City Basic

DesignMechanical Engineering

Dr. R. Vaira Vignesh

Assistant Professor (Selection Grade) – Research Track
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering – Coimbatore
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Coimbatore Campus)

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Energy Transfer
Energy Transfer by Heat
▪ Energy – cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat and work

▪ Heat – form of energy – transferred between two systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference

▪ Energy interaction is heat only if it happens because of temperature

difference
▪ Heat – energy in transition

▪ Recognized only as it crosses boundary of a system

▪ Phrases – not consistent with the strict thermodynamic meaning of the term
heat, which limits its use to the transfer of thermal energy during a process

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Energy Transfer by Heat
▪ Process during which there is no heat transfer – adiabatic process

▪ Adiabatic comes from the Greek word adiabatos – not to be passed

Two ways the process can be adiabatic
▪ System is well insulated – negligible amount of heat can pass through boundary
▪ Both system and surroundings are at the same temperature and therefore there
is no driving force (temperature difference) for heat transfer

▪ Not be confused with an isothermal process

▪ Though no heat transfer during an adiabatic process, energy content and
thus temperature of a system can still be changed by other means such as
work

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Energy Transfer by Heat
▪ Heat transfer per unit mass of a system is
denoted q and is determined from

▪ Heat Transfer Rate (𝑄)ሶ

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Energy Transfer By Work
▪ Energy crossing boundary of a closed system is not heat, it must be work

▪ Energy interaction – not by a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings is work
▪ Work – energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance

▪ Work done per unit mass of a system – denoted by w

▪ Work done per unit time – power

▪ Denoted by 𝑊ሶ

▪ Unit of power – kJ/s or kW

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Path Function and Point Function
▪ Path functions – depend on the route taken between two states

▪ Inexact differentials designated by the symbol δ

▪ Differential amount of heat or work is represented by δQ or δW,

respectively, instead of dQ or dW.
▪ Point functions – depend on the state only, and not on how a system
reaches that state

▪ Properties – Volume, Temperature, Pressure, Enthalpy, Entropy

▪ Exact differentials designated by the symbol d

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Forms of Work
▪ Electrical Work

▪ Magnetic Work

▪ Mechanical Work

▪ Shaft Work

▪ Spring Work

▪ Work done on Elastic Solid bar

▪ Work associated with Stretching of a Liquid Film

▪ Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body

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First Law of Thermodynamics
▪ Various forms of energy such as heat Q, work W, and total energy E
individually

▪ No attempt – made to relate them to each other during a process

▪ First law of thermodynamics – conservation of energy principle

▪ Sound basis for studying relationships among various forms of

energy and energy interactions

▪ Consider a system undergoing a series of adiabatic processes from a

specified state 1 to another specified state 2

▪ Being adiabatic – obviously cannot involve any heat transfer, but they
may involve several kinds of work interactions
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First Law of Thermodynamics
▪ Careful measurements – indicate the following

▪ For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a closed system

▪ Net work done is same regardless of the nature of the closed system and the details of process

▪ Infinite number of ways to perform work interactions under adiabatic conditions – appears to be
very powerful, with a potential for far-reaching implications

▪ Example 1: Potato baked in oven

▪ Heat transfer to the potato, energy of the potato will increase

▪ Disregard any mass transfer (moisture loss from the potato), increase in the total energy of the potato
becomes equal to the amount of heat transfer

▪ If 5 kJ of heat is transferred to the potato, the energy increase of the potato will also be 5 kJ
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First Law of Thermodynamics
▪ Example 2: Heating of water in a pan on top of a range

▪ If 15 kJ of heat is transferred to the water from the heating element

▪ 3 kJ of it is lost from the water to the surrounding air

▪ Increase in energy of the water will be equal to the net heat transfer to water, which is 12 kJ
▪ Example 3: Well-insulated (i.e., adiabatic) room heated by an electric heater as our system

▪ Result of electrical work done, the energy of the system will increase

▪ System is adiabatic and cannot have any heat transfer to or from the surroundings (Q = 0)

▪ Conservation of energy principle dictates that the electrical work done on the system must equal the
increase in energy of the system.

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Energy Balance
▪ Light of the preceding discussions – conservation of energy principle can be expressed as follows

▪ Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of system during a process is equal to the difference
between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process

▪ Relation – often referred to as energy balance equation

▪ Applicable to any kind of system undergoing any kind of process

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Energy Change of a System ΔEsystem
▪ Determination of energy change of a system during a process – involves evaluation of the energy of the
system at beginning and at end of process

▪ Energy change of a system – zero, if the state of the system does not change during the process

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Energy Change of a System ΔEsystem
▪ Energy – exist in numerous forms such as internal
(sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear), kinetic, potential,
electric, magnetic
▪ Sum of all components – constitutes total energy E of
system
▪ Absence of electric, magnetic, and surface tension effects
for stationary systems

▪ Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero

▪ ΔKE = ΔPE = 0
▪ Total energy change reduces to ΔE = ΔU for such systems

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Problems and Discussions

On a hot summer day, a student turns his fan on when he leaves his room in the morning. When he returns in
the evening, will the room be warmer or cooler than the neighboring rooms? Why? Assume all the doors and
windows are kept closed.

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Mechanism of Energy Transfer
▪ Energy – transferred to or from a system in three forms: heat, work, and mass flow

▪ Energy interactions are recognized at system boundary as they cross it

Heat Transfer, Q

▪ Heat transfer to a system (heat gain) increases energy of molecules and thus internal energy of system

▪ Heat transfer from system (heat loss) decreases it since energy transferred out as heat comes from the
energy of molecules of system

Work Transfer, W

▪ Energy interaction that is not caused by a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings

▪ Example: rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electrical wire crossing system boundaries – associated with
work interactions
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Mechanism of Energy Transfer
Work Transfer, W

▪ Work transfer to a system (i.e., work done on a

system) increases the energy of the system

▪ Car engines and hydraulic, steam, or gas turbines

produce work
▪ Work transfer from a system (i.e., work done by the
system) decreases it – energy transferred out as work
comes from the energy contained in the system

▪ Compressors, pumps, and mixers consume work

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Mechanism of Energy Transfer
Mass Flow, m

▪ Mass flow in and out of the system serves

as an additional mechanism of energy
transfer

▪ Mass enters a system – energy of the

system increases because mass carries
energy with it

▪ Mass leaves the system – energy contained

within system decreases because departing
mass takes out some energy with it

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Mechanism of Energy Transfer
▪ Energy can be transferred in forms of heat, work, and mass

▪ Net transfer of a quantity is equal to the difference between the amounts transferred in and out, energy
balance can be written more explicitly

▪ Heat transfer Q – zero for adiabatic systems

▪ Work transfer W – zero for systems that involve no work interactions

▪ Energy transport with mass Emass – zero for systems that involve no mass flow across their boundaries (i.e.,
closed systems).

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Mechanism of Energy Transfer
▪ Compactly,

▪ Energy balance in rate form,

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Mechanism of Energy Transfer
▪ For constant rates, total quantities during a time interval Δt are related to quantities per unit time as

▪ Energy balance can be expressed on a per unit mass basis

▪ Differential form,

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Problems and Discussions

A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal
energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel
does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in
the paddle wheel.

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Problems and Discussions

A vertical piston-cylinder device contains water and is being heated on top of a range. During the process, 65
Btu of heat is transferred to the water, and heat losses from the side walls amount to 8 Btu. The piston rises
as a result of evaporation, and 5 Btu of work is done by the vapor. Determine the change in the energy of the
water for this process.

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Energy Conversion Efficiency
Energy Conversion Efficiency
▪ Efficiency – most often used terms in thermodynamics – indicates how well an energy conversion or
transfer process is accomplished

▪ Transfer of mechanical energy – usually accomplished by rotating shaft

▪ Mechanical work is often referred to as shaft work

▪ Absence of any irreversibilities such as friction, mechanical energy can be converted entirely from one
mechanical form to another, and the mechanical efficiency of a device or process can be defined

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Energy Conversion Efficiency
▪ Fluid systems – interested in increasing the pressure, velocity, and/or elevation of a fluid

▪ Performed by applying mechanical energy to the fluid by a pump

▪ Fluid systems – interested in reverse process of extracting mechanical energy from a fluid

▪ Performed using turbine and producing mechanical power in the form of a rotating shaft that can drive
a generator or any other rotary device.

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Energy Conversion Efficiency
▪ Electrical energy – commonly converted to rotating mechanical energy by electric motors to drive fans,
compressors, robot arms, car starters, and so forth

▪ Effectiveness of this conversion process - characterized by the motor efficiency ηmotor – ratio of mechanical
energy output of the motor to the electrical energy input

▪ Mechanical efficiency should not be confused with the motor efficiency and the generator efficiency

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Energy Conversion Efficiency
▪ Pump – usually packaged together with its motor, and a turbine with its generator

▪ Usually interested in the combined or overall efficiency of pump–motor and turbine–generator

combinations

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Problems and Discussions

Can the combined turbine-generator efficiency be greater than either the turbine efficiency or the generator
efficiency? Explain.

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 ▪ [email protected]

Thank You ▪ [email protected]

▪ sites.google.com/site/rvairavignesh
▪ www.amrita.edu/faculty/r-vairavignesh
The contents and images in the presentation are obtained from internet or articles or books that may be protected by copyright. The
presentation is distributed freely but only for classroom instruction or the use of students. The presentation may not be retained or
disseminated. Any further use of this material may be in violation of Exceptions To Infringement Under Copyright Act, 1957 (Government
of India)

Please do not remove the credit line on the title page and republish the file as your own, in whole or in part.