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 Bharat 202%
valteys, are fertile, extensive and of great scenic beauty. Some of the
peaks in the world are found in these ranges. The high altitudes highe
only through a few passes, notably the
felep ta and Nathu Là onallowthe trave
tindo-Tibet trade route through the Chumbi valley, north-east of main
Shipkitanthe Satluj valley, north-east of kalpa
with
(Kinnaur. The Darieel i
mountain
n g an
extends over a distance of about
2,400 km a varying depth of wal
Myanmar and India and 240 to 320
km. In the east, between India and Jaintia
ranges are much lower.
Garo, Khasi, and Naga Hills, Bangladesh, hi
east to west, join the chain
Mizoand Rakhine Hills running running
to Mizo nonorth to almos
so
SOuth
The plains of the Ganga and the Indus, about 2,400 km long
to 320 km broad, are formed by basins of three distinct river systems-the and 24
Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. They are one of the
stretches of flat alluvium and also one of the most densely
world's greates-
earth. Between the Yamuna at Delhi and the Bay of
populated areasareas oo
away, there is a drop of only 200 metres in elevation, Bengal, nearly 1,600 kn
The desert region can be divided into two
parts -the 'great deser
the fittle desert. The 'great desert' extends from the ang
beyond the Luni river northward. The whole of the edge of the Rann of Kutcm
runs through this. The 'ittle desert extends from
the
Rajasthan-Sind fronte
and iodhpuf up lo the northern west. Luni between Jaisalme
lies a barren zone, consisting of rocky Between the great and the little desers
land, cut up by limestone ridges.
The Peninsular Plateau is marked
off from the plains of the
the Indus by a mass of mountains Ganga and
and hill ranges varying from 460
metres in height. Prominent among to 1,221
Maikala and Ajanta. The Peninsula is these are the Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura
Ghats where average flanked on the one side by the Easter
elevation
Western Ghats where it is is about 610 metres and on the other by the
to over 2,440 generally from 915 to 1,220 metres, rising in place
metres. Between the
narrow coastal strip, while Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea lies
between Eastern
coastal area. The southern pointGhats and the Bay of Bengal, ther
is a broader
Nilgiri Hills where the Eastern of the plateau is formed byth:
Hills lying beyond may and the Western Ghats meet. The Cardamor
be regarded as a continuation of the Western Ghats
Geological Structure @hopetushant
The Indian
Peninsular regions sub-continent can be divided in three regions: () Extr
can
regions. The present(the Himalayas); (ii) Indo-Gangetic plains; and (i)collision
Peninsuls
indian plate with configuration of India is attributed to to the
 2

valleys, are fertile, extensive and of great scenic Bharat 20

peaks in the world are found in these ranges. The beauty. Some of
only through a few passes, notably the elep La and altitudes althloew highe
high
dndo-Tibet trade route through the Chumbi valley, Nathu à on tre
Shipki tainthe Satluj valley, north-east of Kalpa north-east of the ma
extends over a distance of about 2,400 km with a(Kinnaur. The
varying
Darjeeing
mOunt a in à
km. In the east, between India and Myanmar and depth
India and of 240
w
to 3
ranges are much lower. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and
Bangladesh,
east to west, join the chainto Mizo and Rakhine Naga Hills, rurrunning h
Hills running norh to soalmg
The plains of the Ganga and the Indus, about to souh
to 320 km broad, are formed by basins of 2,400 km long
three
Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. They are distinct river
and 24
stretches of flat alluvium and also one systemsh
one of the world's
greata
earth. Between the Yamuna at Delhi of the most densely populated areax
and the
away, there is a drop of only 200 metres in Bay of Bengal, nearly 1.600k
elevation.
The desert region can be divided
the tittte into two parts-the 'great desera
desert. The 'great desert extends from the edge
beyond the Luni river northward. The whole of the Rann of k
runs through this. The 'itte desert of the Rajasthan-Sind fron
and jodhpur up to the northern west. extends from the Luni between Jaisalsx
Between
lies a barren zone, consisting of rocky land, the great and the little dese
cut up by limestone ridges
The Peninsular Plateau is marked off
the Indus by a mass of mountains from the plains of the Ganga a
and hill ranges varying trom 400
in height. Prominent among these are the Aravali, Vindhya, Satpu
Maikala and Ajanta. The
Ghats where av Peninsula is flanked on the one side bythe East
Western Ghatsaverage elevation is about 610 metres and Ion the other byt
to over 2,440 where it is generally from 915 to 1,220 metres, rising inplad
metres.
narrow coastal strip, Between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea
les

is a broader while between Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Benga

Nilgiri Hills coastal area. The southern
where the Eastern point of the plateau is formed by

lying beyond may and the Western Ghats meet. The CardamC
be regarded as
Geological Structure as a continuation of the
Western

The Indian
Peninsular regions (the
sub-continent can be divided in three
can
regions.
fegions
 Bharat 20
vatleys, are fertile, extensive and of great scenic beauty. Some of the highe
peaks in the world are found in these ranges. The high altitudes allow
only through a few passes, notably the fetep ta and Nathu à on the traVe
indo-Tibet trade route through the.Chumbi valley, north-east of Darjeeling
.
Shipki ta in the Satluj valles, north-east ofkalpa (Kinnaur). The mountai
extends over a distance of about 2,400 km with a varying depth of 240 to 32
km. In the east. between India and Myanmar and India and Bangladesh, h
In the
Khasi, Jaintia and Naga Hills, runningto so
ranges are much lower. Garo, almog
east to west, ioin the chain to Mizoand Rakhine Hills running north
The plains of the Ganga and the Indus, about 2,400 km long and 2
to 320 km broad, are formed by basins of three distinct river systems- tb
Indus,the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. They are one of the world's greateg
stretches of flat alluvium and also one of the most densely populated areas os
earth. Between the Yamuna at Delhi and the Bay of Bengal, nearly 1,600 n
away, there is a drop of only 200 metres in elevation.
The desert region can be divided into two partsthe 'great desert and
the ite desert. The 'great desert extends from the edge of the Rann of Kutch
beyond the Luni river northward. The whole of the Rajasthan-Sind fronte
runs through this.The 'little desert extends from the Luni between Jaisalamer
and jodhpu up to the northern west. Between the great and the little deserts
lies a barren zone, consisting of rocky land, cut up by limestone ridges.
The Peninsular Plateau is marked off from the plains of the Ganga an
the Indus by a mass of mountains and hill ranges varying from 460to 1,220
metres in height. Prominent among these are the Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura,
Maikala and Ajanta. The Peninsula is flanked on the one side by the Easterm
Ghats where average elevation is about 610 metres and on the other by tne
Western Ghats where it is generally from 915 to 1,220 metres, rising in places
to over 2,440 metres. Between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea lies d
narrowcoastal strip, while between Eastern Ghats and the Bayof Bengal, tnere
is a broader coastal area. The southern point of the plateau is formed
by
Nilgiri Hills where the Eastern and the Western Ghats meet. The Cardamo
Hills lying beyond may be regarded as a continuation of the Western le
s e d l

River Systems

river systems of India can be classified

Peccan rivers, (ii) into four groups,
nrivers; (ij Beccan
CoastaB rivers and namely,
Ldrainage basin. The Himalayan rivers
(iv) Rivers of the
) H i m a l a y a n

The
are formed by melting
and therefore, continuously flow
ipland

throughout snow and

the year.
monsoon months, the Himalayas receive very
heavy rainfall dueDuring the
glaciers

and cause frequent floods. The Deccan rivers on the to which

are rainfed and therefore fluctuate in volume. Many of theseother
swell
rivers
are hand,
non-
perennial. The Coastal streams,
especially on the west coast, are short in
andI have limited catchment areas. Most of them are
length
of inland drainage basin of western Rajasthan are
non-perennial. The
streams
few and far apart.
The main Himalayan river systems are those of the-ndus and the
Brahmaputra-Meghna system: The Indus, one of the greatest rivers Ganga of the
world, rises near Mansarovar in Tibet and flows through India and thereafter
through Pakistan and finally falls into the Arabian Sea near Karachi. Its
important tributaries flowing in Indian territory are the Sutlej (originating in
Tibet), the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum. TheGanga-Brahmaputra-
Meghna is another important system of which the principal sub-basins are
hose of the Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda, which join at-Dev Pravag to form
the Ganga. It traverses through Uttarakhand, Utar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal, Below Rajmahal iilts, the Bhagirathi, which used to be the main
course in the past, takes off, while the Padma continues eastward and enters
Bangladesh. The Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Ghaghra, the Cadak, the Kosi,
the Mahananda and theSone are the important tributaries of the Garnga. Rivers
Chambal and Betwa are the important sub-tributaries,which join the Yamuna
before it meets the Ganga. Jhe Padma andthe Brahmaputra join at Bangladesh
and continue to flow as the Padma or Ganga. The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet,
where it is known as Tsangpo and runs a long distance tillit crosses over into
India in Arunachal Pradesh under the name of Dihang. Near Passighat, the
Dibangandthe-tehit join the river Brahmaputra and the combined river runs
all along the Assam valley. It crosses into Bangladesh downstream of Dhubri.
The principal tributaries of Brahmaputra in India are the Subansiri, ia
Shareli Dhansiri, Puthimari, Pagladiya and the Manas: The Brahmaputra in
Bangladesh fed by Teesta, finally falls into the Ganga. The Barak river, the
head stream of Aleghna, rises in the hills in Manipur. The important tributaries

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 Bharat 20
of the river are Makku, Trang, Tuivai, iri, Sonai, Ruknt, Katakhat,
Langachini,-MaduvaandJatinga. Barak continues in
combined Ganga-Brahmaputra join it near Bhairab Baz: Bangladesh Dhaleswa
In the Deccan region, most of the major river systems
flowing
in the east fall into Bay of Bengal. The major east flowing rivers are
general ly
Krishna, Gatvery-and Mahanadi.
Narmada and
Tapti are major west Godava
rivers. The Godavari in the Southern Peninsula has the second flowing
cond largest rive
basin covering 10 per cent of the Indian territory. Next to it is the Krishn
basin and the Mahanadi is another large basin of the region. The basin
Narmada in the uplands of the Deccan, flowing into the Arabian ofof th he
Sea and d
the Cauvery in the south, falling into the Bay of Bengal are about the
size, though with different character and shape. While only handful of same
rivers drain into the sea near the delta of east coast, there are as such
many as 600
such rivers on the west coast, which are comparatively small.
Afew rivers in Rajasthan do not dain
drain into the sea. They drain
into
lakes and get lost in sand with no outlet. Besides these, there are the sali
rivers which flow for some distance and are lost in the desert. These are desen
Lun
Machhu, Rupen, Saraswati, Banas, Ghaggar and-others.
The entire country has been divided into 20-Fiver-basins/group of rive
basins, comprising 12-major-basins and eighi eomposite river basins., The ia
majorriver basins are: (i) Andus; (i) Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (ii) Godavari:
(ivKishna; v) Cauvery; (v) Mahanadi;(vi) Pennara (vii) Brahmani-Baitarani
i Sabarmati; (y Mahi; (xi) Nârmada; and (xi) Tapti.Each of these basins has
adrainage area exceeding 20,000 sq. km. @hopetushant

The eight composite river basins combining suitably together all the
other remaining raedium (drainage area of 2,000 to 20,000 sq. km) and smal
river systens (drainage area less than 2000 sq. km) for the purpose of planning
and management are: () Subarnarekha--combining Subarnarekha and other
small rivers between Subarnarektha and Baitarani; i) e st flowing rivers
between Mahanadi and-Pennar; (i) east flowing rivers betw
Kanyakumaci; (iv) area of Inland drainage in Rajasthan desert;\(/ west flowing
rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni; \vi) west flowing rivers from
Japito-Fadrt; (vi) West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari; and (viil
minor rivers draining into Myanmar and Bangladesh.
Pre-monsOon or Summer

.ntApart from
cvclonic storms that form over the Indian sea
sther phenomenon during this season is the convective areas, the other
type of weather
nderstorms,dust-storms, hailstorms and their associated features. For the north
nct
east, north-west and central parts of the country, April to June are the hottest
months with variables. Ihe mean tempratures in these areas vary between 19°C
to439C. Even in the Peninsular region, there is not much change in the overall
climaticconditions. The change in the climatic conditions in summers results in
the formation of many natural hazards. Thunderstorm associated with rain and
sometimes hail is the predominant phenomenon of this season.
Over the dry and-hotplains of north-west India, duststorms tknowrtocally
as "andhis"),accompanied with strong dust-laden winds,occur frequently.Violent
thunderstorms with strong winds and rain lasting for short duration also occur
over the eastern and north-eastern regions in the states of Bihar, Odisha, West
Bengal, and Assam. They are catted Norwesters because they generally approaeh
alocation ftom the north-westdirection (locally they are known as "Kal-Baisakhis"
in the context of their season of occurrence).

Monsoon
The Southwest Monsoon season is the main rainy season of the country
dnd varies from June to September.Although thesouth-west monsoan (also known

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 6 Bharat 202%
the country is generally taken to
period overperiod at aspecific place differs,,
be four
as the summer monsoon)
months((une
September), its actual
and withdrawal.
Normally, the south-west
monsoon
the country, by 1st June
depending
on the date of its onset southern tip of and
Kerala cozst.
the
country by the end of then
over the
entire
In over the about a week earlier. July.
extends
earlylune
and occurs
the onset
advances in
islands inthe
Bay of
Bengal,
from
z6 days inwestern RajasthanTheto
less.than

On varies
peninsutar
duration ofthe essouth-western regions ofthe
monsoon
India. The
more than120 days
dominated
OVerthe
bythe
humid
south--west summer
in late May or
monsoon, which
early June. Winds are slowly
is
beginning
Season
across the
cOuntry
Arabtan Sea in juty compared Ito northeasterly
Sweeps Bayandthe
Southwesterly
overthe

the most prominent feature the of

in January
is one of world's
from the southwest during the warmest
monsoon

The Indian
blows months
monsoon
systems,
which
from northeast during cooler months.
direction to
blow

of the year
and
amounts of rainfall to
reverses
the region during Junetto September
brings large Overall, there is a large inter.
This process principal rainy season.
as the different parts of the
and is regarded in its onset and withdrawal dates over
annual
variability
and intensity have asignificantimpact over different
Rainfall distribution beside thei
cOuntry.
especially the agriculture and hydrology
socio-economic sectors, India receives about
ecosystems. Based on data of 1971-2020,
impact on other southwWest monsoon
season.:
rainfallduring the
868.6 mm
@hopetushant
Prevalence of Cyclones
average cumulative rainfall (cm) India
The spatial distribution of long term
hydro-meteorological hazards. Among these,
experiences various types of natural
Ocean pose a potential threat to coastal
the cyclones over the north Indian
region. Tropical cyctones ate
population as well as marine community of the
originate over the warm oceans of
Jarge synoptic scale weather systems which swirling winds, intense
the world and dewelapinto massive vortices composed of oceans. While moving
clouds and torrentia rains by drawing energy írom the coastal
propertyover the
over land, they cause large-scale destruetion to life and
areas of the world. The east and west coasts of India are prone to
the destructive
comprising
features of Tropical cyclone activity over the North Indian Ocean
the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
Development of tropical cyclones is, in general, seasonal in nature, wi
most tropical ocean basins having maximum frequency of formation during the
late summer-to-early autumn period. However, unlike other ocean basins, tne
tropical cyclones írequency over the North Indiaa Oeean shows bimodal
character with primary peak during the post-monseon seasen followed by
Secondary peak during-the pre-monsoon-seasen. The tropical cyclones
une) and
monsoon season tsually oecur during the-onsettphase month of

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 People
and the 7
Land

withdawalphasee.month of September) of south-west monseon. Over the past

several years, there have been significant improvements in the forecast of track
and intensity ofttropical cyclones by India Meteorological Department.
@hopetushant
India has rich and varied vegetation due to wide range of variation in its
Flora

climate, altitudes and unique geographic features. The country has been divided
1phytogeogaphicat zones which exhibit floristic components unique to
11
into
respective
zones. These zones are1North-West Himalayas; 2 tndo-Gangetic
the
3.EEastern Himalayas; 4,ASsam, 5.Central India;6Arid Zone, 2/Northern
Plains;
Ghats and Northern West Coast; 8.Southern Western Ghats, Southern
Western

Coast and Lakshadweep: 9/Deccan; 10rEastern Ghats and Coromandel

West
Andaman and Nicobar lslands.
Coast; 11
North West Himalayas extends from Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh
to
The region is
region of Uttarakhand through Himachal Pradesh. The
by extents of tropical and sub-tropical forests, temperate forests,
Kumaon

the

and alpine forests. The tropical and

sub-tropical area is dominated
characterized

sub-alpine
forests whereas
the temperate zone is rich in Pines, Boreal and other
with Sal Further upside, there are forest ofDeodar, Blue pine, Silver-
species.
plains of Punjab,
eQuercus spp. The Indo-Gangeticplain compriseand West Bengal. It
bread-teaveds

fir andsome
portion of Jharkhand
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and some area is rich
Haryana,
the Vindhya and Raajmahal hills towards the South. The
also includes cultivation of wheat, sugarcane
and paddy. The
soil and known tor
in alluvial mixed forests, swamp-forests and wetlands.
Saltorests,
natural vegetation covers Phyllanthusemblica, Acacia sp.,
Butea
parviflora,
Shorearebusta, Lagerstroemia includes
commonly sighted trees. The mangrove swamp
S. Cassia sp. arethe Sonneratiasp., Avicenniasp. etc.
Rhizophorasp.,Xylocarpusp, embraces
extends from Sikkim eastwards and
region North-West Himalayas, the
The Eastern Himalayan As like the
Arunachal Pradesh.
Darjeeling, Duars and ofoaks, laurels, maples, thododendrons, alder
forests
floristic composition include lower as comparedto the West. The
snowíalland
treeline is the
and birch.Herethe Himalayas. The Assam region comprises The
Eastern East states.
glaciers are lesser in distributed in the North
Brahmaputra and the
Suruma VatBeys
forests, occasional
thick clump of
evergreen range
characterized with
vegetation is epiphytes including wide
trees are laden with
Bamboos andtatt grasses. Thecovering the states of Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh,
India and plains, is mostly
of orchids. TheCentral
surroundings, largely
mixed with plateaus
dominant tree species
Jharkhand and thorn forests. The
characterised bytropical deciduous and Grewia, Sterculiaetc.
Gardenia,
Anogeissus, Gujarat
region are Acacia, Albizia, and Kutchh region of
n this Western Rajasthan desert type
zone covers the dry part of The vegetation is of
Arid Punjab and Haryana.
Ghats and Northern
and includes South West Northern Western the
composition.
and Tapti Basin and
with more thorny species region between
Goa
This area is
covered
West Coast represent the coastal
Maharashtra, Konkan
and Gujarat.
portion of Western Ghats in

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 Bharat 2025
with lateritic plateau and estuarine vegetation consisting of mangroves and

halophytic species.
The Southern Western Ghats, Southern west coast and Lakshadweep
towards
coastalswamps
the eoast and Imontane tropical, ,subtopicalare
temperate and shota forests at the Western Ghats region at Karnataka, Kerala and
COVered with
Tamil Nadu. The regionsupports many endemic species due to the peninsular
nature of the Terrain. The DecCcan peninsula is the inverted triangular shapes
Eastern Ghats. This region COvers
between the
Western and
the deciduous floristic mostly the
plateau
rain shadow
belt and is
characterised by

hills and coastal area between Theelements.

delta in Odisha
Eastern Ghats to
comprises the
the Kanyakumaricoast in Tamil Nadu. The area is characterised
region Mahanadi
with deciduous, semievergreen and evergreen.eelements intermixed with dry
savannas, scrub and estuarine vegetation. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
abound in evergreen, mangrove, beach anddalluvial forests. Whereas the Andanman
areashows affinities with Myanmar in floristic composition, the Nicobar group of
elements. Many endemic species are
closerto the Malesian
Islands is
distributed
botanical significance.
in these Islands which are of high
Theflora of the country is being studied by Botanical Survey of India (BSI),
Kolkata. with its 17 regionalcenters/units and the detailed floristic account
of
countryis being published as Flora of India, States Floras, District Floras, Flora of
Protected Areas and other publications. Several other institutes and universities
are also engaged in floristic research and documentation in our country. BSI has
also been engaged in conducting ethno botanical surveys which has resulted in
collection of anumber of datasets and exhibits. As of now the country has the
documented record of more than 7,000 known medicinal plants. Of which 960
species have been classified under traded' and 178 species as 'highly traded'.
Owing to destruction of forests for developmental activities and due to several
other reasons, severalplant species are depleting in nature and facing the threat
of extinction. At present more than 1,500 plant species from India have been
considered as threatened and several species which are commercially exploited
at different regions have been declared as 'threatened species under schedule 38.
of Biological-Diversity.Ac, 2002by the respective states.
Faunal Resources @hopetushant
India is one of the mega-biodiversity countries in the world with
bio-geographical locations, diversified climatic conditions and wide array unique
ecosystems from deep sea to high mountain ranges of the Himalayas. Zoologcal0f
Survey oi-ndia (ZSl) under the Ministry of Environment,
Change is 09-year-old organization, inventorying the Forest and Climate
COuntry right from protozoa to mammalia. ZSI faunal resources of tne
16 regional centres spread across the headquarters at Kolkata and 5
country
protected areas present in different ecosystems.are studying the Indian faund,
have been documented. Altogether 1,04,561 spei
different schedules of WildlifeAmong these, 3,739 species are protected under
The checklist of all the (Protection)
faunal species is firstAct,of its attempt in the world and
1972 for better conservation.

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Land
and | the People 9

India is the first country to do this. According to world-bio-geographic

classiication, India represents two-of-the- major realms, the-Palearctie- and
three biomes, viz., tropicalhumid forests, tropical.dry
and
deciduous-forests and warm _deserts/semi-deserts. Indian land mass has been
I n d a - M a l a y a n ,

classified into 10 bio-geographic zones and ZSI documented the faunal

resources in all bio-geographic zones to the extent of 30,377 species in the
Himalayas, 3,324 in trans-Himalayas, 11,009 species in islands, 18,527 in the
northeast, 3346 species in desert, 7,424 in semi-arid, 11,883 species in coasts,
17,099 in Western Ghats, 14,640 in Gangetic plains and 15,539 species in
Deccan Peninsula. In order to protect the biodiversity, 1022 protected areas
cOvering atottal 1,78,640.69 km of geographical area of the country which is
approximately 5.43 per cent, have been designated. New discoveries are an
important component of ZSi, and the country is adding new discoveries and
newrecords to the tune of 500 to 600 species every year.
odia is endowed with a long coastline of 7,516.6 km in mainland,
Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The country has the 18th
largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with atotal area of 2.37 million square
kilometers. In the Indian Ocean region, India is one of the high marine
biodiversity counties with 20,444 species. Besides, 9,457 species from
rashwater, 3,939 from estuarine and 5,747 species from mangrove ecosystems
baue been recorded from the country. Among Indian fauna, 7,076 species
koo heen included in variouS categories of IUCN Red list which requires
much attention for conservation. @hopetushant
The wetlands are unique and productive eco-systems that play a critical
role in maintaining many natural cycles and supporting a wide range of
biodiversity. As of now, 85 wetlands in the country have been recognized as
Ramsar sites. The ZSl documented the fauna diversity in these sites with the
extent of 8,213species. Under the Man and Biosphere concept of UNESCO,
18 Biosphere Reserves have been designated in country, of which Sunderban
Biosphere reserve harbours large number of species to the tune of 2,626
species of animals. Out of 35- biodiversity hotspots identified in the world,
Himalayas,Indo-Burma, Sunda land and Western Ghats-Sri Lanka are shared
by India with high degree of endenism.
Long term monitoring of sea turtles, corals and other invertebrate fauna
are also being undertaken by ZSI. Recently ZSi has undertaken initiative a
massive tagging programne of olive ridley sea turtles along the Odisha coast
and l ather back turtes in Great Nicobarsland in which over 8000 turtles of
olive ridley and 900 of leatherback have been tagged for tracking their
migration and movement between feeding and breeding areas in the Bay of
Bengal and Indian Ocean. There are at least 37species of mammals genetically
vdentiied írom the Himalayan regions through non-invasive genetic study
echnique. Similarly, the population genetics of Arunachal macaque (Macaca
munzala) and population geneties of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) as well
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10 Bharat 2025
as Chinese pangotin have been carried out. In order to understand the impac
of climate change on biodiversity,ZSLhas established a long-term- permanent
Biosphere R
Reserve, Arunachal
collaboration with Forest Survey of Andia for periodically monitoring Pradesh
monitoring plots in Dehang Dibang
the fauna,in
DemographicBackground @hopetushant
Census
Population Census is the process rof cotlecting, compiling analysing and
demographic, social, culturat and economic data retating to a
disseminating
the people in the country-at a particular
time in ten yearsinterval.
india, with great
Conducing
diversity of phvei
Population Census in a country like
undisputedly the biggest administrative and statistical exercise. The
features, is through Census on houses, amenities availabl
wealth of information collected cultural characteristics of the population
the households, socio economic and
to only source for planners, research scholars,
makes it the richest and the
administrators and other data users. The
planning and execution of Indin
challenging and fascinating. Census 2011 was the 15h Census since
Census is
was conducted in two phase
1872, when the first Census was conducted. It
March.
with reference date as on 1
However, due to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, the Census 2021
until further orders.
and related field activities have been postponed
Population
stood at 121.09
As per the Census of India 2011, the population of India Out of this
females).
crore comprising (62.33 crore males and 58.76 crore
37.71 crore (31.1
83.38 crore (68.9 per cent) lived in rural areas and the rest
2001, the
per cent) stay in urban areas. With a population of 102.87 crore in
decadal growth rate of population in India between 2001 and 2011 was 17.7
per cent. The population of the country is estimated to have reached 1,363.0
million in 2021 and is projected to reach 1,522.3 million by 2036. India
accounts for only 3.278 million sg. km of the surface area#, which accounts
for-2.4 per cent ofthe world surface area. Yet, it accounts for a 177percenlage
of the world population.
Population Density
One of the important indices of population concentration is the density
ofpopulation. It is defined as thenumber of persons per square kitometre (s4
km). The population density of India. in 2011 was 382 per sq. km win
decadal growth rate of 17.7 per cent. The density of population increaseo m
all states and union territories between 1991 and 2011. Among the bigs
 People
11
and the
Jand
states, Bihar was the most thickly populated state with a population density of
1,106 persons per sq. km followed by West Bengal at 1,028 and Kerala at 860
Among smaller states/union territories, the population density of NCT
was the highest at 11,320 persons per sq. km in 2011 followed by
2011.
in
Chandigarh.at
of
Delhi
9,258 persons per sq. km. The density of population is expected
increase to 462- persons per square kmby 2036 (details from the Technical
on Population
Projection, November 2019; National Commission on
Group
Population, MoH&FW).

S e xR a t i o

Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per thousand males, is an

inportant socialiindicator to measure the extent offprevaiting equality between
and- females in a society at àgiven point oftime. The sex ratio in India
males
always
remained unfavourable to females. It was 972 at the beginning of
(1901) and thereafter showed a continuous decline until
has
twentieth century
the The sex ratio improved from 933 in
when it reached 945. 2001 to 943
1941
2011. However,
the child sex ratio (defined as the number of girls aged 0-
in
6 years
per thousand boys aged 0-6 years) deteriorated from 927 in 2001 to
2011. The sex ration of the total population is
expected to increase
919 in
from 943
in 2011 to 957 in 2036-(details from theTechnical Group on
Population Projection, November 2019; National Commission on Population,
MoH&FW).
@hopetushant
Literacy
and write with
Aperson aged seven and above who can both read
Census of India
understanding in.any anguage is irealed as literate as per the
is not literate. Prior to
2011. Aperson, who can only read but cannot write, as illiterates.
1991, Census of India treated children below five years of age
73.0 per cent (80.9
As per Census 2011,the literacy rate in India stood at
from 64.8 per
per cent for males and 64.6 per cent for females), an increase
per cent (male 96.1
cent in 2001. Kerala retained its top position with 94.0
(91.8 per cent).
per cent, female 92.1 per cent) followed by Lakshadweep cent and fermale 51.5
Bihar with aliteracy rate of 61.8 per cent (male 71.2 per
Report,
per cent) ranked the lowest in the country. According to the Annual
of Statistics &
Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), July 2020-21, Ministry
estimated to be 79.2
Programme Implementation (MoSPI), the literacy rate is
per cent ofí the country.
Migration
of demography. People
Migration is one of the most important indicatorssocio-economic reasons.
migrate from one place to another due to various
Censtus ofndia records migration by two methods,last namely: place oí last
residence method,
eSidence and pBace of birth. In terms of place of
different
Mgrants are defined as peopte who are currently residing at a pBace

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12
Bharat 202%
from their pBace of tast residence. In terms. of
place birth method, of b
who are currently esic pBace different
from their peaple
ptace of birth
at a million people were treated as migrants by
treated aS-migrants tesiding
About 455.8
place of last residence, 141.9 million were considered to be migrants between

the period 2001 and 2011. 2020-21, based on

Migration in India, PLFS 2020-21
As per the Report thdia Was 28.9 per cent and in
total-migration rate in
released by MoSPI, the around 10.8 per
Out of the total migrant persons, cent
Cen
rural was 26.5 percent. O relatedreasons, The
employment
due to employment for
persons were migrated
of employmentbetter
employment/work to
include search e
to take up better employmentt-businessproximity. to
take up employment/ and loss of job/closure of unit/lack-of employment
transfer)
place of work/
opportunities.
@hopetushant

Fertility and Mortality

Rates
Rate, TFR) of a population is the
The fertilitv rate for Total Fertility ifetie
ofchildren that would be born to a woman over her
average Aumber
prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in-the
che-were subjectedto the
about 2.1 children per woman is called Replacement.
population, A TFR of 2020, India has achieved
TFR of 2.5 in 2010 to 2.0 in
Level Fertitity. From a National Family Health
level of fertility, according to the
the rerlacement 2022.
Survey.5 report released in
Crude birth Rate and Death Rate
defined as the
The Sude Birth Rate (CBR) is a measure of birth rates and is
total aumber of live births in a yeardivided by the total mid-year poputation and
reached
multiplied by 1,000.to express it per-,000 population. CBR in India hasmeasure
195pec1,000 population in 2020. The Crude Death Rate (CDR) is a of
mortality rates and is defined as thetotal number of deaths in a year divided by
the total mid.year population and multiplied by i,000 to express t per 1,000
Population. The CDR fr the country in 2020 was 6.0 per 1,000 population.
Infant Mortality Rate
ThelníantMortatty Rate(NMR) is another important indicator of demography
and is defined as the number of deaths in avear per 1000 live births of chitdren
under oneyearofage. India has been able to drastically reduce the Infant Mortality
Rate from 47 in 2010 to 28 in 2020.
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 -

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 2
National Flag
National Symbols
National Flag shall be atricolour
THE
equal width. The panel made up of
or sub-panels of of three rectangular
colour of the top panel
kesari) andthat the bottom
panels

saffron
panel-tndia green. The middleshall be India
bearing at its centre the desiga of
be
white,
Ashoka Chakra in navy blue panel shall
with 24 eequatly spaced spokes. The Ashoka Chakra shall colour
or otherwise printed or stenciled or preferably be screen
visible on both sides of the Flag insuitably embroidered and shall be
printed

completely

shall be rectangular in
the centre of the
National Flag shape. The ratio of the white panel. The
(width) offthe Flag
shall be 3:2 The design of the length to the height
the Constitutent Assembly of India on July 22, 1947. National Flag was adopted by
Apart from non-statutory instructions issued by the
totime, display of
the National Flag is government from time
governed by the provisions
Names Prevention of Improper Use) Act, of the Emblems
and 1950(No. 12 of
Prevention offAnsults to National Honour
Act, 1971 (No. 69 of 1950) and the
Code of India, 2002 is an attempt to bring 1971). The Flag
practices and instructions for the guidance together
of all
all such laws, conventions,
The Flag Code of India, 2002 concerned.
Ak IElagCode-India' as it existed effective from January 26, 2002 superseded
iodia2002, there is no restriction then. As per the provisions of the Flag
on the display of the National Elag by Code of
of peneral publie private members
he extentorovided in theorganizations,
Emblems
educational institutions, etc., except to
Act. 1950 and the Prevention of Insults and Names (Prevention of Improper
to National Honour Act 1974- Use) and any
other law enacted en the subject.
State Emblem
The State Emblem of India is an adaptation
Sarnath. In the original, the Lion Capital has of the tion Capital of Asoka at
a circular abacus. The frieze of the fourlions mounted backto back, on
abacus is adorned with sculptures in high
relief of anelephant, a gatBoping horse,
Dharma Chakras. The abacus rests on-aabell bull and alion separated by intervening
shaped lotus.
The profile of the Lion Capitat showing three
with a Dharma Chakra in the centre, a lions mounted on the abacus
bull on
the left, and outlines.of Dharma Chakrason the right and a galloping horse on
as the State Emblem of lndia on the extreme right and leftwas adopted
omitted. The motto January 26, 1950. The bell-shapedBotus was
Devanagari "Satyameva-fayatelTruthaBene
script below Triumphswritten in
the profile of the Lion Capital is part
of India. of the State Emblem

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National Symbols

15

Inthe State- EnmbBem lies the official sealofthe-Goverament of India. Its use
by the State Emblem.oflndia (Prehibition of
is
regulated

lmproperJse)Act, 2005
State Emblem of nia (Regulatien of Use) Rules, 2007 (read
andThe
with State
tndiatReguBationnofUse) Amendment Rules, 2010].
National Anthem
The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bangla by Rabindranath
Tagore, w a s adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the
Anthem of India onJanuary 24, 1950.4t was first sung on
National December 27
1944etthe
aSessionof the Indian National Congress. The complete song
Cateutta

Consists of five stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the National
Anthem:

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
 16 Bharat 2025
National Song
Sanskrit by Bankimehandra
The song Vande Mataram, composed in
Was asource of inspiration to the people in their struggie ror treedom, It bn, ehatterj,
The first political occasion when it was
equal
was thestatus with
1896-s
session ofthe tndianNattonatCongress. 7The following is the text
ana-gana-mana.
sungo
its first stanza :
Vande Mataram!
shitalam,.
Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja
Shasyashyamalam, Mataram!
Shubhrajyotsna pulakitayaminim,
Phullakusumita drumadala shobhinim,
Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim,
@hopetushant Sukhadam varadam, Mataran!
Vande Mataram,
Vande Mataram!

SriAurobindo in prosel i
The English translation of the stanza renderedby
Ibowto thee, Mother,
richly-watered, richly-fruited,
cool with the winds of the south,
dark with the crops of the harvests,
The Mother!
Her nights rejoicing in the glory of the moonlight,
herlands clothed beautifully with her trees in flowering bloom,
sweet of laughter, sweet of speech,
the Mother, giver of boons, giver of bliss.
National Calendar
The National Calendar based on the Saka Era, withChaitra as its first month
and a normal year of 365 days was adopted from March 22, 1957 along with
the Gregortan-calendar for the following official purposes :i) Gazette of India,
(ijnews broadcast by All India Radio, (ii)calendars issued by the Government of
India and (iv) Government communications addressed to the public.
Dates of the National Calendar have a permanent
dates of the Gregorian Calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on correspondence with
March 21 in leap March 22 normally and on
year.
Website : www.mha.gov.in
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