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week 2

Maths

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rahulabhinavgangwar
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13 views

week 2

Maths

Uploaded by

rahulabhinavgangwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Notes for Week 2 Topics

Below are detailed notes based on the topics listed in the attached image for Week 2 of your
Python course.

L2.1: Introduction
The second week focuses on advanced Python concepts, including dynamic typing, string
manipulation, conditional statements, and importing libraries.
It builds upon the basics covered in Week 1.

L2.2: Variables: A Programmer's Perspective

Understanding Variables
Variables are named memory locations used to store data.
Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don’t need to declare the type of a variable
explicitly.

Key Points
1. Variable Naming Rules:
Must start with a letter or underscore (_).
Cannot contain spaces or special characters.
Case-sensitive (myVar ≠ MyVar).
2. Example:
name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(name, age)

L2.3: Variables Revisited: Dynamic Typing


Dynamic Typing in Python
Python allows variables to change their type during runtime.
Example:
x = 10 # Integer
x = "Hello" # String
print(x) # Output: Hello

Benefits:
Flexibility in coding.
No need for explicit type declarations.

Drawbacks:
Can lead to runtime errors if types are mixed incorrectly.

L2.4: More on Variables, Operators, and Expressions

Operators Recap
1. Arithmetic Operators:
+, -, *, /, %, //, **.

2. Comparison Operators:
==, !=, <, >, <=, >=.

3. Logical Operators:
and, or, not.

Expressions
Combine variables and operators to perform calculations.
Example:
a = 5
b = 3
result = (a + b) * b
print(result) # Output: 24
L2.5: Escape Characters and Types of Quotes

Escape Characters
Special characters used to represent actions like newlines or tabs within strings.
Common escape sequences:
Escape Sequence Meaning

\n Newline

\t Tab

\' Single quote

\" Double quote

Example:

print("Hello\nWorld") # Output: Hello (newline) World


print("It\'s Python") # Output: It's Python

Types of Quotes
1. Single quotes ('text')
2. Double quotes ("text")
3. Triple quotes ('''text''' or """text""") for multi-line strings.

L2.6: String Methods

Common String Methods


1. .upper() – Converts string to uppercase.
2. .lower() – Converts string to lowercase.
3. .strip() – Removes leading/trailing whitespace.
4. .replace(old, new) – Replaces occurrences of a substring.
5. .split(separator) – Splits string into a list.

Examples:

s = " Hello World "


print(s.strip()) # Output: "Hello World"
print(s.upper()) # Output: " HELLO WORLD "
L2.7: An Interesting Cipher: More on Strings

String Manipulation for Ciphers


Strings can be encoded or decoded using algorithms like Caesar Cipher.
Example of shifting characters:

def caesar_cipher(text, shift):


result = ""
for char in text:
if char.isalpha():
shifted = chr(((ord(char) - ord('a') + shift) % 26) + ord('a'))
result += shifted
else:
result += char
return result

print(caesar_cipher("hello", 3)) # Output: khoor

L2.8: Introduction to the if Statement

Conditional Statements
Allow decision-making in programs based on conditions.
Syntax:

if condition:
# Code block executed if condition is True

Example:

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))


if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote.")

L2.9: Tutorial on if, else, and elif Conditions

if-else Syntax

if condition:
# Code block executed if condition is True
else:
# Code block executed if condition is False
elif Syntax

if condition1:
# Code block executed if condition1 is True
elif condition2:
# Code block executed if condition2 is True
else:
# Code block executed if none of the conditions are True

Example:

marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))


if marks >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade B")
else:
print("Grade C")

L2.10: Introduction to "Import Library"

What is a Library?
A library is a collection of pre-written code that can be reused in programs.

Importing Libraries
1. Use the import keyword to include libraries in your code.
import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0

L2.11: Different Ways to Import a Library

Methods of Importing Libraries


1. Import Entire Library:
import math
print(math.pi)

2. Import Specific Functions/Classes:


from math import sqrt, pi
print(sqrt(16), pi)
3. Rename Imported Library (Alias):
import math as m
print(m.sqrt(16))

4. Import All Functions (*):


from math import *
print(sqrt(16), pi)

L2.12: Conclusion
Week 2 covers intermediate Python concepts such as dynamic typing, advanced string
manipulation, conditional statements, and importing libraries.
⁂

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