NeuroQuantology|July2022|Volume20|Issue8|Page6356-6367|doi:10.14704/nq.2022.20.8.

NQ44659
Rajat Gupta et al / Space Time Block Coding Application for MIMO OFDM Broadband Wireless Solutions

Space Time Block Coding Application for

MIMO OFDM Broadband Wireless Solutions
Rajat Gupta, Vikas Soni
Electronics and Communication Engineering,
MIT, Kota, India
[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT:

Multiple transmit antennas employ space–time block coding usingdata transfer in fading networks. Data
is broken down into 'n' streams of continuously broadcast strings over n transmit antennas after being
encoded using a space–time block code. The receiving signal is a combination of the n broadcasts signals
that have been corrupted by noise at the receiver end. Instead using joint detection, the probabilistic
decoding approach is used to recover data via decoupling of signals delivered from various antennas. 6356
The maximum likelihood decoding system uses the space–time block code's (OSTBC) orthogonal
structure to provide a maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm dependent on linear computation at
receiver. In this research, a Matlab/Simulink model built on orthogonal space–time block codes is
constructed to acquire highest dimension of variability for a specific number of broadcastsas well as
receive antennas utilizing a simple decoding technique. With as well as without grey coding, the
orthogonal space coding block containing space–time block coding is utilized in Simulink block. The
OSTBC algorithms calculate the highest achievable transmission rate for every amount of transmit
antennas in any constellations, including an M-PSK array. M- PSK space–time block codes are used for
different complex constellations to achieve 1/2 as well as 3/4 of highest allowable transmission rate for
MIMO transmit antennas utilizing multiple various constellations.
Keywords: Multipath channels, transmit diversity, multiple input multiple output, Wireless
communication and OSTBC.
DOINumber:10.14704/nq.2022.20.8.NQ44659 NeuroQuantology2022;20(8):6356-6367

1. Introduction supports thinking about transmit side diversity

Fading in multipath wireless systems makes it first.
difficult for reception antenna to distinguish In wireless fading systems, transmit diversity is
transmitted signal unless receiver is set up with used to eliminate data mistakes [2]. Because of
a few sort of variety that has a less-faded its simplicity of construction as well as the
duplicate of signal broadcast by the durability of many antennas at the ground
transmitting ends antenna. Various uses exist station, it is quite popular. Multiple transmit
now, Most common practical ways to achieve links at base can be implemented above many
diversity is to double the number of antennas at users in terms of price. [10] Space–time trellis
transmitter as well as maybe likewise at the coding is a revolutionary coding strategy which
receiver. However, there is a desire for integrates signal analysis at receiver using
receivers to be modest in size. As a result of this various transmits antenna coding algorithms. In
issue, several detecting sides’ antennas at the slow-fading situations (usual of interior
mobile remote location may not be viable. This transmission), certain space–time trellis codes

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Rajat Gupta et al / Space Time Block Coding Application for MIMO OFDM Broadband Wireless Solutions

proposed for 2–4 transmit antennas work likely because FDM has a guard band to reduce
exceedingly well and approach near to outage interference among various frequencies that
capability estimated by Telatar [3] as well as consumes a higher bandwidth, whereas OFDM
separately by Foschini and Gans [4]. Decoding does not have an inter-carrier guard band as
difficulty of space–time trellis codes (assessed well as may manage interference more
in respect of decoder trellis levels) rises effectively than FDM. As a result, this is an
exponentially with transmission rate whenever excellent solution for WiMAX since it can assist
number of transmit antennas is constant. In the meet the goals of effective spectrum use and
context of decoding complexities, a surprising low transmission costs. Furthermore, OFDM
technique for transmission employing only two compensates for multipath effects by
transmit antennas has recently been developed. transforming serial data into multiple parallel
For two transmit antennas, this approach is data streams utilizing the Fast Fourier
simpler than space–time trellis coding, however Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast Fourier
there is a capacity penalty when compared to Transform (IFFT).
space–time trellis codes. Notwithstanding this 2.1 OFDM Based Communication:
loss of capacity, Alamouti's method [1] is widely Because OFDM uses multicarrier modulation,
used owing to its simplicity and effectiveness, data transfer is sufficient when compared to 6357
as well as it has inspired scholars throughout FDM. OFDM accomplishes this by dividing high
the world to develop similar programs data bits to low data bits as well as sending
depending on over two transmit antennas or each sub-stream in many concurrent sub-
the equivalent. channels, referred to as OFDM subcarriers.
2. OFDMA: These subcarriers are opposite each other, and
The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing every subcarrier has a substantially smaller
(OFDM) system was designed to enable large bandwidth than entire bandwidth. Inter Symbol
data rates with multiple carrier signals. Its Interference is decreased with the OFDM
unique feature is that it may reduce Inter technology because every sub-symbol channel's
Symbol Interference (ISI) significantly more than time Ts is greater than just the channel delay
additional multiplexing techniques. Improved dispersion.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is more

Fig 1: Time as well as Frequency diagram of single and Multi-carrier signals [7].

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Rajat Gupta et al / Space Time Block Coding Application for MIMO OFDM Broadband Wireless Solutions

In the fig 1 OFDM clearly defies the multipath symbol time for OFDMA-PHY is 91.4 seconds,
effects by using a lower frequency bandwidth as duration of the symbol is 102.9 seconds, as well
well as a longer period of time, resulting in as the symbol length in 5 ms frames is 48.0
higher spectral efficiency. [23]..
2.3 Widening of Coverage Area:
2.2 OFDM Architecture and Working: WiMAXorganizes the existing subcarriers into
Two variants of WiMAX have distinct groups and assigns them to various users based
implementations of the OFDM physical layer. on channel circumstances and user
The FFT size for OFDM-PHY is set at 256 bits for requirements. Sub-channelization is the term
stationary WiMAX, whereas it can be 128, 512, for this technique. Sub-channeling divides the
1024, as well as 2048 bits for mobile WiMAX transmit power across smaller groups of
[1]. This aids in the reduction of ISI as well as subcarriers to boost system gain and extend
Doppler spread. Another distinction among coverage area while reducing absorption losses
OFDM-PHY with OFDMA-PHY is that OFDM caused by buildings as well as other
separates an unique data stream with a large impediments. The connection budget would be
bit rate stream into numerous low bit rate data unbalanced without sub-channelization;
sub-streams in parallel, each of that is therefore bandwidth monitoring might be poor
modulated utilizing IFFT, although OFDMA [7]. On just the uplink, fixed WiMAX-depending 6358

receives multiple users' data and multiplexes it OFDM-PHY allows for a small extent of sub-
into a downlink sub-channel. The uplink sub- channelization. Transmission can take occur in
channel provides several uplink accesses. The one, two, four, eight, or all of the 16
parameters of OFDM-PHY as well as OFDMA- conventional sub-channels of the SS's uplink. SS
PHY are briefly addressed in the next sections. adjustsamount of transferred power according
on the available sub-channels. The transmission
Physical Layer of OFDM: power level increases when the number of
In this case, the FFT size is set at 256 bits, with allowed sub-channels for uplink users grows,
192 data subcarriers, 8 pilot subcarriers for and it drops when the number of allotted sub-
synchronization, estimate of channels, as well channels declines. The maximum level of
as 56 null subcarriers [23]. Fixed WiMAX transmitted power is never exceeded. Uplink
channel bandwidth is 3.5 MHz, however it sub-channelization allows the SS to transmit
changes depending to subcarrier space. just a portion of bandwidth allotted by the BS in
Subcarrier spacing increases as bandwidth constant WiMAX to enhance link budget as well
increases, reducing symbol time and increasing as the performance of the SS battery [24].
delay range. OFDM-PHY assigns a considerable OFDMA-PHY in mobile WiMAX allows sub-
portion of guard space to minimize delay channelization including both uplink as well as
dispersion. The ideal symbol time for OFDM- downlink channels. Analysis of multiple access
PHY is 64 seconds, the symbol length is 72 approach, the BS assigns the minimum
seconds, as well as the guard time space is frequency as well as sub-channels to distinct
15.625 kHz [23]. users. It seems this type of OFDM is known as
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Physical Layer of OFDMA: Multiple Access). Generation of dispersed
The FFT size in mobile WiMAX can vary within subcarriers provides frequency diversity across
128 to 2048, as well as the FFT length must be mobile applications. Numerous distributed
set to preserve the subcarrier spacing at 10.94 carrier dependent sub-channelization methods
KHz, that helps to limit Doppler spreads. are available for mobile WiMAX. Partial Sub-
Because several channel bandwidths exist, such Carrier Usage is the one that is required (PUSC).
as 1.25, 5,10, plus 20 MHz, FFT sizes are 128, Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) is
512, 1024, as well as 2048. The appropriate another sub-channelization system based on
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Rajat Gupta et al / Space Time Block Coding Application for MIMO OFDM Broadband Wireless Solutions

unbroken subcarriers that prioritizes multiuser especially suitable for constant as well as low
variety. Users are assigned sub-channels mobility applications, they can provide a small
depending on their frequency response in this increase in total systems capabilities [24].
case. Although continuous sub-channels are

Fig 2: Downstream transmission of OFDM spectrum [7]

Fig 3: Upstream transmission of OFDM spectrum [7]

Figure 3 depicts upstream transmission of OFDM spectrum through a CPE with carriers that are fourth
the length of those in Figure 2 [7].

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Fig 4: Upstream transmission of OFDM spectrum from the CPE [7]

Figure 4 shows transmitted upstream OFDM spectrum through a CPE using carriers that have the
identical size as well as range as BS but have a lower capacity [7].

2.4 OFDMA Application in Wireless rate consumers can transfer data throughsmall
Connection: transmission power as well as an uniform and
Method of Access The mobile shorter latency, similar to an alternate TDMA. It
WiMAXaccessibility technique is according to may also be thought of as a hybrid of time
OFDMA, additionally known as Multiuser- domain as well as frequency domain multiple
OFDM, which was developed specifically for 4th accesses, including resources separated into
generation wireless networks. This is a mix of time-frequency spaces and slots, as well as an
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), OFDM subcarrier index. To keep the data rate
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), with as well as error probability for every user,
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) since this different numbers of subcarriers can be
divides possible size to accommodate multiple assigned to varying numbers of users. In a
users in same way that these access techniques nutshell, OFDMA is the most efficient multi-user
do. OFDMA is a CDMA alternative in which each access technique [25].
user receives a variable amount of spreading 3. MIMO System:
codes with varied data speeds. Minimal data

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Digital communication via a wireless link with spread antennas. In this approach, MIMO
multiple inputs and outputs (MIMO) is now systems may be thought of as extensions of
popular prevalent technological applications in smart antennas, a prominent technology that
contemporary communication. Such strategy is uses antenna arrays to improve wireless
mostly focused on a list of current technological transmission that has been around for decades.
advancements that have the potential to solve
traffic capacity challenges for future Internet- We built our simulation model with multiple
connected wireless networks. It appears that antenna setups in view (Fig. 1). A transmitting
this technology has infiltrated large-scale unit comprising the functions of error control
standards-driven commercial wireless devices coding as well as (potentially united with)
as well assystems such as wireless LAN, third- mapping to complex modulation symbols (M
generation networks,broadband wireless phase-shift keying (MPSK), M-QAM, etc.)
systems, as well asoutside in the early years receives digital basis information in shape of a
following its inception. binary stream. This results in a number of
distinct symbol streams, ranging from impartial
MIMO systems are described as any wireless to partially redundant to entirely redundant.
communication method with such a connection After then, every symbol stream is assigned to
in which both the transmitter as well as receiver among many TX antennas. Either linear spatial
sides are configured using multiple antenna weighting of antenna components or linear
devices (Fig. 1). Its signals on transmit (TX) antenna space–time pre coding are used in 6360
antennas with single terminal as well as receive mapping. The signals are released through into
(RX) antennas from another side are wireless channel following upward frequency
"combined" in MIMO to improve the conversions, filtering, with amplification. Signals
communication efficiency (bit-error rate or BER) are collected by several antennas at the
or data rate (bits/sec) for every MIMO user. receiver, where demodulation as well as
Such benefits are utilized to dramatically demapping processes is conducted to retrieve
increase for both network's reliability of the message. Depending on the requirements, the
service as well as the operator's income. In amount of intelligence, difficulty, as well as a
MIMO systems, the key process is space–time priori channel information employed in
signal processing, that combines time choosing coding as well as antenna mapping
(information about natural dimension of digital techniques might vary greatly. This defines the
communication) through spatial dimension class as well as quality of the developed
introduced by use of many geographically multiantenna system.

Fig 5: MIMO wireless transmission method having multiple antenna components for transmitter and
the receiver.

Only transmitter and receiver are really base station (BTS), in which the extra cost &
designed by several components. in standard space have so far been viewed as more easily
smart antenna nomenclature, which is often the accessible than on a mobile phone device. Even
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Rajat Gupta et al / Space Time Block Coding Application for MIMO OFDM Broadband Wireless Solutions

though introduction of space–time codes (STCs) element. The average target signal level may
is changing this notion, the expertise of multi thus be maximized while additional elements
antenna system is traditionally found in weight like as noise and co-channel interference are
selection method instead of the coding side. minimized.
In the case of poor propagation circumstances The idea of spatial diversity is another major
like as multipath fading with interference, impact of smart antennas. Probability of
simple linear antenna array merging can discarding signal diminishes exponentially
provide a better robust communication path. through extent of decorrelated antenna
Beam shaping, that boosts the overall signal-to- components deployed in the context of random
noise ratio (SNR) by directing energy in fading induced by multipath propagation.
desirable direction in either transmit or receive, Diversity order, that is determined byextent of
is an important aspect in smart antennas. decorrelated spatial branches accessible at
Indeed, by estimating the response within each transmitter or receiver, is a fundamental notion
antenna array to a particular intended signal, as here. Smart antennas have been demonstrated
well as any interference signal(s), one may to increase coverage range vs quality tradeoff
combine the components optimally using supplied to wireless users when used together
weights determined by the response of each [6].

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Fig 6: MIMO Structure Model.

The stringent size as well as complexity limits is space, allowing for more degrees - of - freedom.
getting less restrictive as subscriber units (SU) MIMO systems, in particular, may give a
evolve into robust wireless Internet connection combined transmit-receive diversity gain and an
devices rather than simple pocket cellphones. array gain by integrating the antenna elements
Even while transferring most of computation as in a coherent manner (assuming prior channel
well as expense to network's side (i.e., BTS) estimation). In truth, MIMO's benefits are
generally provides engineering logic, it makes significantly more basic. Beyond the extra
numerous antenna element transceivers a diversity or array gain benefits, the
possibility on both parts of the link. However, fundamental mathematical architecture of
the advantages of traditional smart antennas MIMO, wherein data is carried via a matrix
are preserved in a MIMO link because the multi instead of a vector channel, provides novelas
antenna signals are optimized in a greater well as huge capabilities.

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4. Result and Discussion: various SNRs with specific configuration that

In this part, we'll go through how to use utilized condensation of distinct modulation
MATLAB SIMULINK to create simulation data for coding methods.
effectiveness study of SISO as well as MIMO At varied SNRs ranging from 1 to 25db, the
systems. In terms of scatter plot as well as bit response is expressed as a scatter plot and bit
error rate, there are three design styles that error rate. Because the signal strength increases
describe the model design and reactions (BER). with the SNR, the dispersion of the signal
Three alternative models are designed for step- constellations reduces. The BER is a parameter
by-step analysis: (1) SISO model, (2) MIMO 12 - which is equivalent to the channel noise,
3 Txplus 2 Rx model at rate 1/2, as well as (3) meaning that the higher the noise, the higher
MIMO 3/4 - 3 Tx as well as 2 Rx model at rate the BER. BER is determined by number of error
3/4. We used four distinct modulation bits divided byoverall number of bits. We
techniques for each model: BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, acquired BER values by executing every
and 16PSK. We employed data transmission simulation model for 10 seconds in simulink
without and with grey coding for every environment as well as recording BER results for
modulation technique. The data is broadcast via various SNR levels. In the following sections,
a Rayleigh fading channel with a maximum BER will describe our simulation model
Doppler shift of 3 Hz. We utilized an AWGN outcomes one by one.
channel simulink blocks to estimate BER at

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Fig 7: Simulink Model of SISO Structure

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Fig 8: Simulink Model of MIMO1/2 Structure

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Table 1: Performance results of SISO model scheme.
SNR Bpsk(B) Bpsk(G) Qpsk(B) Qpsk(G) 8psk(B) 8psk(G) 16psk(B) 16psk(G)
1 0.504 0.504 0.492 0.4958 0.4955 0.4946 0.4965 0.4918
5 0.4993 0.4993 0.4852 0.4953 0.4862 0.4876 0.4963 0.4928
10 0.497 0.497 0.471 0.4903 0.4878 0.4782 0.4927 0.488
15 0.502 0.502 0.4603 0.4846 0.4894 0.4748 0.4858 0.4893
20 0.5003 0.5003 0.4574 0.4862 0.4883 0.4737 0.4870 0.4887
25 0.5006 0.5006 0.4563 0.4875 0.486 0.4743 0.4828 0.489

Tables 1, 2, as well as 3 show BER values for our in decibels. Table 1 show that the BER value
SISO model (figure 7), MIMO1/2 (figure 8) as varies from 0.48 to 0.505 depending on the
well as MIMO3/4 designs, respectively, where B coding and modulation technique used. As a
denotes binary coding plus G denotes grey result, this table shows that utilizing alternative
coding for every row in table. Each column coding as well as modulation techniques has no
displays the bit error rate for various SNR levels effect on BER in the SISO model.

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Fig 9: Simulink Model of MIMO3/4 Structure.

Table 2: Mimo Model ¾ Design Result

SNR Bpsk(B) BPSK(G) Qpsk(B) Qpsk(G) 8psk(B) 8psk(G) 16psk(B) 16psk(G) 6364
1 0.01075 0.01075 0.5165 0.04464 0.1809 0.1126 0.3607 0.2155
5 0.0002 0.0002 0.01012 0.006197 0.7154 0.04467 0.2777 0.1167
10 0 0 0 0 0.006898 0.004598 0.09027 0.03787
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0113 0.006094
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000399 0.0002
25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 3: MIMO Model 1/2 Design Result

SN Bpsk(B) BPSK(G) Qpsk(B) Qpsk(G) 8psk(B) 8psk(G) 16psk(B) 16psk(G)
R
1 0.01191 0.01191 0.04337 0.03754 0.1916 0.1111 0.2551 0.2315
5 0.00079 0.000799 0.008258 0.00599 0.00535 0.03667 0.1977 0.11ter26
9 8 8
10 0 0 0.000333 0.00028 0.007164 0.005199 0.0546 0.03791
2 8
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15 0 0 0 0 0.000399 0.000333 0.01562 0.007985

9 3
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001132 0.000732
7
25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000133 0
2

5. Conclusion: better than 12, however in case of 8 as well as

The Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) 16PSK schemes, our MIMO 12 design has a
technology demonstrates its potential to meet lower bit error rate than 34 MIMO design,
demands by boosting spectrum efficiency especially at SNRs greater than or equal to
through the use of spatial multiple route gain 10db. As a result, in the majority of the
and improving resiliency via the use of antenna scenarios we looked at, MIMO 12 channel
diversity gain in our design methodology. We design outperformed MIMO 34 channel design.
looked into and studied a number of issues in
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