GEOMETRY Gr11_ENG 2

GEOMETRY GR11 NOV2019_Eng 8

GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2018 Eng 13
GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2017 Eng 18
GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2016 Eng 22
GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2015 Eng 26
Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

FLASHBACK: Theory CIRCLE GEOMETRY

from previous grades Theorem 1: Converse of Theorem 1: Converse two of Theorem 1:
(line from centre ⟂ chord) (line from centre mid-pt. chord) (perp bisector of chord)
A The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
A line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular
midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. the centre of the circle.
to a chord bisects the chord.
K L
J
1 2
N M P
B C If JK = K L, then
OK ⊥ J L O
B̂ = C1̂ (∠'s opp. = sides)
 + B̂ + C1̂ = 180∘ (sum ∠'s of Δ) O
C2̂ = Â + B̂ (ext. ∠'s of Δ)

EXAMPLE GIVEN: R T = R P and M R ⊥ T P

Given circle centre M with a diameter of 20 cm and
GIVEN: Circle centre O with chord N P ⊥ MO . chord DF of 12 cm.
D RTP: M R goes through the centre of the circle.
F
RTP: N M = M P
PROOF:
2
1 2
1 K Choose any point, say M, on A D.
M 3 PROOF:
Join M T and M P
Join ON and OP
E In ΔM R P and ΔM R T
G In ΔMON and ΔMOP
PR = R T (given)
N MÔ = P MO
̂ (OM⟂PN, given)
K2̂ = M̂1 (corres. ∠'s DE//GF) M R = M R (common)
ON = OP (radii) M R̂ P = M R̂ T = 90∘ (∠‘s on a str. line)
K2̂ = M̂3 (alt. ∠'s DE//GF)
OM = OM (common) Determine the length of of chord AC.
K2̂ + M̂2 = 180∘ (co-int. ∠'s DE//GF) ΔM R T ≡ ΔM R P (SAS)
∴ ΔMON = ΔMOP (RHS)
∴ M T = MP
M̂1 = M̂3 (vert. opp. ∠'s) NM = MP Join MF
∴All points on A D are equidistant from P and T and
K2̂ + K1̂ = 180∘ (∠'s on a str. line) DE = E F = 6 cm (line from centre ⟂ chord)
the centre is equidistant from P and T.
MF = 10 cm (radius) ∴The centre lies on A D.

x2 = 10 2 − 62 (Pythag. Th.)
x2 = 64
P
x = 8 cm
∴ MB = 8 − 3 = 5 cm (given)

T Join M A
R
M A ⊥ AC (line from centre mid-pt. chord0
P T 2 = PR 2 + R T 2 (Pythag. Th.) M A = 10 cm (radius)
A B 2 = 10 2 − 52 (Pythag. Th.)
A B 2 = 75
A B = 8,66 cm
∴ AC = 17,32 cm
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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 2: EXAMPLE 1
Theorem 3: Converse Theorem 3:
(∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) (∠ in semi-circle) (chord subtends 90°)
Determine the value of x:
The angle subtended by an arc at the cen- The angle subtended by the diameter at the If a chord subtends an angle of 90° at the circumference
tre of the circle is twice the angle the arc circumference of a circle is a right angle. of a circle, then that chord is a diameter of the circle.
subtends at any point on the circumference
of the circle.

If A MC is the diameter then B̂ = 90∘. If B̂ = 90∘ then A MC is the diameter.

x = 54∘ ÷ 2 (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
∴ x = 27∘ ALTERNATIVE DIAGRAMS:
EXAMPLE
In circle O with diameter AC, D C = A D
EXAMPLE 2
and B2̂ = 56∘. Determine the size of D Â B
Determine the value(s) of x and y:

D
B
GIVEN: Circle centre M with arc A B
x
subtending A M̂ B at the centre and A Ĉ B at
the circumference. 2
E y O1 3

RTP: A M̂ B = 2 × A Ĉ B 88°

PROOF: CO = OB (radii)
A M = B M = C M (radii) A C C2̂ = B2̂ = 56∘ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
 = C2̂ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
O1̂ = 68∘ (sum ∠ ‘s of Δ)
B̂ = C1̂ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
x = 44∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) A2̂ = 34∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
OB = OC (radii) D̂ = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle)
M̂1 = Â + C2̂ (ext. ∠ of Δ)
Ĉ = 44∘ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides) A1̂ = C1̂ (∠‘s opp. = sides, DC = AD)
∴ M̂1 = 2C2̂
O3̂ = 92∘ (sum ∠ ‘s of Δ) A1̂ = 45∘ (sum ∠ ‘s of Δ)
O2̂ = 88∘ (vert. opp. ∠ ‘s) ∴ D Â B = 34∘ + 45∘ = 79∘
M̂2 = B̂ + C1̂ (ext. ∠ of Δ)
∴ M̂2 = 2C1̂
88∘ + 92∘ + 88∘
y =
2
∴ M̂1 + M̂2 = 2(C1̂ + C2̂ ) y = 137,5∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
∴ A M̂ B = 2 × A Ĉ B

31
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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 4: COROLLARIES: Converse Theorem 4:
(∠ in same seg.) (line subt. = ∠’s)
a) Equal chords (or arcs) subtend equal
Angles subtended by a chord (or arc) at the If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points on the same side of the line
angles at the circumference.
circumference of a circle on the same side of segment, then these four points are concyclic (that is, they lie on the circumference of a circle.)
the chord are equal.

K L = ST then P̂ = M̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)

GIVEN: Circle centre N with arc R T subtending If Ŵ = U,̂ then W U Z Y is a cyclic quadrilateral.
R P̂ T and R M̂ T in the same segment. b) Equal chords subtend equal angles at
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
centre of the circle.
RTP: R P̂ T = R M̂ T Given circle centre O with Ĉ = 36∘ Given circle A BC D with A B | | E F.

PROOF:
Join N R and N T to form N1̂ .

1
M̂ = × N1̂ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
2

1
P̂ = × N1̂ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
2
If A B = C D then O1̂ = O2̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)
∴ R M̂ T = R P̂ T

c) Equal chords in equal circles subtend Questions:

equal angles at their circumference. Calculate the values of angles: a) Prove C DE F is a cylindrical quad.
O1̂ , Â and B.̂ b) If D2̂ = 38∘, calculate E2̂

Solutions:
a) B1̂ = C1̂ (∠‘s same seg.)
O1̂ = 2 × 36∘ = 72∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) B1̂ = F1̂ (corres. ∠ ‘s, AB||EF)
∴ C1̂ = F1̂
 = B̂ = Ĉ = 36∘ (∠‘s same seg.) ∴ C DE F cyc . quad (line subt = ∠‘s)

b) D2̂ = E2̂ = 38∘ (∠‘s same seg quad CDEF)

If HF = PQ then Ĝ = R̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)
32
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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 5: Converse Theorem 5: Theorem 6:
(opp. ∠‘s quad supp) EXAMPLE 1
(opp. ∠‘s cyc. quad) (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are GFE is a double chord and H1̂ = 75∘
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is
supplementary. supplementary, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. equal to the interior opposite angle.

If Q̂ + Y ̂ = 180∘
or Ĉ + L̂ = 180∘

GIVEN: Circle centre C with quad QUA D. L Q̂ D = Â (ext. ∠ cyc quad)

Then QC Y L Determine the value of D.̂

RTP: Q̂ + Â = 180∘ is cyclic Converse Theorem 6:

H1̂ = F1̂ = 75∘ (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
(ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
F1̂ = D̂ = 75∘ (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
PROOF: If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to
Join UC and D C the interior opposite angle, then the quadrilateral
C1̂ = 2 Â (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) is cyclic.
EXAMPLE 2
C2̂ = 2Q̂ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) Given circle GH JK with GM ⊥ H J and EXAMPLE 2
GL ⊥ L J. G3̂ = 24∘ A BC D is a parallelogram and B Â D = F1̂ .
C1̂ + C2̂ = 360∘ (∠‘s around a pt.)
Prove that CE F G is a cyclic quad.
∴ 2 Â + 2Q̂ = 360∘
∴ Â + Q̂ = 180∘

EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the value of α.

If L Q̂ D = Â then QUA D is cyclic

a) Is quadrilateral GL J M a cyclic quad?
b) Is quadrilateral GL J H a cyclic quad?

a) M̂2 = 90∘ (Given GM ⊥ H J)

L̂ = 90∘ (Given GL ⊥ L J) B Â D = C1̂ (opp. ∠‘s parm)
∴ GL J M cyc quad (opp ∠’s quad suppl) B Â D = F1̂ (given)
55∘ − α + 41∘ + 3α = 180∘ (opp. ∠‘s cyc. quad)
∴ C1̂ = F1̂
2α = 180∘ − 96∘ b) Ĥ = 180∘ − 24∘ − 90∘ (sum ∠‘s of Δ)
∴ CE F G is a cyc quad (ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
2α = 84∘ Ĥ = 66∘
∴ α = 42∘ GL J H not cyclic (opp ∠‘s = 156° not 180°)
33
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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 7: EXAMPLE 1 Theorem 8: Theorem 9: Converse Theorem 9:
(tan ⟂ radius) (tan from same pt.) (tan-chord th.) (∠ betw. line and chord)
Given circle centre O with tangent Z Y U
and M N = F G. If Ĥ = 18∘ determine the Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same The angle between a tangent to a circle and If a line is drawn through the end
A tangent to a circle is
size of Y2̂ . point outside the circle are equal in length. a chord drawn from the point of contact is point of a chord, making with the
perpendicular to the radius
equal to an angle in the alternate segment. chord an angle equal to an angle
at its point of contact.
in the alternate segment, then
the line is a tangent to the circle.

GIVEN: Tangents T PK and SR K to circle

centre O.
RTP: PK = R K GIVEN: Tangent TA N to circle O, and
Y1̂ = Ĥ = 18∘ (equal chords, = ∠‘s) PROOF: chord AC subtending B.̂
If TA N is a tangent to
Construct radii OR and OP and join OK. RTP: A1̂ = C2̂ If  = Ĉ or A2̂ = B,̂
circle P, then PA ⊥ TA N Y1̂ + Y2̂ = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
In ΔOPK and ΔOR K PROOF: TA N a tangent
∴ Y2̂ = 90∘ − 18∘ = 72∘ OP = OR (radii) Draw in diameter AOD an join D C.
Converse Theorem 7:
OK = OK (common) A1̂ + A2̂ = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
(line seg ⟂ radius)
̂ = O R̂ K = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
O PK
EXAMPLE 2 C1̂ + C2̂ = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle)
A line drawn perpendicular
Prove that T PK is a tangent to circle centre ∴ ΔOPK ≡ ΔOR K (RHS) A2̂ = C1̂ (∠’s in same seg)
to the radius at the point
O and radius of 8 cm, if OK = 17 cm and ∴ PK = R K ∴ A1̂ = C2̂
where the radius meets the
PK = 15 cm.
circumference is a tangent to
EXAMPLE
the circle.
PK and K N are tangents to circle centre EXAMPLE 1
M. If N1̂ = 24∘, determine the size of P K̂ N. T R N is a tangent at R and SR = RQ.
If R1̂ = x, find five angles equal to x.

R1̂ = P1̂ = x (tan-chord th.)

Q2̂ = x (tan-chord or ∠’s in same seg)
Q2̂ = S2̂ = x (∠‘s opp. = sides)
OK 2 = 172 = 289 S2̂ = P2̂ = x (∠‘s same seg)
OP 2 + PK 2 = 82 + 152 P2̂ = R 4̂ = x (tan-chord th.)
= 289
If PA ⊥ TA N, then TA N is a
M N̂ K = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
tangent to circle P.
∴ OK 2 = OP 2 + PK 2
∴ N2̂ = 66∘
∴ OP ⊥ T PK (conv. Pythag. Th.)
PK = N K (tan from same pt.)
∴ T PK is a tan to circle O (line seg ⟂ radius) N2̂ = N PK
̂ = 66∘ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
∴ P K̂ N = 48∘ (sum ∠‘s of Δ)
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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
EXAMPLE 2
In the figure, A D and A E are tangents to the circle DE F. The straight
line drawn through A, parallel to F D meets E D produced at C and E F
produced at B . The tangent A D cuts E B at G.

Hints when answering Geometry Questions

• Read the given information and mark on to the diagram if not already
done.
• Never assume anything. If not given or marked on diagram is not true
unless proved.
• As you prove angles equal or calculate angles mark them on to the dia-
a) Prove that A BDE is a cyclic quadrilateral given E2̂ = x. gram and write down statement and reason there and then.
b) If it is further given that E F = DF, prove that A BC is a tangent to the
• Make sure that by the end of the question you have used all the given
circle passing through the points B, F and D. information.
• If asked to prove something, it is true.
a) E2̂ = D2̂ = x (tan-chord th.) For EXAMPLE if ask to prove ABCD a cyclic quad, then it is, but if you
D2̂ = A2̂ = x (alt ∠’s AB||FD) can’t then you can use it as one in the next part of the question.
∴ A BDE a cyc quad (line seg subt. = ∠’s)

b) E2̂ = D3̂ = x (∠‘s opp. = sides)

F1̂ = E2̂ + D3̂ = 2x (ext. ∠ of Δ)
A E = A D (tan from same pt.)
E1̂ + E2̂ = D2̂ + D3̂ = 2x (∠‘s opp. = sides)
∴ B3̂ = 2x (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
B3̂ = F1̂
∴ A BC tan to circle (∠ betw. line and chord)

ALTERNATIVE
F1̂ = B1̂ (alt ∠’s AB||FD)
B1̂ = D2̂ + D3̂ (∠‘s same seg)
D1̂ = E1̂ (∠‘s same seg)
E1̂ = D3̂ (tan-chord th.)
∴ B1̂ = D2̂ + D1̂
∴ A BC tan to circle (∠ betw. line and chord)

35
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(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) MATHEMATICS P2 9

QUESTION 7

7.1 ˆ = 20 and AD = 5 m.

In the diagram below, Â = 50 ; Ĉ = 90 ; ABD

20o

50o
A 5m D C

ˆ
7.1.1 Give the size of angle BDC (1)

7.1.2 Calculate the length of BC (5)

7.2 The diagram below shows a regular octagon inscribed in a circle of radius r cm
centre O. A and B are 2 vertices of the octagon on the circumference of the circle.

O
B

7.2.1 Determine the perimeter of the octagon in terms of r. (3)

7.2.2 Show that the area of the octagon is 2 2.r 2 cm2 (4)
[13]

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10 MATHEMATICS P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

Give reasons for your statements in QUESTIONS 8 and 9.

QUESTION 8

8.1 In the diagram below, A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of a circle
centre O. AC and DB intersect at E. AB ∥ DC and BOC ˆ = 90

A B

E
O

D C

8.1.1 Determine, with reasons, 3 angles each equal to 45o (3)

8.1.2 Hence, prove that:

(a) CE = DE (2)

(b) CD is the diameter of a circle passing through ECD (2)

8.2 In the diagram below, A, B, C and E are points on the circumference of a circle.
BC produced meets AE produced at point D. AB = AC. D̂ = 35 and Â1 = 40

A
40o 2 E
1
2

35o D
1 2
1 2 C
B

8.2.1 Determine, with reasons:

(a) Ĉ1 (2)

(b) Â 2 (2)

(c) B̂2 (2)

8.2.2 ˆ
Hence prove that BE bisects ABC (3)

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) MATHEMATICS P2 11

8.3 AB is a diameter of a circle centre O, passing through points D and F. CO ⊥ AB.

ADC and BFC are straight lines.
A
D
1
3 2

1
1 2
C O
2 3

1
F 2

Prove, stating reasons, that:

8.3.1 CDOB is a cyclic quadrilateral (4)

ˆ
8.3.2 if B̂1 = x , then D̂2 = C 1 (2)
[22]

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12 MATHEMATICS P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

QUESTION 9

9.1 In the diagram below, PT is a tangent to the circle PQR at P.

P T

ˆ = Rˆ .
Prove the theorem which states that QPT (5)

9.2 In the diagram below, AB is a tangent to the large circle while AC is a tangent to the
smaller circle. AD is a common chord. BDE and CDF are straight lines.
Let Â1 = x and  2 = y

12

F E

2 3
1 1 4
2
B D

1 2

Determine, in terms of x and / or y

9.2.1 B̂2 (2)

9.2.2 D̂3 (2)

9.3 Prove that AB ∥ EC. (3)

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) MATHEMATICS P2 13

9.4 In the diagram below, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The tangent at C meets AD
produced at F and AB produced at E. BD ∥ EF.

D 3
1 2 1
2 C
3

1 2
2 1 3
A B E

Prove, stating reasons, that:

9.4.1 ˆ = Fˆ
C3 (3)

9.4.2 ˆ = CDF
ACF ˆ (3)
[18]

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ANALYTICAL GEOMETRYGr11_ENG_SmartPrep_v1.2_1 2
ANALYTICAL GEO_MTG MATHEMATICS 5
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY GR11 NOV2019_Eng 24
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2018 Eng 26
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2017 Eng 27
ANALITYCAL GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2016 Eng 29
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY Grade 11 Nov 2015 Eng 31
 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Analytical Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

What is Analytical Geometry? EXAMPLE 3. Midpoint formula

x + x1 y2 + y1
M(x ; y) = ( 2
2 )
Analytical Geometry (Co-ordinate Geometry): ;
Given: A(−2; 3) and C( p; − 5) are points on a Cartesian Plane.
Application of straight line functions in conjunction 2
with Euclidean Geometry by using points on a 1. If AC = 10 units determine the value(s) of p. −2 + 4 3 + (−5)
Cartesian Plane. = ( ; )
2 2
2. If C(4; − 5), determine the equation of the line AC.
FLASHBACK M(1; − 1)
3. Determine the co-ordinates of M, the midpoint of AC.
Straight line parallel to the x-axis: m = 0
5
Straight line parallel to the y-axis: m = undefined 4. If B( − 1; ) determine if A, B and C are collinear. 4. Prove collinearity by proving that the points
3
share a common gradient.
5. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to AC passing
Straight line equation: Δy Δy
through B. m = m =
y = mx + c Δx Δx
5 5
3− − (−5)
3 3
mAB = mBC =
Gradient formula: −2 − (−1) −1 − 4
Δy y − y1 SOLUTION 4
m= = 2 mAB = −
4 mBC = −
Δx x 2 − x1 1. Draw a sketch diagram. C has two potential x-coordinates for p. 3 3

Parallel gradients: ∴ A, B and C are collinear

d= (x 2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2
m1 = m 2
10 = ( p − (−2))2 + (−5 − 3)2
5. Line equation requires solving m 2 and c w.r.t. B.
Perpendicular gradients: 100 = ( p + 2)2 + 64
mAC × m 2 = − 1
m1 × m 2 = − 1 100 = p 2 + 4p + 4 + 64
4
− × m2 = − 1
0 = p 2 + 4p − 32 3
Distance: 0 = ( p + 4)( p + 8) 3
m2 =
2 2 p = 4 or p = − 8 4
d= (x 2 − x1) + (y2 − y1)

2. Line equation requires solving m and c. y = mx + c

Co-linear:
5 3
mAB = mBC OR dAB + dBC = dAC m =
Δy y = mx + c ( 3 ) = 4 (−1) + c
Δx 4
Collinear points A, B and C lie on the same line (3) = − (−2) + c 29
y − y1 c =
mAC = 2 3
12
x 2 − x1
1
Midpoint formula: c =
3 − (−5) 3
x 2 + x1 y2 + y1 =
M(x ; y) = (
2 )
−2 − 4
; 4 29
2 4 ∴y = x+
= − 3 12
Midpoint Theorem: If two midpoints on adjacent 3
sides of a triangle are joined by a straight line, the 4 1
line will be parallel to and half the distance of the ∴y = − x+
3 3
third side of the triangle.

36
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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Analytical Geometry GradeSCIENCE
11 Examples:
CLINIC 2019 ©
Grade 11 Examples:
Converting gradient (m) into angle of inclination (θ) Converting a positive gradient into an angle EXAMPLE
Example 1:
Example 1:
Δy m> 0
mAB = y Given: straight line with the equation 3y − 4x = − 5. Determine the
tan−1(m) = θ Given: straight line with the equation
Δx Given: straight line with the equation
The reference angle is equal to the angle of inclination. angle of inclination correct to two decimal places.
Determine the angle of inclination co
B
and Determine the angle of inclination co
Given: A(−1; − 6) and B(3; 5) are two points on a straight line. 𝑦
𝑦 3𝑦 −
o Δy Determine the angle of inclination. 3y − 4x = − 5 3𝑦=−
tan θ = = - make y the subject 3𝑦
a Δx 3y = 4x − 5 3𝑦 =4
m = tan θ 4 5 𝑦=
therefore; y = x− 𝑦 =3
θ x y2 − y1 - note that m>0 𝑥
= tan θ 3 3 𝑥
x 2 − x1
∴ mAB = tan θ θ
A 5 − (−6) 𝑚=
= tan θ m = tan θ 4𝑚 =
3 − (−1) - sub. m and solve θ 4= 𝑡
4 3 =
11 = tan θ
( 4 )= θ
The angle of inclination (θ) is always in relation to a horizontal plane in tan−1 3 3
an anti-clockwise direction. tan−1
4 tan−
∴ θ = 70∘ tan−1( ) = θ 53,13
y 3 53,1
B
∴ θ = 53,13∘ - m>0; ref. ∠ = angle of inclination

Positive gradient: Angle of Example 2:

inclination Example 2:
m> 0
Converting a negative gradient into an angle
EXAMPLE Given: straight line with the equation
tan−1(m) = θ m< 0 Given: straight line with the equation
θ tan−1(m) = ref ∠ Given: straight line with the equation 3x + Determine the angle
5y = 7. Determine theof inclination co
x Determine the angle of inclination co
The reference angle is equal angle of inclination correct to two decimal places.
to the angle of inclination. θ Angle of inclination: 𝑦 𝑦
A 𝑦 3𝑥 +
θ + ref ∠ = 180∘ (∠‘s on str. line) 𝐵(3; 5) 3𝑥 +
5𝑦 =
3x + 5y = 7 5𝑦 =
- make y the subject
Given: C (−5; 3) and D (7; − 2) are two points on a straight line. 𝑦=−
5y = − 3x + 7 𝑦=
Determine the angle of inclination.
3 7
𝑦 y = − x− - note that m<0
A y 5 5
Negative gradient: 𝑥 𝑚=
Angle of 𝐶(−5; 3)
11 𝑥
𝑥 3𝑚 =
m< 0 inclination 3= 𝑡
m = tan θ 5 =
tan−1(m) = ref ∠ - sub. m as a positive value 5
3
5 = tan θ to determine the ref. ∠ tan−1
Angle of inclination: 𝑥 5 tan−
4
θ + ref ∠ = 180∘ (∠‘s on str. line) Ref ∠ θ 3
𝐴(−1; −6)
(5) = θ
x 12 30,96
𝐷(7; −2) tan−1 30,9
𝜃=1
Ref ∠ 𝜃=
The angle of inclination must be B m = tan θ θ + ref . ∠ = 180∘ ∴ ref . ∠ = 30,96∘ 𝜃=1
𝜃=
calculated from the reference angle. 5
= tan θ θ = 180∘ − 22,6∘
12
= 157,4∘ θ + ref ∠ = 180∘ - m<0; ref. ∠ + θ = 180°
5
tan−1( ) = θ θ = 180∘ − 30,96∘
12
∴ ref . ∠ = 22,6∘ θ = 149,04∘

37
𝑦 and resources, visit www.scienceclinic.co.za
For more information about Science or Maths seminars, classes
𝐹(4; 2)

𝑦
 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Analytical Geometry 𝑦 SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

Finding an angle that is not in Converting an angle

EXAMPLE 𝐶(−5; 3)
relation to a horizontal plane into a gradient
Given: In the diagram: Straight line with the equation 2y − x = 5, which passes through A and B. Straight line
Construct a horizontal plane, parallel to the x-axis. 5 ref. ∠ into m = tan θ.
Sub. the
with the equation y + 2x = 10, which passes through B and C. M is the midpoint of BC. A, B and C are vertices 𝑥
This will allow you to use the ‘sum of adjacent ̂ = θ. A and M lie on the x-axis. Remember to12add the – sign to answers for
of Δ A BC. M AC y 𝐷(7; −2)
angles on a straight line’ in order to calculate the negative gradients.
value of the angle.
Questions:
y B Given: E and F (4; 2) are points on a straight
1. Determine the following:
J(–4; 3) line with an angle of inclination of 36,9°.
a. The co-ordinates of A A M
θ x Determine the value of m correct to two
K(6;2)
b. The co-ordinates of M. 2y – x = 5 decimal places.
C
x c. The co-ordinates of B. 𝑦
𝐹(4; 2)
2. What type of triangle is A BC? Give a reason for your answer. y + 2x = 10
θ
L(–2; –3) 3. If A(−5; 0) and B(3; 4), show that A B = BC (leave your answer in simplest surd 36,9° 𝑥
form).
y
4. If C(7; − 4), determine the co-ordinate of N, the midpoint of AC.
J(–4; 3) 𝐸
5. Hence, or otherwise, determine the length of MN.
K(6;2)
6. If A BCD is a square, determine the co-ordinates of D. m = tan θ
x 7. Solve for θ correct to one decimal places. m = tan(36,9∘ )
m = 0,75
Solutions:
α θ β a. 2y − x = 5 1 5
x − cut : 0 = x+ 3. dAB = (−5 − 3)2 + (0 − 4)2 dBC = (3 − 7)2 + (4 − (−4))2
L(–2; –3)
2y = x + 5 2 2
= 4 5 = 4 5
1 5 0= x+ 5 HELPFUL HINTS:
y = x+ ∴ A B = BC
6 5 2 2 −5 = x
mJL = − = −3 mKL =

( )
2 8 ∴ A(−5; 0) −5 + 7 0 + (−4) 1. Make a quick rough sketch if you are
4. N (x ; y) = ;
m = t a nα m = t a nβ b. y + 2x + 10 x − cut : 0 = − 2x + 10 2 2 given co-ordinates without a drawing.
5 N (1; − 2)
3 = t a nα = t a nβ y = − 2x + 10 2x = 10
8 2. Always make y the subject if you are
t a n−1(3) = α x = 5 5. M N = 2 5 (Midpt theorem)
given straight line equations.
(8)
5
71,6∘ = α t a n−1 = β ∴ M(5; 0)
1 5 6. If A BC D is a square, then AC is the diagonal, which
y = − 2(3) + 10 3. Know your types of triangles and quad-
c. x + = − 2x + 10 makes N the midpoint for both diagonals ∴ D (−3; − 8)
32∘ = β 2 2 rilaterals. Proving them or using their
y = 4
x + 5 = − 4x + 20 properties is a common occurrence.
∴ B(3; 4) Δy
7. mAC = m = t a nθ
5x = 15 Δx
4. The angle of inclination is ALWAYS in
θ = 180∘ − (α + β ) x = 3 0 − (−4) 1
= − = t a nθ relation to the horizontal plane.
2. A BC is a right-angled triangle: −5 − 7 3
= 180∘ − (71,6∘ + 32∘ )
( 3)
1 1
= 76,4∘ mAD × mBC = − 1 = − t a n−1 − = θ
3
∴ b = 90∘ θ = 18,4∘
38
For more information about Science or Maths seminars, classes and resources, visit www.scienceclinic.co.za
9 Unit
Analytical Geometry
Analytical geometry works with the Cartesian plane and with algebra to define
points, lines and shapes.

9.1 Revise: Analytical Geometry

This topic is also called Coordinate Geometry

1. Gradient of a line
The gradient is the slope of a straight line. It shows y
how steep the line is.
The steeper the gradient, the bigger the angle it
makes with the ground or the positive side of the
x-axis. x
y2 − y1
gradient m = ​ _____
x2 − x1 ​

OR

change in y
​ _________
change in x ​

where (x1; y1) and (x2; y2) are two points on the line.

m < o (negative gradient) m=o m > o (positive gradient) m is undefined

y y y y

x x x x

172 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

Parallel lines have equal gradients. The product of the gradients of lines that are perpendicular is –1.
AB ∥ CD and mAB = mCD This means that the gradient of one line is the negative reciprocal of
the gradient of the second line:
y
C
AB ⊥ PQ
A
mAB × mPQ = − 1
y
A
x
Q

PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION D

NB B
NB x

P
HINT! B
hint
Note: The equation must always be in form y = mx + c

e.g. 1
EG - worked examples

1. The graphs of y = 2x + 1 and y = 2x + 5 are parallel because they

both have m = 2.
exams

1
The graphs of y = 2x + 1 and y = − __
​  2 ​x + 5 are perpendicular
1
__
because 2x − ​  2 ​= − 1

activity
2. The distance formula ACTIVITIES boy
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTIONand girl-left and
Learn the formularightfor
NB of pagedistance:
NB
________________
activity
Length of AB = √ x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 ​
​ (  

You can also find the coordinates for a point on the line using the
HINT!

hint
distance
Stepformula.
by step comment comment

e.g. 2 EG - worked examples

1. L(-5;-2) and M (-1;-6) are two sets of co-ordinates on the same

exams
straight line. Determine the length of LM
_________________
LM = √ (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 ​
​   
___________________
LM = √ (− 5 + 1)2 + (− 2 + 6)2 ​
​   
_______
activity
= ​√16 + 16 ​
___ ACTIVITIES boy
= ​√32 ​ and girl-left and
right of page
__
= 4 ​√2 ​
activity
__
2. The length of the straight line PQ is given as 2​√5 ​. The co-ordinates
of P (5;2) and Q(3;t) are given. Find the value(s) of t.
_________________ comment
(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 ​
Step by step
comment
PQ = ​√  
__ _______________
2√ (5 − 3)2 + (2 − t)2
​ 5 ​= ​√  
___ ______________
​ ​ 20 ​= √
√ + (4 − 4t + t2) ​
​ 4   square both sides
20 = 8 − 4t + t2
t2 − 4t − 12 = 0
(t − 6)(t + 2) = 0
t = 6 or t = −2

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 173

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

Activity 1
1. For a line passing through the two points A(6; 6) and B(3; 2), calculate
the length of AB. (3)
2. If PQ = 5 units; P (5; t) and Q (1; –3) determine the possible value(s)
of t.(3)
 [6]

Solutions
_________________
1. Length AB = √ x2 − x1​)2​ ​+ (y2 − y1)2 ​3
​ (  
_______________
= ​√(6
   − 3)2 + (6 − 2)2 ​ 3
______
= ​√32 + 42 ​
___
= ​√25 ​
=5
The length of AB is 5 units. 3 (3)
__________________
√xQ – xP)2 + (yQ − yP)2 ​
2. PQ = ​ (  
_________________
5 = ​√(1
   − 5)2 + (− 3 − t)2 ​
________________
= √ ​ (−
   4)2 + 9 + 6t + t2 ​
_____________
= √ ​ 16
   + 9 + 6t + t2 ​
__________
= ​√t2 + 6t + 25 ​ 3

25 = t2 + 6t + 25 (square both sides)

0 = t2 + 6t 3
0 = t (t + 6) (factorise by taking out the HCF)
t = 0 or t = −6 3 (both solutions are correct – plot the points to see why!)
(3)
[6]

3. The midpoint of a line

A(x1;y1)

B(x1;y1)
0

If you know the coordinates of the two endpoints of a line, you can find
the point that is halfway between them. This is called the midpoint.
The midpoint of a line has the coordinates
x +x y +y
(​_____
1 2
​  2 ​  )​
​  2 ​; _____
1 2

where (x1; y1) and (x2; y2) are the endpoints of the line.

174 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 HINT!

hint Unit 9

e.g. 3
EG - worked examples

For a line passing through the two points A(6; 6) and B(3; 2), find the
exams
coordinates of the midpoint of AB.
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION
NB NB
Midpoint of AB = ​_____
​  2 ​; _____ (x + x y + y )
​  2 ​  ​
1 2 1 2

= ​(____ ​  2 ​  )​= ​(4​ __2 ​;4 )​

6+3 6+2 1
HINT!
​  2 ​; ____
hint activity
the midpoint has the coordinates (​4​ __​; 4 )​
1
So ACTIVITIES boy
2
and girl-left and
right of page

e.g. activity
4 EG - worked examples

The coordinates of the midpoint of the line AB are (1;-4). Find the
exams
coordinates ofby step
Step A if the coordinates
comment of B are (4;-3).
comment

When midpoint is given:

xA + xB yA + yB
x as the midpoint of AB = ______
​  2 ​and y as midpoint of AB = ______
​  2 ​
xA + 4
activity yA − 3
1 = ​ _____ _____
2 ​and –4 = ​  2 ​ ACTIVITIES boy

2 = xA + 4 and –8 = yAright
and girl-left and
−of3page
–2 = xAactivity
and –5 = yA
Coordinates of A are (-2;-5)

comment
Activity 2
Step by step comment

K (–1; –6) and L (5; 4) are two coordinates on the same straight
line. Determine the coordinates of the midpoint. (2)
If M (–1; 4) is the midpoint of line segment AB, and the coordinates
of A (3;6) are given, find the coordinates of the endpoint B. (3)
[5]

Solutions
y1 + y2
1. Midpoint of KL = ​_____
​  2 ​; _____
​  2 ​  ​ (x + x
1 2
)
(− 1 + 5
= ​______
​  2 ​; ______
​  2 ​  ​3
−6+4
)
= (2 ; -1) 3 (2)

2. Let B have coordinates (xB; yB).

6 + yB
(3 + x
(–1; 4) = ​_____
​  2 ​; ​ _____
B
2 ​  ​3 )
3 + xB 6 + yB
–1 = _____
​  2 ​ and 4 = _____
​  2 ​

(–1)(2) = 3 + xB (4)(2) = 6 + yB
–2 = 3 + xB 8 = 6 + yB
–5 = xB 3 2 = yB 3

∴ the coordinates of B are(–5; 2).

We can use coordinate geometry to identify the properties of geometric

shapes on the Cartesian plane. (3)
[5]

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 175

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

Activity 3
A. (–4; 7), B (4; 5), C (0; –1) and D (a; b) are the vertices of
parallelogram ABCD.
a) Draw the parallelogram on squared paper. (2)
b) Find the midpoint of the diagonal AC. (2)
c) Use the information that you have to find the coordinates
of point D. (3)
[7]

Solutions
a)
A y
6
5 B 3
4 3
3
D 2
1

–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
–2
C

(2)
b) A (–4; 7) and C (0; –1)
y1 + y2
(x + x
Midpoint ​_____
​  2 ​; _____
1
​  2 ​  ​= ​_____
2
) (−4 + 0
​  2 ​; ____
7−1
)
​  2 ​  ​= (–2; 3) 3 3
So the midpoint of AC is (–2; 3) (2)

c) Diagonals of parallelogram ABCD bisect each other

∴ midpoint of DB is (–2; 3).

So midpoint (–2; 3) = ​____ (4 + a

​  2 ​ )​3
​  2 ​; ____
5+b

4+a 5+b
–2 = ____
​  2 ​ and 3 = ​ ____
2 ​
–4 = 4 + a and 6=5+b
–8 = a 3 and 1=b3
∴ Point D has coordinates (–8; 1) (3)
[7]

176 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

9.2 The equation of a line

You can find the equation of a straight line using y = m x + c, if you know
the gradientPAYmSPECIAL
and the y-intercept c.
ATTENTION
NB NB
You can also find the equation of a straight line using y − y1 = m (x − x1), if
you know the gradient m and any point (x1; y1) on the line, or if two points
given. HINT!

hint y and x are the coordinates of a specific point on the line.

NOTE: 1 1
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION
NB NB
e.g. 5 EG - worked examples

If the gradient
HINT!
of a line is –2 and the line cuts the y-axis at 1, then the
hint
exams
equation of the line is y = –2x + 1.

e.g. 6 EG - worked examples

activity of a line is –2 and the point (4; –1) lies on the line, find the
If the gradient
exams
y1 =andm (x − x1)
ACTIVITIES boy
equation of the line.y and
− girl-left
right of page

y – (–1)activity
= –2(x – 4) substitute (4; –1) into the equation
y + 1 = –2x + 8 simplify
y = –2xactivity
+7 Step by step
We usually
comment
put the answer in the form y = mx + c.
comment
ACTIVITIES boy
and girl-left and
right of page
Summary
activity
If you know Formulae to use
The gradient and the y-intercept y = mx + c
Step by step comment comment
The gradient and the coordinates of at least y − y1 = m (x − x1)
one point on the graph. or y = mx + c
y2 − y1
Two points on the line: first calculate the m = ​ _____
x2 − x1 ​and y = mx + c
gradient and then substitute into y = mx + c.

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 177

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

Activity 4

1. Determine the equation of the straight line that passes through the
points P(1; 2) and Q(3; 8) in the form y = ....(3)
2. Line AB is perpendicular to CD, which has a gradient of –2. The
point (3; 4) lies on AB. Determine the equation of line AB. (2)
[5]

Solutions
1. First calculate the gradient of PQ:
y2 − y1 8−2 6
m = ​ _____ ____ __
x2 − x1 ​= ​  3 − 1 ​= ​  2 ​= 3 3
Then use the form y − y1 = m (x − x1)
y − y1 = 3(x − x1) 3
Substituting P(1; 2)
y − 2 = 3 (x − 1)
y − 2 = 3x − 3
∴ The equation of linePQ is y = 3x − 1. 3 (3)

2. mCD = –2 and CD ⊥AB.

1
∴ mAB = __ ​  2 ​
1
So now we have y = __ ​  2 ​x + c
Substitute (3; 4) to find the value of c.
1
4 = ​ __2 ​(3) + c 3
c = 4 – 1​ __12 ​
1
∴ c = 2​ __2 ​
1 1
∴ equation of line AB is y = __
​  2 ​x + 2​ __2 ​ 3 (2)
[5]

178 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

9.3 The inclination of a line

In trigonometry, you used the ratios tan θ, sin θ and cosθ.
To find the inclination of a line, or the angle it makes with the x-axis, we
use tan θ.
opp BC
In triangle ABC, tan θ = ​ ___ ___
adj ​ = ​  AC ​.
___BC change in y y
​  AC ​is also ​ _________
change in x ​which is the gradient of AB.
B
We write gradient of AB as mAB.
So we can say mAB = tan θ
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION
NB NB
Angle θ shows the slope or inclination of the line AB. Ɵ
A
θ is called the angle of inclination. C x
HINT!

hint θ ∈ (0 ;180 )
NOTE: 0 0

e.g. 7 EG - worked examples

1 __ 1
If tan θ = __
2​  ​, then θ = 26,56505 …° (Press: shift tan ​  2 ​on your calculator)
exams
θ = 26,57 (rounded off to two decimal places)

activity
ACTIVITIES boy
and girl-left and
right of page

activity

Step by step comment comment

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 179

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

Activity 5

Give your answers correct to two decimal places.

1. Line AB is perpendicular to CD, which has a gradient of –4.
Find the inclination θ of AB.  (2)
2. Determine the inclination of the straight line that passes through the
points
P (–6; 2) and Q (3; 10). (2)
3. Given the points A (–2; –1), B (5; 6) and C (7; –2), calculate the size
   
^
of A​ B​C.(6)
[10]

Solutions
1
1. mCD = –4 and mAB⊥mCD, – 4 × __
​  4 ​= –1
1
So mAB =​ __4 ​3
1
So tanθ = __
​  4 ​= 0,25 and θ = 14,04° 3. (2)

2. P (–6; 2) and Q (3; 10)

y2 − y1 10 − 2 8
So mPQ = _____
​  x − x ​= ​ _______​= ​ __​3 3
2 1 3 − ( −6) 9
8
So tan θ = __
​  9 ​ [To find θ, use 8 ÷ 9 = shift tan on your calculator]
Angle of inclination: θ = 41,63°
NOTE: (round off to 2 decimal places) (2)

3. Draw a rough sketch first. Place the triangle on the Cartesian plane.
Use angles α and β
y
mAB = tan α. B (5; 6)
6+1 7
∴tan α = ____
​  5 + 2 ​= ​ __7 ​= 1 3

∴α = 45° 3 (special angles)

mBC = tan 3
− 2 − 6 −8 α β
∴ tanβ = ______
​  7 − 5 ​= ​ ___
2 ​= −4 3 x
∴ β = −75,963°… + 180° A (–2; –1)
C (7; –2)
= 104,04° 3
   
^
AB​  ​C = β−α (ext angle of ∆)
= 104,04°− 45° = 59,04° 3 (6)
[10]

180 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

Activity 6

1. For a line passing through the two points A(6; 6) and B(3; 2):
1.1 Calculate the length of AB.
1.2 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB.
1.3 Calculate the angle of inclination of the line.
1.4 Determine the equation of the line passing through A and B.
1.5 Determine the equation of a line GH perpendicular to AB
passing through the midpoint of AB.  (11)
2. F, G, H and I are the vertices of a quadrilateral shown below.
What kind of quadrilateral is FGHI?
y

7
G (4; 6)
6
F (1; 5)
5
4
3
2
H (8; 2)
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I (2; 0) (5)


3. ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(5 ; 1), B(−3 ; 5),
C(−1 ; −5) and D(9 ; −7).

y
B(–3; 5)

A(5; 1)
x
O
M

C(–1; –5)

D(9; –7)

3.1 Calculate the gradient of AC. (2)

3.2 Determine the equation of AC in the form y = … (3)
3.3 Hence, or otherwise, show that the midpoint M of BD
lies on AC. (3)
    
^
3.4 Show that A​ M​B = 90°.(2)
3.5 Calculate the area of ∆ ABC. (5)
[31]

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 181

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9 Unit

Solutions
_________________ _______________
1. 1.1 Length AB = √ x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 ​= ​√(6
​ (      − 3)2 + (6 − 2)2 ​ 3
______ ___
√ ​ 32 + 42 ​= √
​ 25 ​= 5 units

1.2 Midpoint coordinates:

x1 + x2 3 + 6 1
_____
​  2 ​= ____
​  2 ​= 4​ __2 ​3
y1 + y2 6 + 2 1
_____
​  2 ​= ​ ____
2 ​= 4. So the midpoint has the coordinates (4​ __2 ​; 4)

2−6 −4 4
1.3 tan θ = mAB = ____
​  3 − 6 ​= ___
​  −3 ​= __
​  3 ​3 ∴θ = 53,13° 3

4
1.4 mAB = __
​  3 ​and you know the coordinates of A and B.
Use y – y1 = m(x – x1)
4
y – y1 = __
​  3 ​(x – x1) now substitute either point A or point B 3
4
y – 2 = __
​  3 ​(x – 3) here point B has been substituted for (x1; y1) 3
4 ∴y = ​ __34 ​x – 2 3
y – 2 = __
​  3 ​x – 4

1.5 AB⊥ GH ∴ mAB × mGH = –1 3 ∴ mAB = ​ __43 ​so mGH = −​ __43 ​3

1
The midpoint of AB is (4​ __2 ​; 4)
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
3 9
y – 4 = − ​ __4 ​(x − __
​  2 ​) 3
3 27
y – 4 = − ​ __4 ​x + __
​  8 ​
3 3
y = − ​ __4 ​x + 3​ __8 ​+ 4
3 3
y = − ​ __4 ​x + 7​ __8 ​3 (11)

2.
6–5 1 2 – 0 2 __ 1
mFG = ____
​  4 – 1 ​= __
​  3 ​3 mH1 = ____
​  8 – 2 ​= __
​  6 ​= ​  3 ​3

∴ FG and HI are parallel.

0–5 –5 2−6 −4
mF1 = ____
​  4 – 1 ​= __
​  –1 ​= 5 3 and mGH = ____
​  8 − 4 ​= ​ ___
4 ​= − 1 3
so FI is not parallel to GH.
∴ FGHI is a trapezium (one pair of opp sides∥) 3 (5)

3.
yC − yA substitution
3.1 mAC = ​ ______
xC − xA ​ 3 answer
3
−5−1
= ______
​  − 1 − 5 ​(2)
−6
= ___
​  − 6 ​ Answer only: full marks
=1
3.2 33 substitution
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
y − 1 = 1(x − 5)
y = x − 4 3 equation
 (3)

182 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

y2 + y1
3.3 Midpoint of BD = ​_____ (x + x
​  2 ​; _____
2 1
​  2 ​  ​ )
(− 3 + 9
= ​______
​  2 ​; ____
5−7
​  2 ​  ​ )
= (3; − 1) 3 midpoint (3;-1)
line AC is y = x − 4
y=3−4
y =  −1 3 substitution of M in the equation of
∴ M lies on AC. line AC
3 conclusion (3)

3.4
y2 − y1
MAM = ​ _____
x2 − x1 ​ 3 gradient of AM
−1−5
= ​ ______
3+3 ​
= −1
−1−1
and MMB = ​ ______
3−5 ​ 3 gradient of BM
=1

MAM × MMB = −1
MAM × MMB = −1
     
^
∴ A​ M​B = 90°.(2)

_________________
3.5 BM = ​√(5
   + 1)2 + (− 3 − 3)2 ​ 3 substitution into distance formula
___
BM = ​√72 ​
_______________ ___
AC = ​√(5
   + 1)2 + (1 + 5)2 ​ 3 BM = √​ 72 ​
___ ___
AC = ​√72 ​ 3 AC = √​ 72 ​
1 ___ ___
Area of ∆ABC = ​ __2 (​​ √
​ 72 ​  )(​​ √
​ 72 ​  )​ 3 formula for area of ∆
= 36 square units
3 answer (5)
[31]

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 183

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

9.4 Circles in analytical

geometry
A circle is made up of a set of points that are

radius
equidistant from its centre.
The circumference is the distance around the
whole circle.
The distance from the centre to any point on the
circumference of the circle is called the radius of
the circle.

9.4.1 The equation of a circle

CIRCLE WITH CENTRE AT THE ORIGIN y
We can use the distance formula to work out P(x; y)
the equation of a circle with centre (0; 0). r
NB y) is any point on the circle C(0; b) x
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION
If P(x; NB with radius
r, then
_______________ •
r = ​√  
(x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2 ​
HINT!

hint r2 = x2 + y2

e.g. 8 EG - worked examples

Find the equation of a circle centre 0 with the point P(5; 2) on its
exams
circumference.
x2 + y2 = r2 This is the general equation. We just need a value for r2.
(5)2 + (2)2 = r2 At the point (5; 2)
r2 = 25 activity
+ 4 = 29
∴ x2 + y2 = 29
ACTIVITIES boy
and girl-left and
right of page

activity
CIRCLES NOT CENTRED AT THE ORIGIN y
P(x; y)
If we move the centre of the circle to any point r
on the Cartesian
Step by step plane C(a;
comment b),comment

C(a; b)
then (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
______________ x
and r = ​√(x
   − a)2 + (y − b)2 ​
Note: Recap on completing of the square on
unit 2

184 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 HINT!

hint Unit 9

e.g. 9 EG - worked examples

The equation of a circle is (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 16.

exams
Determine the coordinates of the centre and the length of the radius.
The equation is already in the form (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2,
with a = –1, b = 3 and r2 = 16
___
So the activity
centre is (–1; 3) and the radius is ​√16 ​= 4.
ACTIVITIES boy
and girl-left and
Remember that the radius
right of page can only be a positive number because it is a

length.activity

Activity 7
Step by step comment comment

1. Determine the coordinates of the centre and the length of the

radius if a circle has the equation: x2– 2x + y2+ 10y = –14 (3)
2. Determine the equation of a circle with centre C(–1; –2) and
passing through the point B(1; –6).  (3)
[6]

Solutions
1. To get the equation in the form (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2, we need to add in
numbers to complete the squares using x2 with –2x and y2 with 10y.
(x2– 2x) + (y2+ 10y) = –14
(x2– 2x + 1) + (y2+ 10y + 25) = –14 + 1 + 25 3
(x – 1)2 + (y + 5)2= 12 3
___ ____ __
​ 12 ​= √
So the centre is the point (1; –5) and the radius is √ ​ 22.3 ​= 2​√3 ​3 (3)

2. First find the value of r2:

r2 = (x – a)2 + (y – b)2
r2 = (x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 3
Substitute B(1; –6)
r2 = (1+ 1)2 + (–6 + 2)2 3
r2 = (2)2 + (–4)2
r2 = 4 + 16 =20
∴20 = (x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 3 (3)
[6]

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 185

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

9.4.2 The equation of a tangent to a circle

A tangent is a straight line which touches a A
circle at one point only.
So ADB is a tangent, but AP is not a tangent. D

A tangent to a circle at any point on the

circumference is perpendicular to the radius
at that point.PAY So AB ⊥ CD.
SPECIAL ATTENTION
NB NB P B
We can use all the formulae we know from
analytical geometry to solve problems involving a tangent to a circle
(distance, midpoint,
HINT!
gradient, angle of inclination, the equation of a line
and the equation of a circle).
hint

e.g. 10 EG - worked examples

Find the equation of the tangent APB which touches a circle centre C with
exams
equation (x – 3)2 + (y + 1)2= 20 at P(5; 3).

Solution
Draw a sketch to help you.
activity A
Centre of circle is C(3; –1) so the gradient
ACTIVITIES boy

of the radius CP (mCPand

)rightgirl-left
of page
and

3 − ( −1)
activity
is ​ _______
5 − 3 ​= 2. P (5; 3)

radius ⊥ tangent, so mAPB × mCP = –1 and so C

mAPB = – __​  12 ​Step by step comment comment

Equation of tangent: y – y1 = m(x – x1) B

y – 3= – __​  12 ​(x – 5) P is a point on the tangent

y – 3= – __​  12 ​x + 2​ __12 ​
y = – __​  12 ​x + 5​ __12 ​

186 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

Activity 8

1. ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(–3; 0), B(–1; –3), C(2; –1)
and D(0; 2).
y

D(0; 2)

A(–3; 0) θ x
0
C(2; –1)

B(–1; –3)

1.1 Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AC. (2)

1.2 Show that AC and BD bisect each other. (3)
^
1.3 Prove that A​ |D​C = 90°. (4)
1.4 Show that ABCD is a square. (4)
1.5 Determine the size of θ, the angle of inclination of DC,
correct to ONE decimal place. (3)
1.6 Does C lie inside or outside the circle with centre (0; 0)
and radius 2? Justify your answer. (2)
[18]

Solutions
2−3 −1+0
____ 1 1
1.1 Midpoint M of AC: ​  2 ​; ​ ______ __ __
2 ​= ( − ​  2 ​; − ​  2 ​) 33 (2)

1.2 Midpoint M of BD: ( −1+0 −3+2

​______
​  2 ​; ______ ) 1 1
​  2 ​  ​= ( − ​ __2 ​; − ​ __2 ​) 33

∴ So the midpoint of AC and the midpoint of BD are the same

point, so they bisect each other. 3 (3)
2−0 2 − 1 − 2 ___ −3
1.3 mAD= _______
​  0 − ( − 3) ​= ​ __3 ​3 and mDC= ​ ______
2 − 0 ​= ​  2 ​3
2 −3 PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION
mADNB
× mDC = __
​  3 ​× ​ ___
2 ​= –1 3 NB
∴AD ⊥ DC
    
^
∴A​ D​C = 90° 3 (4)
1.4
There HINT!
are several ways to prove that ABCD is a square:
hint • Prove that diagonals are equal and bisect each other at 90°
• Prove that ABCD is a rectangle and has a pair of adjacent sides
equal.
e.g. EG - worked examples
• Prove that all four sides are equal and that one internal angle is
90°.

Here is one possible answer:

exams
The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other (proved in 1.2)
    
^
A​ D​C = 90° (proved in 1.3) 3
AD2 = (2 – 0)2 + (0 – (–3))2 = 4 + 9 = 13 3

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 187

activity
Mind the Gap Mathematics
ACTIVITIES boy
9 Unit
___
AD = √
​ 13 ​
CD2 = (– 1 – 2)2 + (2 – 0)2 = 9 + 4 = 13 3
___
CD = √
​ 13 ​
So adjacent sides are equal in length 3
∴ ABCD is a square. (4)
−1−2 3
1.5 tan θ = mDC = ​ ______ __
2 − 0 ​= − ​  2 ​3
θ = –56,3099324... + 180° 3
θ = 123,7° 3 (3)
1.6 OC2 = (2 – 0)2 + (– 1 – 0)2
OC2 = 4 + 1 = 5 3
__
OC = √
​ 5​
This is longer than the radius of 2 of the given circle, so C(2; –1) lies outside
the circle 3. (2)
[18]

2. O is the centre of the circle in the figure below. P(x; y) and Q(12; 5)
are two points on the circle. POQ is a straight line. The point
R(t; –1) lies on the tangent to the circle at Q.

Q(12; 5)

x
0
R(t; –1)
P(x; y)

2.1 Determine the equation of the circle. (3)

2.2 Determine the equation of the straight line through
P and Q. (2)
2.3 Determine x and y, the coordinates of P. (4)
12
__
2.4 Show that the gradient of QR is –​  5 ​.(2)
2.5 Determine the equation of the tangent QR in the form
y = … (3)
2.6 Calculate the value of t.(2)
2.7 Determine an equation of the circle with centre Q(12; 5)
and passing through the origin. (3)
[19]

188 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
 Unit 9

Solutions
The centre is at the origin, so x2 + y2 = r2.
2.1 OQ2 = (5)2 + (12)2 = 25 + 144 = 169 33
So the equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = 169 3 (3)
0–5 5
2.2 mPQ = mOQ = _____
​  0 – 12 ​= __
​  12 ​3
PQ has y-intercept of 0. 3 (2)
5
y = __
​  12 ​x

2.3 By symmetry, P is the point (–12; –5). 33 OR

5
Substitute y = __
​  12 ​x into x2 + y2 = 169
x2 + (​​ __
​  12 ​x )​​ ​= 169
5 2

25
x2 + ___
​  144 ​x2 = 169
144x2 + 25x2 = 169 × 144
169x2 = 24 336
x2 = 144
x = 12 or x = –12 x = –12 according to given diagram 3
5
​  12 ​x = ___
5
y = __ ​  ​× (–12) = –5 3
12
(4)
So P is the point (–12; –5).

2.4 tangent ⊥ radius so QR ⊥ PQ 3

0−5 5
mPQ = _____
​  0 − 12 ​= __
​  12 ​
− 12
∴mQR = ​ ____
5 ​3 (2)
–12 –12
2.5 y = ___
​  5 ​x + c 3 y – y1 = ___
OR ​  5 ​(x – x1) 3
Substitute Q(12; 5) into equation to find c:
–12 –12
​  5 ​(12) + c 3
5 = ___ y – 5 = ___
​  5 ​(x – 12) 3
144 –12 144
​  5 ​= c
5 + ___ y = ___
​  5 ​x + ___
​  5 ​+ 5
169 12 169
c = ___
​  5 ​3 y = –​ __
5 ​x + ​  5 ​3
___

–12 169
y = ___
​  5 ​x + ___
​  5 ​ (3)
−12 169
2.6 R(t; –1) lies on line with equation y = ____
​  5 ​x + ___
​  5 ​
−12 169
​  5 ​t + ___
∴ –1 = ____ ​  5 ​3
–5 = –12t + 169
12t = 174
t = 14,5 3 (2)

2.7 OQ2 = (x – 12)2 + (y – 5)2 3 3 Q(12; 5) is centre of circle

Substitute (0; 0) into equation:
OQ2 = (0 – 12)2 + (0 – 5)2
OQ2 = 144 + 25 = 169 3
∴ (x – 12)2 + (y – 5)2 = 169 (3)
[19]

© Department of Basic Education 2015 UNIT 9 analytical geometry 189

Mind the Gap Mathematics
9 Unit

What you need to be able

to do:
From Grade 10 and 11:
• Find the distance between any two points on the Cartesian plane
using the distance formula:
_________________
• Distance = √ ​x​2​− ​x1​ ​)​2​+ ​(​y​2​− ​y1​ ​)​2​ ​
​ ​(  
• Find the midpoint between two points on a line, using the
(​x​ ​+ ​x​ ​ ​y​ ​+ ​y​ ​)
formula ​_____
​  2 ​; _____
1 2 1
​  2 ​  ​.
2

​y​2​− ​y​1​
• Find the gradient of line using m = _____
​  ​x​2​− ​x​1​​
• Find the equation of a line given:
• The gradient and the y-intercept using y = mx + c
• The gradient and the coordinates of at least one point on the
graph.
• You can use y – y1 = m(x – x1)
• Two points on the line: first calculate the gradient, then
substitute one of the points into y = mx + c.
• Find the inclination θ of a line, where m = tan θ.
• Find other angles, using geometry.
From Grade 12:
• Determine the equation of a circle with radius r and centre (a; b).
• Determine the equation of a tangent to a circle centre (a; b)
• Know the properties of triangles (isosceles, scalene, equilateral,
right- angled triangle);square, rectangle, trapezium, rhombus and
parallelogram.

Keep going!

190 UNIT 9 analytical geometry  © Department of Basic Education 2015

 Mind the Gap Mathematics
(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) MATHEMATICS P2 5

QUESTION 3

In the diagram below, line AB makes an angle of β with the x-axis, and line CD makes an
angle of α with the x-axis. A and D are points on the x-axis. The coordinates of B are
( ) ˆ = 63, 69o.
3 ;t AB and CD intersect at E, a point on the y-axis and AED

The equation of CD is 3x + 2y = 6.

y
C B( ; t)
E

β α
A O D x

3.1 Determine the coordinates of E. (2)

3.2 Determine the gradient of CD. (2)

3.3 Calculate the value of α . (2)

3.4 Hence, determine the value of β . (1)

3.5 Determine the equation of AB in the form y = mx + c . (3)

3.6 Calculate the value of t . (2)

3.7 Determine the area of ∆ABD. (5)

[17]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

6 MATHEMATICS P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

QUESTION 4

The diagram below shows a ∆ABC with B̂ = 90o and the coordinates of B (1 ; 3). A and C
lie on the line x = 3. The length of AB is 2 5 units and the length of AC is 5 units.

y
A

B (1 ; 3)

C
O x
x =3

4.1 Determine the coordinates of A. (4)

4.2 Give the coordinates of C. (2)

4.3 Show that the mid-point of AC is (3 ; 4,5). (2)

4.4 Determine the coordinates of D(a ; b) so that ABCD is a parallelogram. (3)

4.5 ABCD is reflected in the line x = 5 and moved 3 units down to A' B' C' D'.
Write down the coordinates of B'. (2)
[13]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

FUNCTIONS GR11_ENGMaths_Clinic 2
FUNCTIONS & PATTERNS GR11 NOV 2019_Eng 7
FUNCTIONS & PATTERNS Grade 11 Nov 2018 Eng 9
FUNCTIONS & PATTERNS Grade 11 Nov 2017 Eng 12
FUNCTIONS Gr 11 Maths P1 Eng 14
FUNCTIONS&FINANCE Grade 11 Nov 2015 Eng 17
 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Hyperbolas
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

a EXAMPLE
FLASHBACK: Revising Grade 10 Functions y= + q q = asymptote 2
x Sketch the graph with the equation: f (x) = + 2
Straight line graphs
No gradient x
y ‘a’ determines shape y

y = mx + c y-intercept y=2 • Shape: a > 0 ∴ • Use a table and plot at least 2 other points
−a
x

y2 − y1 x + a
y = + q y = + q y • x-intercept (y = 0)
Gradient: 1) x
y
x x -2 -1 0 1 2
x 2 − x1 Undefined gradient 2
0= + 2
2) ∥ lines m1 = m 2
y
y=q
y=q x y 1 0 ε 4 3
x 2
3) ⊥ lines m1 × m 2 = − 1
x=2 x −2 = Asymptote!
x x
y y −2x = 2 • Asymptotes NOTE:
x = 0 Start with the asymp-
+ a −a x = −1
x y = mx + c x y = −mx + c y = −q y = −q totes when sketching
x y x y
• y-intercept (x = 0) y = 2
2 y
y=q y=q
y = → undefined
y y 0
x x
No y-intercept (1;4)
y = mx −c x
y = −mx −c (2;3)
x

y=2
(-2;1)
Parabolas (Quadratic functions) Exponential Graphs
y = a x2 + q y-intercept y = ax + q OR y = a . (b x ) + q q = asymptote (-1;0)
x

a>0 OR a<0 ‘a’ determines shape

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph with the equation: Sketch the graph with the equation: EXAMPLE
y = + a . b x + q; b > 1 y = + a . b x + q; 0 < b < 1 y = − a . b x + q; b > 1 y = − a . b x + q; 0 < b < 1
f (x) = x 2 − 4 f (x) = 2x 2 Sketch the graph with the equation
y y y y f (x) = 2x − 1 y

• Shape: a > 0 ∴ • Shape: a > 0 ∴ x

• Shape: a > 0 ∴
x
x
y=q
y=q y=q y=q y=q
y=q
• x-intercept (y = 0) • Use a table (on your calculator) x x x x • x-intercept (y = 0)
0 = x2 − 4 y y
0 = 2x − 1
x -2 -1 0 1 2
Option 1: Factorise
1 = 2x
0 = (x + 2)(x − 2) y 8 2 0 2 8 • Asymptote (y = q)
y 20 = 2 x
y = −1
x = − 2 OR x = 2 y
y = + a . b x − q; b > 1 y = + a . b x − q; 0 < b < 1 y = − a . b x − q; b > 1 y = − a . b x − q; 0 < b < 1 0= x
Option 2: Solve for x
y y
• y-intercept (x = 0)
y y
0 = x2 − 4 y
(-2;0) (2;0) (-2;8) (2;8) y = 20 − 1
4= x2 x x x y = 0
x x x x
± 4= x y=q y=q y=q yy =
= qq
(0;0)
y=q

(0;-4) (-1;2) (1;2) x

x = − 2 OR x = 2 y = -1
y
x
y
• y-intercept (x = 0)
y = −4
6
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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

Grade 11 Functions: Quadratic Functions

Steps for sketching y = a x 2 + b x + c Finding the equation in the form y = a (x − p)2 + q Finding the equation in the form y = a x 2 + b x + c
2
y = a(x − p) + q Given the x-intercepts and another point
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) Given the turning point and another point
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts 1. Substitute the turning point into y = a (x − p)2 + q 1. Substitute the x-intercepts into
Shape: Horizontal shift: Vertical shift: −b y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 )
3. Find the turning point ( ) 2. Substitute the other point into the equation to
• a>0 • x-value of 2a find ‘a’ 2. Substitute the other point in to find ‘a’
• y-value of
turning pt turning pt 4. Plot points and sketch graph 3. Determine the equation of the graph 3. Write/simplify your final equation
• a<0
• axis of EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
symmetry
Sketch f (x) = x 2 − 4x + 3 Find the equation of the following graph: Find the equation of the following graph:
Steps for sketching y = a (x − p)2 + q
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ y y
1. Determine the shape (‘a’)
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts • x-intercept (y = 0)
3. Find the turning point Option 1: 0 = x 2 − 4x + 3
4. Plot points and sketch graph 0 = (x − 3)(x − 1) (0;3)
(-1;0) x
EXAMPLE 1 x = 3 OR x = 1
Sketch f (x) = (x + 1)2 − 9 −b ± b 2 − 4a c (1;0) (3;0) x
Option 2: x =
2a
(1;-9)
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ y
−(−4) ± (−4)2 − 4(1)(3)
• x-intercept (y = 0) x =
2(1)
0 = (x + 1)2 − 9 4± 2
(-4;0) (2;0) x = • Turning point (p;q) • x-intercepts
9 = (x + 1)2 2 x = 1 OR x = 3
x p = 1 and q = − 9
± 9= x+ 1 x = 3 OR x = 1
y = a (x − 1)2 − 9 Formula: y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 )
+ 3 = x + 1 OR − 3 = x + 1 • y-intercept (x = 0)
y = 3 • Other point y = a (x − 1)(x − 3)
2 = x OR − 4 = x
• Turning point (p;q)
(−1; 0) • Other point
(0;8)
(0;–8)
• y-intercept (x = 0) −b −(−4)
1) x-value of TP = = 0 = a (−1 − 1)2 − 9 (0; 3)
(-1;-9) 2a 2(1)
y = (0 + 1)2 − 9 9 = 4a 3 = a (−1)(−3)
x = 2
y = −8 2) Subst. into original eq: 9 1= a
a =
• Turning point (p;q) y = (2)2 − 4(2) + 3 4
Remember: • Equation
y = −1
(−1; − 9) (x − (−1))2 − 9 y • Equation
TP (2; − 1) y = 1(x − 1)(x − 3)
(x − p)2 + q 9
• Axis of symmetry • Axis of symmetry y = (x − 1)2 − 9 y = x 2 − 4x + 3
4
x = −1 x = 2 (0;3)
NOTE: NOTE:
• Domain f (x) = x 2 • Domain
If you need to write this equation in the
x ∈R (3;0)
x ∈R → moved 1 unit to the left form y = a (x − p)2 + q complete the square
→ moved 9 units down • Range (1;0)
• Range y ≥− 1 y = (x − 2)2 + 3 − 4
(2;-1)
y ≥− 9 y = (x − 2)2 − 1

7
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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

Exponential Graphs Hyperbola

a
Finding the equation in the form y = a b x−p + q Finding the equation in the form y = + q
x−p a x −p
y = ab + q y= + q
Given the asymptote and another point x −p Given the asymptotes and another point
1. Substitute the asymptote into the equation
Vertical shift: 1. Substitute the asymptotes into the equation
Shape: Shape: Horizontal shift: Vertical shift:
y
y

2. Substitute the other point in

• asymptote
x
2. Substitute the other point into the equation
• b>1
x

3. Write/simplify your final equation • a>0 • asymptote • asymptote to find ‘a’

y
y

• 0<b<1 • a<0
x x
3. Write/simplify your final equation
EXAMPLE 2
Find the equation of the following graph given a EXAMPLE 2
Steps for sketching y = a b x−p + q Steps for sketching y = + q
y = b x+ 1 + q : x −p Find the equation of the following graph:
y
1. Determine the asymptote (‘q’) 1. Determine the asymptotes (y = ‘q’ and x = ‘p’)
y
1. Determine the shape (‘a’) 1. Determine the shape (‘a’)
2. Find the x- and y-intercepts 2. Find the x- and y-intercepts y=1
3. Plot points (at least 2 others) and sketch graph 3. Plot points (at least 2 others) and sketch graph (2;0) x
(-3;2)
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Sketch f (x) = 2x+ 1 + 1 −1
x Sketch f (x) = −1
y = -2 x −2
x = -1
• Asymptote • Asymptote
• Asymptotes
y = 1 y y = 1 and x = − 1
x = 2 a
• Shape: a > 0 ∴ x
f (x) = + 1
• Asymptote y = −1 x − (−1)
• x-intercept (y = 0)
y

q = −2 a
• Shape: a < 0 ∴ f (x) = + 1
0= 2 x+ 1 + 1
x

x+ 1
y = b x+ 1 − 2 • x-intercept (y = 0)
−1 = 2 x+ 1 • Other point
• Other point −1
Not possible to solve for x 0= −1 (2; 0)
x −2
(−3; 2) a
∴ No x-intercept −1 0= + 1
2 = b −3+ 1 − 2 1= 2+ 1
x −2
• y-intercept (x = 0) a
4 = b −2 x −2 = −1 −1 =
y = 20+ 1 + 1 3
1 x = 1
y = 3 4= −3 = a
y b2
• y-intercept (x = 0) y
• Domain 1 • Equation
b2 = −1
4 y = −1 −3
x ∈R f (x) = + 1
(1;5) 1 1 −2 x+ 1
• Range b = ± b ≠− 1
(0;3) 2 2 y = − (1;0)
(-1;2) 2 x
y> 1 y=1 1 Lines of Symmetry:
b = + y = -1
2 • Domain (0;-½) Use point of intersection of asymptotes. (-1;1)
x (3;-2)
• Equation x ∈R; x ≠ 2 y = x+ c (−1; 1) y = −x + c (−1; 1)
1 1= −1+ c 1= 1+ c
y = ( ) x+ 1 − 2 • Range
2 x=2 2= c 0= c
y ∈R; y ≠ − 1 y = x+ 2 y = −x
8
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 Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

Deductions from Graphs

DISTANCE NOTATION EXAMPLE 1
A f (x) = a x 2 + bx + c and g (x) = k x are sketched. D is the turning point of f(x) with the axis of symmetry at x=2.
Steps for determining VERTICAL DISTANCE • f (x) > 0
(above the line y = 0) AB is 6 units.
1. Determine the vertical distance B
y
y y
Vertical distance = top graph − (bottom graph)
2. Substitute the given x-value to derive your answer (-2;9)
x x
D
F
Steps for determining HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (i.e. where y is positive)
A E B x
1. Find the applicable x-values • f (x) < 0
A B
A B = xB − xA (largest − smallest) (below the line y = 0)
y y

Steps for determining MAXIMUM DISTANCE

x x
1. Determine the vertical distance
Vertical distance = top graph − bottom graph Questions: Solutions:
(i.e. where y is negative)
2. Complete the square a. Determine the value of k. a. (−2; 9) 1 2 4
d. y = − (2) + (2) + 1
y = a (x − p)2 + q A 9 = k −2 5 5
• f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≤ 0 b. Determine the x-values of A and B. 1 9 9
3. State the maximum distance 9= y = ∴ D = (2; )
B −1 4 k2 5 5
y = a (x − p)2 + (q) → q is the max distance c. Show that a = and b = . 1
(one graph lies above y = 0 and 5 5 k = ±
NOTE: one graph lies below y = 0) 3
d. Determine the coordinates of D. 1
k = 9
• Distance is always positive 3 e. units (y-value of co-
• f (x) ≥g (x) e. Determine the maximum distance of DE. 5
• Distance on a graph is measured in units top bottom ordinate D is also TP)
(i.e. f(x) lies above g(x)) f. Determine the values of p for which:
INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS −1 2 4 b. E = (2; 0) and A B = 6 u ni t s
• f (x) = g (x) x + x+ p< 0
Steps for determining POINTS OF INTERCEPTION 5 5 A = (−1; 0) x = − 1
(point of intersection) 1 4
g. Determine for which values of x: B = (5; 0) x = 5 f. − x 2 + x+ p< 0
1. Equate the two functions ROOTS & PARABOLAS 5 5
f (x) = g (x) i. f (x) ≥0 9
p< −
• Equal, real roots f (x) c. y = a (x − x1)(x − x 2 ) 5
2. Solve for x (look for the applicable x-value: A or B) y y ii. > 0
g (x) (−1; 0) and (5; 0) NOTE:
3. Substitute the applicable x-value into any of the
y = a (x + 1)(x − 5) • Interpret question as:
two equations to find ‘y’ x x iii. f (x) is increasing
f(x)
Use F (0; 1) How many units must the
1 = a (+ 1)(−5) graph move for the max.
g(x)
1 value to be < 0
A
• Non-real/ No real roots − = a
y y 5
B 1
y = − (x 2 − 4x + 1)
5 g.
x x
1 4
INCREASING/DECREASING y = − x2 + x+ 1 i. x ∈[−1; 5]
5 5
4 ii. x ∈(−1; 5)
• Real, unequal roots b =
5
Dec

y y
g

iii. x ∈(−∞; 2)
Dec

asin
g
asin

rea
rea

re

s
re

x x
Inc

ing
s
ing

Inc

9
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Grade 11 Maths Essentials
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©

Deductions from Graphs

EXAMPLE 2 Solutions:
f (x) = m x + c and g (x) = a(x − p)2 + q are sketched below. T is the turning point of g(x).
a. y = a (x + 2)2 + 8 (0; 0) g. −2x 2 − 8x = − 2x − 8
−8 = 4a 0 = 2x 2 + 6x − 8
−2 = a and p = − 2 and q = 8 0 = 2(x − 1)(x + 4)
y ∴ g (x) = − 2(x + 2)2 + 8 x = 1 or x = − 4 (NA)
D (−4; 0) y = − 2(1) − 8
8
(-2;8) T ∴ m =
−4
= − 2 and c = − 8 y = − 10
∴ FP = 10 units
B
b. OD = 4 units
G
A P h. Max length is given by TP of parabola (L (x))
J O x c. TR = 8 units
D R given by L (x) = g (x) − f (x). Find the TP by
completing the square.
M -8 F ∴ Max BM = g (x) − f (x)
d. TR: x = − 2
= − 2x 2 − 8x − (−2x − 8)
H f = − 2x 2 − 6x + 8
g e. g (x) = − 2(x + 2)2 + 8 = − 2(x 2 + 3x − 4)
3 9
= − 2(x 2 + 4x + 4) + 8 = − 2[(x + )2 − 4 − ]
2 4
= − 2x − 8x − 8 + 8 3 25
= − 2[(x + )2 − ]
2 4
= − 2x 2 − 8x 3 25
= − 2(x + )2 +
Questions: BM = g (x) − f (x) 2 2
25
Determine: BM = − 2x 2 − 8x − (−2x − 8) ∴ Max of BM = units
2
a. The value of a , p, q, m and c. = − 2x 2 − 6x + 8
BM = − 2(−1)2 − 6(−1) + 8
b. The length of OD.
BM = 12 units i. k = -8
c. The length of TR.
d. The equation of TR.
f. 28 = − 2x − 8 − (−2x 2 − 8x) j. x ∈(−∞; 0); x ≠ − 4
e. BM if OA = 1 unit. 28 = − 2x − 8 + 2x 2 + 8x
f. OJ if GH = 28 units. 0 = 2x 2 + 6x − 36
0 = 2(x 2 + 3x − 18)
g. The length of FP.
0 = 2(x + 6)(x − 3)
h. The maximum length of BM. x = −6 or x = 3 (NA)
i. The value of k for which −2x 2 − 8x + k has two equal roots. ∴ OJ = 6 units
f (x)
j. For which value(s) of x will < 0?
g (x)

10
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4 MATHEMATICS P1 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

QUESTION 3

3.1 Given the sequence: 10 ; 7 ; 4 ; 1 ; …

3.1.1 Write down the next two terms of the sequence. (2)

3.1.2 Determine the formula for the n th term of the sequence. (2)

3.1.3 Which term of the sequence is equal to − 179 ? (3)

3.2 Given the first three terms of a linear sequence: 3 x − 2 ; x + 9 ; 2 x + 5

Determine the value of x. (3)
[10]

QUESTION 4

Given the quadratic pattern: − 128 ; − 84 ; − 48 ; − 20 ; ...

4.1 Determine the next two terms of the pattern. (2)

4.2 Determine Tn , the general term of the pattern, in the form Tn = an2 + bn + c . (4)

4.3 Given that Tn = − 4n2 + 56n − 180, determine the biggest numerical value for Tn . (5)

4.4 Given that h(n) = Tn + k. For which values of k will Tn not have any positive
values? (2)
[13]

QUESTION 5

−3
Given: f ( x) = − 1 and g ( x) = − a x . The point (1 ; − 3) lies on g .
x+3

5.1 Determine the value of a. (2)

5.2 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of f. (2)

5.3 Write down the range of g. (1)

5.4 Determine the x and y-intercepts of f. (3)

5.5 Draw neat sketches of f and g on the same system of axes, clearly indicating all
asymptotes and intercepts with the axes. (6)

5.6 Determine the axis of symmetry of f which has a positive gradient. (2)

5.7 Given that h( x) = f ( x) + b, determine the value of b such that the range of f is
y  0. (2)
[18]

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2019) MATHEMATICS P1 5

QUESTION 6

R(−1; 9) is the turning point of the graph: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐. P and Q are the
𝑥-intercepts of 𝑓. TV is a straight line parallel to the 𝑦-axis. The graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4
has an 𝑥-intercept at P. S is a point of intersection of 𝑓 and 𝑔.

6.1 Determine the coordinates of P. (2)

6.2 Hence, or otherwise, write down the coordinates of Q. (2)

6.3 Calculate the average gradient between P and R. (2)

6.4 Show that for 𝑓, 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −2 and 𝑐 = 8. Show ALL your working. (6)

6.5 Calculate the coordinates of S, the point of intersection of f and g. (5)

6.6 Determine the maximum length of TV between the points P and S. (5)

6.7 Determine the values of x for which x. f ( x)  0 (3)

[25]

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Mathematics 9 DBE/2021
Examination Guidelines

4. ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

In order to have some kind of uniformity, the use of the following shortened versions of the theorem
statements is encouraged.

4.1 ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (ENGLISH)

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)
LINES
The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. s on a str line
If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these angles adj s supp
form a straight line.
The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360. s round a pt OR s in a rev
Vertically opposite angles are equal. vert opp s =
If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal. alt s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. corresp s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary. co-int s; AB || CD
If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are alt s =
parallel.
If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the lines corresp s =
are parallel.
If the co-interior angles between two lines are supplementary, then the coint s supp
lines are parallel.
TRIANGLES
The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary.  sum in  OR sum of s in ∆
OR Int s 
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior ext  of 
opposite angles.
The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are equal. s opp equal sides

The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are equal. sides opp equal s
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the Pythagoras OR
sum of the squares of the other two sides. Theorem of Pythagoras
If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the sum of the Converse Pythagoras
squares of the other two sides then the triangle is right-angled. OR
Converse Theorem of Pythagoras
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of SSS
another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are respectively SAS OR SS
equal to two sides and an included angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal to two AAS OR S
angles and the corresponding side in another triangle, the triangles are
congruent.
If in two right-angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one RHS OR 90°HS
triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the
other, the triangles are congruent

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Mathematics 10 DBE/2021
Examination Guidelines

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is Midpt Theorem
parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side
The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, parallel to line through midpt || to 2nd side
another side, bisects the third side.
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two line || one side of 
sides proportionally. OR
prop theorem; name || lines
If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then the line divides two sides of ∆ in prop
line is parallel to the third side.
If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in ||| s OR equiangular ∆s
proportion (and consequently the triangles are similar).
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the Sides of ∆ in prop
triangles are equiangular (and consequently the triangles are similar).
If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on bases of same base; same height OR
equal length) and between the same parallel lines, then the triangles (or equal bases; equal height
parallelograms) have equal areas.
CIRCLES
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of the tan  radius
circle at the point of contact. tan  diameter
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point where line  radius OR
the radius/diameter meets the circle, then the line is a tangent to the converse tan  radius OR
circle. converse tan  diameter
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is line from centre to midpt of chord
perpendicular to the chord.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord line from centre  to chord
bisects the chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the perp bisector of chord
circle;
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the  at centre = 2 × at circumference
size of the angle subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same
side of the chord as the centre)
The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference of the circle s in semi-circle OR
is 90. diameter subtends right angle OR
1
 in 
2
If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle is chord subtends 90 OR
90, then the chord is a diameter. converse s in semi-circle
Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of the s in the same seg
chord, are equal
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two points line subtends equal s OR
on the same side of the line segment, then the four points are concyclic. converse s in the same seg
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circle. equal chords; equal s
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. equal chords; equal s
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the circumference equal circles; equal chords; equal s
of the circles.

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Mathematics 11 DBE/2021
Examination Guidelines

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the centre of the equal circles; equal chords; equal s
circles.
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary opp s of cyclic quad
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the opp s quad supp OR
quadrilateral is cyclic. converse opp s of cyclic quad
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior ext  of cyclic quad
opposite angle.
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite ext  = int opp  OR
angle of the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse ext  of cyclic quad
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle Tans from common pt OR
are equal in length Tans from same pt
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the tan chord theorem
point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with the converse tan chord theorem OR
chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, then the line  between line and chord
is a tangent to the circle.
QUADRILATERALS
The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360. sum of s in quad
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the opp sides of quad are ||
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal , then the quadrilateral opp sides of quad are =
is a parallelogram. OR
converse opp sides of a parm
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. opp s of ||m
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal then the quadrilateral opp s of quad are = OR
is a parallelogram. converse opp angles of a parm
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. diag of ||m
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the diags of quad bisect each other
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR
converse diags of a parm
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, pair of opp sides = and ||
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect its area. diag bisect area of ||m
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles. diags of rhombus
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior angles. diags of rhombus
All four sides of a rhombus are equal in length. sides of rhombus
All four sides of a square are equal in length. sides of square
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length. diags of rect
The diagonals of a kite intersect at right-angles. diags of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal. diag of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles diag of kite

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Mathematics 15 DBE/2021
Examination Guidelines

5. INFORMATION SHEET

 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
A  P(1  ni) A  P(1  ni) A  P(1  i) n A  P(1  i) n

Tn  a  (n  1)d Sn 
n
2a  (n  1)d 
2

Tn  ar n1
ar n  1 ; S 
a
Sn  r 1 ; 1  r  1
r 1 1 r

F

x 1  i   1
n
 P

x 1  1  i 
n

i i
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ' ( x)  lim
h 0 h
 x  x2 y1  y 2 
d  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 M  1 ; 
 2 2 
y 2  y1
y  mx  c y  y1  m( x  x1 ) m m  tan
x 2  x1

x  a 2   y  b2  r 2
a b c 1
In ABC:   a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc. cos A area ABC  ab. sin C
sin A sin B sin C 2

sin     sin  . cos   cos  .sin  sin     sin  . cos   cos  .sin 

cos     cos  . cos   sin  . sin  cos     cos  . cos   sin  . sin 
cos 2   sin 2 

cos 2  1  2 sin 2  sin 2  2 sin  . cos 
2 cos 2   1

n 2

x  x i  x
x  
2 i 1

n n
n( A)
P( A)  P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
nS 

yˆ  a  bx b
 x  x ( y  y )
(x  x) 2

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