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Science Project Maglev Train

Maglev trains utilize magnetic levitation to operate without wheels, allowing for high speeds and reduced energy consumption. The technology includes two main types: Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) and Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS), each with its own merits and demerits. While maglev systems are efficient and reliable, they require significant initial investment and are incompatible with existing rail lines.

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itskunj11
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2 views

Science Project Maglev Train

Maglev trains utilize magnetic levitation to operate without wheels, allowing for high speeds and reduced energy consumption. The technology includes two main types: Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) and Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS), each with its own merits and demerits. While maglev systems are efficient and reliable, they require significant initial investment and are incompatible with existing rail lines.

Uploaded by

itskunj11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAGLEV TRAINS

Driving without wheels,


Flying without wings

HOLY INNOCENT PUBLIC


SCHOOL
SUBMITTED BY:
 Kunj
 TANSHIK
 HIRDYANSH
CLASS-11A
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF
MAGLEV TRAIN
 TECHNOLOGY AND TYPES
 MERITS AND DEMERITS
 STABILITY
 EVACUATED TUBES
 POWER AND ENERGY
 COMPARSION WITH
AIRCRAFT AND CONVENTIAL
TRAINS
 ECONOMICS
 EXITING MAGLEV SYSTEM
 SUMMMARY
 REFRENCE
INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS MEANT BY MAGLEV

MAGLEV=MAGNETIC+LEVITATION

MAGLEV
=MAGNETIC+
LEVITATION

Anything which may rise or float by


mean of a magnetic power is called as
magnetic levitation.
LEVITATION

Meaning:
 A latin word meaning lightness.
 Process by which an object is suspended by a
physical force against gravity, in a stable
position without any solid physical contact.

Principle:
 First a force is required vertically upwards and
equal to the gravitation force.
 Second for any mall displacement of the
levitation object a returning force should
appear to stabilize it.

Major type:
 Electromagnetic levitation
 Buoyant levitation
 Aerodynamic levitation
Magnetic levitation:
Definition:
 Magnetic suspension is a method by which an
object is suspended with no support other than
magnetic field.
Principle:
 Magnetic pressure is used to counteract the
effects of the gravitational and any other
activities.
Magnetic field:
 A magnetic field is a field of force produced
by a magnetic objrct or partical, or by a
changing electrical field.
 It is detected by the force it exerts on other
magnetic materials and moving electrical
charges.
Magnetic pressure:
 Any magnetic field is associated pressure that
is contained by the boundary conditions on the
field.
HISTORY
 Maglev is the system of
transporting that uses magnetic
levitation to suspended, guide and
propel the vehicles using magnets.

 First described by ROBERT


GODDARD, American rocket
Scientific American.

 Later in 1937 & 1941 a series of


German patents for maglev train
propelled by linear motors awarded to
HERMANN KEMPER.

 In the 1960s in Britain ERIC


LAITWAITE developed a functional
maglev train.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
MAGLEV TRAINS

Maglev trains have to perform the following


functions to operate in high speed.

1.Levitation 2.Propulison 3. Lateral guidance

Levitation:
 the passing of the superconducting
magnets through levitation coils on the
slide of the track induces a current in the
coils and creates a magnetic field. This
pushes the train upward so that it can
levitate 10cm above the track.
 The train does not levitate until it reaches
50 mph, so it is equipped with retractable
wheels.

Propulsion:
 An alternating current is ran through
electromagnet coils on the guide walls of
the guide way. This creates a magnetic
field that attracts and repels the
superconducting magnets on the train and
propels the train forward.
 Braking is accomplished by sending an
alternating current in the reverse direction
so that it is slowed by attractive and
repulsive forces.

Lateral guidance
 When one side of train nears the side
of the guideway, the super conducting
magnet on the train induces a repulsive
forces from the levitation coils on the
side closer on the farther side. This keeps
the train in the centre.

TECHNOLOGY
 Uses monorail track with linear motor.

 Uses magnets to reach a really high


velocity.

 Float about 1-10cm above the


guideway on a magnetic field.

 Propelled by the guideway.

 Once the train is pulled into the next


section the magnetism switches so that
the train is pulled on again
MAGLEV TRAIN
WORKING VIDEO
TYPES OF MAGLEV
TECHNOLOGY
 There are 2 notable types of maglev
technology :-

 Electromagnetic suspension(EMS)

 Electrodynamic suspension(EDS)
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SUSPENSION

 Electromagnets attached to the


train.
 Has ferromagnetic stators on the
track and levitate the train.
 Has guidance magnets on the sides
.
 A computer changes the amount of
current to keep the train 1 cm from
the track.
 Max speed -438km/hr .
 Has on-board battery power supply.
ELECTRODYNAMIC
SUSPENSION
 Super cool superconducting
magnets under the train. Levitate
about 10 cm.
 The field in the train due to
superconducting magnets(JR-
Maglev) or an array of permanent
magnets(Inductrack).
 The force in the track is created
by induced magnetic field in wires
or conducting strips in the track.
 Naturally stable. Requires no
feedback control.
 Requires retractable wheels at
low speed , max speed –
522km/hr.

MERITS AND
DEMERITS OF
DIFFERENT
TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY MERITS DEMERITS

 Magnetic fields inside &  Constant


outside the vehicle monitoring
EMS
are less than EDS. • correction of
 No wheels or separation between
secondary propulsion vehicle & guideway
required • using computer
 Can attain very high systems essential.
speed.(500km/hr). • •
 Due to inherent
instability and
corrections ,vibrati
on issues may
occur.

 On board magnets  Strong magnetic


and large separation field makes the
EDS
enable highest train inaccessible
recorded to passengers with
speeds(581km/hr) pacemakers or
and heavy load storage media like
capacity. • hard drives and
 Naturally stable and credit cards. •
hence no feedback  Vehicle must be
control required wheeled for low
speed travel
TECHNOLO MERITS DEMERITS
GY

 Failsafe  Require wheels


INDUCTRAC suspension- no when vehicle is
K power required to stopped.
activate magnets.

 Can generate  New technology,


SYSTEM enough power at still under
(PERMANE low speed to development, ,no
NT levitate the train. commercial
MAGNETS  The train can slow version or full
EDS) down on its own scale system
in case of power prototype.
failures.
 The array of
permanent
magnets are cost
effective than
electromagnets.

STABILITY

 EMS system rely on active


electronic stabilisation.
 All EDS systems are moving
systems.

 Since these vehicles


fly,stabilisation of pitch , roll and
sway is required .

 In addition to rotation , surge ,


sway and or heave can be
problematic.

EVACULATED TUBES
(ET3)
 Some system use of vac trains-
maglev train technology used in
evacuated tubes , which removes
the air drag.
 This increases the speed and
efficiency greatly .
 It is a proposed design for super
high-speed transportation about
4000-5000 mph.
 But the passengers may suffer
from the risk of cabin
depressurization in the event of a
train malfunction.
 Hence require tunnel monitoring
system for repressurization.

POWER AND ENERGY


USAGE
 Energy is used to make the
Maglev train levitate and to
stabilise the movement.

 Main part of the energy used to


overcome the air drag.

 For very short distances the


energy for accelerating is
considerable.

 But the power used to overcome


the air drag increases with square
of velocity and hence dominates
at high speed.

COMPARISON WITH
CONVENTIAL TRAINS
SPEED Speed Allow higher Speed is limited by the
top speeds since they use of wheels for
don’t rely on wheels proplusion.
for propulsion.
FEATURES MAGLEV TRAIN CONVENTIAL
TRAIN

Reguire insignificant Rail is subjected to


guideway wear & tear due to
MAINTENANCE
maintenance. friction ,increases
Their electronic exponentially with
vehicle maintenance is speed. This increases
minimal Hence more running cost.
reliable.

ALL WEATHER Unaffected by snow , May encounter


severe cold , rain or problems due to
OPERATION
high winds. Can degradation of
accelerate & decelate guideway caused by
regardless of slickness weather conditions.
of guideway

Efficiency No rolling Efficiency is affected


resistance due to lack by rolling resistance
EFFICIENCY
of contact between due to the contact
track & vehicle. This with the track.
improves power
efficiency.

COMPARISON WITH
AIRCRAFT

 Many maglev have lift-to-drag


ratio that exceed that of aircraft.
 But jet transport aircraft take
advantage of low air density at
high altitudes to reduce drag
during cruise.

 Airlines cannot come close to the


reliability or performance of
maglev trains in all weather
conditions.

 Has significant safety margin as


they are designed not to crash
into other.

ECONOMICS

 The intilal investiment is similar to


other high speed rail roads.
(Maglift is $20-$40 million per
mile and I-279 in Pittsburg cost
$37 million per mile 17 years
ago.)
 Operating expenses are half of
that of other railroads.

 A train is composed of sections


that each contain 100 seats, and
a train can have between 2 and
10 sections.

 The linear generators produce


electricity for the cabin of the
train

EXISTING MAGLEV
SYSTEM

Testing tracks

 120 m test track of General


Atomics at San Diego , USA.
 Tranrapid , a German maglev
company has test track at
Emsland , Germany of length
31.5km.

 JR-Maglev , Japan has a test track


that can reach a speed of
581km/hr

IMORTANT OPERATIONAL
SYSTEMS

 Linimo, Japan – commercially


automated urban maglev system
commenced on March 2005.

 Shangai maglev train , China
 EMS high speed system started
operation on April 2004.

 HML 03 – The first EMS maglev


opened to public at Daejeon
South Korea in 1993.
.

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

 AMT test Track – Powder Springs,


Georgia
 Applied levitation test track –
California.
 Beiging S1 line.

PROPOSED PLANS
 Penang-Kuala Lampur-Singapore
line -Malaysia
 Melbourne Maglev Proposal
 Mumbai – Delhi
 Kochi metro

SUMMARY

 They consume less energy.

 Require no engine.

 Move faster than normal trains


because they are not affected by
ground friction; their rights-of-
way, meanwhile, cost about the
same to build.
 Incompatible with existing rail
lines, unlike traditional high-
speed rail.

 Initial cost is very high

REFERENCES
 Wikipedia – “maglev trains”

 Science reporter magazine


October 2014.

 Heller, Arnie (June 1998). "A


New Approach for
Magnetically Levitating Trains
—and Rockets". Science &
Technology Review.

 Hood, Christopher P. (2006).


Shinkansen -From Bullet Train to
Symbol of Modern Japan.
Routledge.

 Science journal. ’Maglev train’


April 19, 2010,
http://
science.howstuffworks.com/
maglev-train.htm

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