ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

COURSE TITLE: ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

COURSE CODE: Ichech.661

Assignment III

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT OF ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

BY
ABDI KEYREDIN AHMED
ID NO: PRNS/001/15

SUBMITTED TO: DR. BELETE YILMA

 FEBRUARY 2023 G.C
ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA

ASSIGNMENT: TWO
1. What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?
 Atomic structure
 it is composed of sub atomic particle such as electron, proton and neutrons
 it is arrangement of sub atomic particle in the atom
 it is a complex structure
 The overall structures are the same in all atoms.
 Crystal structure
 It is composed of certainly anion or metal ion and freely electron
 It is arrangement of atom or molecule in the crystal
 It is well organized lattice structure
 Structures are different depending on the component present in the crystal
2. If the atomic radius of lead is 0.175nm, calculate the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters.
Solution
Pb is FCC, hence  a = 2R√ 2 and Vc = a3
R = 0.175nm = 0.175x10-9m
So to determine Volume of FCC of structure is
VC = 16R3 √ 2
= (16)(0.175  10-9 m)3 (√ 2)
= 1.21  10-28 m3
3. Show for the body-center cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge length a and the atomic

radius Rare related through

Solution
Consider the BCC unit cell shown below
a = unit cell’s edge
d = distance between nearest atom
r = radius of the atom according to pathagoers theorem

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 AB2 = BC2 + AC2, where AB = 4r

(4r)2 = a2 + ¿2 = a2 + 2a2

(4r)2 = 3a2 , 4r = √ 3 a 2

4 r √3 a 4r 4r
=
= ,a=
√3 √ 3 √3 √ 3
AD = a = DC
= AC2 = AD2 + DC2
a2 + a2 = 2a2
AC=¿ √ 2 a 2
¿ √ 2a

4. Molybdenum has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of .1363 nm, and a atomic weight of
95.94 g/mol. Compute and compare it theoretical density with the experimental value found
inside the front cover.
Solution
 Molybdenum in BCC structure has 9 atom (Nine) and edge length of the cell.
R = 0.1363 nm = 1.363 Å
Mw = 95.94 g/mole – atomic weight
4r
a= for BCC ,
√3
so , the volume of the unit cell is the cube of the lattice parameter
so, we have to convert nanometer to Pico meter
4 x 136.3 pm 3
a3 = ( ) pm3
√3
1000 pm
0.1363 nm x
nm
= 136.3 pm
4 x 136.3 pm 3
a3 = ( )
√3
= 3119 x 107 pm3

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  In BCC atoms touch each other along cube diagonals with in a unit cell, the cell and each
corner atom is shared with seven other atom

→¿ = 2 atom/ unit cell

 Mass of atom = 95.94 amu, because mole of atom has mass of 95.94 g/mole

Mass of atom = 95.94 x 2 = 191.88 amu

to convert mass in to gram

1 amu = 1.66 x 1024 g , 191.88 amu x 1.66 x 1024 g/amu

191.88 amu = x = 3.18 x 10-22 g – Experimental density

Theoretical density

3.18 x 10−22 g
ջ = m/v = (3.12 x 107 gm3 x 10-10 cm/pm)3
3.12 x 10−22 cm 3

= 10.19 g/cm3 – accepted value of Molybdenum the percentage error between the two =

10.22 – 10.19 x 100 % = 0.29 %

5. Niobium has a atomic radius of 0.1430 nm and a density of 8.57 g/cm 3. Determine whether it has
an FCC or BCC crystal structure
Solution
R= 0.1430 = 1.430x10-8 cm and the atomic weight of Nb is 92.8g/mol.
ρ=¿8.57 g/cm3

For BCC a3 = ( √4 3r )3 = ( 4 x 1.430√x310−8 cm )3 = 3.6x 10 -23

cm3

For FCC a3 = (2√ 2r ) 3 = 16x√ 2 x (1.430x10-8cm) 3 = 6.62 x10-23cm3

z xM
Density for BCC = ρ=
NA X a 3
Where; ρ=¿ density a = edge length
Z = no of atom of unit cell= where z for BCC and FCC are 2 and 4 respectively
M = atomic weight
NA = Avogadro’s no
z xM 2∗192.9 g/mole
Density for BCC = ρ= =
NA X a 3 3.6 x 10−23 cm3∗6.02 x 1023 mol
= 8.57g/cm3

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 z xM 4∗192.9 g/mole
Density for FCC = ρ= =
NA X a 3 6.62 x 10−23 cm 3∗6.02 x 1023 mol
= 9.33 g/cm3
6. Comment on molecular synthesis with that of solid state synthesis
Solution
 Molecular synthesis
 It can be synthesis by constructing carbon frame work of desire molecular
 Organic synthesis is one of Molecular synthesis
 Successful synthesis must produce desired product in a resonance amount
 Starting material or reagents for synthesis must be purchased.
 For target molecule different reaction order may be service as to accomplish their synthesis
 Solid state synthesis
 It is used to cause a chemical reaction for solid starting material to form a new solid with
well-defined structure
 End product include polycrystalline material, glass single crystal and thin film material
 This process is refers to shake and bake heat and beat chemistry,
 The reaction rate in solid state is particular important to characterize
 It under go purification of formed solid
 The physical and chemical properties of final material are determined by chemical precursor
and preparation techniques
7. What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions quartz could be
converted into glass?
 Ans: In a glass short rang order of particle exist, where as in quartz long rang order of
particle is present.
 The arrangement constituent particle makes glass differ from quartz
 Glass is amorphous solid and quartz is a crystalline solid
 Quartz can be converted in to glass by heat strongly and it come molten state and the
cooling it rapidly so, it does not get time to crystalline.
8. (i) What is meant by the term 'coordination number'?
 It is number of atom, molecule or ion bonded to central metal atom or immediately
surrounding central atom in a complex or crystal

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  It is number of atom, molecule or ion that central ion or atom carries in a complex or
coordination compound or crystal as its closest neighbor

(ii) What is the coordination number of atoms?

(a) in a cubic close-packed structure?
 In a cubic closed packed structure, there are three (3) different layers the first layer is the
same as fourth layer it is at the type abc abc… The first layer has 6 atom the layer on the
top it has 3 atom and the third layer has also 3 atom. So, for cubic closed packed structure
each atom is touching with 12 atoms therefor 12 coordination number
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure?
 In BCC lattice one atom is placed in the center of cubic and the other is placed at the corner
so, there are 8 in the corner in a cubic. there are 8 atom in body centered cubic structure in
corner
 So, all the eight corner atom are touching s the center atom; there for 8 coordination number
 When we considering the one of the corner atom we have known that there 3 dimensional
structure, there is 8 that are each touché corner atom 2 from bottom 2 from top 2 from
beside 2 from in front of it which it make it 8
 Therefor the coordination number of atom in BBC structure is 8
9. How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown metal if you know its density and
the dimension of its unit cell? Explain.
Solution
Let as consider the cubic crystal
Volume of unit cell= a3
Number of atom in a unit cell = Z
Mass of single atom =m
Molecular mass of metal = M
Avogadro’s number NA
Mass of unit cell = ZxM ………………………eqn(1)
Mass of each atom = M/ NA ……………………….. eqn(2)
Substitute eqn. (2) into eqn (1)
Mass of unit cell = ZM/ NA , density = mass of unit cell/ volume

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 D = ZM/a3NA = where m =M/NA
D = Zm/a3
M = Da3/z
 To determine atomic weight unknown metal if we know the density and dimension of the
unit cell
Note: if all three edge length of the unit cell are the same the we can use eqn m = Da3/z
If they are different we can use ax bxc instead of a3
Therefore, m = Dxaxbxc/Z
10. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing?
 Hexagolnal close – packing is arrangement is ABABAB……..type arrangement the sphere
third layer are exactly aligned with those of1st layer
 CCP arrangement is ABCABC…….. type arrangement the sphere of fourth layer are
exactly aligned with those of 1st layer
 In HCP tetrahedral void of the second layer may be coved by the sphere of the third layer
 In CCP, the octahedral void of the second layer may be coved by the sphere of the third
layer
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell?
 It is three dimensional arrangements of constituent particle( atom ,ion ,molecule) of
substance
 It the smallest repeating pattern in a crystal lattice
 When a unit cell is repeated in three dimensions, entire crystal is obtained
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void?
 Tetrahedral void
 It is surrounding by four spare
 It much like triangular avoid
 Octahedral void?
 It is surrounding by six spare
 It is usually found in elements that can have octahedral arrangement in their crystal cell

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11. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each of the following lattice?
(i) Face-centered cubic
 Faced – centered cubic lattice have atom of corner, which is shared by eight atom and at
the centered faced of cubic, which is shared, by two faces
 Atom of corner contributes are eight to the unit cell atom at face centered contributes
one-half.
 The total no of lattice point per unit cell
= 8x1/8+6x1/2 = 1+3 = 4
(ii) Face-centred tetragonal
 Faced – centered cubic lattice have atom of corner which is shared by eight atom and at
the centered faced of cubic which is shared by two faces
 Atom of corner contributes are one eight to the unit cell and at face center contributes one
half
 The total no of lattice point per unit cell
= 8x1/8+6x1/2 = 1+3 = 4
(iii) Body-centred
 Faced – centered cubic lattice have atom of corner which is shared by eight atoms and at
the centered of cubic which is shared by one cube
 Atom of corner contributes are one eight to the unit cell and atom at center of cubic
contributes one
 The total no of lattice point per unit cell
= 8x1/8+1x1 = 1+1 = 2
12. Show/Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal crystal for
(i) simple cubic
Suppose the edge length of the unite cell = a
Radius of the sphere = r, since the sphere are touching each other along the edge,
: a = 2r and total volume of unite cell = a3

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 volume of one shpere
Packing efficiency = x 100 %
total volume of unit cell
4 π /3 r 3
= x100% = 52.4%
8r 3

(ii) body-centered cubic

 The efficiency of packing in case of body centered cubic unit cell is given below
 A body centered a cubic unit cell contain two atom per unit also
√ 3 a = 4R where a = is the edge length
r = is the radius of atom
a3 = total volume of unit cell
volume of two shpere
Packing efficiency = x 100 %
total volume of unit cell
8 π /3r 3
= x 100 % = 68%
64 /3 √ 3 xr 3
(iii) face-centered cubic (with the assumptions that atoms are touching each other).
 The efficiency of packing in case of face centered cubic unit cell (with assumption that
atom are touching each other) is given below
 A faced centered a cubic unit cell contain four atom per unit cell also
a = 2√ 2r where a = is the edge length
r = is the radius of atom
a3 = total volume of unit cell
volume of fout shpere
Packing efficiency = x 100 %
total volume of unit cell
16 π r 3
= x 100 % = 74%
16 √2 xr 3
13. Silver crystallises in fcc lattice. If edge length of the cell is 4.07 × 10−8 cm and density is
10.5 g cm−3, calculate the atomic mass of silver. A cubic solid is made of two elements P
and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube and Pat the body-centre. What is the
formula of the compound? What are the coordination numbers of P and Q?
Solution; D= 10.5g/cm3
Z =4
NA= 6.023X 1023

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 a= 4.07x10-8
D = ZM/a3NA = where m =M/NA
D = Zm/a3
M = D NA a3/z
= 10.5g/cm3 x 6.023 X1023 x (4.07x10-8)
M = 107.9g/mole
 Hence, the atomic mass of silver is 107.9 u(g/mol) a cubic solid is made up of two
element p and Q. atoms Q at the corners of the cubic and P at the body center. What is
the formula of the compound? What are the coordination number of P and Q?
Solution
P is present at the corner of the cubic, so the numbers of
1
P atom = x8 = 1
8
Q is present at the body center, so the numbers of Q
So, the formula of the compound is PQ. Here p is surrounded by eight Q atoms and Q is
surrounded by eight P atom.
Therefor the coordination number is 8; 8:8
14. Niobium crystallises in body-centred cubic structure. If density is 8.55 g cm−3, calculate
atomic radius of niobium using its atomic mass 93 u.
Solution
Step-1 Calculation of the edge length of unit ea) atomic weight of elements CM) =
93g/mol
Number of particle in BCC type unit cell is(2)
ZM 2 x 93
Mass of unit cell = = = 30.98x 10-23 g
N A 6.02 x 10 23
Density = 8.55g/cm3
m 30.98 x 10−23 g
Volume of unit cell = =
ρ 8.55 g /cm3
Edge length of unit cell (a) = (36.16x10-24 cm3)3
= 3.31x 10-8 cm
Step-2; Calculation radius of unit cell(r)

x
 For BCC structure, r =
√3 a = √3 (3.31 x 10−8 cm)
4 4
= 1.43x10-8cm

15. What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast their
conduction mechanism.
Solution
 Substances whose conductance lies in between that of metals (conductors) and insulators
are called semiconductors. Two main types of semiconductors are n-type and p-type.

(i) n-type semiconductor: When a silicon crystal is doped with atoms of group-15
elements, such as P, As, Sb or Bi, then only four of the five valance electrons of each
impurity atom participate in forming covalent bonds and fifth electron is almost free
to conduct electricity. Silicon that has been doped with group-15 element is called n-
type semiconductor.

(ii) p-type semiconductor: when a silicon crystal is doped with atoms of group-13
elements, such as B, Al, Ga or In, each impurity atom forms only three covalent
bonds with the host atoms. The place where the fourth electron is missing t is called a
hole which moves through the crystal like a positive charge and hence increases its
conductivity. Silicon that has been doped with group-13 element is p-type
semiconductor.

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 p-type semiconductor

16. Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide, copper
to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. Can you account for the fact that this substance is a
p-type semiconductor?
Solution
 Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide,
copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. This substance is a p-type semiconductor.
Slight difference in ratio factor corresponds to absence of Cu(I) ions from their lattice site
leaving behind holes which helps in electrical conductivity.
17. Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or an n-type semiconductor:
(i) Ge doped with In
(ii) B doped with Si.
Solution
i. Ge is group 14 element and In is group 13 element. Hence, an electron deficient hole
is created and therefore, it is p–type.
ii. B is group 13 elements and Si is group 14 elements, there will be a free electron.
Hence, it is n-type
18. Explain the following terms with suitable examples:
(i) Schottky defect
 Some atoms or ions are missing from their normal lattice site unoccupied lacttice sites are
called vacancies or holes.
For example- in the crystal lattice of NaCl, equal number of cation and anion are missing
to maintain electrical neutrality. position and occupies on interstitial site due to his
(ii) Frenkel defect
 An ion is missing from its normal position and occupies on interstitial site due to this,
vacancy defect and interstitial defects are produced.
Example. From its normal position and occupied on interstitial points.
(iii) Interstitials and
 They are sites between lattice points.
For example- in the frenkel defect, the occupancy of interstitials causes interstitial
defects.

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 (iv) F-centers: - the electrons trapped in anion vacancies are called F-centers, they import
color to crystal.
For example:- in NaCl crystal F- centers import yellow color

19. An element with molar mass 2.7 × 10-2 kg mol-1 forms a cubic unit cell with edge length
405 pm. If its density is 2.7 × 103 kg m−3, what is the nature of the cubic unit cell?
Solution:
Given
ρ = 2.7 x 103 kg/m3

M = 2.7 x 10-2 kg/mol, a = 405 pm = 4.05x1010 m

NA = 6.023x1023

zM
ρ= z= number of atom/unit cell
a3 N A

da 3 N A
z=
M
2.7 x 10 3 kg /m3 x (4.05 x 10−10 m)3 x 6.023 x 10 23 /mole
¿
27 x 10−2 kg/mole

Z = 4.004 –Fcc or cubic close packing

 This determine that four atoms of elements are present per unit cell. Hence, the unit cell
is face- centered cubic (Fcc) or cubic close packing.

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