, such as the transformer's support structure, and be converted to heat.
Construction of transformer

1) Core
Laminated core transformer showing edge of laminations at top of unit. The three
legged bolt-less core is constructed of grain oriented steel laminations. The joints
between the leg and yoke are at 45° and interleaved. The cross section of the leg is
circular.
a) Laminated steel cores
Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high
permeability of silicon steel. Permeability many times that of free space and the core
thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current, and confine the flux to a path
which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that
cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy-current losses. Later
designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations. Each
lamination is insulated from its neighbours by a thin non-conducting layer of
insulation. The universal transformer equation indicates a minimum cross-sectional
area for the core to avoid saturation. Thin laminations are generally used on high
frequency transformers with some types of very thin steel laminations able to operate
up to 10 kHz. Laminating the core greatly reduces eddy-current losses. One common
design of laminated core is made from interleaved stacks of E-shaped steel sheets
capped with I-shaped pieces, leading to its name of "E-I transformer". Such a design
tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to manufacture.
b) Solid cores
Powdered iron cores are used in circuits (such as Switch-Mode Power Supplies), that
operate above main frequencies and up to a few tens of kiloHertz. These materials
combine high magnetic permeability with high bulk electrical resistivity. For
frequencies extending beyond the UHF band, cores made from non-conductive

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magnetic ceramic materials called ferrites are common. Some radio-frequency

transformers also have moveable cores (sometimes called 'slugs') which allow
adjustment of the coupling coefficient (and bandwidth) of tuned radio-frequency
circuits.
c) Toroidal cores

Small transformer with toroidal core

Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core which, depends on
operating frequency, is made from a long strip of silicon steel or perm alloy wound
into a coil, powdered iron, or ferrite. A strip construction ensures that the grain
boundaries are optimally aligned, improving the transformer's efficiency by reducing
the core's reluctance. The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the
construction of an E-I core. The cross-section of the ring is usually square or
rectangular, but more expensive cores with circular cross-sections are also available.
The primary and secondary coils are often wound concentrically to cover the entire
surface of the core. This minimizes the length of wire needed, and also provides
screening to minimize the core's magnetic field from generating electromagnetic
interference.
Toroidal transformers are more efficient than the cheaper laminated E-I types for a
similar power level. Other advantages compared to E-I types, include smaller size
(about half), lower weight (about half), less mechanical hum (making them superior in
audio amplifiers), lower exterior magnetic field (about one tenth), low ‘Off’-load
losses (making them more efficient in standby circuits), single-bolt mounting, and
greater choice of shapes. A drawback of toroidal transformer construction is the
higher cost of windings.
d) Air core
A physical core is not an absolute requisite and a functioning transformer can be
produced simply by placing the windings in close proximity to each other, an
arrangement termed an "air-core" transformer. The air which comprises the magnetic
circuit is essentially lossless, and so an air-core transformer eliminates loss due to
hysteresis in the core material. The leakage inductance is inevitably high, resulting in
very poor regulation, and so such designs are unsuitable for use in power distribution.
They have however very high bandwidth, and are frequently employed in radio-
frequency applications, for which a satisfactory coupling coefficient is maintained by
carefully overlapping the primary and secondary windings.

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2) Winding

Windings are usually arranged concentrically to minimize flux leakage

The material of the windings is either copper or aluminum. The windings are made of
paper insulated rectangular wire in the form of multilayer, disc or helical windings.
Transformers provided with on-load tap-changer usually have a separate tap winding.
Cut view through transformer windings. White: Insulator. Green spiral: Grain oriented
silicon steel. Black: Primary winding made of oxygen-free copper. Red: Secondary
winding. Top left: Toroidal transformer. Right: C-core, but E-core would be similar.
The black windings are made of film. Top: Equally low capacitance between all ends
of both windings. Since most cores are (bad) conductors they also need insulation.
Bottom: Lowest capacitance for one end of the secondary winding needed for low-
power high-voltage transformers. Bottom left: Reduction of leakage inductance would
lead to increase of capacitance.
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the application, but in
all cases the individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure
that the current travels throughout every turn. For small power and signal
transformers, in which currents are low and the potential difference between adjacent
turns is small, the coils are often wound from enameled magnet wire. Larger power
transformers operating at high voltages may be wound with copper rectangular strip
conductors insulated by oil-impregnated paper and blocks of pressboard.
High-frequency transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of Kilohertz often have
windings made of braided litz wire to minimize the skin-effect and proximity effect
losses. Large power transformers use multiple-stranded conductors as well, since even
at low power frequencies non-uniform distribution of current would otherwise exist in
high-current windings. Each strand is individually insulated, and the strands are
arranged so that at certain points in the winding, or throughout the whole winding,
each portion occupies different relative positions in the complete conductor. The
transposition equalizes the current flowing in each strand of the conductor, and
reduces eddy current losses in the winding itself. The stranded conductor is also more
flexible than a solid conductor of similar size, aiding manufacture. For signal
transformers, the windings may be arranged in a way to minimize leakage inductance
and stray capacitance to improve high-frequency response. This can be done by
splitting up each coil into sections, and those sections placed in layers between the
sections of the other winding. This is known as a stacked type or Interleaved Winding.
Both the primary and secondary windings on power transformers may have external
connections, called taps, to intermediate points on the winding to allow selection of
the voltage ratio. The taps may be connected to an automatic on-load tap charger for
voltage regulation of distribution circuits. Audio-frequency transformers, used for the

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distribution of audio to public address loudspeakers, have taps to allow adjustment of

impedance to each speaker. A center-tapped transformer is often used in the output
stage of an audio power amplifier in a push-pull circuit. Modulation transformers in
AM transmitters are very similar. Certain transformers have the windings protected by
epoxy resin. By impregnating the transformer with epoxy under a vaccum, one can
replace air spaces within the windings with epoxy, thus sealing the windings and
helping to prevent the possible formation of corona and absorption of dirt or water.
This produces transformers more suited to damp or dirty environments, but at
increased manufacturing cost.
3) Coolant
Three phase dry-type transformer with cover removed; rated about 200 kVA, 480 V.
Small signal transformers do not generate significant amounts of heat. Power
transformers rated up to a few kilowatts rely on natural convective air-cooling.
Specific provision must be made for cooling of high-power transformers.
Transformers handling higher power, or having a high duty cycle can be fan-cooled.
Some dry transformers are enclosed in pressurized tanks and are cooled by nitrogen or
sulphur hexafluoride gas.
The windings of high-power or high-voltage transformers are immersed in
transformer oil a highly refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures. Large
transformers to be used indoors must use a non-flammable liquid. Formerly,
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was used as it was not a fire hazard in indoor power
transformers and it is highly stable. Due to the stability and toxic effects of PCB by-
products, and its accumulation in the environment, it is no longer permitted in new
equipment. Old transformers that still contain PCB should be examined on a weekly
basis for leakage. If found to be leaking, it should be changed out, and professionally
decontaminated or scrapped in an environmentally safe manner. Today, non-toxic,
stable silicon-based oils, or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used where the expense
of a fire-resistant liquid ‘Off’sets additional building cost for a transformer vault.
Other less-flammable fluids such as canola oil may be used but all fire resistant fluids
have some drawbacks in performance, cost, or toxicity compared with mineral oil.
The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between
internal live parts. It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short or arc
will not cause a breakdown or fire. The oil-filled tank may have radiators through
which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power transformer
may have cooling fans, oil pumps and even oil to water heat exchangers. Oil-filled
transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using vapour-phase heat transfer,
electrical self-heating, and the application of a vacuum, or combination of these, to
ensure that the transformer is completely free of water vapour before the cooling oil is
introduced. This helps prevent electrical breakdown under load. Oil-filled power
transformers may be equipped with Buchholz relays which are safety devices that
sense gas build-up inside the transformer and thus switches ‘Off’ the transformer.

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Three-phase oil-cooled transformer with cover cut away. The oil reservoir is visible at
the top to dissipation heat.
Extended operation at high temperatures is particularly damaging to transformer
insulation.Small signal transformers do not generate significant heat and need little
consideration given to their thermal management. Power transformers rated up to a
few kVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes
assisted by fans. Specific provision must be made for cooling high-power
transformers, the larger physical size requiring careful design to transport heat from
the interior. Some power transformers are immersed in specialized transformer oil that
acts both as a cooling medium, thereby extending the lifetime of the insulation, and
helps to reduce corona discharge. The oil is a highly refined mineral oil that remains
stable at high temperatures so that internal arcing will not cause breakdown or fire;
transformers to be used indoors must use a non-flammable liquid.
The oil-filled tank often has radiators through which the oil circulates by natural
convection; large transformers employ forced circulation of the oil by electric pumps,
aided by external fans or water-cooled heat exchanger.Oil-filled transformers undergo
prolonged drying processes to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water
vapour before the cooling oil is introduced. This helps prevent electrical breakdown
under load. Oil-filled transformers may be equipped with Buchholz relays, which
detect gas evolved during internal arcing and rapidly de-energize the transformer to
avert catastrophic failure.
Polychlorinated biphenyls have properties that once favored their use as a coolant,
though concerns over their toxicity and environmental persistence led to a widespread
ban on their use. Today, non-toxic, stable silicon-based oils, or fluorinated
hydrocarbons may be used where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid ‘Off’sets
additional building cost for a transformer.
Some "dry" transformers are enclosed in pressurized tanks and cooled by nitrogen or
sulphur hexafluoride gas. To ensure that the gas does not leak and its insulating
capability deteriorates, the transformer casing is completely sealed. Experimental
power transformers in the 2 MVA range have been built with superconducting
windings which eliminates the copper losses, but not the core steel loss. These are
cooled by liquid nitrogen or helium.

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4) Insulation of windings
The turns of the windings must be insulated from each other to ensure that the current
travels through the entire winding. The potential difference between adjacent turns is
usually small, so that enamel insulation is usually sufficient for small power
transformers. Supplemental sheet or tape insulation is usually employed between
winding layers in larger transformers. The transformer may also be immersed in
transformer oil that provides further insulation. Although the oil is primarily used to
cool the transformer, it also helps to reduce the formation of corona discharge within
high voltage transformers. Thus the oil serves as both a cooling medium to remove
heat from the core and coil, and as part of the insulation system. Certain power
transformers have the windings protected by epoxy resin. By impregnating the
transformer with epoxy under a vacuum, air spaces within the windings are replaced
with epoxy, thereby sealing the windings and helping to prevent the possible
formation of corona and absorption of dirt or water. This produces transformers
suitable for damp or dirty environments, but at increased manufacturing cost.
5) Shielding
Where transformers are intended for minimum electrostatic coupling between primary
and secondary circuits, an electrostatic shield can be placed between windings to
reduce the capacitance between primary and secondary windings. The shield may be a
single layer of metal foil, insulated where it overlaps to prevent it acting as a shorted
turn, or a single layer winding between primary and secondary. The shield is
connected to earth ground. Transformers may also be enclosed by magnetic shields,
electrostatic shields, or both to prevent outside interference from affecting the
operation of the transformer, or to prevent the transformer from affecting the
operation of nearby devices that may be sensitive to stray fields such as CRTs.
6) Terminals
Very small transformers will have wire leads connected directly to the ends of the
coils, and brought out to the base of the unit for circuit connections. Larger
transformers may have heavy bolted terminals, bus bars or high-voltage insulated
bushings made of polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure
since it must provide electrical insulation without letting the transformer leak oil.
7) Bushing
The bushings are of a solid porcelain type and located on the cover. Bushing
insulators can be changed without opening the transformer. The bushings comply with
IEC 137. The terminals can be provided with an air insulated enclosure. The
enclosure can be on the primary and/or on the secondary side and may be constructed
for cable or bus duct connection. Alternatively the transformers can be provided with
plug-in bushings.
8) Insulation oils
The mineral oil used in the transformers complies with IEC 296 and several national
standards. The oil slows down the ageing process. Transformers with ‘Off’-load tap
changers can be delivered filled with silicone oil or MIDEL fluid if requested.
Transformer type and uses
Autotransformers
An Autotransformer has only a single winding, which is tapped at some point along
the winding. AC or pulsed voltage is applied across a portion of the winding, and a
higher (or lower) voltage is produced across another portion of the same winding.
While theoretically separate parts of the winding can be used for input and output, in

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practice the higher voltage will be connected to the ends of the winding, and the lower
voltage from one end to a tap. For example, a transformer with a tap at the center of
the winding can be used with 230 volts across the entire winding, and 115 volts
between one end and the tap. It can be connected to a 230 volts supply to drive 115
volts equipment, or reversed to drive 230 volts equipment from 115 volts. As the
same winding is used for input and output, the flux in the core is partially cancelled,
and a smaller core can be used. For voltage ratios not exceeding about 3-1, an
Autotransformer is cheaper, lighter, smaller and more efficient than a true (two-
winding) transformer of the same rating.
Constant voltage transformer (Ferro-resonance)
By arranging particular magnetic properties of a transformer core, and installing a
resonant tank circuit (a capacitor and an additional winding), a transformer can be
arranged to automatically keep the secondary winding voltage constant regardless
(within some limits) of any variance in the primary supply without additional circuitry
or manual adjustment. CVA transformers run hotter than standard power
transformers, for the regulating action is dependent on core saturation, which reduces
efficiency somewhat.
Poly phase transformers
For three-phase power, three separate single-phase transformers can be used, or all
three phases can be connected to a single poly phase transformer. The three primary
windings are connected together and the three secondary windings are connected
together. The most common connections are Y-Δ, Δ-Y, Δ-Δ and Y-Y. A vector group
indicates the configuration of the windings and the phase angle difference between
them. If a winding is connected to earth (grounded), the earth connection point is
usually the center point of a Y winding. If the secondary is a Δ winding, the ground
may be connected to a center tap on one winding (high leg delta) or one phase may be
grounded (corner grounded delta). A special purpose poly phase transformer is the
zig-zag transformer. There are many possible configurations that may involve more or
fewer than six windings and various tap connections.
Resonant transformers
A resonant transformer operates at the resonant frequency of one or more of its coils
and (usually) an external capacitor. The resonant coil, usually the secondary, acts as
an inductor, and are connected in series with a capacitor. When the primary coil is
driven by a periodic source of alternating current, such as a square or saw tooth wave
at the resonant frequency, each pulse of current helps to build up an oscillation in the
secondary coil. Due to resonance, a very high voltage can develop across the
secondary, until it is limited by some process such as electrical breakdown. These
devices are used to generate high alternating voltages, and the current available can be
much larger than that from electrostatic machines such as the Van de Graff generator.
Uses of transformers
1) For supplying power from an alternating current power grid to equipment which
uses a different voltage.
2) For regulating the secondary output of a constant voltage (or Ferro-resonant), in
which a combination of core saturation and the resonance of a tank circuit
prevents changes in the primary voltage from appearing on the secondary.
3) Electric power transmission over long distances.
4) Large, specially constructed power transformers are used for electric arc furnaces
used in steel making.

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5) Rotating transformers are designed so that one winding turns while the other
remains stationary. A common use was the video head system as used in VHS and
beta video tape players. These can pass power or radio signals from a stationary
mounting to a rotating mechanism, or radar antenna.
6) Other rotary transformers are precisely constructed in order to measure distances
or angles. Usually they have a single primary and two or more secondary and
electronic circuits measure the different amplitudes of the currents in the
secondary.
7) Sliding transformers can pass power or signals from a stationary mounting to a
moving part such as a machine tool head.
8) A transformer-like device is used for position measurement. Example linear
variable differential transformer.
9) Some rotary transformers are used to couple signals between two parts which
rotate in relation to each other.
10) Small transformers are often used internally to couple different stages of radio
receivers and audio amplifiers.
11) Transformers may be used as external accessories for impedance matching; for
example to match a microphone to an amplifier.
Limitations
Transformers alone cannot do the following
1) Convert DC to AC or vice versa.
2) Change the voltage or current of DC.
3) Change the AC supply frequency.
Details of measuring instruments used in the product
1) Ammeter
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the flow of electric current in
a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes, hence the name it uses magnetic
deflection, where current passing through a coil causes the coil to move in a magnetic
field. The voltage drop across the coil is kept to a minimum to minimize resistance
across the ammeter in any circuit into which it is inserted. Moving iron ammeters use
a piece or pieces of iron which move when acted upon by the electromagnetic force of
a fixed coil of (usually heavy gauge) wire. This type of meter responds to both direct
and alternating currents. To measure larger currents, a resistor called a shunt is placed
in parallel with the meter. A large amount of the current flows through shunt.
2) Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a
scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical
display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a
wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are used to monitor
generators or other fixed apparatus. Small portable instruments, usually equipped with
facilities to also measure current and resistance in the form of a multimeter, are
standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement
that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably

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calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process

plant.
3) Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power or the supply rate of
electrical energy (watt) of any given circuit .The traditional analog wattmeter is an
electrodynamics instrument. The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as
current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil.
The current coils connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is
connected in parallel. Also on analog wattmeter’s, the potential coil carries a needle
that moves over a scale to indicate the measurement. A current flowing through the
current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the coil. The strength of this
field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it. The potential coil has, as a
general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it to reduce the current that
flows through it. The result of this arrangement is that on a DC circuit, the deflection
of the needle is proportional to both the current and the voltage, thus conforming to
the equation W=VA or P=EI. On an AC circuit the deflection is proportional to the
average instantaneous product of voltage and current, thus measuring true power, and
possibly (depending on load characteristics) showing a different reading to that
obtained by simply multiplying the readings showing on a stand-alone voltmeter and
a stand-alone ammeter in the same circuit.
4) Autotransformer
An Autotransformer has only a single winding with two end terminals, plus a third at
an intermediate tap point. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals,
and the secondary voltage taken from one of these and the third terminal. The primary
and secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common. Since
the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion
to its number of turns. By exposing part of the winding coils and making the
secondary connection through a sliding brush, an autotransformer with a near-
continuously variable turn’s ratio is obtained, allowing for very fine control of
voltage.
The Importance of Polarity under transformers
An understanding of polarity is essential to correctly construct three-phase
transformer banks and to properly parallel single or three-phase transformers with
existing electrical systems. Polarity test in situations, where the secondary bushing
identification is not available or when a transformer has been rewound, it may be
necessary to determine the transformer polarity. Knowledge of polarity is also
required to connect potential and current transformers to power metering devices and
protective relays. The basic theory of additive and subtractive polarity is the
underlying principle used in step voltage regulators where the series winding of an
autotransformer is connected to either buck or boost the applied line voltage.
Transformer polarity refers to the relative direction of the induced voltages between
the high voltage terminals and the low voltage terminals, during the AC half-cycle
when the applied voltage (or current in the case of a current transformer).
For example, if the transformer is actually rated 480 - 120 volts, the transformer ratio
is 4:1 (480 / 120 = 4). Applying a test voltage of 120 volts to the primary will result in
a secondary voltage of 30 volts (120 / 4 = 30). If transformer is subtractive polarity,

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the voltmeter will read 90 volts (120 - 30 = 90). If the transformer is additive polarity
the voltmeter reads 150 volts (120 + 30 = 150).
The arrows indicate the relative magnitude and direction of the primary and secondary
voltages. Polarity marks to insure correct wiring, control schematics, and three-line
power diagrams. The polarity mark is usually shown as a round dot. All instrument
transformers are subtractive polarity.
While the transformation ratio test is to be done to calculated the voltage in the
primary and secondary winding and correspondingly calculated the current and
number of turn in both the windings
Open circuit and short circuit tests of the transformers
In a "real- life" transformer, there is always some flux produced by one winding that
does not link the other winding. In the equivalent circuit of the transformer, the
leakage inductance of each winding accounts for the leakage flux associated with that
winding. In addition, each winding has some resistance. Since the magnetic core of
the transformer has finite permeability, it has infinite reluctance that accounts for
some of the MMF drop in the magnetic circuit. In the equivalent circuit of the
transformer, the magnetizing inductance accounts for the MMF drop in the magnetic
core of the transformer. Although a transformer is constructed from thin laminations
of highly permeable soft magnetic material, there are always magnetic (eddy current
and hysteresis) losses in the core of the transformer. Thus, even when the transformer
is operating at no load (output current is zero), the input source has to supply power to
account for the magnetic (core) loss. The magnetic loss is represented by an
equivalent core-loss resistance in the equivalent circuit of the transformer. The
purpose of this experiment is to determine the resistance and leakage inductance of
each winding, the core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance. The following
tests are performed to obtain these quantities.
1) Open circuit
A transformer is said to be on no load when secondary of the transformer is open
circuited and the secondary current is zero but in actual practice the losses can not be
neglected there if transformer is on no load a small current usually 2 to 10% of rated
value called exciting current is drawn by the primary this current has to supply an iron
losses in the core and a very small amount of copper losses in the primary but
comparatively negligible than core or iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current loss).
This test is performed by applying the rated voltage at the rated frequency to one
winding while the other is left open. Since the open-circuit tester requires the
application of the rated voltage, it is usually performed on the low voltage side. With
rated voltage applied to the low-voltage side, full rated voltage will appear across the
terminals of the high-voltage side. For these reasons, the high-voltage side should be
completely isolated to protect the person or persons performing the test. As the
secondary is open no load current flow in the circuit which is hardly 2 to 4% of full
load current as secondary current is zero secondary copper losses are zero and
primary current is very low total copper losses are negligibly small so the total input
power is used to supply the iron losses. This power is measured by the wattmeter W 0.
Hence wattmeter in open circuit test gives the iron losses, which remain constant for
all the loads.

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2) Short circuit
This circuit is performed by applying a rated current at the rated frequency to one
winding while a short circuit is placed across the other winding. Since the rated
current is smaller on the high-voltage side, the short circuit test is performed on the
high-voltage side taking safety into consideration. With the Rated current in the high-
voltage winding, the short-circuit current will be the Rated current of the low-voltage
winding. This test is performed to measure the effective resistance and leakage
reactance of the two windings as referred to the high voltage side. The current flowing
through the winding is rated current hence the total copper losses is full load copper
loss. Now the applied voltage is very low which is a small fraction of the rated
voltage the iron losses are the function of applied voltage so the iron loss is very
small. Hence the wattmeter read the power which is equal to the full load copper
losses as iron loss are very low.
Efficiency of the transformers
The efficiency of the transformer can be defined as the ratio of output power to input
power. Efficiency is a function of a transformer's power losses, and two factors
account for nearly all of these losses. One is winding copper loss. Since you have two
sets of windings, you have two components to copper loss: primary and secondary
winding copper loss. The second factor accounting for transformer power losses is
core loss. You get core losses due to hysteresis fortunately the core losses for any
given transformer stay constant.
You obtain maximum efficiency when winding copper loss equals core loss i.e.,
Copper loss = Core loss.
Voltage Regulation of the transformer
When a transformer is loaded with a constant supply voltage, the terminal voltage
change depending upon the load and its power factor. The algebraic difference
between the no load and full load terminal voltage is measured in terms of voltage
regulation at a constant supply voltage the change in secondary terminal voltage from
no load to full load with respect to no load voltage, is called voltage regulation of the
transformer. In any step down transformer, the secondary current produces voltage
drop across the resistive and reactive components of the transformer's secondary side.
On the other side, the primary current produces voltage drops across the resistive and
reactive components of the transformer's primary side. From this, it is easy to see the
primary voltage will be less than the supply voltage, and the secondary (output) will
be less than either of those.
Let's assume you have no load connected to your transformer. In such a case, no
secondary current flows. With no current, you have no voltage drop across those
resistive and reactive components of the transformer's secondary side. But, another
thing happens. Without a secondary current, the primary current drops to the no-load
current—which is nearly zero. This means the voltage drop across the resistive and
reactive components of the transformer's primary side becomes very small. What's the
net effect? In a no-load situation, the voltage on the primary is almost equal to the
supply voltage, and the secondary voltage nearly equals the supply voltage times the
ratio of primary windings to secondary windings.
You might assume the transformer's output voltage is highest at no load. It would then
make sense that (under loaded conditions) the transformer's resistive and reactive
components cause the output voltage to drop below its no-load level. This is a logical

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assumption, but one that's not necessarily so. Depending on the power factor of the
load, the output full-load voltage may actually be larger than the no-load voltage.
The voltage regulation of the transformer is the percentage change in the output
voltage from no-load to full-load.
Sumpner's test under two single phase transformer
The sumpner's test is another method of determining efficiency regulation and heating
under load condition. The OC and SC test give the equivalent circuit parameters but
can not give the heating information under various heating condition. The sumpner's
test gives heating information also in OC test. There is no load on the transformer,
while in SC test only fractional load gets applied in all OC and SC test. The loading
conditions are absent hence the results are inaccurate in sumpner's test. Actual loading
condition are simulated hence the results are much more accurate. Thus the sumpner's
test is much improved method of predetermining the regulation and efficiency than
the OC and SC test.
The sumpner's test require two identical transformers, both the transformers are
connected to the supply such that one transformer is loaded on the other thus the
power taken from the supply is that much necessary for supplying the losses of both
the transformer and there is very small loss in the control circuit.
While conducting this test the primaries of the two identical transformers are
connected in parallel across the supply V1, while the secondaries are connected in
series opposition so that the induced emf in the two secondaries opposes each other.
The secondaries are supplied from another low voltage supply and connected in each
circuit to get the readings. The connected diagram is shown in figure. T1 and T2 are
two identical transformers. The secondaries of T1 and T2 are connected in series
opposition, so Eef = Egh i.e., induced in two secondaries are equal but the secondaries
are connected such that E is connected to G and F is connected to H.

Due to such series opposition two emf acts in the opposite direction to each other and
cancel each other so the net voltage in the local circuit of secondaries is zero. When
the primaries are excited by supply 1 of rated voltage and the frequency, so there in

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no current in the loop formed by the two secondaries. The series opposition can be
checked by the voltmeter connected in the secondaries of the circuit as per the polarity
test. If it reads zero the secondaries are in series opposition and if it reads double the
induced emf in each secondary. It is necessary to reverse the connection of the
secondaries as per superposition theorem. If V2 is assumed zero then due to phase
opposition no current flows through secondary and both the transformer T1 and T2
are as good as on no load so OC test gets simulated. The current drawn from source
V1 in such case is 2 I0 where I0 is the no load current of each transformer. The input
power as measured by the wattmeter W1, thus reads the iron losses of both the
transformer

Thus as T1 and T2 are identical then a small voltage V2 is injected into the secondary
with the help of low voltage transformer by closing the switch S with regulating
mechanism. The voltage V2 is adjusted so that the rated secondary current I2 flows
through the secondaries as shown in figure. I2 flows from E to F and then from H to
G the flow of I1 is restricted to the loop BAIJCDLKB and it does not pass through
W1. Hence W1 continuous to read the core losses both the winding carry rated current
so SC test condition gets simulated. Thus the wattmeter W2 reads the total copper
losses of both the transformer. Thus without supplying the load full iron losses occurs
in the core while full copper losses occurs in the winding simultaneously, hence heat
run test can be conducted on

The two transformers in OC and SC test both the losses do not occur simultaneously.
Hence heat run test cannot be conducted. This is the advantage of the sumpner test.
Method for conducting the temperature rise test or heat run test in a two single
phase transformers:
Resistance values for conductors at any temperature other than the standard
temperature (usually specified at 20 Celsius) on the specific resistance table must be
determined through yet another formula:
R = RREF [1 + α {T - TREF}]
Where,
R = Conductor resistance at temperature 'T'
RREF = Conductor resistance at reference temperature TREF , usually 20 degree celcius
α = Temperature coefficient of resistance for the conductor material
T = Conductor temperature in degree celcius
TREF = Reference temperature that alpha is specified for the conductor material
The "alpha" (α) constant is known as the temperature coefficient of resistance, and
symbolizes the resistance change factor per degree of temperature change. Just as all
materials have a certain specific resistance (at 20oC); they also change resistance
according to temperature by certain amounts. For pure metals, this coefficient is a
positive number, meaning that resistance increases with increasing temperature. For
the elements carbon, silicon, and germanium, this coefficient is a negative number,
meaning that resistance decreases with increasing temperature. For some metal alloys,
the temperature coefficient of resistance is very close to zero, meaning that the

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resistance hardly changes at all with variations in temperature (a good property if you
want to build a precision resistor out of metal wire!). The following table gives the
temperature coefficients of resistance for several common metals, both pure and alloy:
Temperature Coefficients of Resistance, At 20oC
Material Element/Alloy "alpha" per degree Celsius
Nickel Element 0.005866
Iron Element 0.005671
Molybdenum Element 0.004579
Tungsten Element 0.004403
Aluminum Element 0.004308
Copper Element 0.004041
Silver Element 0.003819
Platinum Element 0.003729

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Experiment 1

Objective
Study of the polarity test with two single phase transformers
Items Required
Connecting leads

Connection diagram
For Subtractive

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For Additive

Procedure
Note:
Before performing any experiment make sure that earthing of your
laboratory is proper and it is connected to the back side of the panel.
While performing the experiment one wattmeter may reads backwards.
In this situation we need to reverse current coil connections.
For Subtractive
1. First make sure that the mains supply is ‘Off’.
2. Connect terminals 19 to 15 &22 to 18; make sure that switch S1 is at ‘Off’.
position.
3. Now to connect the meters in the circuit, connect terminal 15 to VS1 &18 toVS2.
4. Connect terminal 16 to 17.
5. Now connect terminals 15 to 7 and 18 to 10.

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6. Connect terminal 12 to 13 and terminals 20 to 21.

7. Now connect terminals 11 to 3, 14 to Vp1 and 6 to Vp2.
8. Connect terminals 4 to 5 and 8 to 9.
9. Make sure that the autotransformer knob is at zero position.
10. Switch on the AC supply as well as MCB of the panel.
11. Switch on the toggle switch S1.
12. Vary the variac knob up to 100 V (ie. Vs1Vs2=100 V).
13. Record the voltmeters reading.
14. Switch ‘Off’ the mains supply.
For Addtive
1. First make sure that the mains supply is ‘Off’.
2. Connect terminals 19 to 15 &22 to 18; make sure that switch S1 is at ‘Off’
position.
3. Now to connect the meters in the circuit, connect terminal 15 to VS1 & 18 toVS2.
4. Connect terminal 16 to 17.
5. Now connect terminals 15 to 7 and 18 to 10.
6. Connect terminal 12 to 13 terminals 20 to 21.
7. Now connect terminals 11 to 6, 14 to Vp1 and 3 to Vp2.
8. Connect terminals 4 to 5 and 8 to 9.
9. Make sure that the autotransformer knob is at zero position.
10. Switch on the AC supply as well as MCB of the panel.
11. Switch on the toggle switch S1.
12. Vary the variac knob up to100V (ie. Vs1Vs2=100 V).
13. Record the voltmeters reading.
14. Switch ‘Off’ the mains supply.

Observation Table
S. No. V1 V2 Additive / Subtractive
1.
2.

Results
You will observe that reading of one of the voltmeter is twice the reading of another
voltmeter in case of Additive polarity, and 0 in case of Subtractive polarity.

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Experiment 2
Object
Study of Sumpner's Test including Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test and
consequently determine the Efficiency and Voltage Regulation of an individual Single
Phase Transformers
Items Required
Connecting leads
Connection Diagram

Procedure
Note :
Before performing any experiment make sure that earthing of your
laboratory is proper and it is connected to the back side of the panel.
While performing the experiment one wattmeter may reads backwards.
In this situation we need to reverse current coil connections.

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1. First make sure that the mains supply is ‘Off’.

2. To connect the meters in the primary winding of the circuit connect terminals 1
to Ap1, Ap2 to Vp1.
3. Connect terminals Vp1 to Wp1, Vp2 to 2 and Vp2 to Wp3.
4. Now connect terminals Wp2 to 3 and Wp3 to 6.
5. Connect terminals 3 to 11, 6 to 14 and terminals 20 to 21.
6. Connect terminals 4 to 5 and 8 to 9.
7. Connect terminals 7 to 15, 12 to 13 and 16 to 17.
8. Now to connect the meters in the secondary of the circuit, connect terminal 10 to
As1, As2 to VS1, VS2 to 18.
9. Connect terminals VS2 to Ws3, Ws3 to 18 and 18 to 22.
10. Connect terminals Ws2 to 19 and VS1 to Ws1.
11. Make sure that the autotransformer knob is at zero position.
12. Switch ‘On’ AC supply.
13. Record the voltmeter (V1), ammeter (A1) and wattmeter (W1) readings
connected in the primary side of the transformers in to the observation table.
14. Now turn ‘On’ the switches (S1 and S2).
15. Vary the voltage with the help of autotransformer. Note that ammeter connected
to the secondary of the circuit should not read exceed to 5A.
16. Record the voltmeter (V2), ammeter (A2) and wattmeter (W2) readings
connected in the secondary side of the transformers in to the observation table.
17. Record initial temperature of the circuit on LCD mounted on the panel.
18. Switch 'Off' the mains supply.
19. Now disconnect all the meters into the circuit while the rest of the circuit will
remain the same.
20. Now supply is given directly to the transformers A, that is, connect terminals 1
to 3 and 2 to 6 while the low voltage supply is given to the transformer B, that
is, and connect terminals 19 to 10 and 22 to 18.
21. Now switch ‘On’ the mains supply, keep the supply 'On' for half an hour.
22. Switch ‘Off’ the mains supply.
23. Now connect all the meters into the circuit once again, as connected earlier.
24. Now switch ‘On’ the mains supply.
25. Record the voltmeter (V1), ammeter (A1), wattmeter (W1), voltmeter (V2),
ammeter (A2) and wattmeter (W2) readings in to the observation table.
26. Record the rising temperature of the circuit's transformers on LCD in the
observation table.
27. Finally switch ‘Off’ the mains supply.

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Observation Table
S.No V1 in A1 in W1 in V2 in A2 in W2 in
Volts Amps Watts Volts Amps Watts
1.
2.

Results
Initial temperature of the circuit = -----------
Final temperature of the circuit = ------------
And, from the test results, the full load efficiency of each transformer can be
calculated as

And half load efficiency of each transformer can also be calculated as

Power input can be written as

Wsc = VSc Isc CosФsc
CosФsc = Wsc / VSc Isc
Here,
VSc = Short circuit voltage of the transformer.
Isc = Short circuit current of the transformer.
Wsc = Input power losses (copper Loss) of the transformer.
CosФsc = No load power factor of the transformer.
n = Fraction of load applied (75 % mean value of n would be 0.75)
Pi = Core losses of the transformers

P(cu) = Copper losses of the transformers

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Nvis 7011

Warranty
1) We warranty the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from the
date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are not
covered under warranty.
2) The warranty will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the learning material.
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3) The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type,
serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4) The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

Note: Measuring instruments (Voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter) do not

include under warranty after first installation.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 42

Nvis 7011

List of Accessories
1. 4mm Patch Cord 8” (Red) .......................................................................12 Nos.
2. 4mm Patch Cord 8” (Black) ....................................................................9 Nos.
3. 4mm Patch Cord 24” (Red) .....................................................................7 Nos.
4. 4mm Patch Cord 24” (Black) ..................................................................6 Nos.
5. Learning Material CD .............................................................................1 No.
6. Single Phase Mains Cord…………………………………………….....1 No.

Nvis Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 43