0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views7 pages

ASSIGNMENT 5

The document presents a mathematical assignment focusing on partial differential equations, specifically exploring boundary value problems (BVP) and Fourier series. It includes detailed derivations of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for different cases of λ, as well as the calculation of Fourier coefficients for a given function. The assignment also involves solving specific differential equations with initial and boundary conditions.

Uploaded by

Philip Owusu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views7 pages

ASSIGNMENT 5

The document presents a mathematical assignment focusing on partial differential equations, specifically exploring boundary value problems (BVP) and Fourier series. It includes detailed derivations of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for different cases of λ, as well as the calculation of Fourier coefficients for a given function. The assignment also involves solving specific differential equations with initial and boundary conditions.

Uploaded by

Philip Owusu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

ASSIGNMENT 5

MATH 366 :PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

April 1, 2025


ÿ + λy = 0

Q1. (a) ẏ(0) = 0

ẏ(2π) = 0

Let y = erx , ẏ = rerx ,ÿ = r2 erx


⇒ r2 erx + λerx = 0
⇒ (r2 + λ)erx = 0 But erx ̸= 0
⇒ r2 + λ = 0
⇒ r2 = −λ

⇒ r = ± −λ
We consider the following cases

Case I (λ > 0)

⇒ r = ± λi
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cos( λx) + c2 sin( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = − λc1 sin( λx) + λc2 cos( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
ẏ(0) = 0

⇒ 0 = λc2
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(2π) = 0
√ √
⇒ 0 = − λc1 sin(2 λπ)

⇒ 0 = c1 sin(2 λπ)
But since we are not interested in a trivial solution

⇒ sin(2 λπ) = 0

⇒ 2 λπ = nπ

1
√ n
⇒ λ= 2
⇒ λn = ( n2 )2 n = 1, 2, 3...
Setting c1 = 1,
⇒ yn (x) = cos( nx
2 )

Case II (λ < 0)

⇒r=± λ
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cosh( λx) + c2 sinh( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = λc1 sinh( λx) + λc2 cosh( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
ẏ(0) = 0

⇒ 0 = λc2
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(2π) = 0
√ √
⇒ 0 = λc1 cosh( 2λπ)
√ √
⇒ 0 = c1 cosh( 2λπ) , But cosh( 2λπ) ̸= 0
⇒ c1 = 0
⇒ y(x) = 0 yielding a trivial solution

Case III (λ = 0)
⇒r=0
⇒ y(x) = c1 + c2 x
⇒ ẏ(x) = c2
Applying the boundary conditions,
ẏ(0) = 0
⇒ 0 = c2
Similarly, ẏ(2π) = 0
⇒ 0 = c2
⇒ y(x) = c1 choosing c1 = 1
⇒ yn (x) = 1

Hence the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions to this BVP


are:
n2
⇒ λn = 4 yn cos( nx
2 ) n = 0, 1, 2, 3...

2

ÿ + λy = 0

(b) y(−π) = y(π)

ẏ(−π) = ẏ(π)

Let y = erx , ẏ = rerx ,ÿ = r2 erx


⇒ r2 erx + λerx = 0
⇒ (r2 + λ)erx = 0 But erx ̸= 0
⇒ r2 + λ = 0
⇒ r2 = −λ

⇒ r = ± −λ
We consider the following cases

Case I (λ > 0)

⇒ r = ± λi
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cos( λx) + c2 sin( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = − λc1 sin( λx) + λc2 cos( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
y(−π) = y(π)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cos(− λπ) + c2 sin(− λπ) = c1 cos( λπ) + c2 sin( λπ)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cos( λπ) − c2 sin( λπ) = c1 cos( λπ) + c2 sin( λπ)

⇒ 2c2 sin( λπ) = 0
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(−π) = ẏ(π)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ − λc1 sin(− λπ)+ λc2 cos(− λπ) = − λc1 sin( λπ)+ λc2 cos( λπ)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ λc1 sin( λπ) + λc2 cos( λπ) = − λc1 sin( λπ) + λc2 cos( λπ)
√ √
⇒ 2 λc1 sin( λπ) = 0

⇒ c1 sin( λπ) = 0 But c1 ̸=0

⇒ sin( λπ) = 0

⇒ λπ = nπ

⇒ λ=n
⇒ λn = n2 n = 1, 2, 3...
Since either of the two constant can be zero or non-zero. Then we get two
set of eigenfunctions.
Choosing c1 and c2 to be 1
⇒ yn (x) = cos(nx) and yn (x) = sin(nx) n = 1, 2, 3...

3
Case II (λ < 0)

⇒r=± λ
√ √
⇒ y(x) = c1 cosh( λx) + c2 sinh( λx)
√ √ √ √
⇒ ẏ(x) = λc1 sinh( λx) + λc2 cosh( λx)
Applying the boundary conditions,
y(−π) = y(π)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cosh(− λπ) + c2 sinh(− λπ) = c1 cosh( λπ) + c2 sinh( λπ)
√ √ √ √
⇒ c1 cosh( λπ) − c2 sinh( λπ) = c1 cosh(h λπ) + c2 sinh( λπ)
√ √
⇒ 2c2 sinh( λπ) = 0 , But sinh(− λπ) ̸= 0
⇒ c2 = 0
Similarly, ẏ(−π) = ẏ(π)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ λc1 sinh(− λπ)+ λc2 cosh(− λπ) = λc1 sinh( λπ)+ λc2 cosh( λπ)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
⇒ − λc1 sinh( λπ)+ λc2 cosh( λπ) = λc1 sinh( λπ)+ λc2 cosh( λπ)
√ √
⇒ 2 λc1 sinh( λπ) = 0
√ √
⇒ c1 sinh( λπ) = 0 But sinh(− λπ) ̸= 0
⇒ c1 = 0
⇒ y(x) = 0 yielding a trivial solution

Case III (λ = 0)
⇒r=0
⇒ y(x) = c1 + c2 x
⇒ ẏ(x) = c2
Applying the boundary conditions,
y(−π) = y(π)
⇒ c1 + c2 (−π) = c1 + c2 (π)
⇒ 2c2 (π) = 0
⇒ c2 = 0
⇒ y(x) = c1 and this trivially satisfy the second boundary condition
choosing c1 = 1
⇒ λn = 0 y(x) = 1 n = 0, 1, 2...
Hence the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions to this BVP
are:
⇒ λ n = n2 yn (x) = cos(nx) n = 0, 1, 2, 3...
yn (x) = sin(nx) n = 1, 2, 3...

4
Q2. Given f (x) = x2
The fourier series on the interval [−L, L] is given as:

A0 P∞  nπx nπx

f (x) = 2 + n=1 An cos( L ) + Bn sin( L )

1
RL
(a) Bn = L −L
f (x) sin( nπx
L )
1
RL
= L −L
x2 sin( nπx
L )
= 0 since f (x) is an even function

1
RL
(b) A0 = L −L
f (x)
2
RL
= L 0
x2
2 x3 L
= L [ 3 ]0
2 3
= 3L [L ]
2 2
= 3L

1
RL
(c) An = L −L
f (x) cos( nπx
L )
2
RL
= L 0
x2 cos( nπx
L )
h iL
2 x2 L 2L2 x 2L3
= L nπ sin( nπx
L )+ n2 π 2 cos( nπx
L )− n3 π 3 sin( nπx
L )
0
h i
2 2L3 (−1) n
= L n2 π 2

4L2 (−1)n
= n2 π 2

A0 P∞  nπx

(d) fe (x) = 2 + n=1 An cos( L )
h i
L2 2 P∞ (−1)n
= 3 + 4L
π2 n=1
nπx
n2 cos( L )

P∞  nπx

(e) fo (x) = n=1 Bn sin( L )
=0


81Utt = 729Uxx

Q3. U (0, t) = 0 U (L, t) = 0

U (x, 0) = 10 Ut (x, 0) = 15

5
729
⇒ Utt − 81 Utt =0
⇒ Utt − 9Uxx = 0
⇒ c2 = 9

⇒c= 9=3
From Method of seperation of variables
P∞ 
U (x, t) = n=1 an cos( 3nπt 3nπt nπx

L ) + bn sin( L ) sin( L )
RL
⇒ an = L2 0 10 sin( nπx L )
−L nπx L
= 20
 
L nπ cos( L ) 0
20
L
cos( nπx

= − nπ L ) 0
20
= − nπ [(−1)n − 1]
20
= nπ [1 − (−1)n ]

2
RL
⇒ bn = 3nπ 15 sin( nπx
0 L )
10 −L nπx L
 
= nπ nπ cos( L ) 0
L
= − n10L cos( nπx

2 π2 L ) 0

= − n10L
2 π 2 [(−1)
n
− 1]
10L
= n2 π 2 [1 − (−1)n ]

P∞  20
(1 − (−1)n ) cos( 3nπt 10L
(1 − (−1)n ) sin( 3nπt nπx

⇒ U (x, t) = n=1 nπ L )+ n2 π 2 L ) sin( L )


Utt = 3Uxx

Q4. (a) U (0, t) = 0 U (L, t) = 0

U (x, 0) = 20

From Method of seperation of variables


P∞ nπ 2
U (x, t) = n=1 an e−3( L ) t sin( nπx
L )
2 L nπx
R
⇒ an = L 0 20 sin( L )
nπx L
 −L
= 40

L nπ cos( L ) 0
40
L
cos( nπx

= − nπ L ) 0
40
= − nπ [(−1)n − 1]
40
= nπ [1 − (−1)n ]

6
40
P∞ (1−(−1)n ) −3( nπ )2 t
⇒ U (x, t) = π n=1 n e L sin( nπx
L )


Utt = 2Uxx

(b) U (0, t) = 0 U (L, t) = 0

U (x, 0) = x2

From Method of seperation of variables


P∞ nπ 2
U (x, t) = n=1 an e−2( L ) t sin( nπx L )
L
⇒ an = L2 0 x2 sin( nπx
R
L )
h 2 iL
2L2 x 2L3
= L2 − xnπL cos( nπx nπx
L ) + n2 π 2 sin( L ) + n3 π 3 cos( nπx
L )
0
h 3 n 3 n
 3
i
= L2 − L (−1)nπ + 2Ln(−1)
3 π3 − n2L
3 π3

2 
= n2L

3 π3 2(−1)n − 2 − n2 π 2 (−1)n
2 
= n2L

3 π3 (2 − n2 π 2 )(−1)n − 2

2L2
P∞ ((2−n2 π2 )(−1)n −2) nπ 2
⇒ U (x, t) = π3 n=1 n3 e−2( L ) t sin( nπx
L )

You might also like