Compressors o Types:

 Air-Cooled Intercoolers
- Machine used to increase the pressure
– Use air to remove
of a gas by decreasing its volume
heat
- Compressors are devices designed to
 Water-Cooled
increase the pressure of gases by
Intercoolers – More
reducing their volume.
effective, using water to
- Compressors are similar to increase the
cool down the gas.
pressure on a pumps: both fluid (such
as a gas) and both can transport the Applications
fluid through a pipe.
1. Industrial Manufacturing- Powering
Multi-stage Compressor pneumatic tools and machinery.
2. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
- It is consists of two or more
Compressing refrigerants.
compression stages where air or gas is
3. Power Plants – Moving compressed air
compressed incrementally, with cooling
for turbines.
occurring between each stage.
4. Oil & Gas Industry – Compressing
- Higher Efficiency: Uses less energy than
natural gas for storage and
a single-stage compressor.
transportation.
- Better Heat Management: Prevents
excessive temperature rise. Two-stage Compressor
- Higher Pressure Capability: Achieves
- A two-stage compressor is an air
higher pressure without excessive work
compressor that compresses air twice in
in one stage.
two cylinders, with cooling in between.
- This design makes two-stage
compressors more efficient and capable
of producing higher pressures than
single-stage compressors.

Intercoolers

- It is a process where compressed gas is

cooled before entering the next stage.
- A cooling process occurs between
compression stages.
- Reduces the temperature of
compressed air to increase efficiency.
- Prevents overheating and lowers energy
consumption.
-
 compress gases without using moving
parts.
Key Components

1. Low-Pressure Cylinder - High-

1. A high-speed fluid jet (typically steam or
Pressure Cylinder
compressed air) is introduced through a
2. Intercooler - Cools the air before
nozzle.
the second stage.
2. The jet entrains the surrounding gas and
3. High-Pressure Cylinder - Further
mixes with it.
compresses the air to the final
3. The mixed fluid enters a diffuser where
pressure.
velocity decreases, and pressure
4. Flywheel and Crankshaft
increases.
5. Storage Tanks

Three-Stage Compressors Dynamic Compressors

- A three-stage compressor further

refines the concept of multi-stage
compression by introducing an
additional compression phase, enabling
the system to handle even higher
pressures.

1. . Air is compressed in the first stage and

then passed through an intercooler.
2. It enters the second stage for further
compression.
3. After another round of intercooling, it
enters the final stage, reaching its peak - The dynamic compressor is a rotary
pressure. continuous-flow machine in which a
rotating element accelerates the air as it
Jet Compressors enters the element, transforming the
- Jet compressors, also known as ejectors, velocity head into pressure, partially in
utilize high velocity fluid jets to the rotating element and partially in
stationary diffusers or blades
 Working Principle

- The impeller gets power from an

electric motor. When the impeller starts
rotating, the air is sucked from the
environment into the compression
chamber.
- When the air passes through the
impeller blades, the impeller blades
provide kinetic energy to the air and
increase its speed.

Components of Dynamic Compressors

o The air draws into the impeller
center and then accelerates
centrifugally toward its
circumference. When the
diffuser compresses the air, it
scrolls there. In the diffuser, the
speed of the air reduces, and
the pressure increases. In these
compressors, the compression
process completes in 2 or 3
phases.

1. Inlet - The inlet of the dynamic 2. Axial Compressors - Axial flow

compressor is a simple pipe. compressors can handle large flow rates
2. Impeller - The rotating impeller blades of air. It has relatively small housing.
gradually transfer kinetic energy to the range The pressure of these
working fluid compressors is low to moderate.
3. Volute Casing - It collects the flow by
rotating it circumferentially and
directing it to the outlet pipe
compressor.
4. Radial Diffuser- Transforms the kinetic
energy of the working fluid into
pressure energy.

Types of Dynamic Compressors o The axial compressor uses a

series of blades that look like jet
1. Centrifugal Compressors - This
engines to force air into smaller
compressor performs a compression
areas. Its high speed makes it
process by applying an inertial force
ideal for connecting a gas
(turning, deceleration, and acceleration)
turbine to generate electricity
to the gas through a rotating impeller.
and propel aircraft. Therefore,
 these compressors are designed
for high reliability, high
efficiency, and high-capacity
purposes.
3. Turbo-Expander Compressors

It follows a process of trapping the air, and then

compressing it that reduces the volume while
increasing the pressure. The air is displaced
continuously by a rotating mechanical
component

o A turboexpander is also known

Types of PD:
as an expansion turbine. An
axial or centrifugal turbine 1. Reciprocating - These have a piston
expands gas under high connected to the crankshaft
pressure to generate work to reciprocating inside a cylinder. The
drive the compressor. The term suction and delivery valves are at the
“turboexpander” is commonly top of the compressor cylinder.
used to define an 2. Rotary - Rotary air compressors use the
expander/compressor as a unit. action of gears to compress air. These
compressors involve the rotating
Applications of Dynamic Compressors
element developing a liquid seal. This
- The dynamic compressor is used in creates a suction at the inlet.
refrigeration applications.
- These are used for gas injection. These
compressors also use for compression in Rotary Compressors
gas powerplants.
- Dynamic displacement compressors are
also used in Aeroplane.
- They are also used for pipeline
compression.
-

Positive Displacement
`

Theoretical Analysis of Compressor:

Performance of Reciprocating Compressor