Unit 13

ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Aim #1 What is an organic
compound and what are its
properties ?
 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its
compounds
 found in fossil fuels, plants, animals
 Examples include: gasoline, oil, sugars

 Hydrocarbon – contains only the elements H & C

(TABLE Q)
 Therefore, hydrocarbons are organic, but not all
organic compounds are hydrocarbons
Why is carbon so special?
 Has4 valence electrons, so it can bond 4
times to achieve a stable octet
1. Nonelectrolytes
(do not conduct
electricity)
2. React slowly
because they are
covalent PROPERTIES OF
(nonmetal + ORGANIC
nonmetal)
COMPOUNDS
3. Usually low melting
point and boiling
point
4. Insoluble and
immiscible in water
1. Which of the following are organic?

2. Which of the following are

hydrocarbons?
 Types of Chemical Formulas
Molecular Formula- shows the # of atoms of
each element in a compound (least
informative formula)

Ex. Propane = C3H8

 Types of Chemical Formulas
Structural Formula- shows the number of
atoms of each element AND the
arrangement of the atoms; most informative
formula

Ex. Propane =
 Types of Chemical Formulas
Condensed/Collapsed Formula-
combination of both structural and
molecular formulas
-each carbon is written with its constituent
hydrogens followed by the proper
subscript
Ex. Propane = CH3CH2CH3
Structural Formula Condensed Formula

CH3C2CH3
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Table Q shows the general formulas and structures for 3
families of hydrocarbons
1. Alkanes- single bonded hydrocarbons contains
ONLY (C-C)
 These bonds are considered saturated. They have
the maximum number of hydrogens attached.
Remember that each bond represents 1 pair of
shared electrons (2 e- total per bond)
 General formula: CnH2n+2

Example: Methane
2. Alkenes- double bonded hydrocarbons,
contains (C=C)
 These bonds are considered unsaturated
 General formula: CnH2n
 Example: Butene
3. Alkynes – triple bonded hydrocarbons,
contains (C- C triple bonds)
 These bonds are considered unsaturated
 General formula CnH2n-2
 Example: Propyne
How can we name hydrocarbons? -
IUPAC
To name simple hydrocarbons (straight chain,
only C and H), we will put information from
Table P and Table Q together
Table P shows the prefix to determine
how many carbons are in a
compound

Ex) Give the prefixes for the following:

C2H6
C4H6
C5H12
C7H14
C8H18
C10H20
How can we name hydrocarbons? -
IUPAC
Steps in naming simple (unbranched)
hydrocarbons:

1. How many carbon atoms are in the longest

continuous chain? Find the prefix for this
from Table P.

2. If it is an alkane, simply add the suffix “-ane”

to the name.
How can we name hydrocarbons? -
IUPAC
3. If it is an alkene, you must first indicate the
location of the double bond(s) if the molecule has
more than 3 Cs. Do this by numbering the
carbons on the chain and stating the lowest
carbon # where the double bond is located. Then
add the suffix “-ene” to the name.
How can we name hydrocarbons? -
IUPAC
4. If it is an alkyne, you must first indicate the
location of the triple bond(s) if the molecule has
more than 3 Cs. Do this by numbering the
carbons on the chain and stating the lowest
carbon # where the triple bond is located. Then
add the suffix “-yne” to the name.
Aim # 3 What are isomers?
Isomers have the same molecular formula but
are rearranged in a different structure with
different chemical and physical properties.
• At least 4 carbons must be present in a
molecule to have isomers
• Methane, ethane, and propane DO NOT
have any isomers
What are isomers?
Butane is the first molecule to have isomers. The
larger the molecule (the more carbon atoms),
the more isomers the molecule will have

3 ways to make an isomer:

1. Make a branch (on a non-terminal
carbon)
2. Move a branch
3. Move a multiple bond (a double or
triple bond)
What are isomers?
Pentane Isomers
What are isomers?
Pentene Isomers
 Aim # 4 How can we name &
draw substituted hydrocarbons?
1. Count the longest parent chain of carbon atoms –
name that chain
2. Scan the chain and take note of anything that is not a
C or H
3. Indicate the lowest number carbon that has the
substitution
4. Name the substitution (F-fluoro, Cl-chloro, Br- bromo, I-
iodo, CH3- methyl, CH2 - ethyl)
 Notice that if there are more than one substitutions,
you must indicate all of their locations (which # C
they’re attached to), and put a numerical prefix in
front of the substitution name (“di-” for 2, “tri-” for 3,
“tetra-” for 4)
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

chloromethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

dichloromethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

F H

H-C–C–H

H H
1-fluoroethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

1,1 -difluoroethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

F H

H-C–C–H

H F
1,2 - difluoroethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?
1-fluoro, 1,2 – dibromo ethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?
1,2 – dichloropropane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?
1,3 - dicholoropropane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

2-methylpropane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

2,2 – dimethyl butane

How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

2, 2, 3 – trimethyl pentane
Aim # 5 What are functional
groups?
 Although hydrocarbons are the most basic
organic compounds, many other organic
compounds form when other atoms replace one
or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
 These atoms or groups of atoms, called functional
groups, replace hydrogen atoms in a
hydrocarbon and give the compound distinctive
physical and chemical properties
 The naming of these compounds is made easy
because they derive their names from the
hydrocarbon with the corresponding number of
carbon atoms
Halides- Have one of the halogens
as a branched group
F (fluoro)
Cl (chloro)
Br (bromo)
I (iodo)
Chloromethane Fluoromethane

1, 2 dibromo ethane
 Alcohols
a) Have an –OH group
b) Flammable, soluble
c) NOT bases (covalently bonded) and NOT
electrolytes
d) Has the suffix “-ol” and must also state the location of
the –OH along the carbon chain (using lowest #
location)
Organic Acids
a) Have a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the last
carbon
b) Also known as carboxylic acids: weak acids/weak
electrolytes because they generate H+ ions in solution
c) Has the suffix “-oic acid”
Aldehydes
a) CHO group found at the end of the
hydrocarbon chain
b) Soluble and reactive
c) Has the suffix “-al”
 Ketones
a) CO group located on an interior carbon
atom
a) Can NEVER be a terminal carbon, or
it would be an aldehyde!
b) Has the suffix “-one”
c) Somewhat soluble, needs at least 3
carbons
 Ester
a) Contains COO
connecting parent chain to branch
a) Smell nice! Found in perfumes, foods
b) Has the suffix -anoate
Amine
a) Nitrogen is present
b) Used in dyes, found in proteins,
DNA
c) Has the suffix -amine
Amide
a)Contains
b)Used in dyes
c) Has the suffix -amide

propanamide
 Ether

Dimethyl ether

a) look for –O- somewhere in the

middle
b) anesthetic, soluble
c) Name small chain, then the large
chain and follow with suffix “-ether” Methyl ethyl ether
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
a) 6 carbons are in a closed ring with alternating double and single
bonds
b) Called benzene

c) It is very stable
d) Can be substituted

Methylbenzene 1,4-dichloro benzene

 Aim # 6 What are the
different organic reactions?
1. Combustion
a) In the presence of oxygen:
A hydrocarbon and oxygen produces CO2 and water

In limited oxygen:
A hydrocarbon and oxygen produce CO and Water
2. Substitution
a) Involves a saturated hydrocarbon
b) One or more H gets replaced by another atom or group
c) Compare the number of H on the reactant and product
side

CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl

3. Addition
a. Involves an unsaturated hydrocarbon, atoms/
groups are added in at a multiple bond site.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon  saturated
hydrocarbon
b. Hint: look for 2 reactants and one product
4. Esterification
• An organic acid and alcohol makes an ester and
water
• Should be able to recognize the acid group and the
hydroxyl group in the reactants
• Hint: table R to recognize the ester in the products
5. Saponification
• A fat reacts with a base to produce
and alcohol (look for glycerol) and a
soap
Fermentation
• Glucose yields ethanol and CO2
Polymerization
When an unsaturated hydrocarbon called a monomer(one unit),
bonds itself in long chains creating a polymer(many units)

Addition Polymerization:
• Unsaturated monomers join by breaking their double
or triple bonds to bond with one another, making
long chains
• Several monomers combine to make the polymer

5CH2=CH2 → ( CH2-CH2 ) 5
Condensation Polymerization:
• Creation of a polymer plus water as a product