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To Beloved Bhagwan Sri Sathya Sai Baba, the very source
of my thoughts, words, and deeds
To my Graduate Teaching Assistants and students,
the very source of my inspiration
To my dear children, Sharda and Kausik, always concerned
about their dad overworking
To my dear wife Lalitha, a pillar of courage I always lean on
Uma

There is a verse that says

Focus on what I’m doing right now
And tell me that you appreciate me
So that I learn to feel worthy
And motivated to do more
Led by my family, I have always been surrounded by people
(friends, teachers, and students) who
With their kind thoughts, words, and deeds treat me in this way.
This book is dedicated to these people.
Richard

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
BRIEF CONTENTS

Preface xvii
Chapter 1
Database Systems: Architecture and Components 1

Part I: Conceptual Data Modeling

Chapter 2
Foundation Concepts 30

Chapter 3
Entity-Relationship Modeling 79

Chapter 4
Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Modeling 141

Chapter 5
Modeling Complex Relationships 197

Part II: Logical Data Modeling

Chapter 6
The Relational Data Model 280

P a r t I I I : N o rm a l i z a t i o n

Chapter 7
Functional Dependencies 358

Chapter 8
Normal Forms Based on Functional Dependencies 395

Chapter 9
Higher Normal Forms 467

P a r t I V : D a t a b a s e I mp l e me n t a t i o n U s i n g th e R e l a t i o n a l
Data Model

Chapter 10
Database Creation 506

Chapter 11
Relational Algebra 539

Chapter 12
Structured Query Language (SQL) 567

Chapter 13
Advanced Data Manipulation Using SQL 635

Appendix A
Data Modeling Architectures Based on the Inverted Tree
and Network Data Structures 719

Appendix B
Object-Oriented Data Modeling Architectures 731

Selected Bibliography 739

Index 743

Preface xvii

Chapter 1 Database Systems: Architecture and Components 1

1.1 Data, Information, and Metadata 1
1.2 Data Management 3
1.3 Limitations of File-Processing Systems 3
1.4 The ANSI/SPARC Three-Schema Architecture 6
1.4.1 Data Independence Defined 8
1.5 Characteristics of Database Systems 10
1.5.1 What Is a Database System? 11
1.5.2 What Is a Database Management System? 12
1.5.3 Advantages of Database Systems 15
1.6 Data Models 17
1.6.1 Data Models and Database Design 17
1.6.2 Data Modeling and Database Design in a Nutshell 19
Chapter Summary 25
Exercises 25

Part I: Conceptual Data Modeling

Chapter 2 Foundation Concepts 30

2.1 A Conceptual Modeling Framework 30
2.2 ER Modeling Primitives 30
2.3 Foundations of the ER Modeling Grammar 32
2.3.1 Entity Types and Attributes 32
2.3.2 Entity and Attribute-Level Data Integrity Constraints 35
2.3.3 Relationship Types 38
2.3.4 Structural Constraints of a Relationship Type 43
2.3.5 Base Entity Types and Weak Entity Types 52
2.3.6 Cluster Entity Type: A Brief Introduction 57
2.3.7 Specification of Deletion Constraints 58
Chapter Summary 70
Exercises 71

Chapter 3 Entity-Relationship Modeling 79

3.1 Bearcat Incorporated: A Case Study 79
3.2 Applying the ER Modeling Grammar to the Conceptual Modeling Process 81
3.2.1 The Presentation Layer ER Model 82
3.2.2 The Presentation Layer ER Model for Bearcat Incorporated 85

3.2.3 The Design-Specific ER Model 104

3.2.4 The Decomposed Design-Specific ER Model 111
3.3 Data Modeling Errors 119
3.3.1 Vignette 1 120
3.3.2 Vignette 2 127
Chapter Summary 134
Exercises 134

Chapter 4 Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Modeling 141

4.1 Superclass/subclass Relationship 142
4.1.1 A Motivating Exemplar 142
4.1.2 Introduction to the Intra-Entity Class Relationship Type 143
4.1.3 General Properties of a Superclass/subclass Relationship 145
4.1.4 Specialization and Generalization 146
4.1.5 Specialization Hierarchy and Specialization Lattice 154
4.1.6 Categorization 157
4.1.7 Choosing the Appropriate EER Construct 160
4.1.8 Aggregation 166
4.2 Converting from the Presentation Layer to a Design-Specific EER Diagram 168
4.3 Bearcat Incorporated Data Requirements Revisited 170
4.4 ER Model for the Revised Story 171
4.5 Deletion Rules for Intra-Entity Class Relationships 182
Chapter Summary 188
Exercises 188

Chapter 5 Modeling Complex Relationships 197

5.1 The Ternary Relationship Type 198
5.1.1 Vignette 1—Madeira College 198
5.1.2 Vignette 2—Get Well Pharmacists, Inc. 203
5.2 Beyond the Ternary Relationship Type 205
5.2.1 The Case for a Cluster Entity Type 205
5.2.2 Vignette 3—More on Madeira College 206
5.2.3 Vignette 4—A More Complex Entity Clustering 212
5.2.4 Cluster Entity Type—Additional Examples 212
5.2.5 Madeira College—The Rest of the Story 216
5.2.6 Clustering a Recursive Relationship Type 221
5.3 Inter-Relationship Integrity Constraint 224
5.4 Composites of Weak Relationship Types 230
5.4.1 Inclusion Dependency in Composite Relationship Types 230
5.4.2 Exclusion Dependency in Composites of Weak Relationship Types 231
5.5 Decomposition of Complex Relationship Constructs 234
5.5.1 Decomposing Ternary and Higher-Order Relationship Types 234
5.5.2 Decomposing a Relationship Type with a Multi-Valued Attribute 235
5.5.3 Decomposing a Cluster Entity Type 240
5.5.4 Decomposing Recursive Relationship Types 241
5.5.5 Decomposing a Weak Relationship Type 244

5.6 Validation of the Conceptual Design 246

5.6.1 Fan Trap 246
5.6.2 Chasm Trap 251
5.6.3 Miscellaneous Semantic Traps 253
5.7 Cougar Medical Associates 257
5.7.1 Conceptual Model for CMA: The Genesis 259
5.7.2 Conceptual Model for CMA: The Next Generation 265
5.7.3 The Design-Specific ER Model for CMA: The Final Frontier 266
Chapter Summary 273
Exercises 273

Part II: Logical Data Modeling

Chapter 6 The Relational Data Model 280

6.1 Definition 280
6.2 Characteristics of a Relation 282
6.3 Data Integrity Constraints 283
6.3.1 The Concept of Unique Identifiers 284
6.3.2 Referential Integrity Constraint in the Relational Data Model 290
6.4 A Brief Introduction to Relational Algebra 291
6.4.1 Unary Operations: Selection (s) and Projection (p) 292
6.4.2 Binary Operations: Union ([), Difference (−), and Intersection (\) 293
6.4.3 The Natural Join (*) Operation 295
6.5 Views and Materialized Views in the Relational Data Model 296
6.6 The Issue of Information Preservation 297
6.7 Mapping an ER Model to a Logical Schema 298
6.7.1 Information-Reducing Mapping of ER Constructs 298
6.7.2 An Information-Preserving Mapping 315
6.8 Mapping Enhanced ER Model Constructs to a Logical Schema 320
6.8.1 Information-Reducing Mapping of EER Constructs 321
6.8.2 Information-Preserving Grammar for Enhanced ER Modeling Constructs 328
6.9 Mapping Complex ER Model Constructs to a Logical Schema 336
Chapter Summary 345
Exercises 347

P a r t I I I : N o rm a l i z a t i o n

Chapter 7 Functional Dependencies 358

7.1 A Motivating Exemplar 359
7.2 Functional Dependencies 365
7.2.1 Definition of Functional Dependency 365
7.2.2 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies 366
7.2.3 Minimal Cover for a Set of Functional Dependencies 367
7.2.4 Closure of a Set of Attributes 372
7.2.5 When Do FDs Arise? 374

7.3 Candidate Keys Revisited 374

7.3.1 Deriving Candidate Key(s) by Synthesis 375
7.3.2 Deriving Candidate Keys by Decomposition 379
7.3.3 Deriving a Candidate Key—Another Example 382
7.3.4 Prime and Non-prime Attributes 386
Chapter Summary 390
Exercises 390

Chapter 8 Normal Forms Based on Functional Dependencies 395

8.1 Normalization 395
8.1.1 First Normal Form (1NF) 396
8.1.2 Second Normal Form (2NF) 398
8.1.3 Third Normal Form (3NF) 401
8.1.4 Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) 404
8.1.5 Side Effects of Normalization 407
8.1.6 Summary Notes on Normal Forms 418
8.2 The Motivating Exemplar Revisited 420
8.3 A Comprehensive Approach to Normalization 424
8.3.1 Case 1 424
8.3.2 Case 2 431
8.3.3 A Fast-Track Algorithm for a Non-Loss, Dependency-Preserving
Solution 436
8.4 Denormalization 442
8.5 Role of Reverse Engineering in Data Modeling 443
8.5.1 Reverse Engineering the Normalized Solution of Case 1 445
8.5.2 Reverse Engineering the Normalized Solution of URS2 (Case 3) 451
8.5.3 Reverse Engineering the Normalized Solution of URS3 (Case 2) 453
Chapter Summary 457
Exercises 458

Chapter 9 Higher Normal Forms 467

9.1 Multi-Valued Dependency 467
9.1.1 A Motivating Exemplar for Multi-Valued Dependency 467
9.1.2 Multi-Valued Dependency Defined 469
9.1.3 Inference Rules for Multi-Valued Dependencies 470
9.2 Fourth Normal Form (4NF) 472
9.3 Resolution of a 4NF Violation—A Comprehensive Example 476
9.4 Generality of Multi-Valued Dependencies and 4NF 478
9.5 Join-Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form (5NF) 480
9.6 A Thought-Provoking Exemplar 490
9.7 A Note on Domain Key Normal Form (DK/NF) 497
Chapter Summary 498
Exercises 498

P a r t I V : Da t a b a s e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n U s i n g th e R e l a t i o n a l
Data Model

Chapter 10 Database Creation 506

10.1 Data Definition Using SQL 507
10.1.1 Base Table Specification in SQL/DDL 507
10.2 Data Population Using SQL 524
10.2.1 The INSERT Statement 525
10.2.2 The DELETE Statement 528
10.2.3 The UPDATE Statement 530
Chapter Summary 532
Exercises 532

Chapter 11 Relational Algebra 539

11.1 Unary Operators 542
11.1.1 The Select Operator 542
11.1.2 The Project Operator 544
11.2 Binary Operators 546
11.2.1 The Cartesian Product Operator 546
11.2.2 Set Theoretic Operators 549
11.2.3 Join Operators 551
11.2.4 The Divide Operator 557
11.2.5 Additional Relational Operators 560
Chapter Summary 563
Exercises 563

Chapter 12 Structured Query Language (SQL) 567

12.1 SQL Queries Based on a Single Table 569
12.1.1 Examples of the Selection Operation 569
12.1.2 Use of Comparison and Logical Operators 572
12.1.3 Examples of the Projection Operation 578
12.1.4 Grouping and Summarizing 580
12.1.5 Handling Null Values 583
12.1.6 Pattern Matching in SQL 593
12.2 SQL Queries Based on Binary Operators 597
12.2.1 The Cartesian Product Operation 597
12.2.2 SQL Queries Involving Set Theoretic Operations 599
12.2.3 Join Operations 602
12.2.4 Outer Join Operations 608
12.2.5 SQL and the Semi-Join and Semi-Minus Operations 612
12.3 Subqueries 613
12.3.1 Multiple-Row Uncorrelated Subqueries 613
12.3.2 Multiple-Row Correlated Subqueries 625
12.3.3 Aggregate Functions and Grouping 628
Chapter Summary 631
Exercises 631

Chapter 13 Advanced Data Manipulation Using SQL 635

13.1 Selected SQL:2003 Built-In Functions 635
13.1.1 The SUBSTRING Function 636
13.1.2 The CHAR_LENGTH (char) Function 639
13.1.3 The TRIM Function 640
13.1.4 The TRANSLATE Function 643
13.1.5 The POSITION Function 644
13.1.6 Combining the INSTR and SUBSTR Functions 645
13.1.7 The DECODE Function and the CASE Expression 646
13.1.8 A Query to Simulate the Division Operation 649
13.2 Some Brief Comments on Handling Dates and Times 651
13.3 Hierarchical Queries 656
13.3.1 Using the CONNECT BY and START WITH Clauses with
the PRIOR Operator 658
13.3.2 Using the LEVEL Pseudo-Column 660
13.3.3 Formatting the Results from a Hierarchical Query 661
13.3.4 Using a Subquery in a START WITH Clause 661
13.3.5 The SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH Function 663
13.3.6 Joins in Hierarchical Queries 664
13.3.7 Incorporating a Hierarchical Structure into a Table 665
13.4 Extended GROUP BY Clauses 668
13.4.1 The ROLLUP Operator 668
13.4.2 Passing Multiple Columns to ROLLUP 669
13.4.3 Changing the Position of Columns Passed to ROLLUP 671
13.4.4 Using the CUBE Operator 672
13.4.5 The GROUPING () Function 674
13.4.6 The GROUPING SETS Extension to the GROUP BY Clause 676
13.4.7 The GROUPING_ID () 677
13.4.8 Using a Column Multiple Times in a GROUP BY Clause 679
13.5 Using the Analytical Functions 681
13.5.1 Analytical Function Types 682
13.5.2 The RANK () and DENSE_RANK () Functions 684
13.5.3 Using ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS Operators with
Analytical Functions 687
13.5.4 Using the Window Functions 688
13.6 A Quick Look at the MODEL Clause 692
13.6.1 MODEL Clause Concepts 693
13.6.2 Basic Syntax of the MODEL Clause 693
13.6.3 An Example of the MODEL Clause 694
13.7 A Potpourri of Other SQL Queries 700
13.7.1 Concluding Example 1 700
13.7.2 Concluding Example 2 702
13.7.3 Concluding Example 3 704
13.7.4 Concluding Example 4 704
13.7.5 Concluding Example 5 705
Chapter Summary 706
Exercises 707
SQL Project 711

Appendix A Data Modeling Architectures Based on the Inverted Tree

and Network Data Structures 719
A.1 Logical Data Structures 719
A.1.1 Inverted Tree Structure 719
A.1.2 Network Data Structure 721
A.2 Logical Data Model Architectures 722
A.2.1 Hierarchical Data Model 722
A.2.2 CODASYL Data Model 726
Summary 729
Selected Bibliography 729

Appendix B Object-Oriented Data Modeling Architectures 731

B.1 The Object-Oriented Data Model 731
B.1.1 Overview of OO Concepts 732
B.1.2 A Note on UML 735
B.2 The Object-Relational Data Model 737
Summary 738
Selected Bibliography 738

Selected Bibliography 739

Index 743

QUOTE
Everything should be made as simple as possible—but no simpler.
—Albert Einstein

Popular business database books typically provide broad coverage of a wide variety of
topics, including data modeling, database design and implementation, database
administration, the client/server database environment, the Internet database envi-
ronment, distributed databases, and object-oriented database development. This is
invariably at the expense of deeper treatment of critical topics, such as principles of
data modeling and database design. Using current business database books in our
courses, we found that in order to properly cover data modeling and database design,
we had to augment the texts with significant supplemental material (1) to achieve
precision and detail and (2) to impart the depth necessary for the students to gain a
robust understanding of data modeling and database design. In addition, we ended up
skipping several chapters as topics to be covered in a different course. We also know
other instructors who share this experience. Broad coverage of many database topics
in a single book is appropriate for some audiences, but that is not the aim of this
book.
The goal of Data Modeling and Database Design, Second Edition is to provide
core competency in the areas that every Information Systems (IS), Computer Science
(CS), and Computer Information Systems (CIS) student and professional should
acquire: data modeling and database design. It is our experience that this set of
topics is the most essential for database professionals, and that, covered in sufficient
depth, these topics alone require a full semester of study. It is our intention to
address these topics at a level of technical depth achieved in CS textbooks, yet make
palatable to the business student/IS professional with little sacrifice in precision. We
deliberately refrain from the mathematics and algorithmic solutions usually found in
CS textbooks, yet we attempt to capture the precision therein via heuristic
expressions.
Data Modeling and Database Design, Second Edition provides not just hands-on
instruction in current data modeling and database design practices, it gives readers a
thorough conceptual background for these practices. We do not subscribe to the idea
that a textbook should limit itself to describing what is actually being practiced.
Teaching only what is being practiced is bound to lead to knowledge stagnation.
Where do practitioners learn what they know? Did they invent the relational data
model? Did they invent the ER model? We believe that it is our responsibility to
present not only industry “best practices” but also to provide students (future practi-
tioners) with concepts and techniques that are not necessarily used in industry today

but can enliven their practice and help it evolve without knowledge stagnation. One
of the coauthors of this book has worked in the software development industry for
over 15 years, with a significant focus on database development. His experience indi-
cates that having a richness of advanced data modeling constructs available enhances
the robustness of database design and that practitioners readily adopt these techni-
ques in their design practices.
In a nutshell, our goal is to take an IS/CS/CIS student/professional through an
intense educational experience, starting at conceptual modeling and culminating in a
fully implemented database design—nothing more and nothing less. This educational
journey is briefly articulated in the following paragraphs.

STRUCTURE
We have tried very hard to make the book “fluff-free.” It is our hope that every sen-
tence in the book, including this preface, adds value to a reader’s learning (and foot-
notes are no exception to this statement).
The book begins with an introduction to rudimentary concepts of data, metadata,
and information, followed by an overview of data management. Pointing out the limita-
tions of file-processing systems, Chapter 1 introduces database systems as a solution to
overcome these limitations. The architecture and components of a database system that
makes this possible are discussed. The chapter concludes with the presentation of a
framework for the database system design life cycle. Following the introductory chapter
on database systems architecture and components, the book contains four parts.

Part I: Conceptual Data Modeling

Part I addresses the topic of conceptual data modeling—that is, modeling at the high-
est level of abstraction, independent of the limitations of the technology employed to
deploy the database system. Four chapters (Chapters 2–5) are used in order to pro-
vide an extensive discussion of conceptual data modeling. Chapter 2 lays the ground-
work using the Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling grammar as the principal means
to model a database application domain. Chapter 3 elaborates on the use of the ER
modeling grammar in progressive layers and exemplifies the modeling technique with
a comprehensive case called Bearcat Incorporated. This is followed by a presentation
in Chapter 4 of richer data modeling constructs that overlap with object-oriented
modeling constructs. The Bearcat Incorporated story is further enriched to demon-
strate the value of Enhanced ER (EER) modeling constructs. Chapter 5 provides
exclusive coverage of modeling complex relationships that have meaningful real-world
significance. At the end of Part I, the reader ought to be able to fully appreciate the
value of conceptual data modeling in the database system design life cycle.
This second edition of Data Modeling and Database Design includes the follow-
ing major enhancements:
• The material in Chapters 2 and 3 has been reorganized and better stream-
lined so that the reader not only learns the ER modeling grammar but is able
to develop very simple applications of ER modeling. In Chapter 3, the model-
ing method steps have been reconfigured across the Presentation Layer and

Design-Specific layer of the ER model. Also, the unique learning technique

via error detection exclusively developed by us is presented at the end of
Chapter 3.
• The intra-entity class relationships are introduced with a new simpler exam-
ple at the beginning of Chapter 4.
• The already extensive coverage of complex relationships in Chapter 5 is aug-
mented by a few newer modeling ideas. Additional examples clarifying
decomposition of complex relationships in preparation for logical model
mapping have also been added to this chapter.

Part II: Logical Data Modeling

Part II of the book is dedicated to the discussion of migration of a conceptual data
model to its logical counterpart. Since the relational data model architecture forms
the basis for the logical data modeling discussed in this textbook, Chapter 6 focuses
on its characteristics. Other logical data modeling architectures prevalent in some
legacy systems, the hierarchical data model, and the CODASYL data model appear in
Appendix A. An introduction to object-oriented data modeling concepts is presented
in Appendix B. The rest of Chapter 6 describes techniques to map a conceptual data
model to its logical counterpart. An information-preserving logical data modeling
grammar is introduced and contrasted with existing popular mapping techniques that
are information reducing. A comprehensive set of examples is used to clarify the use
and value of the information-preserving grammar.
An important addition to the current edition of the book is a section on mapping
complex relationship types to the logical tier.

Part III: Normalization

Part III addresses the critical question of the “goodness” of a database design that
results from a conceptual and logical data modeling processes. Normalization is
introduced as the “scientific” way to verify and improve the quality of a logical
schema that is available at this stage in the database design. Three chapters are
employed to cover the topic of normalization. In Chapter 7, we take a look at data
redundancy in a relation schema and see how it manifests as a problem. We then
trace the problem to its source—namely, undesirable functional dependencies. To
that end, we first learn about functional dependencies axiomatically and how infer-
ence rules (Armstrong’s axioms) can be used to derive candidate keys of a relation
schema. In Chapter 8, the solution offered by the normalization process to data
redundancy problems triggered by undesirable functional dependencies is presented.
After discussing first, second, third and Boyce-Codd normal forms individually, we
examine the side effects of normalization—namely, dependency preservation and
non-loss decomposition and their consequences. Next, we present real-world scenar-
ios of deriving full-fledged relational schemas (sets of relation schemas), given sets of
functional dependencies using several examples. The useful topic of denormalization
is covered next. Reverse engineering a normalized relational schema to the concep-
tual tier often forges insightful understanding of the database design and enables a
database designer to become a better data modeler. Despite its practical utility, this

topic is rarely covered in database textbooks. Chapter 9 completes the discussion of

normalization by examining multi-valued dependency (MVD) and join-dependency
(JD) and their impact on a relation schema in terms of fourth normal form (4NF) and
Project/Join normal form, viz., PJNF (also known as fifth normal form—5NF)
respectively.
An interesting enhancement in Chapter 8 is the introduction of a fast-track algo-
rithm to achieve a non-loss, dependency-preserving 3NF design. Two distinct exam-
ples demonstrating the use of the algorithm are presented. The discussion of MVD
and 4NF, of JD and 5NF, and their respective expressiveness of ternary and n-ray
relationships is presented in Chapter 9. Additional examples offer unique insights into
apparently conflicting alternative solutions.

Part IV: Database Implementation Using the Relational Database Model

Part IV pertains to database implementation using the relational data model. Spread
over four chapters, this part of the book covers relational algebra and the ANSI/ISO
standard Structured Query Language (SQL). Chapter 10 focuses on the data defini-
tion language (DDL) aspect of SQL. Included in the discussion are the SQL schema
evolution statements for adding, altering, or dropping table structures, attributes,
constraints, and supporting structures. This is followed by the development of SQL/
DDL script for a comprehensive case about a college registration system. The chapter
also includes the use of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements in populating a
database and performing database maintenance.
Chapters 11, 12, and 13 focus on relational algebra and the use of SQL for data
manipulation. Chapter 11 concentrates on E. F. Codd’s eight original relational alge-
bra operations as a means to specify the logic for data retrieval from a relational
database. SQL, the most common way that relational algebra is implemented for data
retrieval operations, is the subject of Chapter 12. Chapter 13 covers a number of
built-in functions used by SQL to work with strings, dates, and times, and it illustrates
how SQL can be used to do retrievals against hierarchically structured data. This
chapter also provides an introduction to some of the features of SQL that facilitate
the summarization and analysis of data. The chapter ends with an SQL database
project that provides students with a real-life scenario to test and apply the skills and
concepts presented in Part IV.

FEATURES OF EACH CHAPTER

Since our objective is a crisp and clear presentation of rather intricate subject matter,
each chapter begins with a simple introduction, followed by the treatment of the
subject matter, and concludes with a chapter summary and a set of exercises based
on the subject matter.

WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT?

Every book has strengths and weaknesses. If lack of breadth in the coverage of
database topics is considered a weakness, we have deliberately chosen to be weak in
that dimension. We have not planned this book to be another general book on

database systems. We have chosen to limit the scope of this book exclusively to data
modeling and database design since we firmly believe that this set of topics is the
core of database systems and must be learned in depth by every IS/CS/CIS student
and practitioner. Any system designed robustly has the potential to best serve the
needs of the users. More importantly, a poor design is a virus that can ruin an
enterprise.
In this light, we believe these are the unique strengths of this book:
• It presents conceptual modeling using the entity-relationship modeling gram-
mar including extensive discussion of the enhanced entity-relationship (ER)
model.
We believe that a conceptual model should capture all possible constraints
conveyed by the business rules implicit in users’ requirement specifica-
tions. To that end, we posit that an ER diagram is not an ER model unless
accompanied by a comprehensive specification of characteristics of and
constraints pertaining to attributes. We accomplish this via a list of
semantic integrity constraints (sort of a conceptual data dictionary) that
will accompany an ER diagram, a unique feature that we have not seen in
other database textbooks. We also seek to demonstrate the systematic
development of a multi-layer conceptual data model via a comprehensive
illustration at the beginning of each Part. We consider the multi-layer
modeling strategy and the heuristics for systematic development as unique
features of this book.
• It includes substantial coverage of higher-degree relationships and other
complex relationships in the entity-relationship diagram.
Most business database books seem to provide only a cursory treatment of
complex relationships in an ER model. We not only cover relationships
beyond binary relationships (e.g., ternary and higher-degree relationships),
we also clarify the nuances pertaining to the necessity and efficacy of
higher-degree relationships and the various conditions under which even
recursive and binary relationships are aggregated in interesting ways to
form cluster entity types.
• It discusses the information-preserving issue in data model mapping and
introduces a new information-preserving grammar for logical data modeling.
Many computer scientists have noted that the major difficulty of logical
database design (i.e., transforming an ER schema into a schema in the lan-
guage of some logical model) is the information preservation issue. Indeed,
assuring a complete mapping of all modeling constructs and constraints
that are inherent, implicit or explicit, in the source schema (e.g., ER/EER
model) is problematic since constraints of the source model often cannot be
represented directly in terms of structures and constraints of the target
model (e.g., relational schema). In such a case, they must be realized
through application programs; alternatively, an information-reducing trans-
formation must be accepted (Fahrner and Vossen, 1995). In their research,
initially presented at the Workshop on Information Technologies (WITS) in
the ICIS (International Conference on Information Systems) in Brisbane,

Australia, Umanath and Chiang (2000) describe a logical modeling gram-

mar that generates an information preserving transformation. Umanath
further revised this modeling grammar based on the feedback received at
WITS. We have included this logical modeling grammar as a unique com-
ponent of this textbook.
• It includes unique features under the topic of normalization rarely covered in
business database books:
• Inference rules for functional dependencies (Armstrong’s axioms)
and derivations of candidate keys from a set of functional
dependencies
• Derivation of canonical covers for a set of semantically obvious func-
tional dependencies
• Rich examples to clarify the basic normal forms (first, second, third,
and Boyce-Codd)
• Derivation of a complete logical schema from a large set of functional
dependencies considering lossless (non-additive) join properties and
dependency preservation
• Reverse engineering a logical schema to an entity-relationship diagram
• Advanced coverage of fourth and fifth normal form (project-join normal
form, abbreviated “PJNF”) using a variety of examples
• It supports in-depth coverage of relational algebra with a significant number
of examples of their operationalization in ANSI/ISO SQL.

A NOTE TO THE INSTRUCTOR

The content of this book is designed for a rigorous one-semester course in database
design and development and may be used at both undergraduate and graduate levels.
Technical emphasis can be tempered by minimizing or eliminating the coverage of
some of the following topics from the course syllabus: Enhanced Entity-Relationship
(EER) Modeling (Chapter 4) and the related data model mapping topics in Chapter 6
(Section 6.8) on Mapping Enhanced ER Modeling Constructs to a Logical Schema;
Modeling Complex Relationships (Chapter 5); and higher normal forms (Chapter 9).
The suggested exclusions will not impair the continuity of the subject matter in the
rest of the book.

SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES
Any business database book can be effective only when supporting technologies are
made available for student use. Yet, we don’t think that the type of book we are writ-
ing should be married to any commercial product. The specific technologies that will
render this book highly effective include a drawing tool (such as Microsoft Visio), a
software engineering tool (such as ERWIN, ORACLE/Designer, or Visible Analyst),
and a relational database management system (RDBMS) product (such as ORACLE,
SQL Server, or DB2).

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
The following supplemental materials are available to instructors when this book is
used in a classroom setting. Some of these materials may also be found on the
Cengage Learning Web site at www.cengage.com.
• Electronic Instructor’s Manual: The Instructor’s Manual assists in class
preparation by providing suggestions and strategies for teaching the text, and
solutions to the end-of-chapter questions/problems.
• Sample Syllabi and Course Outline: The sample syllabi and course outlines
are provided as a foundation to begin planning and organizing your course.
• Cognero Test Bank: Cognero allows instructors to create and administer
printed, computer (LAN-based), and Internet exams. The Test Bank includes
an array of questions that correspond to the topics covered in this text,
enabling students to generate detailed study guides that include page refer-
ences for further review. The computer-based and Internet testing compo-
nents allow students to generate detailed study guides that include page
references for further review. The computer-based and Internet testing
components allow students to take exams at their computers, and also save
the instructor time by automatically grading each exam. The Test Bank is
also available in Blackboard and WebCT versions posted online at www
.course.com.
• PowerPoint Presentations: Microsoft PowerPoint slides for each chapter are
included as a teaching aid for classroom presentation, to make available to
students on the network for chapter review, or to be printed for classroom
distribution. Instructors can add their own slides for additional topics they
introduce to the class.
• Figure Files: Figure files from each chapter are provided for the instructor’s
use in the classroom.
• Data Files: Data files containing scripts to populate the database tables used
as examples in Chapters 11 and 12 are provided on the Cengage Learning
Web site at www.cengage.com.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We have never written a textbook before. We have been using books written by our
academic colleagues, always supplemented with handouts that we developed our-
selves. Over the years, we accumulated a lot of supplemental material. In the begin-
ning, we took the positive feedback from the students about the supplemental
material rather lightly until we started to see comments like “I don’t know why I
bought the book; the instructor’s handouts were so good and much clearer than the
book” in the student evaluation forms. Our impetus to write a textbook thus origi-
nated from the consistent positive feedback from our students.
We also realized that, contrary to popular belief, business students are certainly
capable of assimilating intricate technical concepts; the trick is to frame the concepts
in meaningful business scenarios. The unsolicited testimonials from our alumni about

the usefulness of the technical depth offered in our database course in solving real-
world design problems reinforced our faith in developing a book focused exclusively
on data modeling and database design that was technically rigorous but permeated
with business relevance.
Since we both teach database courses regularly, we have had the opportunity to
field-test the manuscript of this book for close to 10 years at both undergraduate-level
and graduate-level information systems courses in the Carl Lindner College of
Business at the University of Cincinnati and in the C. T. Bauer College of Business at
the University of Houston. Hundreds of students—mostly business students—have
used earlier drafts of this textbook so far. Interestingly, even the computer science
and engineering students taking our courses have expressed their appreciation of the
content. This is a long preamble to acknowledge one of the most important and for-
mative elements in the creation of this book: our students.
The students’ continued feedback (comments, complaints, suggestions, and criti-
cisms) have significantly contributed to the improvement of the content. As we were
cycling through revisions of the manuscript, the graduate teaching assistants of
Dr. Umanath were a constant source of inspiration. Their meaningful questions and
suggestions added significant value to the content of this book. Dr. Scamell was ably
assisted by his graduate assistants as well.
We would also like to thank the following reviewers whose critiques, comments,
and suggestions helped shape every chapter of this book’s first edition:
Akhilesh Bajaj, University of Tulsa
Iris Junlgas, Florida State University
Margaret Porciello, State University of New York/Farmingdale
Sandeep Purao, Pennsylvania State University
Jaymeen Shah, Texas State University
Last, but by no means the least, we gratefully acknowledge the significant contri-
bution of Deb Kaufmann and Kent Williams, the development editors of our first and
second editions, respectively. We cannot thank them enough for their thorough and
also prompt and supportive efforts.
Enjoy!

N. S. Umanath

R. W. Scamell

Data modeling and database design involve elements of both art and engineering.
Understanding user requirements and modeling them in the form of an effective logical
database design is an artistic process. Transforming the design into a physical database
with functionally complete and efficient applications is an engineering process.
To better comprehend what drives the design of databases, it is important to under-
stand the distinction between data and information. Data consists of raw facts—that is,
facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning. Processing these facts
provides information on which decisions can be based.
Timely and useful information requires that data be accurate and stored in a manner
that is easy to access and process. And, like any basic resource, data must be managed
carefully. Data management is a discipline that focuses on the proper acquisition, storage,
maintenance, and retrieval of data. Typically, the use of a database enables efficient and
effective management of data.
This chapter introduces the rudimentary concepts of data and how information
emerges from data when viewed through the lens of metadata. Next, the discussion
addresses data management, contrasting file-processing systems with database systems.
This is followed by brief examples of desktop, workgroup, and enterprise databases. The
chapter then presents a framework for database design that describes the multiple tiers of
data modeling and how these tiers function in database design. This framework serves as a
roadmap to guide the reader through the remainder of the book.

1.1 DATA, INFORMATION, AND METADATA

Although the terms are often used interchangeably, information is different from data.
Data can be viewed as raw material consisting of unorganized facts about things, events,
activities, and transactions. While data may have implicit meaning, the lack of organiza-
tion renders it valueless. In other words, information is data in context—that is, data that
has been organized into a specific context such that it has value to its recipient.
As an example, consider the digits 2357111317. What does this string of digits
represent? One response is that they are simply 10 meaningless digits. Another might be

the number 31 (obtained by summing the 10 digits). A mathematician may see a set of
2
prime numbers, viz., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17. Another might see a person’s phone number with
the first three digits constituting the area code and the remaining seven digits the local
phone number. On the other hand, if the first digit is used to represent a person’s gender
(1 for male and 2 for female) and the remaining nine digits the person’s Social Security
number, the 10 digits would mean something else. Numerous other interpretations are pos-
sible, but without a context it is impossible to say what the digits represent. However, when
framed in a specific context (such as being told that the first digit represents a person’s
gender and the remaining digits the Social Security number), the data is transformed into
information. It is important to note that “information” is not necessarily the “Truth” since
the same data yields different information based on the context; information is an inference.
Metadata, in a database environment, is data that describes the properties of data. It
contains a complete definition or description of database structure (i.e., the file structure,
data type, and storage format of each data item), and other constraints on the stored data.
For example, when the structure of the 10 digits 2357111317 is revealed, the 10 digits
become information, such as a phone number. Metadata defines this structure. In other
words, through the lens of metadata, data takes on specific meaning and yields information.1
Metadata may be characterized as follows:
• The lens to view data and infer information
• A precise definition of the context for framing the data
Table 1.1 contains metadata for the data associated with a manufacturing plant. Later
in this chapter, we will see that in a database environment, metadata is recorded in what
is called a data dictionary.

Record
Type Data Element Data Type Size Source Role Domain

PLANT Pl_name Alphabetic 30 Stored Non-key

PLANT Pl_number Numeric 2 Stored Key Integer values

from 10 to 20

PLANT Budget Numeric 7 Stored Non-key

PLANT Building Alphabetic 20 Stored Non-key

PLANT No_of_employees Numeric 4 Derived Non-key

TABLE 1.1 Some metadata for a manufacturing plant

As reflected in Table 1.1, the smallest unit of data is called a data element. A group of
related data elements treated as a unit (such as Pl_name, Pl_number, Budget, Building,

1
With the advent of the data warehouse, the term “metadata” assumes a more comprehensive
meaning to include business and technical metadata, which is outside the scope of the current
discussion.

and No_of_employees) is called a record type. A set of values for the data elements con-
3
stituting a record type is called a record instance or simply a record. A file is a collection
of records. A file is sometimes referred to as a data set. A company with 10 plants would
have a PLANT file or a PLANT data set that contains 10 records.

1.2 DATA MANAGEMENT

This book focuses strictly on management of data, as opposed to the management of
human resources. Data management involves four actions: (a) data creation, (b) data
retrieval, (c) data modification or updating, and (d) data deletion. Two data management
functions support these four actions: Data must be accessed and, for ease of access, data
must be organized.
Despite today’s sophisticated information technologies, there are still only two pri-
mary approaches for accessing data. One is sequential access, where in order to get to the
nth record in a data set it is necessary to pass through the previous n–1 records in the
data set. The second approach is direct access, where it is possible to get to the nth
record without having to pass through the previous n–1 records. While direct access is
useful for ad hoc querying of information, sequential access remains essential for
transaction processing applications such as generating payroll, grade reports, and
utility bills.
In order to access data, the data must be organized. For sequential access, this means
that all records in a file must be stored (organized) through some order using a unique
identifier, such as employee number, inventory number, flight number, account number,
or stock symbol. This is called sequential organization. A serial (unordered) collection of
records, also known as a “heap file,” cannot provide sequential access. For direct
access, the records in a file can be stored serially and organized either randomly or by
using an external index. A randomly organized file is one in which the value of a unique
identifier is processed by some sort of transformation routine (often called a “hashing
algorithm”) that computes the location of records within the file (relative record
numbers). An indexed file makes use of an index external to the data set similar in nature
to the one found at the back of this book to identify the location where a record is
physically stored.
As discussed in Section 1.5, a database takes advantage of software called a database
management system (DBMS) that sits on top of a set of files physically organized as
sequential files and/or as some form of direct access files. A DBMS facilitates data access
in a database without burdening a user with the details of how the data is physically
organized.

1.3 LIMITATIONS OF FILE-PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Computer applications in the 1960s and 1970s focused primarily on automating clerical
tasks. These applications made use of records stored in separate files and thus were
called file-processing systems. Although file-processing systems for information systems
applications have been useful for many years, database technology has rendered them
obsolete except for their use in a few legacy systems such as some payroll and customer

billing systems. Nonetheless, understanding their limitations provides insight into the
4
development of and justification for database systems.
Figure 1.1 shows three file-processing systems for a hypothetical university. One pro-
cesses data for students, another processes data for faculty and staff, and a third processes
data for alumni. In such an environment, each file-processing system has its own collec-
tion of private files and programs that access these files.

FIGURE 1.1 An example of a file-processing environment

While an improvement over the manual systems that preceded them, file-processing
systems suffer from a number of limitations:
• Lack of data integrity—Data integrity ensures that data values are correct,
consistent, complete, and current. Duplication of data in isolated file-
processing systems leads to the possibility of inconsistent data. Then it is
difficult to identify which of these duplicate data is correct, complete, and/
or current. This creates data integrity problems. For example, if an
employee who is also a student and an alumnus changes his or her mailing
address, files that contain the mailing address in three different file-
processing systems require updating to ensure consistency of information
across the board. Data redundancy across the three file-processing
systems not only creates maintenance inefficiencies, it also leads to the
problem of not knowing which is the current, correct, and /or complete
address of the person.
• Lack of standards—Organizations with file-processing systems often lack or
find it difficult to enforce standards for naming data items as well as for
accessing, updating, and protecting data. The absence of such standards can

lead to unauthorized access and accidental or intentional damage to or

5
destruction of data. In essence, security and confidentiality of information
may be compromised.
• Lack of flexibility/maintainability—Information systems make it possible
for end users to develop information requirements that they had never
envisioned previously. This inevitably leads to a substantial increase in
requests for new queries and reports. However, file-processing systems are
dependent upon a programmer who has to either write or modify program
code to meet these information requirements from isolated data. This can
bring about information requests that are not satisfied or programs that are
inefficiently written, poorly documented, and difficult to maintain.
These limitations are actually symptoms resulting from two fundamental problems:
lack of integration of related data and lack of program-data independence.
• Lack of data integration—Data is separated and isolated, and ownership of
data is compartmentalized, resulting in limited data sharing. For example, to
produce a list of employees who are students and alumni at the same time,
data from multiple files must be accessed. This process can be quite complex
and time consuming since a program has to access and perform logical com-
parisons across independent files containing employee, student, and alumni
data. In short, lack of integration of data contributes to all of the problems
listed previously as symptoms.
• Lack of program-data independence—In a file-processing environment, the
structural layout of each file is embedded in the application programs. That
is, the metadata of a file is fully coded in each application program that uses
the particular file. Perhaps the most often-cited example of the program-data
dependence problem occurred during the file-processing era, when it was
common for an organization to expand the zip code field from five digits to
nine digits. In order to implement this change, every program in the
employee, student, and alumni file-processing systems containing the zip
code field had to be identified (often a time-consuming process itself) and
then modified to conform to the new file structure. This not only required
modification of each program and its documentation but also recompiling and
retesting of the program. Likewise, if a decision was made to change the
organization of a file from indexed to random, since the structure of the file
was mapped into every program using the file, every program using the file
had to be modified. Identifying all the affected programs for corrective action
was not a simple task, either. Thus, because of lack of program-data inde-
pendence, file-processing systems lack flexibility since they are not amenable
to structural changes in data. Program-data dependence also exacerbates data
security and confidentiality problems.
It is only through attacking the problems of lack of program-data independence and
lack of integration of related data that the limitations of file-processing systems can be

eliminated. If a way is found to deal with these problems so as to establish centralized

6
control of data, then unnecessary redundancy can be reduced, data can be shared, stan-
dards can be enforced, security restrictions can be applied, and integrity can be main-
tained. One of the objectives of database systems is to integrate data without programmer
intervention in a way that eliminates data redundancy. The other objective of database
systems is to establish program-data independence, so that programs that access the data
are immune to changes in storage structure (how the data is physically organized) and
access technique.
The Time Life company experienced many of these problems in its early days.
Time Life was established in 1961 as a book-marketing division. It took its name from
Time and Life magazines, which at the time were two of the most popular weeklies
on the market. Time Life gained fame as a seller of book series that were mailed to
households in monthly installments, operating as book sales clubs. Most of the series
were more or less encyclopedic in nature (e.g., The LIFE History of the United States,
The Time-Life Encyclopedia of Gardening, The Great Cities, The American
Wilderness, etc.), providing the basics of the subjects in the way it might be done in
a series of lectures aimed at the general public. Over the years, more than 50 series
were published.
During the 1970s and first half of the 1980s, Time Life exhibited all of the character-
istics of a file-processing system. A separate collection of files was maintained for each
book series. Thus, when the company sought to promote a new series to its existing cus-
tomer base, a customer who had purchased or was currently subscribing to several book
series already would receive multiple copies of the same glossy brochure promoting the
new series. In addition, it was not uncommon for a customer to receive the same bro-
chure at multiple addresses if that customer had used different mailing addresses when
subscribing to different publications. In the mid-1980s, the company replaced its separate
file-processing systems with an integrated database system that eliminated much of the
data duplication and lack of data integrity that characterized the previous file-processing
environment in which it had been operating.

1.4 THE ANSI/SPARC THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE

In the 1970s, the Standards Planning and Requirements Committee (SPARC) of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) offered a solution to these problems by
proposing what came to be known as the ANSI/SPARC three-schema architecture.2 The
ANSI/SPARC three-schema architecture, as illustrated in Figure 1.2, consists of three per-
spectives of metadata in a database. The conceptual schema is the nucleus of the three-
schema architecture. Located between the external schema and internal schema, the
conceptual schema represents the global conceptual view of the structure of the entire
database for a community of users. By insulating applications/programs from changes in
physical storage structure and data access strategy, the conceptual schema achieves
program-data independence in a database environment.

2
In a database context, the word “schema” stands for “description of metadata.”

FIGURE 1.2 The ANSI/SPARC three-schema architecture

The external schema3 consists of a number of different user views4 or subschemas,

each describing portions of the database of interest to a particular user or group of users.
The conceptual schema represents the global view of the structure of the entire database
for a community of users. The conceptual schema is the consolidation of user views. The
data specification (metadata) for the entire database is captured by the conceptual

3
While an external schema is technically a collection of external subschemas or views, the term
“external schema” is used here in the context of either an individual user view or a collection of
different user views.
4
Informally, a “view” is a term that describes the information of interest to a user or a group of
users, where a user can be either an end user or a programmer. See Chapter 6 (Section 6.4) for
a more precise definition of a “view.”

schema. The internal schema describes the physical structure of the stored data (how the
8
data is actually laid out on storage devices) and the mechanism used to implement the
access strategies (indexes, hashed addresses, and so on). The internal schema is con-
cerned with efficiency of data storage and access mechanisms in the database. Thus, the
internal schema is technology dependent, while the conceptual schema and external
schemas are technology independent. In principle, user views are generated on demand
through logical reference to data items in the conceptual schema independent of the logi-
cal or physical structure of the data.

1.4.1 Data Independence Defined

Data independence is the central concept driving a database system, and the very purpose
of a three-schema architecture is to enable data independence. The theme underlying the
concept of data independence is that when a schema at a lower level is changed, the
higher-level schemas themselves are unaffected by such changes. In other words, when a
change is made to storage structure or access strategy in the internal schema, there will be
no need to make any changes in the conceptual or external schemas; only the mapping
information—i.e., transforming requests and results between levels of schema—between a
schema and higher-level schemas need to be changed. Only then can it be said that data
independence is fully supported.
For instance, suppose direct access to data ordered by zip code is required. This
may be recorded as “direct access” in the conceptual schema, and a certain type of
indexing technique may be employed in the internal schema. This fact will be available
as the mapping information so that if/when the indexing technique in the internal schema
is changed, only the mapping information gets changed, and the conceptual schema is
unaffected. Incidentally, the external views are completely shielded from even the
knowledge of this change in the internal schema. That is, the specification and implementa-
tion of a change in the indexing mechanism on zip code does not require any modification
and testing of the application programs that use the external views containing zip code.
This capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the conceptual
or external schema is sometimes referred to as physical data independence. The internal
schema may be changed when certain file structures are reorganized or new indexes are
created to improve database performance. The physical data independence enables imple-
mentation of such changes without requiring any corresponding changes in the conceptual
or external schemas.
Likewise, enhancements to the conceptual schema in the form of growth or restructur-
ing will have no impact on any of the external views (subschemas) since all external views
are spawned from the conceptual schema only by logical reference to elements in the
conceptual schema. For instance, redefinition of logical structures of a data model (such as
adding or restructuring tables in a relational database) may sometimes be in order. Since
the external views (subschemas) are generated exclusively by logical references, the user
views are immune to such logical design changes in the conceptual schema. This property is
often called logical data independence. Logical data independence also enables a user
(external) view to be immune to changes in the other user views.
A file-processing system, in contrast, may be viewed as a two-schema architecture
consisting of the internal schema and the programmer’s view (external schema), as shown

"You don't understand me? Never mind—I don't think I shall like
Fairlee. How you stare, Miss Bell!"
Christobelle did look surprised: she could not understand Clara's
gaiety upon her lover's dismissal. She retired to her room, however,
and lost all recollections, in deep and sweet slumber, both of the
past and present.
CHAPTER XIII.

Sir John Wetheral and Christobelle were speedily on their road to

Ripley. The morning air was fresh and delicious, for May was on its
threshold, and April had passed in smiles. The father's countenance
beamed with pleasure, for he was conferring happiness—and his
daughter was revelling in delight, because she was rolling towards
Isabel, and should enjoy hours of amusement with the kind and
patient Mr. Boscawen. All nature smiled under her eager eye, and
she fancied the woods of Ripley even more beautiful than the
grounds of Wetheral. They turned from the high road, through the
great gates of Ripley Park, and wound for nearly two miles by the
side of a lake, magnificent in her estimation at that time, and lovely
in its stillness, now. The grey towers of Ripley burst upon the sight,
as they turned rapidly from the beautiful sheet of water to enter the
deep shrubbery which led to its entrance, and Christobelle could not
help exclaiming—"Oh, papa, how beautiful this is!"
"Yes, Christobelle, it is lovely; and all, save the spirit of man, is
divine," replied her father, patting her shoulder.
"That was a quotation, papa, from Lord Byron, which you read to me
yesterday. Oh, see what a collection of beautiful plants are ranged in
the conservatory!"
Christobelle was engrossed with the sight of the numerous flowering
shrubs, when the carriage stopped, and four servants advanced to
the hall-door. Sir John inquired if their master was at home.
Sir Foster had been from home since half-past five o'clock that
morning.
"When was he expected to return?"
Sir Foster had left no orders or directions.
"Surely," said Sir John, "Sir Foster has forgotten our engagement,
and has set off to Brierly alone. Is Miss Kerrison at home?"
Miss Kerrison was walking in the park—should they send her
information of Sir John Wetheral's arrival?
"By no means. Sir Foster is probably gone to Brierly; but, if your
master returns from elsewhere, inform him I am on the road to
Bridgnorth." Sir John ordered the postillions to proceed.
They drove back, towards the park gates, and met Miss Kerrison, at
the head of her little troop of brothers and sisters. The carriage
stopped at their approach, and Lucy Kerrison's eyes sparkled with
pleasure.
"Are you come for me, Sir John? Has Lady Wetheral sent for me, by
your early visit?"
The expression of her face clouded over, when she learned their
destination; but she could not enlighten her friends upon Sir Foster's
flight. Lucy said, "her father did such odd things, that no one at
Ripley ever knew where he was. Sometimes he was here, and
sometimes he was there—he had left the house very early, which
was rather an event of novelty, as he seldom rose before eleven; but
she was sure her father did not know himself where he was going,
and no one else could guess." With this unsatisfactory intelligence,
Sir John and Christobelle were obliged to take leave of Miss Kerrison,
and pursue their route. Sir John persisted in supposing Sir Foster far
on his way towards Brierly. Christobelle, on the other hand, felt an
undefinable assurance that he was gone to visit Clara. The subject,
however, faded soon from the mind of each; and Sir John cheered
the remainder of the drive, by pleasant tales, and affectionate
questionings upon subjects they had read together.
Isabel screamed with joy at her father and sister's arrival. She was
walking up and down before their door, holding her husband's arm,
when the carriage suddenly appeared before them. She rushed to
the door, ere the servant could open it, and threw herself into her
father's arms.
"Oh, papa, what a blessing this is! What made you think of coming
to see us so soon? and pray let Chrystal remain with me for some
months, now she is here. Oh, papa, this is such a happiness! such a
comfort!" Isabel threw her arms round her sister's neck, and wept.
"Well, Chrystal, you see I am crying; but it's for joy to see you both
at Brierly. I hope you will stay a long time! My dear papa, come in,
and refresh yourself before dinner;—and, Chrystal, you will be such
a dear companion to me!"
Mr. Boscawen waited till the raptures were ended, and then he
welcomed them to Brierly, with the kindness which ever made him
agreeable to those he esteemed. The meeting on all sides was most
delightful in feeling, and they entered the house, full of smiles and
mutual content. Isabel stood for a moment in the hall, and looked at
her husband.
"Mr. Boscawen, I am going to take my sister up stairs, into my room
—is that right?"
"Certainly, my love, do so; the half-hour bell will ring in a few
minutes."
Isabel seated herself, when they had gained her dressing-room, and
drew a chair for her sister.
"Now, Chrystal, just take off your hat and shake your curls."
Christobelle did so.
"Very well; now you are ready for dinner, so let us chat out the time
till the bell rings, and tell me all about Wetheral. Poor Wetheral!—I
often wish I was there again. Oh, Chrystal, perhaps now you are
arrived, I shall not be so much with Miss Tabitha, work, work, work,
all day long!—but what brought you here, without any notice? I
hope every body is well?"
Christobelle gave her sister all the Wetheral news, and detailed the
affairs of Clara as clearly as her young judgment would allow. Isabel
was charmed.
"Well, papa was so good to prevent Clara marrying that old Sir
Foster! I assure you, Chrystal, it would have been a foolish affair.
How would poor Clara have endured reading four or five hours every
day, per force, with her warm temper?"
"Sir Foster never reads, Isabel."
"Ah, but he would have compelled her to read; for old men are all
alike, Chrystal. You may depend upon it, Clara would have been
miserable. Is Sir Foster very unhappy about it?"
Christobelle told her in confidence what she had seen as she passed
through the chapel, and how cheerful Clara appeared afterwards at
dinner. Isabel looked serious.
"What could that mean? I was very unhappy, I know, till papa said I
should marry Mr. Boscawen. I was very silly, then; but Clara was not
Lady Kerrison, therefore she did not know how very soon those
things are got over, and I am surprised she was cheerful just at that
time. I wonder any body marries so young, when they can do as
they please at home. Don't marry, Chrystal, till you are thirty."
The great gong sounded at this moment, and Isabel rose to make a
change in her dress: but she continued talking.
"I don't mind that horrible gong, to-day, because you and papa are
here; but it is always a signal to me of misery. After the gong
sounds, I am sure to pass the remainder of the day with Miss
Tabitha, and I am tired to death with teaching. In the morning I am
learning geography and history, and the evening brings tent-stitch
and lectures. I hope I shan't be obliged to learn tent-stitch while you
are here."
Isabel's maid appeared, to assist her mistress.
"Oh, is that you, Mrs. Anson? Do you know if Mr. Boscawen has
ordered any change in the dinner? I am sure I forgot all about it.
Dear me, Anson, how hot your hands are! Well, if ever I felt such
hands! Mr. Boscawen's hands are cold as ice. Just scratch out my
hair, Anson. I don't care how it looks; no more will Clara, if she
marries Sir.... There is Mr. Boscawen's tap against the wall; don't you
hear it? Now that tap always means that he is ready to go down,
and I must hold my tongue and make haste. I am always chatting to
Mrs. Anson, when you are not here, Chrystal. Come, I am ready
now."
They left the dressing-room, and Mr. Boscawen appeared
immediately at his door. He offered an arm to each, and they
descended to the drawing-room, where Sir John was seated in
company with Miss Boscawen, who was diligently plying at a large
worstedwork frame, dressed in dove-coloured silk, the whitest
muslin handkerchief, and the most delicate net-cap which had ever
gladdened the eye: she was indeed the beau ideal of an old maid.
Christobelle looked with pleased astonishment at the delicate
cleanliness of her person; the band of brown hair, intermingled with
grey, which peeped beneath her cap—the tightly-fitting dress—her
white silk mittens—the repose of her countenance, which looked
smilingly upon her—all inclined Christobelle to admire and gaze upon
Miss Tabitha Boscawen. Surely, this could not be the original of
Isabel's gloomy description!
Christobelle's admiration amused and pleased Miss Boscawen: she
rose, and held out her hand. "You are welcome," she said, "to
Brierly, Miss Wetheral. Our dear Isabel will be delighted to have a
companion in her work and studies."
Christobelle was charmed by the reception, and stood near Miss
Boscawen, examining her work, and watching its progress. She was
pleased by her young acquaintance's curiosity, for she performed her
stitches very slowly, to allow time for observation. She asked
Christobelle if she loved work: Christobelle told her she should like to
learn to work well, but that she was very fond of reading. She
smiled.
"I shall be happy to teach you every kind of stitch, Miss Wetheral,
when you are tired with books. I like to see young people employed.
Every hour is valuable, and idleness is the mother of mischief, as you
may remember writing in your copybook. I hope you are never idle,
Miss Wetheral?"
Isabel answered for her sister.
"Oh, dear Tabitha, Chrystal is always reading history and poetry: I
am astonished at her learning, for I never could bear reading or
writing: I liked my doll best, and dancing with Tom Pynsent."
"We shall like one another, Miss Wetheral, I foresee," said Miss
Boscawen, taking no notice of the latter part of Isabel's speech.
At dinner, Isabel sat silent. She took her seat at the head of the
table, it is true; but her eyes were constantly referring to her
husband, and sundry whispers from Miss Boscawen, who sat at her
right hand, increased her alarm and confusion. There were some
attractive glasses of raspberry-cream upon the table at the second
course, to which Isabel "did seriously incline," and she accordingly
had one placed before her. Miss Boscawen was distressed.
"Oh! sister, that is the worst thing you could eat at this time! Pray
send away that cream! John, take away that cream!"
Isabel's eyes overflowed, as the cream vanished from her sight: Mr.
Boscawen saw her disappointment with pity, and endeavoured to
mitigate the sentence.
"Tabitha, half a cream will not hurt Isabel: let her try half a cream."
"Oh, brother, the very worst thing my sister could take! No, don't eat
a cream, sister."
"I think," said Sir John, "as the parent of five children, I will
undertake to answer for the innocence of the cream. Lady Wetheral
fancied many extraordinary things, and did not suffer from their
effects. I should be inclined to give Isabel that cream, Boscawen."
Mr. Boscawen appeared pleased by an opinion of some weight and
experience, which coincided with his own wish to gratify his young
wife: he accordingly ordered the cream to be reinstated on her
plate. Isabel ate of it greedily.
"Oh, brother!" exclaimed Miss Boscawen, "sister will be so ill!"
Mr. Boscawen, however, enjoyed the eagerness and satisfaction with
which Isabel devoured her cream. "Poor thing, poor thing!" he
uttered, in a low tone, as Isabel laid down her spoon, and
exclaimed, "How excellently good that was!"
"It will do you no harm, my love," said her father, as he watched her
with great interest; "I will answer for your not suffering any
unpleasant effects."
"Oh! Sir John," exclaimed Miss Boscawen, "creams are such very
indigestible things! I am sure sister will be very poorly; indeed,
brother, sister will be ill."
Christobelle now understood the meaning of poor Isabel's distress,
when she complained at Wetheral, that only Miss Tabitha was to
preside over her confinement. Miss Boscawen did indeed watch over
her with jealous care, and, like Don Pedro Snatchaway in Sancho's
suite, she allowed her victim neither to eat nor drink in peace. When
the ladies retired from the dining-room, Miss Boscawen fidgeted
about Isabel's seat. She was not to sit near the window—it was cold;
she was not to sit near the fire—it was hot: the sofa was not quite
the thing, and the chairs might make her uncomfortable. Poor Isabel
looked at her sister in despair.
Miss Boscawen was equally alarmed when Isabel offered to walk
round the flower-garden with Christobelle.
"Oh! sister, the sun is setting, and you will take such a cold! you
have eaten a cream; pray don't take cold upon it."
The walk was given up; Isabel would chat about Wetheral.
"Now, sister, don't talk much just after your dinner; nothing does so
much harm to the constitution, and so completely prevents
digestion."
Well, then, they would all take a little nap.
"Won't you get very fat, sister?" asked Miss Boscawen, as she saw
Isabel preparing to lie down upon the sofa; "sleep fattens very
much."
Isabel, however, made her preparations, and composed herself to
sleep. Christobelle sat by her with a book which she had taken from
one of the tables. Miss Boscawen sat down to her worsted frame,
and rang for candles. They were some time silent, when Isabel
started up and exclaimed she was extremely unwell. Miss Boscawen
looked horrified.
"Oh! sister, that cream! I knew you would be ill."
"I cannot tell the reason, but I am very ill. Send for Mr. Boscawen,
Chrystal." Isabel looked very pale, and was unable to rise from the
sofa.
"Oh! sister, don't send for my brother; let me assist you to your
room; the cream has made you sick."
"Send for Mr. Boscawen," repeated Isabel, her face becoming
flushed with pain.
Mr. Boscawen was summoned, and he carried Isabel to her bed. The
surprise and joy of receiving her family unexpectedly, had brought
on a rather premature confinement. The medical man was sent for,
the nurse was summoned in haste; all the household were in
commotion. The medical attendant gave it as his opinion some
surprise or alarm had hastened Mrs. Boscawen's accouchement. Miss
Boscawen was convinced it was the raspberry-cream.
Sir John decided to remain at Brierly, till Isabel should be considered
out of all danger, and till the little stranger should receive his
blessing. All that night passed in eager hope and watching.
Christobelle could not sleep; she could not rest in her bed, but
remained at Isabel's door, listening to every sound and footfall till
the morning dawned; and then Miss Boscawen insisted upon her
going to rest again. "Isabel was doing very well, considering she had
hastened every thing by eating the cream so pertinaciously, against
her own better judgment; she never could digest cream herself at
any period of her life; how could her sister expect to do so, when
she was so near her confinement?"
Under many promises on Miss Boscawen's part not to forget her in
the general confusion, Christobelle retired to her room, and slept
long and soundly; when she woke again, Isabel was in safety, and
the house of Boscawen rejoiced in a son and heir to succeed to its
honours. Miss Boscawen brought the blessed intelligence herself,
and redeemed her promise by so doing. Christobelle wanted to fly
that instant to her sister, but Miss Boscawen objected. "She was too
young to judge of consequences," she remarked; "she would talk too
much, or laugh too loud for Isabel's nerves. She should visit her in
proper time, and at proper seasons; she had just seen her father,
and he had taken Master Boscawen in his arms, and pronounced
him a very fine child. Isabel was now, she hoped, asleep."
Christobelle said she would rise immediately, as she wanted very
much to see her father; she was surprised to learn he had quitted
Brierly soon after his interview with Isabel. He would not allow
Christobelle to be called, because her rest had been broken; he left
his affectionate love, and his wishes that his child would write often,
and attend to Miss Boscawen's directions in her conduct. He had
returned to Wetheral rather earlier than he intended, but business of
importance called him away. This was Christobelle's first separation
from her father. She learned afterwards Mr. Boscawen's perfect
approbation of his scheme to spend some months in Scotland; and
by so doing, putting it out of Clara's power to renew her
engagement with Sir Foster, induced Sir John to hurry away to its
fulfilment. It was his intention to leave Wetheral in the course of a
fortnight with the whole establishment, and pass the summer at
Fairlee. Christobelle was to be Mr. Boscawen's care till her father
recalled her.
Isabel was delighted with that part of the plan which decided her
sister a guest at Brierly for an indefinite period. The satisfaction of
her mind gave her strength and spirits to delight in her little one,
and to bear with unparalleled sweetness of temper the tiresome
attentions and fears of Miss Boscawen. Nothing was quite right with
the old lady which did not emanate from herself. The child was too
upright, or it was too long in a horizontal posture. Its food was acid,
or too sweet; it was too tight in its clothes, or the poor little thing
was hardly kept together in its covering. Isabel tied and untied, as
the complaint dictated; but some new fault was ever arising to rouse
the alarms of Miss Boscawen. One morning, Isabel amused herself
by dressing her babe with her own hands, a pleasure she had not
enjoyed since its birth. The nurse sat by her mistress's bed-side,
watching and directing the operation, while Christobelle gazed
delightedly at the little thing as it crowed and stretched its limbs.
The sisters were most pleasingly occupied when Miss Boscawen
entered. Her alarms were roused immediately.
"Oh! sister, how can you sit up there, dressing the child? Nurse, take
away the infant, your mistress will be so fatigued! you must lie down
again, sister."
"Sister," however, was for once resolved to persist; she could not
relinquish the delightful amusement.
"Tabitha, I have not washed my child; I am only putting on his dear
little clothes."
"Oh! sister, you are very wrong; you suffered by that cream which I
begged you not to touch, and now I must insist upon your lying
down; what will my brother say?"
"Mr. Boscawen will not object to seeing me dress my little boy,"
replied Isabel.
"Oh! sister, he will indeed. My brother is not aware how you fatigue
yourself. Nurse, pray take the infant from your mistress."
Isabel became nervous, and the baby began to cry with all its might.
Miss Boscawen was certain he was nearly strangled by tight strings.
"There, sister, you have hurt him; the tapes are tied too tightly, I
dare say. How can you dress a babe, sister, when you never had one
before? Nurse, take the poor infant."
A passion of tears weakened Isabel beyond all that the mere
dressing of her babe could produce. Miss Boscawen became
alarmed, and she ceased all further expostulation. Mr. Boscawen,
who never remained long absent from his wife and child, at this
moment entered the room. Isabel sobbed out:
"Mr. Boscawen!"
"Here I am, my love. What has discomposed you? I am afraid you
are feverish." Mr. Boscawen seated himself in the nurse's chair, and
felt Isabel's pulse; he looked very grave. "My dear Isabel, this pulse
won't do. Nurse, what has caused this fever?"
"Tabitha won't let me dress my child, Mr. Boscawen," sobbed Isabel,
clasping her hands, and looking heart-broken.
"Give your mistress her child, nurse. My dear Isabel, you shall dress
it whenever you please. Dress it now, my love, and let me see how
maternally you can handle your infant." Mr. Boscawen took his boy
from the nurse, and placed it in Isabel's arms. Delighted with the
action, and feeling the kindness of her husband's manner, Isabel
almost involuntarily kissed Mr. Boscawen's hand.
"Oh! brother, you are very wrong," exclaimed Miss Boscawen,
looking anxiously at Isabel, whose delight was unbounded.
"A mother is performing a laudable and pleasing duty, Tabitha, when
she nurses and fondles her child."
"Ah! but, brother, you are very wrong. Sister will be quite low and ill
this evening. I foretold that cream business, brother."
What could Miss Boscawen do? Isabel continued to play with her
child, and her brother authorised the deed; nay, he was watching his
wife's movements with earnest and pleased attention. Her authority
was of no avail, since her brother sanctioned such very improper
exertions; she could only sigh, and resign herself to her own duties
—the worsted frame, and ordering dinner.
Miss Boscawen had a kind heart; her own dictations were prompted
by good-will to others, and a desire to give pleasure, but then those
pleasures must proceed from herself. She loved Isabel, and watched
carefully over her health; but Isabel must not think for herself; every
idea must originate from Miss Boscawen, otherwise it could not be
wisely carried into effect; it could not even be wisely planned, if Miss
Boscawen had not been a party in its formation. This was irritating
and vexatious. Christobelle was under many obligations to Miss
Boscawen, and loved her, when circumstances did not bring her into
contact with Isabel. She very patiently undertook to teach her all
kinds and varieties of work. She learned all the worsted stitches, and
could assist her in sorting colours very ably. Miss Boscawen
protested always against idleness in young people, and loved to see
Christobelle employed in reading, or, practising under her tuition, the
tasteful arts of tatting, embroidery, and fancy-work. Miss Boscawen
and Christobelle were very good friends; and she often drew her
attention from Isabel, and prevented sundry visits to her sister's
room, which would have terminated in mutual annoyance.
Christobelle had been a fortnight at Brierly, when a letter from Lady
Wetheral threw her into consternation. It was a great honour to be
noticed by her mother, but its contents were astounding.

"Dear Bell,
"You must make up your mind to return home, and be
useful in spite of your stupidity, for I can't be left without a
companion. Your father alarms me to death with his
violence; and as to Clara, she has every excuse for the step
she has taken. You know poor Clara and Sir Foster were
very much attached, and it was tyranny to separate them.
Nothing would serve your father but breaking off their
engagement, so Clara ran away with Kerrison the day you
quitted Wetheral. I declare I knew nothing about Clara's
intention, for your sister always did as she pleased, without
consulting me. However, she is Lady Kerrison now, and
mistress of Ripley, which I always particularly wished might
be her destiny.
"Your father has been ill, and confined some days to his
room; but, I confess, I never was better, or more satisfied
with the contemplation

of my daughters' excellent establishments. Of course, Clara

has no settlement; but Kerrison is a poor, half-witted
creature, and it will be her fault if she does not do as she
pleases with him. The first Lady Kerrison gave way too
much. The Kerrisons arrived at Ripley two days ago, and
your father will not allow me to call upon them. I cannot
think it right to bear malice; it would have been another
thing if Clara had married a curate, or Lesley's son. I tell Sir
John we ought to forgive as we hope to be forgiven
ourselves; but he shakes his head like Lord Burleigh, and
waves me away. Altogether, his temper is become
extremely violent, and I must have you at home, for
Thompson is going to marry the Hatton butler, and set up a
public-house. I have no patience with servants marrying.
"I hope Isabel does not nurse; it will ruin her figure.
Whereabouts is the nursery? I hope miles from her room.
Tell her about the baize door; and as boys have loud voices,
give the child lettuce lozenges, and make it sleep day and
night. I hope Boscawen won't let her nurse it. When you
return, perhaps you will persuade your father to forgive the
Kerrisons, for I wish to give a succession of parties, and I

am sure I knew nothing about Clara's intentions. I think

Frank Kerrison would be an excellent match for you, Bell, a
few years hence. I shall send Thompson for you next week.
Yours truly,
"G. Wetheral."
Christobelle wept over Clara's flight; she wept over her dear father's
illness, but still more over the summons to return and become her
mother's companion. She gave her letter to Miss Boscawen in
distress, for she could not trust her voice. Christobelle was too
young then to understand her error in so doing. She was not aware
the letter laid bare to Miss Boscawen's notice all her mother's private
thoughts and intentions, and that its perusal must consign her to
contempt and ridicule, in the opinion of brother and sister. She
considered only her wretched fate in returning to Wetheral, as the
avowed companion of a person who had never loved her, and who
felt compelled to bear with "stupidity," because Thompson was on
the eve of matrimony.
Miss Boscawen returned the letter without any comment: she
advised Christobelle to conceal its intelligence from Isabel, and try to
appear gay, lest the idea of losing her sister should affect her spirits.
It might be, Lady Wetheral's mind would change, or some event
occur to postpone her return. She would inform her brother of the
intimation from Wetheral; but in the mean time Christobelle was to
drive all thoughts from her mind of leaving Brierly for some time to
come.
With these consolations before her mental view, combined with the
hopes and sprightliness of extreme youth, Christobelle soon forgot
her sorrow, and enjoyed, in happy forgetfulness, the calm pleasures
of Brierly. Thompson did not make her appearance, and the
Boscawens never alluded to the transactions which had taken place
at Wetheral. In a few days, therefore, all fears were hushed, and she
resumed her usual occupations and amusements. Isabel made her
appearance in the sitting-room in due time, to her sister's great
satisfaction; but their mutual comfort was disturbed daily and hourly
by the watchful affection of Miss Boscawen, who objected and
demurred to every project and action on their parts, on the score of
health. By this vexatious exaction of power on the sister's side, one
material change was effected, which progressively gave happiness to
Isabel, and gilded the gloominess of Brierly to her eye and heart. It
drew her thoughts and affection towards her husband, who so often
shielded her from Miss Boscawen's anxieties, particularly in her
treatment of her son.
June opened so brightly in sunbeams and flowers, that Isabel and
her sister loved to sit with the babe under the shade of a large
mulberry-tree which stood upon the lawn. The air benefitted Isabel,
and the soft rustling of the mulberry leaves lulled the infant into
sound sleep. This pleasure was not suffered to pass without its alloy.
Miss Boscawen was not the inventor of the agreeable al fresco,
therefore it was wrong.
"Oh, sister, don't sit there! Miss Wetheral, my dear, come in. The flies
will kill that poor child; nurse, bring it in. Sister, your complexion!"
"I don't mind my complexion, Tabitha, at all; and my child is very
sleepy; it is just closing its eyes."
Miss Boscawen stood at the drawing-room window, with a parasol in
her hand.
"Oh, but, sister, that is wrong: the child will be bitten all over with
flies. Miss Wetheral, my dear, bring your sister in."
"Tabitha, here are no flies, I assure you. Don't insist upon my leaving
this shady place!" exclaimed Isabel, beseechingly.
"Oh, sister, the heat! What will my brother say? Oh, brother, I am
glad you are come, for sister is doing very foolishly."
"What is Isabel doing?" asked Mr. Boscawen, quickly.
"Sister is quite in a draught, brother; and the poor child must be all
over insects and flies!"
Mr. Boscawen joined his lady. He stood for some moments
contemplating Isabel, who sat in a low rustic chair, gently rocking
the sleeping babe on her lap. She smiled as she met his eye.
"Mr. Boscawen, I know you are come to take my part. You won't
insist upon my leaving this shady seat, will you?"
"No, my love, I am going to enjoy it with you." Mr. Boscawen seated
himself on the turf, at Isabel's feet. Christobelle could not help
thinking of the fairy tale which described Beauty and the Beast. It
was exemplified in the forms before her. Isabel, so young and
delicate, sat like a fairy, graceful in every movement, bending over
her child, smiling, and delighting to be free from her sister-in-law's
power. Boscawen, gaunt, tall, and unlovely, lay extended near her,
smiling grimly. Miss Boscawen saw her alarms were unheeded.
"Oh, brother, you are wrong. Sister will be very poorly, and you are
on the damp grass yourself—oh, brother!"
It was a useless lamentation: the little party remained long and
happily seated under the mulberry-tree; and Isabel, grateful for her
husband's sanction, became less reserved in his presence. In time,
she even sought his society, and the infant was ever a bond of union
and affection between them. Christobelle did not think the gay,
thoughtless Isabel would have become such a fond, anxious mother,
so devoted to her child, so active as a nurse. And yet, why was she
surprised? Had not Isabel warm affections, and was she not the
favourite at Wetheral; always kind and conciliating, always gentle
and beloved? Mr. Boscawen's age and manners chilled Isabel's heart
by his anxiety to bestow attainments upon a mind which disliked
application; but her child was sure to call forth every particle of her
affectionate heart; its daily wants, its helplessness, made her useful
in the way she best loved.
There was no more dull schooling for Isabel to pine over—no more
lectures from Mr. Boscawen to urge her forward against her
inclination, and perhaps against her capacity. Another object had
entered upon the scene, to engross and charm each parent. Isabel
never wearied in watching her babe; her dislike to work chair-covers
and footstools, under Miss Boscawen's surveillance, was now
succeeded by a taste for baby-clothes; and the quickness with which
she acquired from the nurse the mystery of cutting out, and shaping
materials, proved that an object alone was needed to call forth her
energies.
Mr. Boscawen was content to see his lady so employed; the
schoolmaster gave way to the parent; and he was no longer
distressed by his young wife's thoughtless speeches. How could
Isabel talk unadvisedly, when her only subject embraced the nursery
department? How could she alarm her husband's nice perceptions in
conversation, when all her thoughts rested in one absorbing interest
—on one dear and mutual object of earthly pleasure?
Christobelle was happiest of the happy at Brierly. Mr. Boscawen had
always something pointed in his remarks which attracted her
admiration; and if Isabel could not withdraw her attention from her
new and delightful occupation, Christobelle was ready to profit by
her husband's extensive reading; to listen with eagerness to his
details; and enjoy his animating comments upon men and books.
Miss Boscawen was aware that her brother's attention was given
exclusively now to his wife and child, to the utter exclusion of her
complaints and alarms; but her anxieties abated not. She still
objected to every arrangement, and cavilled at all pleasures which
her own brain had not devised; she could not even participate in
them.
Isabel had long wished to spend a day in Bridgnorth. She knew no
one in that part of the country; she could scarcely give a reason for
wishing to visit that quiet rural spot; but she had been struck by its
beautiful scenery, as she passed and repassed from Wetheral. She
liked its situation, its river, its luxuriant banks; altogether, she had an
extraordinary desire to spend a day at Bridgnorth, and take her
child. It was a little change, it would be a pleasant long drive, and
she was sure every body would like the little trip. Isabel
mechanically watched her husband as she uttered her wish. He
smiled. Isabel found a willing auditor, and her desire waxed stronger
in word and deed.
"Well, now, dear Mr. Boscawen, you will take us; won't you? Chrystal
and the child will have so many things to see. To be sure, the dear
babe can't understand what he sees, but I shall so like to carry him
about the town, and hear people admiring his little beautiful face!"
Mr. Boscawen was overcome. This was the first time Isabel had ever
addressed him as "dear Mr. Boscawen," and she was tossing her
child at the moment with such grace, with such beaming affection!
He threw his long arms round his wife and child, most ungracefully,
but most fondly.—
"We will do as you wish, my love; we will go to Bridgnorth for a day
—for a week, if you prefer it."
Isabel smiled in her husband's embrace, and looked truly happy. At
that moment, perhaps, a change passed over the mind of each. Mr.
Boscawen lost his alarmed and disgusted pupil in the matronly
woman and companion, at least in one engrossing care. Isabel might
feel that the task-master was exchanged for a kind and indulgent
protector. Her child might engross her heart, but she would honour
its father, and rejoice under his mild administration. Isabel's nature
was grateful: she must love those who kindly sought her happiness;
and Mr. Boscawen's attention to her wishes would surely secure her
content of heart. Miss Boscawen appeared the only thorn in her path
likely to affect her peace; but the release from books and study was
to Isabel's mind emancipation from all evils. The minor vexations of
life were hardly felt by her yielding and gentle temper.
The Bridgnorth excursion was at once negatived by Miss Boscawen.
"Oh, sister, going to Bridgnorth! Mercy! who do we know in
Bridgnorth, brother?"
"My wife wishes it, Tabitha."
"Oh mercy, brother, what a foolish wish! Eleven miles' drive, and a
day spent in Bridgnorth!—what for, sister?"
"I always admired Bridgnorth, Tabitha, and I want to show my babe.
I have set my heart upon displaying my babe."
"Oh, sister, mercy! I can't think a drive to Bridgnorth can do you any
good. No, stay at home, sister."
"Mr. Boscawen has no objection, Tabitha. Have you, dear Mr.
Boscawen?"
"Oh, but, brother, what nonsense! the child will be sick, and sister
will be so tired! Don't go to Bridgnorth, sister: let us spend a day at
Hawkstone next week."
"I have set my heart upon Bridgnorth," said Isabel, throwing an
appealing glance to her husband.
Mr. Boscawen was resolved to please his wife. There was a link
between them now, which nothing human could dissolve. Perhaps
Mr. Boscawen silently felt pride in the idea of displaying his "beautiful
babe," as Isabel termed it. At Brierly, beyond the establishment,
there were none to gaze and admire. An elderly gentleman is
generally proud of his first-born; the less he says, the more apparent
it becomes in action. Mr. Boscawen watched his infant with
unceasing interest, though he seldom made it the subject of his
discourse. He was now going to enjoy the commendations of
passing strangers in Bridgnorth. Isabel openly confessed her pride
and expectations; they only lurked in her husband's eyes.
Miss Boscawen could not hear the subject named without expressing
her dissent. She had not proposed the drive, or even imagined such
an amusement, therefore the whole affair must be foolish and
useless. Mr. Boscawen urged his sister to remain at Brierly—there
was no occasion for her to undertake an irksome drive, if it was so
unpalatable—she could prepare a late tea against their return. Miss
Boscawen differed in opinion.
"Oh, mercy, no, brother! I must go, to see that sister does not
fatigue herself. The poor child, you know—yes, sister, I will go with
you, but, indeed, I think it a very foolish business—what with the
heat, and the poor child, I am sure we shall all be very tired."
In spite of Miss Boscawen's murmurs and prognostics, Isabel looked
forward with pleasure to the Bridgnorth visit, which was to take
place in two days from the date of its first proposition. Isabel gloried
in the idea of walking with her infant round the Castle Hill, and up all
the streets; she was sure every body would exclaim at the size and
beauty of her boy, and it would be a day of proud exultation to her.
She was also gratefully eloquent upon her husband's kindness in
entering at once into her plan; she was sure she must be the
happiest creature in the world, if dear Mr. Boscawen never more
required her to read, and plague herself over maps and things. She
dearly loved nursing and singing to her babe, and dear Mr.
Boscawen had told her that morning, he did not mind the child
crying half the night; he was only happy to see what an excellent
nurse and mother he had married. Was not that very good of dear
Mr. Boscawen?
Christobelle also looked forward with pleasure to the trip; she had
never been allowed to accompany her family to Shrewsbury, because
Lady Wetheral said, nothing was so impolitic as displaying a lot of
coming-on girls; she had never seen a cluster of houses beyond the
small village of Wetheral, and her mind resigned itself to most
pleasing anticipations of Bridgnorth gaiety. She could conceive
nothing more charming than roaming with Isabel up and down the
streets, and examining the shop-windows—nothing more sublime
than standing upon the bridge, to watch the coal-barges from its
parapet—nothing more exquisite than the permission to buy
gingerbread-nuts without remark and without ridicule. There were
not two happier beings than Isabel and Christobelle, in their visions
of the pleasures which were to surround them at Bridgnorth.
CHAPTER XIV.

How could any party, however pleasantly arranged, prosper with

Miss Boscawen as one of its members? Nothing could exceed her
restlessness, and objection to every plan proposed. They were not
setting forth to Hawkstone, therefore every thing was ill-devised—
every preparation was nonsensical. Mr. Boscawen rode forward to
order dinner, consequently Isabel must endure her sister-in-law's
complaints with patient submission; and her comfort, during that
lengthened drive, must arise from silently contemplating her child,
and exchanging looks of vexation with Christobelle. They had not
quitted the Brierly grounds, when Miss Boscawen commenced an
enumeration of miseries which must fall to their lot from persisting in
their excursion.
"Oh, sister, mercy! How you can wish to spend a whole day in such a
place as Bridgnorth, I cannot imagine. The poor child will be so
uneasy, and you will be so heated; and Miss Wetheral, my dear, you
had better not walk about, but sit quietly at the Crown with us all. I
have brought my knitting, and a piece of carpet-work; and, mercy,
sister!—what will you do with the child? and how can you be
comfortable at the Crown with a baby?"
Christobelle ventured to think the baby would prove their greatest
amusement, and Isabel's eyes and lips seconded the observation.
Miss Boscawen smiled good-humouredly upon Christobelle, as upon
a child whose opinions availed nothing, though the motive was
amiable which produced them; but she addressed Mrs. Boscawen in
reply.
"Oh! sister, this is such a sad business—every thing will be very
uncomfortable, and that poor little baby will be heated into a fever."
Isabel replied gently to all the uncomfortable prophecies uttered by
her sister-in-law; but their constant repetition destroyed the pleasure
of the drive. It was vain to contend against Miss Boscawen's
reasoning, for the result was a quietly-expressed pertinacity, which
must end in the discomfiture of her gentle antagonist: it was equally
impossible to resent an opposition which took its rise in anxiety for
the object whom she professed to love and watch over.
Miss Boscawen was not aware of her own failings; she could not
detect herself, how deeply her desire to lead was interwoven with
the affection she professed, and really felt, towards Isabel. That
desire for power became the bane of her young sister's repose: had
Miss Boscawen possessed that power, her kind heart would have
ministered in every thing to Isabel's happiness; but, in striving for a
poor and useless supremacy, both parties became victims to the
struggle.
It was so on this day of pleasure: when they entered the town so
long desired, so impatiently anticipated as the scene of matronly
pride, Isabel was jaded and disquieted by the miseries of the
journey, and Miss Boscawen became doubly impressed by her own
complainings, that Bridgnorth would prove a miserable affair. When
Mr. Boscawen came forward to assist them in alighting, he was
surprised at Isabel's languid appearance, and alarmed at the languor
of her voice. Isabel was overcome by her husband's anxious inquiry,
his affectionate endearments, and alarms about herself and his
child: he stood again before her as her protector from his sister's
vexatious remarks, ready to soothe her grief, and advocate her
cause: his presence was a relief—it was a pleasure—she began to
feel it was even necessary now to her happiness.
Isabel took Mr. Boscawen's arm when she left the carriage, and
clung to it with an involuntary movement of delight: her husband
perceived the expression of her eyes, as the warm pressure of her
hand turned his looks towards her, and that expression agitated his
feelings. He forgot Miss Boscawen, his long companion and
housekeeper at Brierly—he forgot the sister who had borne with him
the dull routine of twenty years in almost positive seclusion, to enjoy
a new and delightful emotion in the certainty of having at last won
his young wife's heart. That one absorbing pleasure, so novel, and
so delicious, caused Mr. Boscawen to forget the existence of Miss
Boscawen and Christobelle, who stood ready to receive his
attentions upon Isabel's alighting. He had flown with Isabel up
stairs, followed by the nurse and her young charge, and Miss
Boscawen's transit took place under the superintendence of the
waiter, but, on her part, in profound silence. It was evident a severe
blow had been inflicted upon her heart or vanity, by this unexpected
movement.
When they entered the apartment destined to their use, Mr.
Boscawen was still offering all his cares and attentions to Isabel. She
was arranged most comfortably on the sofa with the assiduity of a
lover. It was not Mr. Boscawen watching over the proprieties of an
estranged pupil—it was a husband attending to the comfort of a
beloved wife.
Christobelle rejoiced in the scene which gave to her view Isabel
happy and unreserved in the presence of Mr. Boscawen. She rejoiced
to think her sister was loving him as she had always loved him—that
her studies must in future be as pleasing to her sister, as they had
ever appeared to herself—that they should now enjoy the dressing-
room together, as sincerely as she had formerly abhorred it.
Christobelle's countenance betrayed the thoughts of her heart, for
Isabel gave her a smiling glance as she gazed upon her; and the
annoyances of the journey faded away in the contemplation of her
happy, contented position, as she still held Mr. Boscawen's hand,
while the babe lay sleeping in her lap.
Miss Boscawen made no remark, by word or look, upon the past and
present: her head was thrown more back, and a look of injured
innocence pervaded her form and movements; but not a syllable fell
from her lips, as she moved in silent dignity to the table, and seated
herself to her employments for the day. Neither Isabel nor Mr.
Boscawen yet perceived their sister's wounded feelings: they were
both watching their child, and enjoying their newly-awakened
interest in each other, by disjointed chat on the part of Isabel, and in
little, rather awkward, fond civilities on that of Mr. Boscawen. Isabel,
too, had gained another step in intimacy and unreserve: she now
addressed her husband as "dear Boscawen," which evidently gave
intense satisfaction to its object.
"I shall walk round the Castle Hill with my baby when he wakes,
dear Boscawen."
A pressure of the hand, and a look of pleased expression, gave
Isabel courage, and raised her spirits to nearly their pristine height.
"I dare say you will go with us, dear Boscawen, won't you? and
Chrystal will like to see the babe admired all over the town. You shall
have plenty of gingerbread-nuts, dear Chrystal: the darling babe will
be so admired. I know you will come with us, Boscawen, won't you
now?"
Mr. Boscawen gave a grim smile of acquiescence, and accompanied
the smile with a corresponding squeeze of the hand.
"I declare, Boscawen, you have hurt my poor little fingers,"
exclaimed Isabel, with an affected scream.
"Let me examine them," said her husband, trying to gain possession
of her hand. Isabel withheld it playfully.
"Oh, no, Boscawen, I declare I gave it you in poor Wetheral chapel:
don't you remember how amused I was, and how I laughed when
you put on the ring?"
"Would you give it me again as willingly, if we were to renew our
vows, Isabel?" asked Mr. Boscawen, with soft seriousness, as he
caught her hand, and stroked it with his long unshapely fingers.
"Oh yes, indeed I should now, because you are so good, and I
should not know what to do without you. You know you protect me
from...." Isabel's voice sunk into a whisper, which reached her
husband's ear alone; but her eyes were directed towards Miss
Boscawen, who appeared intently occupied with her worsted work.
Mr. Boscawen smiled and patted her hand, as if in correction. Isabel
went laughingly on.
"I always like people who love me, but I don't know how it is, some
persons are not pleasant, though they are kind. Mamma was very
kind sometimes, but still, however, I love you, dear Boscawen, very
much. I suppose I always liked you, but you frightened me so."
"Frightened you, my love!"
"Oh, yes, you did very much after I was married; you looked so
proud and frowning, and then those nasty books! I don't think I
quite loved you till you took my part about the cream, and then I did
begin in earnest: I thought it so good of you; but when you allowed
me to dress my child, oh, then how could I help loving you!" Isabel,
under the influence of her feelings, threw her arms round Mr.
Boscawen's neck, and burst into tears. The action woke her infant.
"There, now, Boscawen dear, we have woke the little darling; how
could you let me talk in that way, and do such things! I don't know
what was the matter with me."
Isabel, in smiles and tears, began the preparation for her child's
comforts. The nurse was summoned, and it was fed before her, as
she gazed delightedly at its movements: the face and figure of
Isabel received its greatest charm from her maternal solicitude. Her
enthusiastic nature was interestingly and beautifully illustrated in the
devotion of her heart to this one most loved object, and the
insouciance of Isabel Wetheral was buried in the deep love of her
offspring. Christobelle never remembered her so captivating as she
appeared at this moment, when her attention was engrossed in
watching her child. The tears of grateful remembrance were upon
her cheek, yet smiles were chasing every emotion from her heart,
but those of tenderness and a mother's pride. Mr. Boscawen looked
on, enchanted. Isabel, in the fullness of her heart, turned for the
first time since her arrival to Miss Boscawen.
"Ah, Tabitha, I am sure you will be one of our party round the Castle
Hill, to enjoy my babe's crowing delight. Do put away your work, and
join us."
Miss Boscawen did not look up from her work, as she drily replied,
"No, thank you, sister."
Mr. Boscawen thought a little promenade would be very pleasant
after a long drive, and he joined in his lady's wish that she would
attend them.
"No, thank you, brother." Miss Boscawen fixed her eyes
pertinaciously upon her work: she sat like a wax figure, motionless,
and apparently sightless.
"I am afraid you are ill, Tabitha," observed Isabel. "Do let me order
you a glass of wine and a biscuit. A glass of wine, dear Boscawen,
would not that do Tabitha good?"
"No, thank you, sister."
"A biscuit, Tabitha."
"No, thank you, brother."
Miss Boscawen's answers to many affectionate inquiries were equally
laconic. Something was wrong, but the cause was equally
unintelligible to her brother and sister. The walk, however, was to
take place, and, if Miss Boscawen would not be prevailed upon to
add to the little party, she would, probably, be kind enough to put off
dinner another hour. This change in the dinner arrangement was
met with perfect assent by Miss Boscawen.
"Certainly, brother."
Mr. Boscawen looked earnestly at his sister; but there was no ripple
on the surface of the water, to detect its agitation: the voice was dry
in its tones, but the eye was placid, and the manner quiet and
composed; one strong symptom betrayed the disease within to her
brother, and upon that symptom he spoke.
"Tabitha, you are vexed about something—tell me what it is."
"I am not vexed, brother."
Mr. Boscawen smiled. "I am sure all is not right, Tabitha; you have
made no objection to a single plan proposed, since we entered this
room, therefore, you are not pleased with some one of us."
"I am not displeased with you, brother."
"Then my wife has unfortunately offended you."
Isabel flew to Miss Boscawen. "I have not offended you, dear
Tabitha, have I? No one is ever offended with me long, for I am so
sorry to give offence. A thousand pardons, dear Tabitha, if I have
unintentionally hurt you, but what could it be?"
"No, sister, you have not offended."
Isabel was free from offence, therefore her thoughts could dwell
upon her child; she did not suspect or observe Miss Boscawen's
manner.
"Oh, well, then, let us set off, for I am dying to hear my child
admired. Now, Chrystal, you are head-nurse, so attend my babe in
front, and I will follow with dear Boscawen, to hear and see every
body's admiration. Now, Mr. Boscawen, don't let us linger."
Isabel took her husband's hand, and he suffered her to drag him in
her lively playful way to the door. Isabel was becoming the happy
Isabel of former days rapidly. Her sprightly laugh, at that moment,
sounded like the joyous tones which had captivated her husband
upon their first acquaintance; she was aware of it herself.
"I declare I am laughing as heartily as I used to do, when we were
engaged, dear Boscawen, and you look so like yourself when I first
saw you, and when you thought all I did was right."
"I think so now, Isabel," said Mr. Boscawen, drawing her to him, and
looking tenderly in her face.
Mr. Boscawen's person and cast of features could never assume a
sentimental expression, but Isabel was equally unsentimental
herself. If her husband looked kindly, and behaved indulgently, she
was happy; and, while her child continued well, eating his meals
heartily, and stretching out his little arms at her approach, no sorrow
could reach the heart of its devoted mother. Isabel would forget all
grief at the cradle of her darling babe, in whatever form it might
assail her.
They were sallying forth from the Crown, when a post-chaise drove
rapidly through the north gate, and came with speed towards the
inn. For a moment they stood still to watch its progress. The horses
were panting with fatigue, but they were quickly unharnessed, as a
well-known voice called out with energy, "Horses instantly to Brierly."
It was Thompson.
Christobelle's fears instantly told her she was to receive a summons
from Wetheral, but she had spent three happy months with Isabel,
and could not in justice complain of its hurried and unexpected
arrival. The last letters, however, from Sir John, had not alluded to
any such intention. Mr. Boscawen had a powerful presentiment that
something was wrong at Wetheral, and they hurried to the side of
the chaise. Christobelle caught Thompson's eye.
"Oh, for ever, and two days! Why, that's Miss Chrystal, as I'm alive!
Well, Miss Chrystal, you must please to return with me immediately
to Wetheral."
Isabel looked bewildered; Mr. Boscawen inquired after the health of
Sir John with much anxiety. He was quite well; but Lady Wetheral
was suffering, and required her daughter's immediate presence; she
was not to delay an hour. Thompson produced a note written by
Lady Wetheral, which was to be put into Christobelle's hand the
instant Thompson arrived.

"Dear Bell,
"The moment you receive this set out, without waiting to
pack up your things, for I can't be left a moment. I am very
ill, and require one person's whole attention. You have led
an idle life for twelve years, mousing in your father's study,
therefore, your time is come to be a little active. I miss your
sisters dreadfully. I am glad Isabel is happy, and I wish I
was so, too; but your father is getting extremely
methodistical, which distracts me. Don't keep Thompson a
moment; you will be here this evening.
"G. Wetheral."

Poor Isabel's day of happiness was changed into mourning, as she

stood reading the note over her sister's shoulder. The hope of her
heart fell at this announcement into sorrow and disappointment, and
they returned into the sitting-room, stunned by the unwelcome
summons. Isabel could only lament, and resolve to return home; she
threw her arms round Christobelle.
"My dear Chrystal, we have been so happy together! What will my
babe do without you; and what will you do without the babe!"
Christobelle sat weeping, but could not reply to Isabel's touching
appeals.
"Ah, Chrystal, and what will you do for dear Boscawen's lectures and
readings, and when shall we be together again? how you will lament
my darling babe! but, Chrystal, don't cry. I know it must be a
dreadful blow to leave that darling boy, but I will have his picture
taken every month, and send you the old one regularly. I know
Boscawen will let me have its picture fresh every month, for he will
wish it himself, and you will be so delighted to see its innocent face
every month, too. Tell papa I must have you every year, and tell
Clara that she will be very happy with Sir Foster, when a child is
born. Perhaps she won't like being at her studies, any more than I
did, but Sir Foster won't plague her after her child is born; be sure
and tell her that, Chrystal."
Miss Boscawen forgot her injuries for the moment, to comfort
Christobelle, when the cause of their grief was explained. Her
soothings were more useful and bracing to the spirit. She told her
that duties were imperious at home; and she assured her that
conscience through life would be tranquil under all trials, by the
knowledge that we had been obedient and pleasing to our parents,
and, by so doing, acceptable before our Maker, whose
commandment it was to "honour thy father and thy mother."
"Oh, yes, Tabitha," cried Isabel, earnestly; "Chrystal does not mean
to sorrow for being recalled on that account. She feels the loss of
the dear child, and I can understand the agony of parting with such
a treasure." Isabel took her boy from the nurse's arms, and pressed
it to her bosom. "I can tell what you feel, Chrystal, for, if any one
took my child from me, I should die on the spot." The very idea of a
separation caused Isabel's cheeks to turn deadly pale.
Mr. Boscawen appeared, and advised Christobelle to return with
Thompson from Bridgnorth, without giving a thought to her clothes;
they should be sent after her. He considered Lady Wetheral's wish
peremptory; and, as her anxiety to have her daughter with her was
one of Thompson's particular remarks to him, he had ordered horses
to be brought out for the Ironbridge; the chaise was at that moment
ready, and Thompson only waited for her young lady's presence to
return to Wetheral.
The adieus were short. Christobelle was again embraced by Isabel,
and received a kind farewell from Miss Boscawen, but she was
hurried away by Boscawen, without embracing her little nephew; he
feared lest Isabel should suffer by a prolonged view of her regrets.
When deposited in the chaise, she saw Isabel nodding and weeping,
and waving her hand from the window; her child was placed, too,
where Christobelle could see him kicking his little feet, ignorant of
his poor aunt's sorrow. Mr. Boscawen said many kind things, which
were remembered the following day; but Christobelle could not heed
them at the time they were uttered; her eyes and heart were at the
window with Isabel. She thought her misery could never be
exceeded by any of those trials of after-life, which Miss Boscawen
alluded to: her heart was broken—her happiness for ever gone. The
chaise moved on, and Thompson tête-à-têted with her to Wetheral.
The silence was unbroken till the woods of Wetheral roused them
into conversation. Thompson would not interfere with her young
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Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering

Database Systems Design, Implementation, and Management

Process Control: Modeling, Design, and Simulation 2nd

(eBook PDF) Database Design Application Development

Data Center Handbook: Plan, Design, Build, And Operations

NoSQL and SQL data modeling: bringing together data,

Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and

(eBook PDF) Data Mining and Predictive Analytics 2nd

There is a verse that says

Part I: Conceptual Data Modeling

Part II: Logical Data Modeling

Selected Bibliography 739

Chapter 1 Database Systems: Architecture and Components 1

Part I: Conceptual Data Modeling

Chapter 2 Foundation Concepts 30

Chapter 3 Entity-Relationship Modeling 79

3.2.3 The Design-Specific ER Model 104

Chapter 4 Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Modeling 141

Chapter 5 Modeling Complex Relationships 197

5.6 Validation of the Conceptual Design 246

Part II: Logical Data Modeling

Chapter 6 The Relational Data Model 280

Chapter 7 Functional Dependencies 358

7.3 Candidate Keys Revisited 374

Chapter 8 Normal Forms Based on Functional Dependencies 395

Chapter 9 Higher Normal Forms 467

Chapter 10 Database Creation 506

Chapter 11 Relational Algebra 539

Chapter 12 Structured Query Language (SQL) 567

Chapter 13 Advanced Data Manipulation Using SQL 635

Appendix A Data Modeling Architectures Based on the Inverted Tree

Appendix B Object-Oriented Data Modeling Architectures 731

Selected Bibliography 739

Part I: Conceptual Data Modeling

Design-Specific layer of the ER model. Also, the unique learning technique

Part II: Logical Data Modeling

Part III: Normalization

topic is rarely covered in database textbooks. Chapter 9 completes the discussion of

Part IV: Database Implementation Using the Relational Database Model

FEATURES OF EACH CHAPTER

WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT?

Australia, Umanath and Chiang (2000) describe a logical modeling gram-

A NOTE TO THE INSTRUCTOR

1.1 DATA, INFORMATION, AND METADATA

PLANT Pl_name Alphabetic 30 Stored Non-key

PLANT Pl_number Numeric 2 Stored Key Integer values

PLANT Budget Numeric 7 Stored Non-key

PLANT Building Alphabetic 20 Stored Non-key

PLANT No_of_employees Numeric 4 Derived Non-key

TABLE 1.1 Some metadata for a manufacturing plant

1.2 DATA MANAGEMENT

1.3 LIMITATIONS OF FILE-PROCESSING SYSTEMS

© 2015 Cengage Learning®

lead to unauthorized access and accidental or intentional damage to or

eliminated. If a way is found to deal with these problems so as to establish centralized

1.4 THE ANSI/SPARC THREE-SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE

FIGURE 1.2 The ANSI/SPARC three-schema architecture

The external schema3 consists of a number of different user views4 or subschemas,

1.4.1 Data Independence Defined

Sir John Wetheral and Christobelle were speedily on their road to

of my daughters' excellent establishments. Of course, Clara

am sure I knew nothing about Clara's intentions. I think

How could any party, however pleasantly arranged, prosper with

Poor Isabel's day of happiness was changed into mourning, as she

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