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CRIMINAL PROCESS IN QUEENSLAND
Criminal Process in Queensland

system depends on most matters becoming pleas of guilty so that substantial

discounts are given to those who plead guilty, whilst questioning the justice of this
pragmatism. It discusses judicial exercises of discretion, including in sentencing,
and provides a brief but thoughtful analysis of Attorney Generals’ appeals against
sentence generally and of Lacey v Attorney General of Qld in particular. In the
chapter on sentencing principles it refers to the significant influence on sentencing
outcomes of the media, community attitudes and politicians with their focus on
the victim and the not always justified perception of the need to protect a fearful
community. It is those who will study this book who will guide the future reform
of the criminal law. It is essential that they not only know what the law is but
think analytically about how it can be improved to keep the justice in the system.
The third reason for my delight in writing this foreword is that the royalties from
the sale of the book are going to Queensland’s oldest and largest pro bono legal
centre, Caxton Legal Centre, of which I am patron.
I congratulate the authors for their scholarship, diligence and philanthropy.

viii
 PREFACE

As teachers and practitioners of criminal law and procedure for many years, we
have come together to provide a resource for students, early-career practitioners in
criminal law (both prosecution and defence) and those in a variety of government
and non-government organisations, who need to know about how the Queen-
sland criminal process works.
As authors, we share the view that while it is important to develop an
understanding of current criminal process, it is also important to consider the
ways in which the law may impact unfairly on particular groups in our
communities and how the criminal justice process might be improved. For
example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have for too long been
over-represented at all levels of the criminal justice system, and increased pressure
to get tough on crime may only intensify such over-representation. Can Murri
Courts help to address these issues? Women are disproportionately the victims of
domestic violence, what is the role of the criminal law in this context?
Criminal process is not static – it shifts and changes in response to changing views
in society. There is increasing emphasis on the need for criminal process to be
“efficient” and this emphasis has led to significant changes in criminal processes,
including that magistrates courts can deal with ever more serious matters, the role
of committals is limited, there are increased requirements related to disclosure and
an offender levy has been introduced. The increased focus on the role of the
criminal justice system in supporting victims of crime has had a profound impact
on the way the criminal process has developed – for example, there is a greater
emphasis on community protection at the sentencing stage. Community attitudes
towards sexual assaults against children and serious organised crime have
influenced extraordinary shifts in the way crime is policed and in the way
sentencing takes place. In an era where criminal events are broadcast instantly via
the internet and where there are increased pressures on court resources, the idea
of what constitutes a fair trial has also been substantially expanded by the High
Court and Courts of Appeal over the past 20 years. These issues, shifts and
changes have challenged some of the central tenets of criminal law and are
discussed throughout this text.
This project was very much a joint enterprise, and builds on previous versions of
the text. The text could not have been produced without the assistance of a
number of people over many years. Our thanks to Soraya Ryan SC, Mark Howden
and Emille Boulot who read versions of the chapters. Our university colleagues
(both past and present), especially Professors Andreas Scholenhardt and Simon
Bronitt; Drs Enshen Li, Kerstin Braun, Ruth Walker, Victoria Colvin and Luke Neal
have been a constant source of support, inspiration and knowledge. Thanks also
to Rebekkah Markey-Towler, Marcus Thomson, Keilin Anderson and Elissa
Morcombe who assisted with research.
We also thank the editor for this text, Elizabeth Gandy, who managed the project.
Thanks also to our families and friends who were always there for us along the
way.
Generally, the law is stated as at 8 February 2017.

ix
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Table of Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Table of Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 – Proving Offences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 – Policing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 – Police Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4 – Bail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5 – Charges and Commencing Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6 – Committals and Indictments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

7 – Pleas and Double Jeopardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

8 – Trial Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

9 – Fair Trial and Abuse of Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

10 – Legal Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

11 – Considerations Underlying Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

12 – Punishment and Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

13 – Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
14 – Executive Pardons, Royal Prerogatives of Mercy and Appeals to the
High Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

15 – Restoring Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

xi
 ABBREVIATIONS

ATSI Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

ATSILS Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Service
BA(Qld) Bail Act 1980 (Qld)
CAA Civil Aviation Authority
CCJRMA Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction Reform and Modernisation
Amendment Act 2010 (Qld)
CBO Community based order
CDPP Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions
CES Cannabis Education Session
CIN Cannabis Infringement Notice
CJC Criminal Justice Commission (Qld)
CLA Criminal Law Amendment Act 1945 (Qld)
CMC Crime and Misconduct Commission (Qld)
CMCA Crime and Misconduct Act 2001 (Qld)
COAG Council of Australian Governments
COVA Criminal Offence Victims Act 1995 (Qld)
COVR Criminal Offence Victims Regulation 1995 (Qld)
CRO Conditional release order
CSA Corrective Services Act 2006 (Qld)
CSO Community service order
DCA District Court of Queensland Act 1967 (Qld)
DMA Drugs Misuse Act 1986 (Qld)
DPA Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 (Qld)
DRD Dispute Resolution Branch (of Department of Justice and
Attorney-General (Qld))
DSOA Dangerous Sexual Offenders Act 2006 (Qld)
EA Extradition Act 1988 (Cth)
ECHR European Court of Human Rights
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICO Intensive correction order (Qld)
JA(Qld) Justices Act 1886 (Qld)
JAQ Jury Act 1995 (Qld)
LAQA Legal Aid Queensland Act 1997 (Qld)
LIPS Litigants in person
LPBRQ Legal Profession (Barristers Rules) 2007 (Qld)
LPSRQ Legal Profession (Solicitors Rules) 2007 (Qld)
LRCWA Law Reform Commission of Western Australia
MCCOC Model Criminal Code Officers Committee
NCA National Crime Authority
NCSC National Companies and Securities Commission

xiii
Criminal Process in Queensland

ODPP Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions

PCMC Parliamentary Crime and Misconduct Committee
PIM Public interest monitor
PPRA Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000 (Qld)
PSA(Qld) Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)
PSO Pre-sentence order
QCS Queensland Corrective Services
QMERIT Queensland Magistrates Early Referral into Treatment Pro-
gram
QPS Queensland Police Service
RCADIC Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody
RISE Reintegrative Shaming Experiments Program (ACT)
ROA Regulatory Offences Act 1985 (Qld)
SAJJ South Australia Juvenile Justice Project
SEPA Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth)
SPER State Penalties Enforcement Registry
TPDAQ Terrorism (Preventative Detention) Act 2005 (Qld)
VAQ Victim Assist Queensland
VAU Victims’ Assistance Unit
VGOO Vagrant, Gaming and Other Offences Act 1981 (Qld)
VIS Victim Impact Statement
VOCA Victims of Crimes Assistance Act 2009 (Qld)
VSAC Victorian Sentencing Advisory Committee
YJ Act Youth Justice Act 1992 (Qld)

xiv
 TABLE OF CASES

A v New South Wales (2007) 230 CLR 500; [2007] HCA 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.180
Abbott v Western Australia (2005) 152 A Crim R 186; [2005] WASCA 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30
Achanfuo-Yeboah v The Queen [2016] ACTCA 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20, 10.60, 10.80
Ajax v Bird [2010] QCA 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
Alderson v Booth [1969] 2 QB 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
Allan v Parkes [1999] QDC 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.270
Andrews v Rockley [2008] QDC 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.180
Antoun v The Queen (2006) 159 A Crim R 513; [2006] HCA 2 . . . . . . . . . 6.30, 8.100, 8.190
Arndt v Rowe [2001] QDC 313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120, 2.470
Assistant Commissioner Micheal James Condon v Pompano (2013)
252 CLR 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
Attorney General (Qld) v Beattie [2007] QCA 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280
Attorney-General (Cth) v Breckler (1999) 197 CLR 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.140
Attorney-General (NSW) v Milat (1995) 80 A Crim R 530 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.90
Attorney-General (Qld) v Bridson [2007] QSC 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.300
Attorney-General (Qld) v Burke [2008] QSC 313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.290
Attorney-General (Qld) v Fardon [2013] QCA 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.290
Attorney-General (Qld) v Francis [2007] 1 Qd R 396; [2006] QCA 324 . . . . . 11.190, 12.280
Attorney-General (Qld) v Friend [2009] QSC 135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280
Attorney-General (Qld) v Henry [2014] QSC 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280
Attorney-General (Qld) v HTR [2007] QSC 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280, 12.300
Attorney-General (Qld) v Morris & Anor [2015] QCA 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
Attorney-General (Qld) v Penningson [2016] QSC 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280
Attorney-General (Qld) v Watego (2003) 142 A Crim R 537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280
Attorney-General (Qld) v Watt [2012] QSC 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280
Austin v The Queen (1997) 87 A Crim R 570 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
Australian Railways Union v Victorian Railways Commissioners (1930) 44 CLR
319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.140

Baiada Poultry Pty Ltd v The Queen (2012) 246 CLR 92; [2012] HCA 14 . . . . 13.130, 13.150
Bailey v White [1994] QDC 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Baini v The Queen (2012) 246 CLR 469; [2012] HCA 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.140, 13.150
Bales v Parmeter (1935) SR NSW 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.470
Barac v Director of Public Prosecutions [2009] 1 Qd R 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Barton v The Queen (1980) 147 CLR 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.20, 6.60, 6.180, 7.100, 8.210,
9.10, 9.50, 9.80
Baytieh v Queensland [2001] 1 Qd R 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.70
Beckett v State of New South Wales (2013) 248 CLR 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.180
Beneficial Finance Corporation v Commissioner of Australian Federal Police
(1991) 31 FCR 523 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50
Berg v Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld) [2015] QCA 196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
Berg v Director of Public Prosecutions [2009] QCA 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50
Black v The Queen (1993) 179 CLR 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.150
BN v Victim Assist Queensland, Department of Justice and Attorney
-General [2013] QCAT 379 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.140
Borsa v R [2003] WASCA 254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.50
Braysich v R (2011) 243 CLR 451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50, 1.60
Brennan v The King (1936) 55 CLR 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30

xv
Criminal Process in Queensland

Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.280

Brown v Owen [2005] QDC 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.40
Brown v QPS [2011] QDC 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.40
Brownlee v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 278 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.180
Buckley v The Queen (2006) 224 ALR 416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.260
Bugmy v The Queen (1990) 169 CLR 525 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.80
Bugmy v The Queen [2013] HCA 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.240
Bulsey v State of Queensland [2015] QCA 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.40, 2.120, 2.140,
2.170, 2.470
Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.370, 3.70
Burns v The Queen (1994) 71 A Crim R 450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.260
Burrell v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.160

Cameron v The Queen (2002) 209 CLR 339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.90

Caratti v The Queen (2000) 22 WAR 527; [2000] WASCA 279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.120
Carr v The Queen (1988) 165 CLR 314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
Castro v Murray (1875) LR 10 Ex 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Cesan v The Queen (2008) 236 CLR 358; [2008] HCA 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
Chamberlain v The Queen (1982) 6 A Crim R 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.80
Chamberlain v The Queen (No 1) (1983) 153 CLR 514 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.80
Chamberlain v The Queen (No 2) (1984) 153 CLR 521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
Charlie v Department of Justice and Attorney General
(Victim Assist Queensland) [2011] QCAT 443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.170
Chau v DPP (Cth) (1995) 37 NSWLR 639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
Cheatle v The Queen (1993) 177 CLR 541 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.180
Cheng v The Queen (2000) 203 CLR 248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.180
Chester v The Queen (1988) 165 CLR 611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.260
Cheung v The Queen (2001) 209 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.60, 11.90
Chidiac v The Queen (1991) 171 CLR 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
Clancy v Superintendent of Traffic [2008] QDC 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40
Coco v R (1994) 179 CLR 427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40
Coffey v Queensland [2002] QDC 370 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.470
Coffey v Queensland [2012] QSC 186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.460
Coleman v Power (2004) 220 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.180
Collier v Hicks (1831) 2B & Ad 663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.130
Collins v Western Australia [2007] WASCA 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.190
Commissioner of Police v Barchard [2004] QDC 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.300
Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam Case) (1983) 158 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.140
Connelly v DPP [1964] AC 1254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Coulter v Ryan [2006] QCA 567 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Cox v Robinson [2001] 2 Qd R 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.410, 2.480
Cox v Travis [2001] 2Qd R 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.410
Craig v South Australia (1995) 82 A Crim R 359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.70
Crampton v The Queen (2000) 206 CLR 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60, 14.110
CTM v R (2008) 236 CLR 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50, 1.60
Cummings v The Queen (1994) 12 SR (WA) 172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.90

Da Costa v The Queen (1968) 118 CLR 186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.70

Dafydd v The Commissioner of Police [2013] QDC 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
Damjanovic v Maley (2002) 55 NSWLR 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.130
Darkan v The Queen (2006) 227 CLR 373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
Davern v Messel (1984) 155 CLR 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.110
Davies v The King (1937) 57 CLR 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50

xvi
 Table of Cases

Davis v Gell (1924) 35 CLR 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.200

Dawson v The Queen (1961) 106 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
De Jesus v The Queen (1986) 68 ALR 1; 22 A Crim R 375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.160, 8.120
De La Espriella-Velasco v The Queen (2006) 31 WAR 291; [2006] WASCA 31 . . . . . . . . 9.20
Dellit v Small [1978] Qd R 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
DHG v State of Queensland [2015] 2 Qd R 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40
Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.160, 9.10, 9.20, 10.20, 10.30,
10.40, 10.70, 10.80, 10.100
Dimozantos v The Queen (No 2) (1993) 178 CLR 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.120
Dinsdale v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 321; [2000] HCA 54 . . . . . . . . . 12.190, 13.200, 14.80
Diplock v Bennett [2009] QDC 222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld) v Bakir [2006] QCA 562 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50, 4.60
Dobbs v Ward [2003] 1 Qd R 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.70
Doherty v Victim Assist Queensland [2012] QCATA 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.190
Doney v The Queen (1990) 171 CLR 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.30, 8.100,
8.190, 8.210
Donnachy v Riegert (2004) 144 A Crim R 260; [2004] WASCA 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
Donovan v The Queen [1990] WAR 112; Re Walton [1992] 2 Qd R 551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.90
Dooley v Polzin (1991) 57 A Crim R 420 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.140
D’Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid (2005) 223 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.100
DPP (Cth) v Bayly (1994) 75 A Crim R 549 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.20
DPP (Nauru) v Fowler (1984) 154 CLR 627 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.160
DPP (SA) v B (1998) 194 CLR 566 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.210
DPP (Tas) v Farmer (2005) 157 A Crim R 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110
DPP v Carr (2002) 127 A Crim R 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.180
DPP v Wentworth [1996] QCA 333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.70
Driscoll v The Queen (1977) 137 CLR 517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.300, 2.310
Duffy v The Queen (1996) 85 A Crim R 456 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.230
Duke v The Queen (1989) 180 CLR 508 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.70
Dupas v The Queen (2010) 241 CLR 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.80, 9.140
Dyer v Watson [2004] 1 AC 379, [2002] UKPC D1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100
Dyers v The Queen (2002) 210 CLR 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.100, 13.160

Easterday v The Queen (2003) 143 A Crim R 154; [2003] WASCA 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30
Eastman v DPP (ACT) (2003) 214 CLR 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.20
Ebatarinja v Deland (1998) 194 CLR 444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.40, 9.20
Edwards Ex parte [1989] 1 Qd R 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50
Edwards v Queensland Police Service [2014] QDC 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.330
Em v The Queen (2007) 232 CLR 67; [2007] HCA 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.70
Emerson v Sparrow (1871) LR 6 Ex 329 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.160
Ettridge v Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld) (2003) 78 ALJR 157;
[2003] HCA 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.80
Everett v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.220

Fardon v Attorney-General (Qld) (2004) 223 CLR 575; 210 ALR 50 . . . . . . . . 11.190, 12.280,
12.290
Fawkes v Schadwell; Ex parte Schadwell [1966] Qd R 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.100
Festa v The Queen (2001) 208 CLR 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.110
Filippou v The Queen (2015) 256 CLR 47; [2015] HCA 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.130
Fingleton v The Queen (2005) 227 CLR 166; [2005] HCA 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40, 13.70
Fitzgerald v The Queen [2014] VSCA 342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.100
Fordham v Legal Practitioners’ Complaints Committee [1997]
SCWA (FC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.150

xvii
Criminal Process in Queensland

Fox v Percy (2003) 214 CLR 118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.110

Frugtniet v Victoria (1997) 148 ALR 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20

GAF v QPS [2008] QCA 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.100

Gallagher v The Queen (1986) 160 CLR 392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.120, 14.90
Gant v Kucks [2013] QSC 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.30
GAS and SJK v The Queen (2004) 217 CLR 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.30, 7.100, 7.110, 11.40
Gassy v The Queen (2008) 236 CLR 293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.40
George v Rockett (1990) 170 CLR 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.50
Ghani v Jones [1970] 1 QB 693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.140
Giannarelli v Wraith (1988) 165 CLR 543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.150
Gibbs v Rea [1998] AC 786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.180
Gill v Director of Public Prosecutions (1992) 64 A Crim R 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100
Gilson v The Queen (1991) 172 CLR 353 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
Gipp v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.210, 13.50
Goncalves v The Queen (1997) 99 A Crim R 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
Graham v R [2016] HCA 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
Green v The Queen (1971) 126 CLR 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
Green v The Queen (1997) 191 CLR 334 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.120
Green v The Queen [2011] HCA 49; (2011) 244 CLR 462 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.130
Green v United States 355 US 185 (1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.120
Grey v The Queen (2001) 184 ALR 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.20, 8.30
Grollo v Palmer (1995) 184 CLR 348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
Groom v Crocker [1939] 1 KB 194 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.170
Gulyas v Western Australia (2007) 178 A Crim R 539; [2007] WASCA 263 . . . . . . . . . 11.210

Hall v Bobbermen [2009] QDC 188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20

Halliday v Nevill (1984) 155 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40
Hanson v Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld) (2003) 142 A Crim R 241;
[2003] QCA 409; [2003] QSC 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.80
Harris v The Queen (2004) 150 A Crim R 509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50
Harris-Davies v Central North Queensland Parole Board [2008] QCA 245 . . . . . . . . 12.220
Harrison v Wilkins [1996] QCA 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
Hatzinikolaou v Snape (1989) 41 A Crim R 389 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
Hawkins v R (1994) 179 CLR 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.90
He Kaw Teh v The Queen (1985) 157 CLR 523 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60
Heke, Re an application for bail [2015] QSC 374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.20
Henry v Thompson [1989] 2Qd R 412 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
Herbert v The Queen (2003) 27 WAR 330; [2003] WASCA 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.170
Herron v McGregor (1986) 28 A Crim R 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.150
Higgins v Comans (2005) 153 A Crim R 565; [2005] QCA 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
Hinch v Attorney-General (Vic) (1987) 164 CLR 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.110, 9.120
Hines v Commissioner of Police [2016] QCA 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
Hoare v The Queen (1989) 167 CLR 348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.150
Holt v Department of Justice and Attorney-General (Victim Assist Queensland) [2014]
QCAT 308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.200
Hortin v Rowbottom (1993) 68 A Crim R 381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.180
House v The Queen (1936) 55 CLR 499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.200, 13.210, 13.220,
13.230, 14.120
Hulley v Hill (1993) 69 A Crim 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.250

xviii
 Table of Cases

Ibbs v The Queen (1987) 163 CLR 447 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.120

Ibrahim v The King [1914] AC 599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.40
Island Way Pty Ltd v Redmound [1990] 1 Qd R 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.70

Jago v District Court (NSW) (1989) 168 CLR 23 . . . . . . . . . 5.40, 6.180, 7.150, 7.160, 8.210,
9.10, 9.20, 9.30, 9.50, 9.80, 9.100, 14.110
Jiminez v The Queen (1992) 173 CLR 572 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.110
Johns v The Queen (1995) 13 WAR 380 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
Jones v The Queen (1997) 191 CLR 439 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50

Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1995) 36 NSWLR 374 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.70

Kaporonovski v The Queen (1973) 133 CLR 209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.30
Kelly v The Queen (2004) 218 CLR 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.310
Kentwell v The Queen (2014) 88 ALJR 947; [2014] HCA 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.30
Khalifeh v Job (1996) 85 A Crim R 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
King v Lankford [2000] WASCA 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
King v The Queen (1986) 161 CLR 423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.170
King v The Queen (2003) 215 CLR 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.120
Kingswell v The Queen (1985) 159 CLR 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.180
Knight v The Queen (1992) 175 CLR 495 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
KRM v The Queen (2001) 206 CLR 221; [2001] HCA 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40
Kruger v Commonwealth [1996] HCATrans 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.140
Kuru v State of New South Wales (2008) 236 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40, 2.50

Lacey v Attorney-General of Queensland (2011)242 CLR 573; [2011] HCA 10 . . . . . . 13.210,

13.240
Lacey v Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld) [2007] QCA 413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50, 4.60
Lacey v Attorney-General of Queensland (Lacey) (2011) 242 CLR 573 . . . . . 13.210, 13.240
LAI v Director of Public Prosecutions (Qld) & Anor [2016] QCA 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.90
Latoudis v Casey (1990) 170 CLR 534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Lauritsen v The Queen (2000) 22 WAR 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.160
Lavelle v The Queen (1994) 72 A Crim R 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Lawless v The Queen (1979) 142 CLR 659 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.20
LCM v The State of Western Australia [2016] WASCA 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
Leary v The Queen [1975] WAR 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.80
Lee Chun-Chuen v The Queen [1963] AC 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60
Lee v The Queen (2014) 308 ALR 252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.120
Leeth v Commonwealth (1992) 174 CLR 455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.70
Legal Services Commissioner v Anderson [2009] LPT 001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.100
Legal Services Commissioner v Griffiths [2008] LPT 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.150
Legal Services Commissioner v Winning [2008] LPT 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.150
Legal Services Commissioner v Winning (No 2) [2008] LPT 014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.100
Leutich v Walton [1960] WAR 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.470
Levy v Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579; [1997] HCA 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.140
Libke v The Queen (2007) 235 ALR 517; (2007) 230 CLR 559; [2007] HCA 30 . . . . . . 13.110
Likiardopoulos v R (2012) 247 CLR 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Lindsay v The Queen (2015) 255 CLR 272; [2015] HCA 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.130

xix
Criminal Process in Queensland

Longman v The Queen (1989) 168 CLR 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100

Loveday v Ayre [1955] Qd R 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
Lowndes v The Queen (1999) 195 CLR 665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.260

M v The Queen (M) (1994) 181 CLR 487; [1994] HCA 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50, 13.110
Macartney v The Queen (2006) 31 WAR 416; [2006] WASCA 29 . . . . . . . . . . 10.100, 10.130
MacKenzie v The Queen (1996) 190 CLR 348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
Mackenzie v The Queen (2004) 150 A Crim R 451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
MacPherson v The Queen (1981) 147 CLR 512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.120
Maddeford v The Scheme Manager – Department of Justice and Attorney-General
(Victim Assist Queensland) [2014] QCAT 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.190
Maguire v Beaton (2006) 162 A Crim R 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.400
Maher Ex parte [1986] 1 Qd R 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.80
Mallard v The Queen (2005) 224 CLR 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.20, 8.30, 14.30, 14.60
Malvaso v The Queen (1989) 168 CLR 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.100, 11.230, 13.190
Markarian v The Queen [2005] HCA 25; (2006) 228 CLR 357 . . 11.80, 11.90, 11.130, 11.150,
11.210
Maxwell v The Queen (1995) 184 CLR 401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40, 7.30, 7.40, 7.50, 7.60,
7.70, 7.80, 7.100, 8.210, 11.50
May v O’Sullivan (1955) 92 CLR 654 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.100, 8.190
McCarthy v Xiong (1993) 2 Tas R 280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
McCasker v Corrective Services Commission (Qld) [1998] 2 Qd R 261 . . . . . . . . . . . 12.220
McCreed v The Queen (2003) 27 WAR 554; [2003] WASCA 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
McDermott v The King (1948) 76 CLR 501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.260, 3.40, 3.50, 3.60
McFarlane v Sharp [1972] NZLR 838 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.70
McGarry v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.260, 12.270
McInnis v The Queen (1979) 143 CLR 575 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20, 10.30
McKenzie v Coffey [2002] QDC 370 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.460
McKenzie v McKenzie [1971] 3 WLR 472 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.130
McKinney v The Queen (1991) 171 CLR 468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.260, 2.310, 9.10
Meissner v The Queen (1995) 184 CLR 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.50, 7.70
Melbourne v The Queen (1999) 198 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
MFA v The Queen (MFA) (2002) 213 CLR 606; [2002] HCA 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
Michaels v The Queen (1995) 184 CLR 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120, 2.170
Mickelberg v The Queen (1988) 167 CLR 259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.50, 14.90
Mickelberg v the Queen (no 3) (1992) 8 WAR 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.130
Mill v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.10, 11.110
Moevao v Department of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 464 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Mokbel v Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) (2006) 14 VR 405;
[2006] VSC 487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.70
Mokbel v DPP (Vic) and DPP [2007] VSCA 195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.70
Momcilovic v R (2011) 245 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40
Morris v The Queen (1987) 163 CLR 454 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.80, 14.120
Moti v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 456 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30, 9.40
Mraz v The Queen (1955) 93 CLR 493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.120
Mraz v The Queen (No 2) (1956) 96 CLR 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.160
Muldrock v The Queen (2011) 244 CLR 120; [2011] HCA 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
Mullen v The King [1938] St R Qd 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30, 1.40, 1.50
Munda v Western Australia [2013] HCA 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.180, 11.240, 11.270
Munro v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.100
Murphy v The Queen (1989) 167 CLR 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.140, 9.120
Murray v R (2002) 211 CLR 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60
Muscat v Douglas (2006) 233 ALR 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.100

xx
 Table of Cases

Neal v The Queen (1982) 149 CLR 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.190

New South Wales v Canellis (1994) 181 CLR 309 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
New South Wales v Corbett (2007) 230 CLR 606; [2007] HCA 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50, 2.150
New South Wales v Delly (2007) 70 NSWLR 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
Nicholas v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 173; [1998] HCA 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.70
Nicholls v The Queen; Coates v The Queen (2005) 219 CLR 196 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.320, 13.70
Nieto v Mill (1991) 54 A Crim R 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.130
Norden v The Queen [2009] QCA 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.200
North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service Inc v Bradley (2004) 218 CLR 146; [2004]
HCA 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
Nudd v The Queen (2006) 225 ALR 161; 80 ALJR 614 . . . . . . . 10.100, 10.170, 10.190, 14.90

O’Grady v The Queen (2014) 88 ALJR 960; [2014] HCA 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.30

O’Neill No 2 v Her Majesty’s Advocate [2013] UKSC 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100
O’Halloran v O’Byrne [1974] WAR 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.150
Ostrowski v Palmer (2004) 218 CLR 493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40
Owen v Edwards [2006] QCA 526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100

Parker v The Queen (1964) 111 CLR 665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.70

Parker v The Queen (1997) 186 CLR 494 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.180, 14.110
Patel v R [2012] HCA 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.130
Pearce v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.190, 7.250, 11.70
Pemble v The Queen (1971) 124 CLR 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.70
Pepper v Attorney General for the State of Queensland [2008] 2 Qd R 353;
[2008] QCA 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.20
Petty and Maiden v The Queen (1991) 173 CLR 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.260, 9.10
Pitt v Queensland Police Service [2012] QDC 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.40
PNJ v The Queen (2009) 252 ALR 612; [2009] HCA 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
Police v Drury [2011] QMC 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.40
Police v Thompson [1969] NZLR 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120
Pollock v R (2010) 242 CLR 233 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
Porter v The Commissioner of Police [2012] QDC 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.330
Postiglione v The Queen (1997) 189 CLR 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110, 11.130
Purcell v Venardos [1996] 1 Qd R 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.30

Queensland Bacon Pty Ltd v Rees (1976) 115 CLR 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.270

R v AAM; ex parte A-G (Qld) [2010] QCA 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.20, 14.40

R v Allison (2003) 138 A Crim R 378; [2003] QCA 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.60
R v Alt [2013] QCA 343 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.160
R v Anderson (1991) 53 A Crim R 421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.160
R v Andrews [1987] 1 Qd R 21; (1986) 22 A Crim R 201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.120
R v Andrews [2012] QCA 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
R v Anunga (1976) 11 ALR 412 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.350
R v Apostilides (1984) 154 CLR 563 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30
R v Arnold; Ex parte A-G (Qld) [2002] QCA 357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.90

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Criminal Process in Queensland

R v Atkins (Dean) [2010] 1 Cr App R 8; [2009] EWCA Crim 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.390

R v Aubrey (1995) 79 A Crim R 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.350
R v Azar (1991) 56 A Crim R 414 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.340
R v Baden-Clay (2016) 90 ALJR 1013; [2016] HCA 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50, 13.60
R v Bagust [2003] QCA 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.180
R v Baker [2011] QCA 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110
R v Ball (1981) 3 Cr App R (S) 283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.190
R v Barbaro [101] QSC 346 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.60
R v Barlow (1997) 188 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30
R v Batchelor [2003] QCA 246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.330
R v Batiste (1994) 77 A Crim R 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.70
R v BAX [2005] QCA 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.230
R v BBS [2009] QCA 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30
R v BBU [2009] QCA 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30, 11.220
R v BCX [2015] QCA 188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.310
R v Beere [1965] Qd R 370 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.40
R v Beetham [2014] QCA 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.70
R v Belbruno, (2000) 117 A Crim R 150; [2000] VSCA 201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
R v Bell [2010] EWCA Crim 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
R v Benbrika and Ors (Ruling No 3) [2011] VSC 342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.80
R v Benz (1989) 168 CLR 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.80, 14.100
R v Bernier (1998) 102 A Crim R 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.260
R v Birks (1990) 19 NSWLR 677 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.100
R v Boag (1994) 73 A Crim R 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.50
R v Bojovic [2000] 2 Qd R 183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.230
R v Booth (1999) 105 A Crim R 288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110
R v Borsellino [1977] Qd R 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.300
R v Bossley [2012] QSC 292 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.340, 2.60
R v Bow County Court; Ex parte Pelling [1999] 1 WLR 1807 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.130
R v Brauer [1937] QWN 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.40
R v Breeze [1999] QCA 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.300
R v Briese; Ex parte Attorney-General [1998] 1 Qd R 487; (1997)
92 A Crim R 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40, 12.50
R v Broad and Prior [2010] QCA 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50, 11.60
R v Bropho (2004) 36 SR WA 328 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.450
R v Brown (1989) 44 A Crim R385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.30
R v Brown (1995) 1 Cr App R 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30
R v Brown [1994] 2 Qd R 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.50
R v Brown [1998] AC 367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.20
R v Brown; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [2016] QCA 156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.210
R v Buchanan [2016] QCA 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.30
R v Burden; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) (2005) 153 A Crim R 104 . . . . . . . . . . . 11.180
R v Burnett [1944] VLR 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.60
R v Butler & Lawton & Marshall [2011] QCA 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.60
R v Butler [2001] QCA 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.450
R v Butler [2009] QCA 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.70
R v Buttigieg (1993) 69 A Crim R 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60
R v C [1999] QCA 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
R v Cain (No 1) (2001) 121 A Crim R 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50
R v Cant [2016] QCA 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50
R v Carkeet [2009] 1 Qd R 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.50
R v Carlton [2009] QCA 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.320
R v Carr [1972] 1 NSWLR 608 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.390
R v Carr-Briant [1943] 1 KB 607 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
R v Carroll (1985) 19 A Crim R 410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.180, 13.170
R v Carroll (2000) 115 A Crim R 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.180
R v Carroll (2002) 213 CLR 635 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30, 7.190, 7.180

xxii
 Table of Cases

R v Carroll [2001] QCA 394 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.180

R v CBK [2014] QCA 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
R v Chan [2001] 2 Qd R 662 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.130
R v Chard; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [2004] QCA 372 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.200
R v Chekeri (2001) 122 A Crim R 422 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.110
R v Cheshire (1995) 76 A Crim R 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.120
R v Cho [2001] QCA 196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.340
R v Chong; Ex parte Attorney-General (Queensland) [2008] QCA 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.260
R v Christensen (2005) 156 A Crim R 397 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50, 2.70
R v Clare [1994] 2 Qd R 619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
R v Clark [2000] QCA 145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40
R v Clarke (1975) 61 Cr App R 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.140
R v Clarke [2016] QCA 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.150
R v Clough [2008] QSC 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.130
R v Cockrell (2005) 2QdR 448; [2005] QCA 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.170
R v Cole (1994) 77 A Crim R 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
R v Colless [2010] QCA 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.220
R v Collins [1987] 1 SCR 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.70
R v Collins [2000] 1 Qd R 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.230
R v Conde [2015] 1 Qd R 562; QCA 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.150
R v Condren (1987) 28 A Crim R 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.50
R v Condren; Ex parte Attorney-General [1991] 1 Qd R 574; (1990)
49 ACrim R 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.90, 13.180
R v Copsey [2008] EWCA Crim 2043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
R v Cornwell [2009] QCA 294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30
R v Cosh [2007] QCA 156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.330
R v Coss [2015] QCA 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.20
R v Coss [2016] QCA 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.150
R v Cowan [2016] 1 Qd R 433; [2015] QCA 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.70
R v Cox [2010] QCA 262 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30
R v Crofts [1999] 1 Qd R 386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110, 12.220
R v Cromwell [2008] QCA 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.90
R v Crossley (1999) 106 A Crim R 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.130
R v Crothers [2010] QCA 334 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.40, 10.70
R v Cunningham [2014] 2 Qd R 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.50
R v D [2000] 2 Qd R 659; [2000] QCA 203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.310, 11.120
R v D [2003] QCA 547 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.270
R v Daetz [2003] NSWCCA 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.280
R v DAL [2005] QCA 281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
R v Dales (1995) 80 A Crim R 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.40
R v Daley; Ex parte A-G (Qld) [2005] QCA 162 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.20, 14.30
R v Daniel (1997) 94 A Crim R 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.240
R v D’Arcy (2001) 122 A Crim R 268; [2001] QCA 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.140
R v D’Arcy (2003) 140 A Crim R 303; [2003] QCA 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.140, 9.130
R v D’Arcy [2000] QSC 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.140, 11.160
R v D’Arcy [2005] QCA 292 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.140
R v DAU; Ex parte A-G (Qld) [2009] QCA 244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40
R v Davidson (1996) 92 A Crim R 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20
R v Day [2008] QSC 358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50, 2.70
R v De Simoni [1981] 147 CLR 383; HCA 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.40, 11.100, 11.210
R v de Voss [1995] QCA 518 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.80
R v Dibble; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [2014] QCA 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.250
R v Donald (1983) 11 A Crim R 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.50
R v Doyle [1980] Qd R 308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.200
R v DPP; Ex parte Kebilene [2000] 2 AC 326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80
R v Dullroy; Ex parte Attorney-General of Queensland [2005] QCA 219 . . . . . 11.90, 11.170

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Criminal Process in Queensland

R v Dunrobin [2008] QCA 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80

R v East (2008) 190 A Crim R 225; [2008] QCA 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.70, 10.80
R v Edie [2006] QCA 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.220
R v Edwards (1983) 77 Cr App R 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.180
R v Edwards (2009) 255 ALR 399; [2009] HCA 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100
R v El Zarw (1991) 58 A Crim R 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.160, 7.170
R v Entsch [1979] Qd R 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40
R v Erasmus [2006] QCA 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
R v Esposito 1998) 105 A Crim R 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.120
R v Essenburg [2002] QCA 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.60
R v Evans; R v Pearce [2011] QCA 135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50, 11.220
R v Everleigh [2003] 1 Qd R 398 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.230
R v F [2000] 2Qd R 331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110
R v F; ex parte Attorney-General [1998] QCA 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.30
R v Falconer (1990) 171 CLR 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50, 1.90
R v Ferguson [2008] QDC 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.130
R v Ferguson [2009] QDC 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.130
R v Ferguson; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) (2008) 186 A Crim R 483;
[2008] QCA 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.130, 9.110,
9.150
R v Ferguson; Ex parte Attorney-General [1991] 1 Qd R 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.200, 8.210
R v Fernando (1997) 95 A Crim R 533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.120, 11.160
R v Finch; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [2006] QCA 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.310
R v Fingleton (2003) 140 A Crim R 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.70
R v Fletcher [1998] 2Qd R 437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.450
R v Flynn [2008] 2 Cr App R 20; [2008] EWCA Crim 970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.390
R v FN [2005] QCA 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.230
R v Fraser [2004] 2 Qd R 544; [2004] QCA 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.70
R v Frawley (1993) 69 A Crim R 208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.70
R v Fuentes [2012] QSC 288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.60
R v Fuller (1997) 92 A Crim R 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.50
R v Fuller (1997) 95 A Crim R 554 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.80
R v G (G) & B (S) [2009] EWCA Crim 1207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.220
R v Gallagher; Ex parte Attorney-General [1999] 1 Qd R 200; (1997) 98 A Crim R
513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.40
R v GAM [2011] QCA 288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.90
R v Garland (2014) 242 A Crim R 493; [2014] QCA 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.270
R v Gaudry [2005] QCA 395 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.330
R v Georgiadis [1984] VR 1030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
R v Gilbert (2008) 186 A Crim R 153; [2008] QCA 178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.230
R v Glennon (1992) 173 CLR 592 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.10, 9.110, 9.120,
9.150, 14.80, 14.100
R v Goldburg (NSWCCA, No 60607 of 1992 unreported) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
R v Goodger [2009] QCA 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
R v Gordon; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [1975] Qd R 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.250
R v Green (1983) 33 SASR 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30
R v Green [1997] 1 Qd R 584 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.100
R v Greig [2000] QCA 276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.160
R v Griffiths [2013] QCA 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.40
R v Grosser [2002] SASC 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.90
R v Gudgeon (1995) 83 A Crim R 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.70, 10.80, 10.90
R v H (1993) 66 A Crim R 505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.190
R v H (1995) 83 A Crim R 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
R v Hall [1980] Qd R 304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.100
R v Hamade (2011) 220 A Crim R 151; [2011] QCA 152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.80
R v Hammond &Loosemore [2016] QSC 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30, 2.60, 2.70
R v Hanbury (1979) 1 Cr App R (S) 243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.190

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 Table of Cases

R v Handlen [2012] QSC 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30

R v Hannigan [2009] QCA 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.280
R v Hanson; R v Ettridge [2003] QCA 488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.170
R v Hardy [2010] QCA 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120, 2.140
R v Hargraves, Hargraves and Stoten (2008) 73 ATR 775; [2008] QSC 267 . . . . . . . . . 8.30
R v Hatten [2007] QCA 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.270
R v HAU [2009] QCA 165 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30
R v Hayes [2008] QCA 371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50
R v Hennessy [2010] QCA 345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.20
R v Hesketh; Ex parte Attorney-General [2004] QCA 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.180
R v Hill ; R v Young [2014] QCA 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.60
R v Hill; Ex parte Attorney-General [2003] QCA 379 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.120
R v Holcroft [1997] 2 Qd R 392;[1996] QCA 478 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.190, 12.200
R v Holton [1998] 1 Qd R 667 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.220
R v Holzinger [2016] QCA 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.240
R v Hood [2005] 2 Qd R 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.150, 12.200
R v Hopper; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) (2014) 241 A Crim R 228;
[2014] QCA 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.190, 13.210
R v Houghton (2002) 129 A Crim R 313; [2002] QCA 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.90
R v Hughes [1983] 1 Qd R 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50
R v Hughes [2000] QCA 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.150
R v Hurst [2006] QCA 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.200
R v Hurst [2014] QCA 168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.130
R v Hytch (2000) 114 A Crim R 573 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.170
R v IAS (2004) 146 A Crim R 416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.70
R v Illin [2014] QCA 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.130, 11.260
R v Jacobs [1993] 2 Qd R 541 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
R v James, Tappin and Thomas [2009] QSC 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.190
R v Jaudzems [2014] QSC 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30
R v Jell; Ex parte Attorney-General [1991] 1 Qd R 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.200, 8.210
R v Johannsen (1996) 87 A Crim R 126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100
R v JX [2016] QCA 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.160
R v K (2003) 144 A Crim R 468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.160
R v Kaddour (2004) 148 A Crim R 597 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.110
R v Kaporonowski [1972] Qd R 465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.30
R v Karlsson [2015] QCA 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.80, 13.200
R v Karounos (1995) 63 SASR 451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.50
R v Katsidis; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [2005] QCA 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.50
R v Keating [2002] QCA 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.230
R v Keen [2016] 2 Qd R 1; [2015] QSC 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.60
R v Kendrick [2015] QCA 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.200
R v Khoury [2004] QDC 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.100
R v Kina [1993] QCA 480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.50
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R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254 . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
R v Kirkman (1987) 44 SASR 591 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50
R v Kok Cheng Tan (2002) 128 A Crim R 286; [2002] WASC 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.160
R v KP; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [2006] QCA 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40
R v KU; Ex parte A-G (Qld) [2008] QCA 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.90, 12.40
R v Kuzmanovski; ex parte A-G (Qld) [2012] QCA 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.210
R v Lacey; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) (2009) 197 A Crim R 399;
[2009] QCA 274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.160, 13.230
R v LAE [2013] QCA 189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.110
R v Lambert [2002] 2 AC 545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40, 1.80
R v Leak [1969] SASR 172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.170
R v Lee (1950) 82 CLR 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.40, 3.70
R v Leece (1996) 65 FCR 544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.30

xxv
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circumstance of the goddess Parbuttee having dropt her mantle on
the spot, in her flight to Kylas (the sky).
So much with respect to the derivation of the names Patna and
Pataliputra. From what has been stated, it may be clearly seen that
Palibothra cannot be a corruption or modification of Pataliputra, and
that the modern name of Patna is traceable to a very remote period.
To proceed with the proof that Patna is not the ancient Palibothra:—
An opinion has been expressed by one who appears to be a
competent judge, Mr. E.C. Ravenshaw,[83] that the distance from
Patna at which the Sone now runs into the Ganges is so great that it
cannot be said to be at the point of confluence, and therefore does
not answer to Arrian's description as before quoted.
But a better argument is this,—that the river Sone has no particular
sanctity attached to it by the Hindoos; it does not convey sacred
water to the district of Patna, such as is supposed to flow in the
Ganges, and many other Indian rivers. We know that the most
sacred streams issue from the Himalaya mountains, the region of the
gods and of Brahma. The Ganges, the Indus, the Jumna, the
Gograh, the Coosah, the Gundruk, and others, come from that holy
source; but the Sone and the Nerbudda rise in the table-land of
Omerkuntuc in Gundwana,—in lat. 22°, 35´ N.; long. 82°, 15´ E.[84]
Now it is very certain that the Sone, lacking this sacred character,
could not have been reckoned as the third river in India; superior to
many streams which take their rise from the Himalaya, and inferior
only to the Ganges and the Indus, both of which are regarded with
the deepest reverence.
Thus, with regard to Patna, we are led to the conclusion, that, while
there is great evidence to prove that it is a most ancient city, and to
identify it with the former Pataliputra, the capital of the Gupta
dynasty; yet it is quite as clear that it is not the site of Palibothra.
Another opinion, however, would place the ancient city further east,
and not far from Bhaugulpore.[85] The late Colonel Francklin took a
journey on purpose to examine this subject, and in his preface to the
second part of his researches respecting the site of Palibothra, he
writes:—"If then my assumption of the Mandara hill as the place
recorded in the Puranas,[86] where one of the sovereigns of
Palibothra was assassinated, be correct;—if the evidence afforded by
the hills which appear in the neighbourhood of the town, and
through a very great extent of what formerly constituted the Prasian
kingdom, prior to the expedition of Alexander the Great;—if these
and other connecting circumstances, as well local and historical, as
traditional, be conceded;—it will, I think, be also conceded to me,
that they apply in every instance throughout the discussion, as more
naturally indicative of the town of Bhaugulpore possessing the site of
Palibothra, and the metropolis of the Parsii (Prasii?) than either
Rajmahal, Patna, Kanoge, or Allahabad."
The argument drawn from the assassination of this king of Palibothra
on the Mandara hill, is really worth nothing. The circumstance that
this took place near Bhaugulpore no more proves the site of
Palibothra to have been there, than if the sovereign had been
assassinated at any other of the places named. For if kings travel,
particularly among enemies, and in times of anarchy, they are liable
to be killed anywhere. Our first Richard was assassinated in
Normandy, and our first Edward had a narrow escape in the Holy
Land. Moreover, this murdered king of Palibothra might have been
taken to the Mandara hill as a fitting place of execution; so that we
can gather from this occurrence no clue whatever, to the actual site
of his capital city.
Again, there is no large river flowing into the Ganges at the point
where Bhaugulpore is situated. Colonel Francklin states that at
Dhurumgunge, five miles N.W. of Bhaugulpore he met with the river
Chundun, but the confluence of the Chundun with the Ganges is at
Champanuggur, thirteen miles from that town. He assumes this river
to have been the Erannoboas of the Greeks; and, because it is to be
found thirteen miles from Bhaugulpore and runs into the Ganges, he
fixes the Mandara hill as the site of Palibothra. At the end of his
journal, he adds, that, "in the words of Arrian, the Erannoboas was a
river of the third magnitude among the rivers in India." But here the
Colonel mistakes the meaning of his author; for Arrian says, not that
it was a river of the third magnitude, but the third river throughout
all India. It is thus that historical authority is sometimes falsely cited.
The Chundun, even near its mouth, is only seven hundred yards in
breadth, and this will not constitute a third-rate river in India. The
Gograh, on the left bank, is in some places a mile broad, in many
places half-a-mile, and of greater depth even than the Ganges. The
Chundun is so inconsiderable, that we hear of no natives, except
those of Bhaugulpore, who speak of it at all; and to identify this with
a river said to be next in size to the Indus, is plainly absurd.
In a subsequent tour, the Colonel again visited Bhaugulpore, and
about four miles south-east of that town, he found a commanding
eminence, being 600 yards in circumference, and on which the site
of bastions and the outer ditch of a fortification are plainly to be
discovered. "The place," he says,[87] "is called by the natives
Suffiegur; and here the surface of the ground in the front, as well as
the neighbouring grove of mango trees, is overspread with a variety
of stones of different kinds, cornelians, agates, flints, and specimens
of beautiful veined stone, pieces of crystal and slabs of chalcedony;
these evidently indicating the remains of a building of a superior
order, at a remote period of time."
The Colonel again remarks—"In my humble opinion, I should assign
it as one of the summer palaces of the sovereigns of Palibothra." But
since, in that country, ruins are so numerous, and frequently of such
a splendid character, we cannot allow this circumstance to be of any
weight. Any other hill containing a few stones, and a few relics of
ancient fortifications, might, as far as Colonel Francklin has given
proof, have been the summer residence of the kings of Palibothra.
There are two very singular round towers near the town of
Bhaugulpore, in the direction indicated by the Colonel, which he may
possibly have mistaken for the summer palace of the king.
We cannot suppose that if Bhaugulpore had been the ancient
Palibothra, it would not have been revered as a sacred spot, even
though it were in ruins. Kanoge, for example, although no longer in
existence, is spoken of with veneration. But it does not appear that
any particular sanctity is attached by the natives to Bhaugulpore, nor
that they esteem it as more than a common city. And, if it had been
what Colonel Francklin claims for it, it would, of course, have been
the capital of the Prasii. But we have no evidence whatever that the
kingdom of the Prasii extended so far south; and supposing that it
did, still it is most improbable that their chief city would be placed at
the extremity of their dominions. If the Colonel's opinion were
correct, would not Abul Fazel, who wrote in 1582, or some Hindoo
writer of prior or subsequent date, have spoken of such a place?
Would there not be a pilgrimage to it, as there is now to Allahabad,
and other sacred places? Without doubt, such would have been the
case; and therefore, taking all these things into consideration, it
appears to me that we must reject Colonel Francklin's favourite
theory, and that Bhaugulpore could not have been Palibothra.
Another opinion places the site of the lost city at Benares. This is no
doubt also an ancient town; it was taken by the Sultan Mahmood of
Ghuznee in A.D. 1017, and a mosque with two elegant minarets
existing to this day, was built there by Aurungzebe to mortify the
Hindoos. The river Birnah runs between the military cantonments
and the civil station, across which a small stone bridge was thrown,
about fifty years ago, by the late Major-General J. Garstin. This river
is situated to the left of the city, where it enters the Ganges. It is a
very narrow and inconsiderable stream, and could not bring Benares
within the denomination of "a city with two large rivers;" so that we
may dismiss this opinion also, as quite improbable.
Rajmahal has likewise been mentioned, as the place where the
ancient city stood. But this is at a considerable distance below Patna,
and it is not likely that the limits of the Prasii extended so far in this
direction. A hundred years ago, Rajmahal was two or three miles
inland; and though, by the encroachment of the current upon the
land, it is now situated on the bank of the river, yet there is no other
river near it, it does not stand at the confluence of any stream with
the Ganges, and therefore does not answer to Arrian's description.
Of the opinions on this subject, which I deem erroneous, the only
other worthy of mention is that which makes Kanoge the site of
Palibothra. This is also a very ancient city, as is clear from the fact
that Vicramaditya,[88] who lived in the year B.C. 57, resided
alternately at Palibothra and at Kanoge. It is stated by Heeren[89] to
have been founded by one of the kings of Ayodhya (Oude) who
made it his capital. On the decline of Ayodhya, it rose in importance.
Maurice[90] dates its foundation in B.C. 1000. But while we may
respect the antiquity of Kanoge, we cannot assign to it the honour
claimed for it. The rivers Ramgonga and Gurrah, whose united
waters flow into the Ganges near its ruins, are very inconsiderable,
and could not by any stretch of the imagination be looked upon as
constituting the third river in India.
But now, having, as I hope, clearly shown the great improbability
that any of the opinions already quoted are correct, and having
proved also, how irreconcilable they are to the historical evidence
which we possess on this subject, I will mention my own opinion as
to the site of the ancient city of Palibothra. According to Arrian, as
we have seen, Palibothra is at the confluence of the Ganges and
Erannoboas, which Erannoboas is said to be the third river in India.
Now the Ganges is called the first, the Indus the second, and in
respect of size, no other river has so great a claim to be ranked the
third, as the Jumna. After the two streams just mentioned, the
Jumna is certainly the largest in the country. This river and the
Ganges may be termed twin-sisters, as their respective sources are
within a few miles of each other. Its length is 780 miles, according to
Rennel, exceeding by 280 miles that of the Sone.
Coming down to the point at which the Jumna flows into the
Ganges, we find the city of Allahabad. And here I would place the
site of Palibothra. Its centrical position as to Hindoostan, marks it as
being most fitting and convenient for the capital of a kingdom. It is
certain also that it was inhabited by the Prasii, and it was most
probably in the very centre of their dominions.
The great sanctity of the confluence of the Ganges and the Jumna at
Allahabad, as an annual bathing-place, revered by all Hindoos, is
well known. The very fact of their being two great rivers, the first
and the third in magnitude, would give it a sacredness not
attachable to inferior rivers. The second river, the Indus, falls into no
other stream. It is joined by the Cabool river at Attock, and after
receiving the Punjaub rivers, empties itself into the sea. And the fact
that the two greatest rivers are not confluent, tends, no doubt, to
add to the high veneration with which the natives regard the
confluence of the first and third rivers.
Several of the streams flowing into the Ganges which have been
adopted by controversialists, are in reality very insignificant, and are
considered by the natives as quite unimportant. But the Jumna is
universally known and venerated throughout all India. When water is
taken from the Ganges, to a distance, it is invariably either from
Hurdwar, Allahabad, or Benares.
The late Maharajah Runjeet Singh always had water from a
particular spot, which was considered the best in the Punjaub. A
strict Brahmin of Benares, would present his guests with water
drawn from the most sacred parts of the Ganges, nor, however hot
the weather, would he cool the water with ice, for by so doing, he
would mix two waters, the one holy, the other profane: the water of
the Ganges, and the water of America.
No native would ever take the Ganges water from near the
Chundun; no Brahmin living in Calcutta would ever use it. Allahabad
is held in such reverence that a public tax was paid both to the
Mahomedan government of the Nawab of Oude, and to the British
government, by pilgrims at certain seasons of the year. There are
different degrees of sanctity ascribed to the sacred cities of India; all
places are not of equal sanctity, Benares is not so sacred as Kanoge,
and neither is so sacred as Allahabad. The waters of the Ganges at
this confluence are accounted of superior holiness, and special virtue
is ascribed to them.
Here then, the description of Arrian, to which I have shown that
none of the before-mentioned opinions conformed, is fully answered,
and all probability points to Allahabad as the disputed site. The
central situation of the city, its position on the right bank of the
Ganges, the circumstance of its superior sacredness, and above all,
the fact that the Jumna is the third river in India, which no one, who
will compare the relative claims of the rivers, can deny; all these
together yield more than presumptive proof in its favour. We may
fairly conclude then, that the ancient Palibothra is at the junction of
the Ganges and the Jumna, and that there appears no just ground
for supposing that any other position on the right or left bank of the
Ganges can be assigned as its site.
It may now be of interest to state what is known respecting the size
of the city. Strabo informs us[91] that "its length is eighty stadia, its
breadth fifteen,[92] and its form oblong; that it is environed by a wall
of wood, in which are sundry holes to shoot through; also a ditch,
both for the defence of the city and the reception of all the filth
issuing from it; and that the people are called Prasii." In an appendix
to his work, Francklin gives additional notes, extracted from a
pamphlet which was printed, but not published, at Calcutta, wherein
he says: "For the extent of the city and suburbs of Palibothra, from
seventy-five to eighty miles have been assigned, by the Puranas, a
distance said to be impossible for a single city." And adds: "so
indeed it might, were we to compare the cities of Asia with those of
Europe." He next states, that in A.D. 1567, Cæsar Frederic, a
Venetian merchant, who was then at Beejanuggur (Bisnuggur), says
that it had a circuit of ninety-four miles. Major Rennel makes the city
of Gour, the ancient capital of Bengal, to be fifteen miles in length,
extending along the old banks of the Ganges, and from two to three
miles in breadth. Colonel Francklin (Appendix p. 59) quotes
Babylon[93] as extending over 365 furlongs, being the number of
days in the year; or forty-five miles and five furlongs. Herodotus
allows the city to have been 480 stadia, or sixty miles in
circumference.[94] Colonel Francklin makes Kanoge to have been 100
miles in circuit. London, the largest city in Europe, has been
estimated at twenty-five, but at present, with the suburbs, it may be
thirty miles round. Now it must be recollected, that in estimating the
size of European and Asiatic cities, several distinguishing
circumstances are to be borne in mind. For instance, though in
London there are numerous churches, they occupy but little space,
compared with pagodas, mosques, and mausolea; to which in an
Eastern city, much ground and many buildings are usually attached.
In Oriental cities too, there are many gardens and granaries, and the
stables and studs for elephants occupy a great deal of room. It is
calculated that the stabling for one elephant, occupies more space
than would afford accommodation for a carriage and four horses.
The Mahomedan invasion of India, which effected so great a change
in the character of the country, took place in the first quarter of the
eleventh century. The Mahomedan empire was founded there by the
Ghorè dynasty in 1157. I may fitly close my remarks on the site of
this ancient city, by glancing at the geographical extent and
condition of the country at this great era of a mighty change in
Indian history. It is said by Rennel and other writers, that according
to the testimony of the ancients, India, on the most enlarged scale,
divided on the West from Persia by the Arachosian Mountains,
bounded on the East by China, on the North by Tartary, and
extending South to the Sunda Isles, comprised an area of 40°,
including a superficies almost as large as Europe: a statement which
appears preposterous. The Mahomedan writers understood
Hindoostan, under the sovereigns of Delhi, to include the twelve
Soobahs or Provinces into which it was sub-divided in 1582; viz.,
Lahore, Mooltan, Scinde, Ajmere, Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Bahar,
Oude, Bengal, Malwah, Guzerat; Cabool, and the country west of
India, was made a thirteenth Soobah, and again others were added:
namely, the Deccan, including Berar, Khandeish, and Ahmednuggur,
and afterwards Aurungabad.
According to the geography of the original Hindoos, Hindoostan is
bounded on the North by the Himalaya ridge of mountains, including
Cashmere, Nepaul, and Bootan; on the South by the Ocean; on the
West by the Indus; and on the East by Chittagong. With the
exception of Bootan, the primitive Brahminical religion and
languages prevail in the above boundaries; nor are they to be found
beyond them, save in Assam and Cassey, where Brahminical
doctrines still prevail; but in Bootan the people are Buddhists.
The modern name Hindoostan, is a Persian appellation, derived from
the word "Hindoo" (black), and "Sthan" (a place). The above limits
give 1,020,000 geographical miles. Elphinstone[95] says, "India is
bounded by the Himalaya mountains, the river Indus, and the sea.
Its length from Cashmere to Cape Comorin is about 1,900 British
miles,[96] and its breadth, from the mouth of the Indus to the
mountains east of the Berhampooter, is considerably above 1,500
British miles. In its southern boundary it is limited by the Nerbudda."
According to the Hindoo calculation, India extends northward to the
thirty-fifth degree of latitude. Cabool, which was included by Akbar
in Hindoostan, is reckoned between the thirty-third and thirty-fifth
degrees of north latitude. But Hindoostan is bounded on the West by
the river Indus, which excludes Cabool and Scinde. Sylhet, and
Chittagong are to the East of the Berhampooter, near the mountains,
and must be included. The southern boundary is the sea.
 FOOTNOTES:
[73] The late Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, Dr. Samuel Butler,
in his Ancient and Modern Geography, p. 267, called it also
Helabas. In India some speak of it as "Illahabas."
[74] There is a magazine at Chunar, which serves for Benares and
the stations immediately below it. The river from Chunar to
Allahabad is not suited for a speedy transmission by boats,
because the stream for about thirty miles below Allahabad is full
of shoals.
[75] Rooke's Translation of Alexander's Expedition.
[76] Sanscrit, the Sone or Golden River.
[77] Ancient and Modern Geography, p. 522.
[78] P. 300.
[79] Page 3, note 1.
[80] Works, vol. i. p. 306.
[81] Vol. i. p. 26.
[82] Vol. i. p. 146.
[83] Journal of Asiatic Society. Vol. xiv. p. 137. Part I, Nos. 157-
162.
[84] Hamilton's Gazetteer, Rennel, &c.
[85] Wilford, Asiatic Researches. Vol. v. p. 272.
[86] Elphinstone, in his history of India, says: "There are eighteen
Puranas composed by different authors between the 8th and 16th
centuries." Col. Francklin should have proved his author, and
given his date.
[87] Part iv. p. 53.
[88] He was also Lord of Benares, and rebuilt Ayodhya.
[89] P. 295.
[90] Vol. i. p. 36.
[91] Lib. xv. p. 1028.
[92] The eighty stadia long by fifteen broad, would be equal to
twenty-three miles and three quarters in circuit.
 [93] Diodorus Siculus, vol i. pp. 120, 121.
[94] Francklin (Appendix p. 62.) gives Beejapore as thirty-six
miles in circuit, and Nineveh as forty-seven miles. Diodorus
Siculus makes Nineveh to have been sixty miles and Babylon only
forty-eight.
[95] Vol. i. p. 1.
[96] China has 1,200,000 square miles, and is said to be 1,400 by
1,600 miles.

CHAPTER XIII.
Steamers on the Ganges—Native Pilots—Course of the River—
Mr. Sims proposes Shields to the Banks—Shoals—Tributary
Streams—Rapids—The Jumna—Mirzapore—Benares—
Trimbuckjee Danglia—Chunar—Sultanpore.

There is a regular steam communication between Calcutta and

Allahabad; but as the steamers proceed no further than that city, it
may not be out of place to give the reader a few words on Steam
Navigation, at least so far as the Ganges is concerned. Until
steamers were introduced, the only way of proceeding by water
from Calcutta to Allahabad, and the intermediate stations, was by
boats, the largest of which are called budgerows and pinnaces.
About twenty years ago, the East India Company ordered four
steamers to be built for the navigation of the Ganges, much against
the advice of many, who urged the impossibility of using steam in
consequence of the shifting sands. They were accordingly built in
England, and shipped in pieces to Calcutta, where they were put
together by able engineers. For many years these government boats
were the only steamers seen on the Ganges; but latterly two
Companies have been started, the one called "the India General
Steam Navigation Company," established in 1844, and the other, "the
Ganges Company." The control of the government steamers is under
the judicious management of Captain J.H. Johnston, R.N. The
number of boats on the Ganges belonging to government alone, is
as follows:—ten steamers, three accommodation, three cargo, and
two troop-boats. On an average, one steamer leaves Calcutta every
ten or fourteen days, having an accommodation-boat, or sometimes
one or two cargo or troop-boats, in tow. This is a striking and novel
sight. Every one is aware that a ship at sea will take another in tow,
which is effected by the ship to be towed sending out hawsers; but
in very bad weather they disengage themselves by casting off the
towing-hawsers. Besides these hawsers for joining one with the
other, there is a plank of wood, twenty-five feet in length, a foot in
width, and six inches in thickness, placed between two short masts,
one at the bow of the accommodation, cargo or troop-boat, the
other at the stern of the steamer, to each of which it is bound by
chains. This plank serves as a mutual convenience to the crews of
the two vessels, without its being requisite to lower a boat; besides,
if it were not for this more solid material, accidents would frequently
happen by the vessel in tow running foul of her leader; whereas, as
it is, should the steamer touch ground unexpectedly, the other
sheers quietly alongside.
The steamers are of iron, and (I am now speaking only of those
belonging to government) are fitted up with two engines of thirty
horse power each, and carry sail. The fires are never wholly
extinguished, for although the steamers anchor at sunset, yet they
are again under steam at the first dawn of day. The fares and prices
of the two Companies correspond exactly with those of the
government; the charges for the whole trip from Calcutta to
Allahabad, being for a first-class cabin, 300 rupees, for a second,
250, and for a third, 200. The charges for the downward passage
are only two-thirds those of the upward.
The hours for meals are generally, breakfast at nine, luncheon
twelve, dinner four, and tea seven. Anything required between
meals, is charged extra. For supplying these, each passenger pays
the Commander three rupees per diem. Wines, spirits, etc., are
extra, and charged for according to the consumption.
The boats of the two private Companies are differently constructed
from those of the Government; for, like the steamers on the
American rivers, the steam and accommodation centre in one boat,
but some of them, have one or two cargo-boats in tow. The Ganges
boats, it is said, draw too much water. The Company's boats draw
three feet, and their steamers three-and-a-quarter feet each. Hindoo
servants, who are forbidden by caste to cook on board, are landed
every evening, if practicable, as soon as the steamer casts anchor.
From the Mahomedan servants, one of whom is allowed to each
passenger, without cost for the trip, the Commander receives a
quarter of a rupee a-day, which each has to pay for his food.
A native pilot is taken on board every twenty or twenty-five miles; he
is responsible in some measure, that the vessel does not touch the
bottom, or run upon a sand-bank. The poor men, who receive only a
scanty pittance for this trouble, are extremely careful; and it is very
rare indeed, for any serious accident or interruption to occur. The
steamers have a commander, a mate, and about twenty Lascars, or
native sailors, and the other boats about the same number. The
cabins are generally light and airy, though many of them abound
with mosquitoes, cockroaches and ants, and not unfrequently with
rats. The dining-room is spacious, being the whole width of the
vessel, and would be very comfortable if a punkah could be
introduced. The cabins contain no furniture save a bedstead, so that
the traveller is required to furnish it with a mattress, table, chair,
chillumchee or wash-stand, and mosquito curtains.
The river Ganges is called by the natives "Gunga Jee;" "Gung"
signifies river, and "Gunga" the river; "Jee" denotes sir, lord, master,
mistress, and is used as a mark of religious respect, the Ganges
being pre-eminently the king of rivers—the sacred river. The Hindoos
swear by the waters of the Ganges, as we do on the Testament, or
the Mahomedans on the Koran. The Ganges has a very uncertain
channel, in consequence of its tortuous course; sometimes dashing
across from the right to the left bank, and forming a new bed. To
obviate this, various clever plans have been proposed; but I shall
now merely allude to that of Mr. Sims, Civil Engineer to the East
India Company, who was sent out some time back, to select and
survey the district which he should consider suitable for a railroad.
The scheme fell into abeyance, but is once more revived. A Board
was appointed in England, comprising a committee, secretary,
engineer, etc.; two of the official staff arrived in Calcutta in February,
1848, for the purpose of collecting the unpaid capital, and the
money is fast coming in. Meantime, the Government has desired Mr.
Sims to propose a plan for controlling the freaks and sudden
changes of this river, which is at the same time one of the most
beneficial in the world. The task is a difficult one, and the expense
enormous; however, the first sod has been since turned up, and this
is some earnest of its completion.
I collect from the Report, that Mr. Sims proposes to form extensive
shields at certain points of the banks. Just as in fencing, we guard
right and left where the thrust is expected, so the shields are to be
erected on the right and left, according as the river rushes in. Brunel
used shields in making the Thames tunnel, but they were above,
while Mr. Sims's shields are to be perpendicular to the river, and
parallel to the banks. Wherever a shoal may be forming, Mr. Sims
proposes to make a diversion by means of a channel, which is to be
kept open by bamboos and other material, so as to prevent the sand
from filling up the excavations. The expense of the operation is not
clearly ascertained; but the cost of each shield is £60,000! Until we
know how many of these shields are required, we can have no
means of estimating the total outlay.
Major Rowland Hill, late 70th Regt. Bengal Native Infantry, and
commanding 4th Irregular Cavalry, when at Sultanpore, Benares,
tried the following plan, in 1846. Placing several large boats with
their prows facing up the river, he cut through the sand-bank, upon
which the force of the current drove away the sand to the right and
left of the boats.
There are so many points along the Ganges which demand the
attention of the engineer, that nothing short of a careful examination
of every hundred yards, on both banks, can solve the problem.
Thus, having formed a shield in one locality, who can say where the
next may be required? or, again, whether the river driving with full
force to a new point, the evil may not break out at another? The
natives never thought of such schemes in days of yore. Being a
sacred river, the Ganges could do no wrong: if a man lost his boat, it
was his destiny (nuseeb): the will of God in anger for his sins!
Æsop's fables have been translated by a Brahmin; and an
Englishman having read, to a Hindoo, the fable of the waggoner's
complaint to Jupiter, the man shook his head and laughed.
It would seem possible, that by carefully examining this river during
the dry season, from October to April, the channels might be found
out. In the Bhauguretty, and smaller Indian rivers, dredging
machines are used. The practicability of the plan could be
ascertained, and that, too, at no great cost, by buoying off the river,
and placing it in sections; this could be done by a native
establishment, with some Europeans as supervisors.
The steam-boats often run aground, although they have native
pilots, and are frequently not got off for several days. Sometimes,
when the river is low, steamers can only reach Sirsah, twenty-six
miles below Allahabad.
I must remind the reader, that the first rise of the river is caused by
the melting of the snows in the Himalaya mountains during the
warm weather, before the rainy season sets in, and that the rains
afterwards keep it up to the high-water mark, until the month of
October. The fall of rain in Assam, south-east of Calcutta, has been
240 inches in a year. At Bombay, up to the middle of August, 1849, it
was eighty-six or eighty-seven inches; which is about the same
quantity that falls in Calcutta during the whole of the rainy season.
I must not omit to mention, that some years since, an attempt was
made to get a steamer up to Ghurrumkteesur Ghât, on the Ganges,
about thirty miles from Meerut. But it proved a failure, for the
Ganges from Allahabad to Cawnpore is shoaly, and above the latter
place more so than below it, in addition to which hinderance, there
was not a sufficient depth of water. By dint of great exertions,
Captain Templeton did get the steamer up to Cawnpore; but he first
took the precaution to unlade it. The steamers carry freight, as well
as the cargo-boats; they are also more capable of enduring bad
weather, yet during the rains of 1849, a gale blew so violently that
the steamer turned aside, nearly to her opposite gunwale. In the
month of August, the river is so rapid opposite Dinapore, that the
steamers lose ground, or fall below their starting-point, even in
crossing from one side of the river to the other. They go down the
river at the rate of twelve or fourteen miles an hour.
There are many rivers that fall into the Ganges below Allahabad. The
Ganges, I may remark, rises at Gangoutrie, in the Himalayas, that
enormous chain of snow-capped mountains, which extends from
Cabool along the north of Hindoostan to China. It flows for more
than 1,200 miles through rich fields to the Bay of Bengal, which it
enters by a delta of about sixteen miles in extent. In its course, it
receives eleven tributary streams, none of which is smaller than the
Thames. Below Allahabad, there are on the left bank, the Goomtee,
Birnah, Koosee, Dewah, or Gograh, and the Great and Little
Gundruk. On the right, at and below Allahabad, the rivers Jumna
and Sone, all of which, except the latter, which rises near to the
Nerbudda in the Deccan, flow from the Himalaya mountains. As
there is no large stream which falls into the Ganges above
Allahabad, it will easily be understood, that its greatest width and
depth must be below that place.
The next attempt was to steam up the Jumna, but meeting with a
shoal at Kulna, the steamer could proceed no further. The rocks
which formerly existed in this river, were blasted by the late
Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Taylor, of the Engineers.
The question naturally arises, why the same remedy could not be
applied as at Gottenburg, in Sweden, where rapids have been
passed by making a canal outside; and why, in India, canals are
never resorted to for out-flanking an impediment in a river? This,
however, is an enquiry to which no satisfactory reply has ever yet
been given.
The Nerbudda[97] offers similar difficulties, having rocks and rapids
interspersed at intervals, in quick succession. It has a course of 750
miles, rising at Omercote, and emptying itself below Baroda into the
sea. Attempts have been made to navigate the Nerbudda, from the
centre downwards, where there are no rocks.
Having referred to Gottenburg, I will quote a passage from the
Travels of the late Bishop James, of Calcutta[98]:—
"For the purpose of avoiding the falls or cataracts that for many ages
obstructed the communications of the country, a navigable canal had
been excavated in the solid rock of granite, which being near two
English miles in length, and carried to a depth, in one part, of 150
feet, was a scheme that few minds would have originated, and still
fewer even have ventured to put into execution. The great
undertaking was completed, after six years' labour, in the year 1830;
and it already pays, as we were informed, an interest of 42,000 rix-
dollars per annum, upon a capital of 358,988 rix-dollars, originally
expended: a return amounting to nearly 12 per cent., and sufficient
to afford the most unequivocal testimony both of its success and of
its great public utility."
This stupendous work was undertaken by a private Company
unaided by the Government. It was necessary to float the timber
down the river in order to save the great expense of land carriage. It
is true that in the American rivers they contrive to stop the boats
short of the rapids, unlade, and then re-ship the goods; but the
Swedish plan is preferable. As a commercial speculation, where, the
interest of money as in Sweden is two and two-and-a-half per cent.,
it was a great result. The river Jumna abounds in shoals at certain
places, but small canals overcome such impediments; for instance,
near Kulna. As the railroad will, probably, not reach that portion of
India for many years to come, the Jumna would transport goods
thither. The course is estimated at 780 miles. It is fordable at times
at Agra, and I believe also at Delhi. It is time, however, that I should
resume my narrative.
At noon on the 20th of May, 1846, my servants with the baggage left
Berrill's Hotel in a boat for the steamer "Megna," at Sirsah, the water
being too low to permit the steamer to proceed higher, than within
twenty-six miles of Allahabad, which, as I have before observed, is
frequently the case. I left the hotel about 3 P.M., in company with
the Commander of the "Soorma," accommodation boat, and reached
that vessel in tow of the "Megna," about 9 P.M., at Sirsah. Before
leaving the hotel I paid the Commander of the "Soorma" 217 rupees,
10 annas, i.e. 166 rupees, 10 annas, for a cabin to Calcutta; and 51
rupees for seventeen days' messing; being 3 rupees per diem,
exclusive of wines, beer, and other extras: or £21 15s.
On the 23rd, at about 3 P.M., we anchored off Mirzapore, nearly
ninety miles from Allahabad. It is one of the largest inland trading
towns in Hindoostan, and the great mart for cotton. It is noted for
its manufacture of carpets, somewhat resembling those of Turkey,
and used all over India. I bought a very handsome bedside carpet,
entirely made of wool, and as soft as velvet, for only six shillings.
Silk is imported into Mirzapore from Bengal, and despatched to the
west of India for sale, particularly among the Maharattas, and the
central parts of Hindoostan. There are also fabrics of cotton
manufacture, plantations of indigo, etc.
The town has many handsome European houses and native
dwellings, with clusters of Hindoo temples, crowding the right bank
of the Ganges, on which it stands. The appearance from the river is
very imposing. Close to the main ghât stand two temples, the top of
one of which is most elaborately and beautifully carved. On the
other side of the river, which is here not very broad, stands the
elegant residence of the Rajah of Benares.
As the steamers stop here to take in coal, as well as to land and
receive passengers and goods, I took a stroll on shore. A traveller
intending to visit Bombay and the west of India, should take the
steamer as far as Mirzapore; this is better than going to Allahabad,
which lies too far north; besides which, the navigation is not so
pleasant, in consequence, as I have before observed of the shoaly
state of the river between Mirzapore and Allahabad.
Mirzapore may be termed central between Allahabad and Benares,
the distance from the former, by land, being forty-four miles, and
from the latter, thirty-three miles, but situated on the left bank of the
Ganges. There are six civilians at this station, and, at the time of
which I am writing, a wing of the Shekawattee Battalion—an
irregular Infantry corps—was quartered here and at Juanpore, on
the opposite side of the river. The Church Missionary Society have a
church and chapel here. A beautiful and magnificent Chowk, or
Square, was in course of construction; and on my return, in
September, 1849, when proceeding up the river, in the India General
Steam Navigation Company's steamer, "General Macleod," I had the
pleasure of seeing it completely finished. On this latter occasion, I
again visited this bustling and thriving place, in company with my
friend and fellow-countyman, Lord Frederick Montagu, at this time
an officer in the 24th Foot. And here I may be permitted to render a
tribute of thanks to Mr. Lord, a resident of Mirzapore, for the
sumptuous hospitality with which he received his lordship and
myself, both of us having been entire strangers to him previously.
The country around is pretty, and the officers' bungalows are most
pleasantly situated on the bank of the river, in the midst of large
compounds, or gardens, which are not exuberant with vegetation.
The population of Mirzapore is between 70,000 and 80,000, the
people are particularly industrious and active, and have great
commercial enterprise. On leaving Mirzapore, on Sunday, the 24th,
we mustered six in number, at the cuddy table, namely, Mrs.
Lushington, Mr. T.A. Lushington, civil service, since deceased, Mrs.
Swayne, widow of Major Swayne, killed during the rebellion at
Cabool, in 1842, Captain G.R. Siddons, 1st Bengal Light Cavalry, Mr.
W.R. Baillie, of the Bengal Secretariat, and myself.
On the 24th of May, at eight o'clock in the evening, we anchored off
Benares, forty-nine miles from Mirzapore, having passed Chunar at
about two o'clock. Chunar was acquired by the East India Company
in 1775, along with the Zumindary of Benares. The fort is erected on
a freestone rock several hundred feet in height, and is built of red
Chunar-stone (limestone), and fortified after the Indian manner, with
walls and towers. It is of considerable strength, and lies on the right
bank of the Ganges, which runs close under the very walls and
bastions of the fort, thus rendering it secure against the attacks of
any native army. On the left, or opposite bank, the water is not very
deep. The troops in the garrison are two Companies of European
Artillery Invalids, and two of European Infantry Invalids, one
European Veteran Company, and a detachment of the Shekawattee
Battalion. It also contains a military magazine, which supplies
Benares and the other adjacent stations with ammunition, arms,
stores, etc. It was formerly used as a kind of state prison, and
amongst the names of the compulsory inmates were Trimbuckjee
Danglia, a fearful murderer, and the treacherous minister of the ex-
Peishwah; and also Hadjee Khan Kakur, who was instrumental in
Dost Mahomed's escape, soon after the fall of Ghuznee and Cabool.
There is much treachery in the character of some of the high
Hindoos; but the most infamous scheme to destroy an adversary
was executed by Sevajee, the founder of the Maharatta Empire. He
invited a certain Nawab, under the pretext that he had some urgent
and friendly business with him, and requested him to give him a
meeting unaccompanied by his suite, or any other person,
stipulating that he himself would also be unattended. The Nawab
agreed to the proposition. He arrived at the place of rendezvous, at
the time appointed. He came unattended, and saw no person but
Sevajee, who immediately went up and embraced him with the
ardour of a friend; but he had iron claws about his arms. He clasped
the Nawab and held him so tight that he could not resist, and then
drawing his dagger, stabbed him to the heart. But Sevajee himself
did not long go unpunished, for soon after he was seized by the
emperor of Delhi and thrown into prison. Cunning and crafty, he
determined on a plan of escape. He pretended to become very
charitable, and daily gave away large baskets filled with food and
sweetmeats. At length he bribed a man to personate him, and
having made him lie down in his bed, he crept into one of the
baskets, which was accordingly lowered from the window; thus he
effected his escape from Delhi, and reached the Deccan or South of
India in safety.
The cantonments for invalids at Chunar, are situated outside the fort.
The houses are all built of stone, and are generally two stories high;
the residence belonging to the stone-cutter, which stands near the
crowded cemetry, is a handsome structure. This last resting-place for
the dead, is situated on the slope of the hill, which is crowned by the
fort; the white monuments contrasting forcibly with the red stone
fortress. The Major-General commanding the Division used to reside
in the fort, up to the early part of this century, and in 1807, the
chaplain, the Rev. Daniel Corrie, afterwards Archdeacon of Calcutta,
and lately Bishop of Madras, lived here. There is now a resident
chaplain, and some missionaries.
The fortress, as I observed above, fell into the power of the English,
in 1775. They had been repulsed in an attempt to assault it by night,
but it surrendered shortly after, without a siege. It was formerly a
place of great importance, but Allahabad being more north, has
superseded it as a military depôt.
In the hills near Chunar, which run parallel to the right bank of the
Ganges, and are clothed with heath and brushwood, are to be found
some of the largest snakes in India; many of them, it is said, being
eighteen feet in length and half the thickness of a man's thigh, but
they are not venomous like the cobra de capella, and the short, thin,
green snake. The difference between the bite of the snake and the
sting of a scorpion, is contained in the following Oriental distich:—
"He that's bitten by a serpent sleeps:
But he that's bitten by a scorpion weeps."
Sultanpore, about four miles from Chunar, is prettily situated; a
regiment of Native Cavalry was formerly stationed here.

FOOTNOTES:
 [97] "Narmada," Sanscrit, "rendering soft," Colebrooke, Wilks,
etc.
[98] See Appendix XXI.

CHAPTER XIV.
Benares—Bathing in the Ganges—Water-carrying by Women—
Extent and Population of Benares—Attempted Tax—Mosque
of Aurungzebe—Observatory of Rajah Jey Singh—Bazaars—
Jewellery—Cultivation of Sugar—Secrole—Murder of Mr.
Cherry—State Prisoners—The Maharannee of Lahore.

We anchored off the ancient and sacred city of Benares, at eight

o'clock in the evening. The Sanscrit name of the district of Benares is
Varanase, from "Vara" and "Nashi" ("two streams"); it is in the
Province of Allahabad, and was ceded to the East India Company by
Asophud-Dowlah, the Nawab of Oude, in 1775. Its national
appellation was "Kasi," or "the Splendid." It is built upon the left
bank of the Ganges, along which it stretches in a semi-circle for six
or seven miles. On the outer side of the curve, which is the most
elevated, stands the holy city of Benares. Generally speaking, the
banks of every river are higher on the side where its course is
convex, and they are always high alternately, if the river has a
winding course, high on the convex side, and low on the concave of
the curve which it forms.
It is customary with the natives to build on rising spots of ground,
because such localities are more healthy, and can be easily drained.
Benares is seen to great advantage from Ramnuggur, on the
opposite bank of the Ganges. Its appearance is strikingly grand and
picturesque; the ground is covered with buildings even to the
water's edge, and some of the ghâts, which are constructed of large
blocks of red chunar-stone, have a flight of thirty or forty steps
leading down to the river. Here a most animated scene generally
presents itself. Men and women, boys and girls, may be seen
bathing early in the morning, and evening, and, during the cold
season, also in the middle of the day; for the cold does not deter
even the gentler sex from adventuring into the river. Hither, too,
resort the girls and young women of Benares, to fetch water from
the sacred stream. Their figures are elegant and their stature erect.
They all carry two or three water-pots on their heads, each
successive pot being smaller than the one beneath it. Having dipped
them into the stream, and filled them with water, they replace them
upon their heads, and return homewards. This habit of carrying their
gharahs, or jars, filled with water, from their early youth, may
account, in a great measure, for their graceful carriage. They
balance their pitchers so equally as not even to require any
assistance from the hand. The sight of these women, with their
water-pots, powerfully recalls to mind passages in Holy Writ;[99] and
many of them refer to periods of so ancient a date, that we cannot
avoid coming to the conclusion that the Hindoos are a people of
great antiquity.
As I ascended into the city, I found the streets so exceedingly
narrow that it was difficult to penetrate them, even on horseback.
The houses are crowded close to each other, with turrets rising from
their terraced roofs. They are built of stone, and some of them are
six stories high. The windows are always extremely small, to keep
the apartments cool, as the natives suppose, as well as to prevent
their neighbours from looking in, for the opposite sides of the street
approach very closely to each other, and, in some places, are united
by galleries. The natives in eastern countries generally sleep on their
flat roofs, in the verandah, or even in front of their dwellings. Here,
again, the Bible illustrates the practice of sleeping on the roofs.
According to an old Brahminical legend, Benares was originally built
of fine gold; but, owing to the depravity of its inhabitants, the gold
was converted into stone; and as they degenerated more and more,
the houses were transformed into brick and mud.
The number of stone and brick houses, from one to six stories high,
was estimated in the year 1815 to be upwards of 12,000, and the
mud houses above 16,000. I find by Shakespear's version of the
Statistics of the North-Western Provinces[100] that the Hindoos of
the city of Benares amounted to 147,082 persons, and the
Mahomedans to 36,409, making a total of 183,491, giving 34,621
inhabitants to a square mile, which is the largest amount of
population of any city.
Benares, as I have already observed, is a very crowded city. In
speaking of Kanoge, I stated that, according to Mr. Maurice,[101] it
was supposed to have been a hundred miles in circumference, with
a population of 2,500,000 or 3,000,000. Taking the former number
to be correct, there would have been 4,000 souls to every square
mile. A country is considered to be well peopled which has 100
inhabitants to every square mile. Certainly, neither London, nor any
city in Europe, can have an amount of population equal to one-
fourth of Benares. The late Mr. James Prinsep took the census,
between the years 1824 and 1827, and it is not called in question
now. Recollecting, also, that there are many six-storied houses, not
only along the banks, but rising in tiers, closely behind one another,
with only a few feet space between them, the European traveller will
not be so much surprised at the immense mass of habitations thus
congregated together. In 1815, Benares was computed to contain
8,000 houses, occupied by the families of the Brahmins, who receive
charitable contributions, and subsist chiefly on the daily offerings of
the wealthy inhabitants and pilgrims, although many of them
possess private property of their own.
In 1803, the supposed population of the city and suburbs of Benares
amounted to 582,000, exclusive of the attendants of the three Mogul
princes, who were reported to be 3,000, making an aggregate of
585,000 souls. At that time the Mahomedans were considered to be
one to every ten Hindoos. The above return gives 36,409
Mahomedans to 147,082 Hindoos, or a total of 183,491 in the city of
Benares, making the Hindoos to exceed the Mahomedans in the ratio
of about four to one. Mr. Prinsep took a census in 1824, and gave
the returns at 181,482. It is probably now 200,000. Mr. Prinsep's
census gives six as the average number of inhabitants to a chowk
(yard or court), whether in the city or in the rural outskirts, seven to
a pucka (brick) house, and four and a half to a kucha (mud) house.
In the year 1809, the Government resolved to impose a tax on all
the houses in the city; upon which thousands of Brahmins and other
inhabitants quitted it, and great excitement and uproar prevailed. A
serious riot would inevitably have taken place, had not Mr. W.W.
Bird, the late Deputy Governor of Bengal, an able and excellent
officer, hurried to the spot and promptly quelled the disturbance.
The inhabitants hereupon petitioned the Government; and vowed
that if the tax were persisted in, they would represent the matter at
Calcutta. The authorities, who had not displayed much judgment in
the imposition of the tax, had the good sense at once to abolish the
obnoxious impost; but in consequence of the émeute, the
Government considered it prudent to have a European corps at
hand, in the event of any future disturbance; and a royal regiment
was accordingly stationed at Ghazepore.
Notwithstanding its dense, close, and crooked streets, taken as a
whole, there are few cities that can carry off the palm from Benares,
with its gilded pagodas, its temples, and its mosques, their slender
minarets, rising in majestic grace amid countless domes and
cupolas, all standing out in bold relief, among the varied forms and
foliage of groves of mangoes, tamarinds, and plantains, the sombre
cypress, and the beauteous palm, beneath the deep blue canopy of
heaven, and lighted up by the glorious effulgence of an Eastern sun.
The most celebrated of these mosques is that built by the Emperor
Aurungzebe. In order to mortify the Hindoos, he destroyed their
most renowned temple, that of Vishnu, and not only raised his
mosque upon its site, but, as if to heighten the indignity, caused the
materials of their sacred edifice to be used in the construction of this
rival temple, which was to celebrate the triumph of the Koran over
the laws of Menu. What a contrast to the liberal spirit evinced by
Akbar, in the exercise of his power. That great emperor, at the
solicitation of his Brahmin prime minister, rescinded a caput tax,
which had been imposed upon all his Hindoo subjects. History and
experience teach us by many a lesson, how much we lose by harshly
opposing the prejudices of others; and how much we gain by the
adoption of conciliatory measures—provided no principle be involved
—but alas! how slow we all are to learn this important lesson.
This mosque rises in the centre of the noble range of temples,
ghâts, and edifices, that run along the left bank of the sacred
Ganges. As seen from the river, it presents a most striking
appearance. It stands at an elevation of eighty feet above the level
of the Ganges, while its graceful minarets, tapering as they rise,
tower to a height of 147 feet from their foundation. It is the most
conspicuous edifice in the city, being visible for many miles round.
The precise date of its erection is not known, but as the emperor
died in 1707, we may assign 150 years ago as the period.
I ascended one of the two lofty minarets which flank the principal
cupola. It had lately been restored to its original state by the British
government, under the able superintendence of Mr. James Prinsep,
British Resident at Benares. This was a most critical undertaking; for
the minars were more than a foot out of the perpendicular. I enjoyed
an extensive and magnificent view of the city and adjacent country,
which for ten miles round is held sacred by the Hindoos. Indeed so
highly is it venerated, that pilgrims resort to it from all parts of India,
and those who, from age, or other circumstances, are unable to
perform the lengthened journey themselves, send willing proxies, to
whom they pay considerable sums. Many come there to wash away
their sins; and not a few to die within its hallowed precincts.
Looking down from this dizzy height, upon the almost miniature
world below, such a strange sensation came over me, that I could
well conceive the propensity of certain minds to precipitate
themselves from a lofty elevation. Several melancholy instances of
this kind are said to have occurred here; a few perhaps from
impulse, others from despair, and some from mere foolhardiness,
with a view of immortalizing their names. Among the last, I was told,
was a Fakeer, or devotee, who, whether by accident or design,
contrived his fall so cleverly that it was broken by his being caught
midway by the matting of a roof, and he alighted almost unscathed
upon the floor. The people of course considered this as a miracle;
and the Fakeer would doubtless have been idolized by them, had not
his cupidity exceeded his love of notoriety, and induced him to make
his escape with sundry articles belonging to the good Samaritan who
had poured oil and wine into his bruises.
The city of Benares has long been known as the ancient seat of
Brahminical learning; and to this day it retains its fame. The arts and
sciences still flourish; and the schools and colleges for the training of
the priests are yet celebrated, while the laws of Menu continue to be
expounded in Sanscrit. But with all his erudition and research, the
learned Brahmin is sunk in the most abject ignorance; and with all
his wisdom, he degrades the nobler faculties of his mind, by bowing
down to worship the most disgusting of monster-idols. Here, as
elsewhere in our Indian possessions, the germs of Christianity have
been sown under the fostering care of various British Protestant
Missionary Societies, especially of the Church Missionary Society.
Benares already boasts of fifteen missionary schools, one of them
being founded by a wealthy Hindoo. All these schools are more or
less frequented by Hindoo children; and the public preaching of the
Gospel has been the means of making many of the natives
acquainted with the superiority of the Christian religion.
Next to the mosque of Aurungzebe, the most conspicuous object in
the city is the celebrated observatory of Rajah Jey Singh, of Jeypore,
so renowned as an astronomer. He was likewise the builder of the
observatory at Delhi. Here, too, everything is in character with the
mind of its great designer, the instruments, etc., being on a grand
scale. It is built of large blocks of red sand-stone; and, from its
elevated position, commands an extensive prospect over the river
and the surrounding country.
Benares is so well known, that I shall not attempt to give any further
description of its numerous interesting buildings, nor of the strange
sights and scenes which greet you at every turn.
Benares formerly possessed a mint for the coinage of rupees. It was
under the direction of the late Mr. James Prinsep, who was the last
mint-master. This gentleman was the youngest brother of a family,
whose eminent services and varied talents, have identified them with
the history of India. Mr. James Prinsep was a good Sanscrit scholar,
and deciphered the Sanscrit inscription upon the stone pillar in the
fort of Allahabad, as I said before, and which had baffled all previous
attempts. In short his was a mind to grasp all things. When the mint
at Benares was broken up, Mr. Prinsep was appointed assay-master
at Calcutta, and so highly was he esteemed, both as a public
servant, and as the liberal patron of everything good and noble, that
upon his early death, in 1840, his fellow-citizens erected a splendid
landing-place to his memory, one of the first objects of interest
which attracts the eye of the traveller on sailing up the Hoogly. It is
called Prinsep's Ghât.
I cannot take leave of Benares without saying a word or two about
its bazaars, which are most attractive, not only from possessing the
usual display of an Oriental mart and rendezvous of the most varied
ranks, tribes, and costumes, but also from the extreme beauty and
costliness of the native manufactures. Foremost among these, are
the jewellery, and the exquisite works in gold and silver. These are
made of the pure metal; and though they may not have the same
strength and brilliancy as the alloyed, they are more intrinsically
valuable, and are held in greater esteem by the natives. Many of
these works are elaborate and highly finished. I was particularly
struck with the ingenuity and delicacy displayed in the manufacture
of a vine leaf, serving the purpose of a tea-ladle; every portion of
which was so finely and minutely cut, as to leave only the slender
fibres. The value of the labour bestowed upon this little article, was
at least a hundred and fifty per cent. upon the cost of the original
material. The price of the silver might be four shillings, and the cost
of the labour about six. Precious stones, and especially the diamonds