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2 Principles of Hydrostatics Revised.pptx

Chapter 2 of the hydraulics course covers principles of hydrostatics, including unit pressure, Pascal's law, variations in pressure, and pressure measurements. Key concepts include hydrostatic pressure, which increases with depth, and the definitions of absolute, gage, and vacuum pressure. The chapter also provides examples and seatwork problems to apply these principles.

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2 views

2 Principles of Hydrostatics Revised.pptx

Chapter 2 of the hydraulics course covers principles of hydrostatics, including unit pressure, Pascal's law, variations in pressure, and pressure measurements. Key concepts include hydrostatic pressure, which increases with depth, and the definitions of absolute, gage, and vacuum pressure. The chapter also provides examples and seatwork problems to apply these principles.

Uploaded by

johnmarkcg2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HYDRAULICS

CE 323/323.1

CHAPTER 2 (Principles of Hydrostatics)


TOPIC
OUTLINE
CHAPTER 2

01 Unit Pressure 04 Pressure Head

02 Pascalʼs Law 05 Pressure Measurements

03 Variations in Pressure

Principles of
Hydrostatics
UNIT
PRESSURE
PRESSURE, p
Pressure is the ratio of normal
force to area at a point.
It is the force per unit area
exerted by a liquid or gas on a
body or surface, with the force
acting at right angles to the
surface uniformly in all
directions.
Pressure = Force / Area
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, p
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is
exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point
within the fluid, due to the force of gravity.
• Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion
to depth measured from the surface.
• Hydrostatic pressure acts equally in all
directions
• Hydrostatic pressure acts at right angle to
any surface in contact with the fluid.
PASCAL’S LAW
PASCAL’S LAW
Pascal's law, developed by French
mathematician Blaise Pascal states
that any force applied to a confined
fluid is transmitted uniformly in all
directions throughout the fluid
regardless of the shape of the
container.
Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure,
and Vacuum Pressure
PASCAL’S LAW
• A Vacuum is a space that has all matter removed from it.
• Absolute pressure is a pressure that is relative to the zero
pressure in the empty, air free space of the universe. This
reference pressure is the ideal or absolute vacuum. (ref. WIKA
blog)
• Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure) are pressures above or below
the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges or
manometers. The difference between an absolute pressure (Pabs)
and the prevailing atmospheric pressure (Patm).
• Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure at any point on the earth’s
surface from the weight of the air above it.
A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, also called barometric
pressure.
VARIATIONS IN
PRESSURE
VISCOSITY, μ 𝝁 = 𝝉 / (𝒅U/𝒅𝒚)
(also called dynamic viscosity, or τ = shear stress (lb/ft2, Pa)
absolute viscosity) is a measure of μ = absolute viscosity (lb sec/ft2 or
a fluid’s resistance to deformation poise, Pa-sec)
under shear stress. y = distance between the plates (ft,
m)
U = velocity (ft/s, m/s)

Note:
(0.1Pa-s = 1 poise)
dU/dy = shear rate
KINEMATIC 𝝂 = 𝝁/𝝆
VISCOSITY, v μ= absolute viscosity

ratio of the dynamic viscosity of ρ =density in kg/m3

the fluid to its mass density


Note:
1 stoke = 0.0001m2 /s
1 poise = 1 dyne-s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa-sec
1 dyne = 10-5 N
EXAMPLE:

Determine the pressure in a vessel of mercury,


specific gravity 13.6, at a point 20 cm below the
2
surface. Express the answer in N/m
EXAMPLE:

What is the pressure 25m below the ocean? Use


specific gravity of saltwater = 1.03.
EXAMPLE:

If the pressure 25m below a liquid is 354.68 kPa,


determine its unit weight, mass density and
specific gravity of the liquid.
EXAMPLE:

A pressure gage 8m above the bottom of the


tank containing a liquid reads 100kPa. Another
gage height 6m above the bottom of the tank
reads 113kPa. Determine the specific weight of
the liquid.
EXAMPLE:

An open tank contains 5.8m of water covered


3
with 3.2m of oil (𝛾 = 8.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚 ). Find the pressure
at the interface and at the bottom of the tank.
EXAMPLE:

Assuming specific weight of air to be constant


3
at 12N/m , what is the approximate height of
Mount Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the
base of the mountain reads 654mm and at the
same instant, another barometer at the top of
the mountain reads 480mm.
SEATWORK
SEATWORK
1. What is the pressure 20m below the ocean? Use
specific gravity of saltwater = 1.025.

2. At what depth in a stand pipe containing water is


the pressure 200 kPa?

3. A pressure gage 8m above the bottom of the tank


containing a liquid reads 100kPa. Another gage
height 6m above the bottom of the tank reads
SEATWORK
4. The pressure in the foothills of the Rockies near
Boulder, Colorado is 84kPa. The pressure, assuming
3
a constant density of 1.00kg/m , at the top of a
nearby 4000-m high mountain is closest to.
SEATWORK
5. The basic barometer can be used to measure the
height of a building. If the barometric readings ate
th top and at the bottom of a building are 730 and
755mmHg, respectively, determine the height of the
3
building. Assume an average air density of 1.18kg/m .
PRESSURE
HEAD
EXAMPLE:
The pressure on a closed tank reads 60kPa.
• What is the equivalent height in water?
• What is the equivalent height in oil having
sp.gr. of 0.80?
• What is the equivalent height in Mercury
having a sp.gr. of 13.6.
EXAMPLE:
A pressure in a given tank reads 290mm of
Mercury(Hg) (S.G.=13.6)
• Determine the equivalent height of column of
water.
• Determine the equivalent height of column of
kerosene (S.G.=0.82)
• Determine the equivalent height of column of
nectar (S.G. =2.94)
EXAMPLE:
1. What is the equivalent height in meters of
water gage for an absolute pressure of 6atm
when the barometer reads 760mm Hg. Unit
3
weight of water is 9.79kN/m .
2. Compute the gage pressure.
SEATWORK
SEATWORK
1. The pressure on a closed tank reads 90kPa.

a. What is the equivalent height in water?

b. What is the equivalent height in oil having sp.gr.


of 0.80?

c. What is the equivalent height in Mercury having a


sp.gr. of 13.6.
SEATWORK
1. What is the equivalent height in meters of
water gage for an absolute pressure of 10atm
when the barometer reads 760mm Hg. Unit
3
weight of water is 9.81kN/m .
2. Compute the gage pressure.
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENTS
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
SEATWORK
SEATWORK
The system in the Figure 1
is at 20°C. If atmospheric
pressure is 101.03kPa and
the absolute pressure at
the bottom of the tank is
231.3kPa, what is the
specific gravity of olive
SEATWORK
Determine the gage pressure at Point A. See
Figure 2
SEATWORK
A differential manometer is attached to two
tanks, as shown in Figure 3. Calculate the
pressure difference between chambers A and
B.
B
TAKE HOME
Principles of Hydrostatic Pressures | Fluid
Mechanics and Hydraulics Review at
MATHalino
Variation of Pressure with Depth in a
Fluid

Problems 01-12

Manometers

Problems 02-03
THANK YOU
Engr. Resoco
[email protected]

[email protected]

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