ASSIGNMENT 5

MATH 366 :PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

April 1, 2025


ÿ + λy = 0

Q1. (a) ẏ(0) = 0

ẏ(2π) = 0


Let y = erx , ẏ = rerx ,ÿ = r2 erx

⇒ r2 erx + λerx = 0
⇒ (r2 + λ)erx = 0 But erx ̸= 0
⇒ r2 + λ = 0
⇒ r2 = −λ
√
⇒ r = ± −λ
We consider the following cases

Case I (λ > 0)
√
⇒ r = ± λi
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cos( λx) + c2 sin( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = − λc1 sin( λx) + λc2 cos( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
ẏ(0) = 0
√
⇒ 0 = λc2
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(2π) = 0
√ √
⇒ 0 = − λc1 sin(2 λπ)
√
⇒ 0 = c1 sin(2 λπ)
But since we are not interested in a trivial solution
√
⇒ sin(2 λπ) = 0
√
⇒ 2 λπ = nπ

1
 √ n
⇒ λ= 2
⇒ λn = ( n2 )2 n = 1, 2, 3...
Setting c1 = 1,
⇒ yn (x) = cos( nx
2 )

Case II (λ < 0)
√
⇒r=± λ
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cosh( λx) + c2 sinh( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = λc1 sinh( λx) + λc2 cosh( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
ẏ(0) = 0
√
⇒ 0 = λc2
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(2π) = 0
√ √
⇒ 0 = λc1 cosh( 2λπ)
√ √
⇒ 0 = c1 cosh( 2λπ) , But cosh( 2λπ) ̸= 0
⇒ c1 = 0
⇒ y(x) = 0 yielding a trivial solution

Case III (λ = 0)
⇒r=0
⇒ y(x) = c1 + c2 x
⇒ ẏ(x) = c2
Applying the boundary conditions,
ẏ(0) = 0
⇒ 0 = c2
Similarly, ẏ(2π) = 0
⇒ 0 = c2
⇒ y(x) = c1 choosing c1 = 1
⇒ yn (x) = 1

Hence the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions to this BVP

are:
n2
⇒ λn = 4 yn cos( nx
2 ) n = 0, 1, 2, 3...

2
 
ÿ + λy = 0

(b) y(−π) = y(π)

ẏ(−π) = ẏ(π)


Let y = erx , ẏ = rerx ,ÿ = r2 erx

⇒ r2 erx + λerx = 0
⇒ (r2 + λ)erx = 0 But erx ̸= 0
⇒ r2 + λ = 0
⇒ r2 = −λ
√
⇒ r = ± −λ
We consider the following cases

Case I (λ > 0)
√
⇒ r = ± λi
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cos( λx) + c2 sin( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = − λc1 sin( λx) + λc2 cos( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
y(−π) = y(π)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cos(− λπ) + c2 sin(− λπ) = c1 cos( λπ) + c2 sin( λπ)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cos( λπ) − c2 sin( λπ) = c1 cos( λπ) + c2 sin( λπ)
√
⇒ 2c2 sin( λπ) = 0
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(−π) = ẏ(π)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ − λc1 sin(− λπ)+ λc2 cos(− λπ) = − λc1 sin( λπ)+ λc2 cos( λπ)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ λc1 sin( λπ) + λc2 cos( λπ) = − λc1 sin( λπ) + λc2 cos( λπ)
√ √
⇒ 2 λc1 sin( λπ) = 0
√
⇒ c1 sin( λπ) = 0 But c1 ̸=0
√
⇒ sin( λπ) = 0
√
⇒ λπ = nπ
√
⇒ λ=n
⇒ λn = n2 n = 1, 2, 3...
Since either of the two constant can be zero or non-zero. Then we get two
set of eigenfunctions.
Choosing c1 and c2 to be 1
⇒ yn (x) = cos(nx) and yn (x) = sin(nx) n = 1, 2, 3...

3
Case II (λ < 0)
√
⇒r=± λ
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cosh( λx) + c2 sinh( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = λc1 sinh( λx) + λc2 cosh( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
y(−π) = y(π)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cosh(− λπ) + c2 sinh(− λπ) = c1 cosh( λπ) + c2 sinh( λπ)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cosh( λπ) − c2 sinh( λπ) = c1 cosh(h λπ) + c2 sinh( λπ)
√ √
⇒ 2c2 sinh( λπ) = 0 , But sinh(− λπ) ̸= 0
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(−π) = ẏ(π)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ λc1 sinh(− λπ)+ λc2 cosh(− λπ) = λc1 sinh( λπ)+ λc2 cosh( λπ)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ − λc1 sinh( λπ)+ λc2 cosh( λπ) = λc1 sinh( λπ)+ λc2 cosh( λπ)
√ √
⇒ 2 λc1 sinh( λπ) = 0
√ √
⇒ c1 sinh( λπ) = 0 But sinh(− λπ) ̸= 0
⇒ c1 = 0
⇒ y(x) = 0 yielding a trivial solution

Case III (λ = 0)
⇒r=0
⇒ y(x) = c1 + c2 x
⇒ ẏ(x) = c2
Applying the boundary conditions,
y(−π) = y(π)
⇒ c1 + c2 (−π) = c1 + c2 (π)
⇒ 2c2 (π) = 0
⇒ c2 = 0
⇒ y(x) = c1 and this trivially satisfy the second boundary condition
choosing c1 = 1
⇒ λn = 0 y(x) = 1 n = 0, 1, 2...
Hence the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions to this BVP
are:
⇒ λ n = n2 yn (x) = cos(nx) n = 0, 1, 2, 3...
yn (x) = sin(nx) n = 1, 2, 3...

4
Q2. Given f (x) = x2
The fourier series on the interval [−L, L] is given as:

A0 P∞  nπx nπx

f (x) = 2 + n=1 An cos( L ) + Bn sin( L )

1
RL
(a) Bn = L −L
f (x) sin( nπx
L )
1
RL
= L −L
x2 sin( nπx
L )
= 0 since f (x) is an even function

1
RL
(b) A0 = L −L
f (x)
2
RL
= L 0
x2
2 x3 L
= L [ 3 ]0
2 3
= 3L [L ]
2 2
= 3L

1
RL
(c) An = L −L
f (x) cos( nπx
L )
2
RL
= L 0
x2 cos( nπx
L )
h iL
2 x2 L 2L2 x 2L3
= L nπ sin( nπx
L )+ n2 π 2 cos( nπx
L )− n3 π 3 sin( nπx
L )
0
h i
2 2L3 (−1) n
= L n2 π 2

4L2 (−1)n
= n2 π 2

A0 P∞  nπx

(d) fe (x) = 2 + n=1 An cos( L )
h i
L2 2 P∞ (−1)n
= 3 + 4L
π2 n=1
nπx
n2 cos( L )

P∞  nπx

(e) fo (x) = n=1 Bn sin( L )
=0


81Utt = 729Uxx

Q3. U (0, t) = 0 U (L, t) = 0

U (x, 0) = 10 Ut (x, 0) = 15


5
 729
⇒ Utt − 81 Utt =0
⇒ Utt − 9Uxx = 0
⇒ c2 = 9
√
⇒c= 9=3
From Method of seperation of variables
P∞ 
U (x, t) = n=1 an cos( 3nπt 3nπt nπx

L ) + bn sin( L ) sin( L )
RL
⇒ an = L2 0 10 sin( nπx L )
−L nπx L
= 20
 
L nπ cos( L ) 0
20
L
cos( nπx

= − nπ L ) 0
20
= − nπ [(−1)n − 1]
20
= nπ [1 − (−1)n ]

2
RL
⇒ bn = 3nπ 15 sin( nπx
0 L )
10 −L nπx L
 
= nπ nπ cos( L ) 0
L
= − n10L cos( nπx

2 π2 L ) 0

= − n10L
2 π 2 [(−1)
n
− 1]
10L
= n2 π 2 [1 − (−1)n ]

P∞  20
(1 − (−1)n ) cos( 3nπt 10L
(1 − (−1)n ) sin( 3nπt nπx

⇒ U (x, t) = n=1 nπ L )+ n2 π 2 L ) sin( L )


Utt = 3Uxx

Q4. (a) U (0, t) = 0 U (L, t) = 0

U (x, 0) = 20


From Method of seperation of variables

P∞ nπ 2
U (x, t) = n=1 an e−3( L ) t sin( nπx
L )
2 L nπx
R
⇒ an = L 0 20 sin( L )
nπx L
 −L
= 40

L nπ cos( L ) 0
40
L
cos( nπx

= − nπ L ) 0
40
= − nπ [(−1)n − 1]
40
= nπ [1 − (−1)n ]

6
 40
P∞ (1−(−1)n ) −3( nπ )2 t
⇒ U (x, t) = π n=1 n e L sin( nπx
L )


Utt = 2Uxx

(b) U (0, t) = 0 U (L, t) = 0

U (x, 0) = x2


From Method of seperation of variables

P∞ nπ 2
U (x, t) = n=1 an e−2( L ) t sin( nπx L )
L
⇒ an = L2 0 x2 sin( nπx
R
L )
h 2 iL
2L2 x 2L3
= L2 − xnπL cos( nπx nπx
L ) + n2 π 2 sin( L ) + n3 π 3 cos( nπx
L )
0
h 3 n 3 n
 3
i
= L2 − L (−1)nπ + 2Ln(−1)
3 π3 − n2L
3 π3

2 
= n2L

3 π3 2(−1)n − 2 − n2 π 2 (−1)n
2 
= n2L

3 π3 (2 − n2 π 2 )(−1)n − 2

2L2
P∞ ((2−n2 π2 )(−1)n −2) nπ 2
⇒ U (x, t) = π3 n=1 n3 e−2( L ) t sin( nπx
L )