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15. (a) Express 2cos θ – sin θ in the form R cos (θ + α), where R > 0 and 0 < α <
2
Give the exact value of R and the value of α in radians to 3 decimal places.
(3)

C H metres

Water level

Figure 6

Figure 6 shows the cross-section of a water wheel.

The wheel is free to rotate about a fixed axis through the point C.
The point P is at the end of one of the paddles of the wheel, as shown in Figure 6.
The water level is assumed to be horizontal and of constant height.
The vertical height, H metres, of P above the water level is modelled by the equation

H = 3 + 4 cos (0.5t) – 2 sin (0.5t)

where t is the time in seconds after the wheel starts rotating.

Using the model, find
(b) (i) the maximum height of P above the water level,
(ii) the value of t when this maximum height first occurs, giving your answer to one
decimal place.
(3)
In a single revolution of the wheel, P is below the water level for a total of T seconds.

According to the model,

(c) find the value of T giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(Solutions based entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(4)
In reality, the water level may not be of constant height.
(d) Explain how the equation of the model should be refined to take this into account.
(1)

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8. The depth of water, D metres, in a harbour on a particular day is modelled by the formula

D = 5 + 2 sin (30t)° 0 t < 24

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where t is the number of hours after midnight.

A boat enters the harbour at 6:30 am and it takes 2 hours to load its cargo.
The boat requires the depth of water to be at least 3.8 metres before it can leave the harbour.

(a) Find the depth of the water in the harbour when the boat enters the harbour.
(1)

(b) Find, to the nearest minute, the earliest time the boat can leave the harbour.
(Solutions based entirely on graphical or numerical methods are not acceptable.)
(4)
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6. (a) Express sin x + 2 cos x in the form R sin (x + α) where R and α are constants, R > 0
π
and 0 < α <
2
Give the exact value of R and give the value of α in radians to 3 decimal places.
(3)
The temperature, θ °C , inside a room on a given day is modelled by the equation

⎛ πt ⎞ ⎛ πt ⎞
θ = 5 + sin ⎜ − 3⎟ + 2 cos ⎜ − 3⎟ 0 t < 24
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠

where t is the number of hours after midnight.

Using the equation of the model and your answer to part (a),
(b) deduce the maximum temperature of the room during this day,
(1)
(c) find the time of day when the maximum temperature occurs, giving your answer to
the nearest minute.
(3)
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13. (a) Express 2sin + cos in the form Rsin ( ), where R and are constants,
R > 0 and 0 < < 90°. Give your value of to 2 decimal places. (3)
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1
2m

C D E
4m
4m

2
Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the design for a logo that is to be displayed on the side of a large building.
The logo consists of three rectangles, C, D and E, each of which is in contact with two
horizontal parallel lines 1 and 2. Rectangle D touches rectangles C and E as shown in
Figure 4.

Rectangles C, D and E each have length 4 m and width 2 m. The acute angle between
the line 2 and the longer edge of each rectangle is shown in Figure 4.

Given that 1
and 2
are 4 m apart,

(b) show that

2sin + cos = 2 (2)

Given also that 0 < < 45°,

(c) solve the equation

2sin + cos = 2

giving the value of to 1 decimal place. (3)

Rectangles C and D and rectangles D and E touch for a distance m as shown in

Figure 4.

Using your answer to part (c), or otherwise,

(d) find the value of , giving your answer to 2 significant figures. (3)

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13. (a) Express 10cos – 3sin in the form Rcos ( + ), where R 0 and 0 90°

Give the exact value of R and give the value of to 2 decimal places.
(3)

Alana models the height above the ground of a

passenger on a Ferris wheel by the equation

H = 12 – 10cos(30t)° + 3sin(30t)°

where the height of the passenger above the H

ground is H metres at time t minutes after the
wheel starts turning.

(b) Calculate

(i) the maximum value of H predicted by this model,

(ii) the value of t when this maximum first occurs.

Give each answer to 2 decimal places.

(4)

(c) Calculate the value of t when the passenger is 18 m above the ground for the first time.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

(4)

(d) Determine the time taken for the Ferris wheel to complete two revolutions.
(2)
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π
11. (a) Express 1.5sin – 1.2cos in the form Rsin( – ), where R > 0 and 0 < <
2
Give the value of R and the value of to 3 decimal places.
(3)

The height, H metres, of sea water at the entrance to a harbour on a particular day, is
modelled by the equation
πt πt
H = 3 + 1.5sin ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ – 1.2cos ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ , 0 t < 12
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠

where t is the number of hours after midday.

(b) Using your answer to part (a), calculate the minimum value of H predicted by this
model and the value of t, to 2 decimal places, when this minimum occurs.
(4)

(c) Find, to the nearest minute, the times when the height of sea water at the entrance to
the harbour is predicted by this model to be 4 metres.
(6)
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π
10. (a) Express 3sin2x + 5cos2x in the form Rsin(2x + ), where R 0 and 0
2

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Give the exact value of R and give the value of to 3 significant figures.
(3)

(b) Solve, for 0 x ,

3sin2x + 5cos2x = 4

(Solutions based entirely on graphical or numerical methods are not acceptable.)

(5)

g(x) = 4(3sin2x + 5cos2x)2 + 3

(c) Using your answer to part (a) and showing your working,

(i) find the greatest value of g(x),

(ii) find the least value of g(x).

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(4)
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1. (a) Express 3cos + 5sin in the form Rcos ( ), where R and are constants,
R and 0 90°. Give the exact value of R and give the value of to 2 decimal
places.

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(3)

(b) Hence solve, for 0 360°, the equation

3cos + 5sin = 2

Give your answers to one decimal place.

(4)

(c) Use your solutions to parts (a) and (b) to deduce the smallest positive value of for
which

3cos – 5sin = 2
(2)
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π
11. (a) Express 35 sin x –12 cos x in the form R sin(x – ), where R 0 and 0 < α <
2

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Give the exact value of R, and give the value of , in radians, to 4 significant figures.
(3)

(b) Hence solve, for 0 x 2 ,

70 sin x – 24 cos x = 37

(Solutions based entirely on graphical or numerical methods are not acceptable.)

(4)
7000 ,
y= x>0
31 + (35 sin x − 12 cos x) 2

(c) Use your answer to part (a) to calculate

(i) the minimum value of y,

(ii) the smallest value of x, x > 0, at which this minimum value occurs.

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(4)
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10. (a) Write 2 sin – cos in the form Rsin( – ), where R and are constants, R > 0 and
0< 90°. Give the exact value of R and give the value of to one decimal place.
(3)

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y

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows a sketch of the graph with equation y = 2sin – cos , 0 < 360°

(b) Sketch the graph with equation

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y = 2sin – cos , 0 < 360°

stating the coordinates of all points at which the graph meets or cuts the coordinate
axes.
(3)

The temperature of a warehouse is modelled by the equation

f(t) = 5 + 2sin(15t)° – cos(15t)° , 0 t < 24

where f(t) is the temperature of the warehouse in degrees Celsius and t is the time
measured in hours from midnight.

State

(c) (i) the maximum value of f(t), DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(ii) the largest value of t, for 0 t < 24, at which this maximum value occurs. Give
your answer to one decimal place.
(3)
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4. (a) Write 5cos – 2sin in the form R cos( + ), where R and are constants,
π
R > 0 and 0 <

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2
Give the exact value of R and give the value of in radians to 3 decimal
places.
(3)

(b) Show that the equation

5cot 2x – 3cosec2x = 2

can be rewritten in the form

5cos2x – 2sin2x = c

where c is a positive constant to be determined.

(2)

(c) Hence or otherwise, solve, for 0 x< ,

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5cot 2x – 3cosec2x = 2

giving your answers to 2 decimal places.

(Solutions based entirely on graphical or numerical methods are not acceptable.)

(4)
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3. (a) Express 2 cos – sin in the form Rcos ( + ), where R and are constants, R
and 0 9 ° Give the exact value of R and give the value of to 2 decimal
places.

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(3)

(b) Hence solve, for 0 36 °,

2
= 15
2 cos θ − sin θ − 1
Give your answers to one decimal place.
(5)

(c) Use your solutions to parts (a) and (b) to deduce the smallest positive value of
for which
2
= 15
2 cos θ + sin θ − 1
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)

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3. g( ) = 4cos2 + 2sin2

Given that g( ) = R cos(2 ), where > 0 and 0 < < 90°,

(a) find the exact value of and the value of to 2 decimal places.
(3)

(b) Hence solve, for –90° < < 90°,

4cos2 + 2sin2 1

giving your answers to one decimal place.

(5)

Given that k is a constant and the equation g( ) = k has no solutions,

(c) state the range of possible values of k.

(2)
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7. y

O 2 x

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the curve C, with equation y = 6 cos x + 2.5 sin x for 0 x 2

(a) Express 6 cos x + 2.5 sin x in the form R cos(x – ), where R and are constants
π
with R 0 and 0 . Give your value of to 3 decimal places.
2 (3)

(b) Find the coordinates of the points on the graph where the curve C crosses the
coordinate axes.
(3)
A student records the number of hours of daylight each Sunday throughout the year. She
starts on the last Sunday in May with a recording of 18 hours, and continues until her final
recording 52 weeks later.

She models her results with the continuous function given by

⎛ 2πt ⎞ ⎛ 2πt ⎞
H = 12 + 6 cos ⎜ ⎟ + 2.5sin ⎜ , 0 ! t ! 52
⎝ 52 ⎠ ⎝ 52 ⎟⎠

where H is the number of hours of daylight and t is the number of weeks since her first
recording.

Use this function to find

(c) the maximum and minimum values of H predicted by the model,

(3)

(d) the values for t when H = 16, giving your answers to the nearest whole number.

[You must show your working. Answers based entirely on graphical or numerical methods
are not acceptable.]
(6)
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9. (a) Express 2 sin – 4 cos in the form R sin( ), where R and are constants, R 0
π
and 0 < α <
2
Give the value of to 3 decimal places.
(3)

H( ) = 4 + 5(2sin 3 – 4cos3 )2

Find

(b) (i) the maximum value of H( ),

(ii) the smallest value of , for 0 , at which this maximum value occurs.
(3)

Find

(c) (i) the minimum value of H( ),

(ii) the largest value of , for 0 , at which this minimum value occurs.
(3)
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8.
B

3 m s–1
V m s–1 7m

!
A
24 m
Figure 2

Kate crosses a road, of constant width 7 m, in order to take a photograph of a marathon

runner, John, approaching at 3 m s–1.
Kate is 24 m ahead of John when she starts to cross the road from the fixed point A.
John passes her as she reaches the other side of the road at a variable point B, as shown in
Figure 2.
Kate’s speed is V m s–1 and she moves in a straight line, which makes an angle !,
0 < ! < 150!, with the edge of the road, as shown in Figure 2.

You may assume that V is given by the formula

21
V= , 0 < ! < 150!
24sin θ + 7 cos θ

(a) Express 24sin ! + 7cos! in the form Rcos(! – #), where R and # are constants and
where R > 0 and 0 < # < 90!, giving the value of # to 2 decimal places.
(3)

Given that !$varies,

(b) find the minimum value of V.

(2)

Given that Kate’s speed has the value found in part (b),

(c) find the distance AB.

(3)

Given instead that Kate’s speed is 1.68 m s–1,

(d) find the two possible values of the angle !, given that 0 < !$< 150!.
(6)
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π
4. (a) Express 6 cos!"!+!8 !sin!" in the form R!cos("!!"!), where R > 0 and 0 < α < .
2
Give the value of !#to 3 decimal places.
(4)

(b) p(" ) = 4 , 0 ! θ ! 2π
12 + 6 cos " + 8 sin "
Calculate

(i) the maximum value of p("),

(ii) the value of " at which the maximum occurs.

(4)
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