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Maths Guide

The document provides a comprehensive guide to trigonometric identities, including quotient, product, reciprocal, and complementary angle identities. It also includes important formulae and theorems related to various mathematical concepts such as relations, sequences, and algebra. Additionally, it features a trigonometric hand trick for calculating values and offers model questions for practice.

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Maths Guide

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Magical Hexagon for trigonometric identities

 Shortcut
For quotient identities:  = corner

  Clockwise Counterclockwise
tan(x) = sin(x) / cos(x) cos(x) = sin(x) / tan(x)
 sin(x) = cos(x) / cot(x) sin(x) = tan(x) / sec(x)
cos(x) = cot(x) / cosec(x) tan(x) = sec(x) / cosec(x)
cot(x) = cosec(x) / sec(x) sec(x) = cosec(x) / cot(x)
cosec(x) = sec(x) / tan(x) cosec(x) = cot(x) / cos(x)
sec(x) = tan(x) / sin(x) cot(x) = cos(x) / sin(x)
.

Product Identities: *=  

tan(x)cos(x) = sin(x) sin(x)cot(x) = cos(x)
cos(x)cosec(x) = cot(x) cot(x)sec(x) = cosec(x) 
cosec(x)tan(x) = sec(x) sec(x)sin(x) = tan(x)

Product Identities: *= 1

  sin(x)cosec(x) = 1 cos(x)sec(x) = 1 tan(x)cot(x) = 1
𝟏
Reciprocal Identities:  = 

sin(x) = 1 / cosec(x) cos(x) = 1 / sec(x)
cot(x) = 1 / tan(x) cosec(x) = 1 / sin(x)
sec(x) = 1 / cos(x) tan(x) = 1 / cot(x) 

Complementry angles:
sin(x) = cos(90°- x) Ex: sin(30°) = cos(60°)
tan(x) = cot(90°- x) Ex: tan(80°) = cot(10°)
sec(x) = cosec(90°- x) Ex: sec(40°) = cosec(50°)

Identities:
Clockwise Counterclockwise
sin2(x) + cos2(x) = 1 1 - cos2(x) = sin2(x)
1 + cot2(x) = cosec2(x) cosec2(x) - cot2(x) = 1
tan2(x) + 1 = sec2(x) sec2(x) - 1 = tan2(x)
Trigonometric Hand Trick
𝜋
Example: If you find sin
6
 Consider the five angles on
your five fingers of your hand
as shown figure.
 Now calculate the trigonometric
values as follows,

√Number of bottom fingers

sin 𝜃 =
2
√Number of top fingers Number of top fingers = 3
cos 𝜃 =
2 Number of bottom fingers = 1
√Number of bottom fingers
tan 𝜃 = 𝜋
sin =
√1
=
1
√Number of top fingers 6 2 2
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Way to Success 
10
MATHS
SPECIAL GUIDE
A Product from
WAY TO SUCCESS TEAM
Only includes Important Exercise Model Questions & Govt. Model – 2019, May – 2022,
Supplementary Exams – 2020, 2021 & 2022, 6 Sets of PTA Questions.

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All Rights are reserved to Way to Success Publications
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CONTENTS
Sl. Number Title Page Number
I Important Formulae 3–5
II Definitions and Theorems 5– 9
Part I - 1 Mark Questions 10 – 20
Geometry 21 – 24
Part IV
Graph 25 – 30
Part – II, III
Chapter Number Chapter Name Page Number
1 Relations and Functions 31 – 42
2 Numbers and Sequences 43 – 64
3 Algebra 65 – 89
4 Geometry 90 – 109
5 Coordinate Geometry 110 – 125
6 Trigonometry 126 – 141
7 Mensuration 142 – 156
8 Statistics and Probability 157 – 176

Note:
Way To Success – 10th Maths Special Guide thq;fp gad;gLj;Jk; khztr; nry;tq;fSf;F
tho;j;Jf;fs;.
➢ Kjypy; Kf;fpakhd Formulae, Definitions, Theorems nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
➢ mijj; njhlu;e;J xU kjpg;ngz; - Gj;jf tpdhf;fs; kw;Wk; muR Nju;Tfspy; Nfl;fg;gl;l
Creative Questions nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
➢ gpd;du; Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz; juf;$ba nra;Kiw tbtpay; (Geometry)> tiuglk;
(Graph) Mfpad nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
➢ gpd;du; gapw;rpthupahd jPu;Tfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
➢ xt;nthU gapw;rpapYk; xNu khjpupahd fzf;Ffis xUq;fpizj;J mtw;wpy; VNjDk;
xU tpdhtpw;fhd jPu;it kl;Lk; nfhLj;J kw;w fzf;Ffis ‘Similar problems’ vd;w
jiyg;gpy; tpdhf;fs; kl;Lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;iw khztu;fs; Rakhf gapw;rp
nra;J nfhs;sTk;. ,it 2 kjpg;ngz;fs;> 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; vd Fwpj;J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
➢ mJ jtpu rpy Kf;fpakw;wjhf fUjg;gLk; tpdhf;fs; For Practice vd;w jiyg;gpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mtw;iwAk; Rakhf gapw;rp nra;J nfhs;sTk;.
➢ Similar Problems, For Practice Mfpa jiyg;gpy; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
Way To Success Main - Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;sJ.
➢ Model 2019, September 2020, September 2021, May 2022, July 2022, PTA (6 sets) Mfpa
tpdhj;jhs;fspy; ,lk; ngw;w tpdhf;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
➢ Short Notations: UE – Unit Exercise, Eg – Example
Solutions for all exercise problems, important example problems and additional problems are
given in ‘10th maths complete guide’ – make use of it
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Way To Success – Special Guide  3

I. Important Formulae

1. Relations and Functions

✓ If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝 and 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑞 then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑝𝑞
✓ Distributive property of Cartesian product: (i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶) (ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)

2. Numbers and Sequences

Arithmetic progression
(i) The numbers of the form 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
(ii) 𝑛𝑡ℎ term 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 Special Series
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = ⋯ Sum of first 𝑛 natural numbers
(iii) Common difference
𝑑 = 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 ,𝑛 = 2,3,4, … 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑙−𝑎 1+ 2+ 3 +⋯+ 𝑛 =
(iv) Total number of terms 𝑛=( )+1 2
𝑑
𝑛 𝑛
(v) The sum of first 𝑛 terms 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] (OR)
2
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
Sum of first 𝑛 odd natural numbers
𝑟 𝑛 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1)
Total amount for compound interest is 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + ) 𝑛
100 = × 2𝑛 = 𝑛2
2
Geometric progression
(i) The numbers of the form 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , … . 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 , … Sum of squares of first 𝑛 natural
𝑡ℎ
(ii) 𝑛 term 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 numbers
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
𝑟= 2= 3= 4=⋯ 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 6
(iii) Common ratio 𝑡
𝑟 = 𝑛 , 𝑛 = 2,3,4, … Sum of cubes of first 𝑛 natural
𝑡𝑛−1
𝑟 ≠ 1, 𝑟 > 1 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) numbers
(iv) The sum of 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
𝑟−1
13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛 3 = [ ]
first 𝑛 terms 𝑟=1 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎 2

𝑟<1 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛)
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
𝑎
(v) The sum of infinite terms 1−𝑟
, −1 < 𝑟 < 1

3. Algebra
Relationship between LCM and GCD 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀[𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥)] × 𝐺𝐶𝐷[𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥)
Operations of rational expressions: , ⇒ two rational expressions where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0, 𝑠(𝑥) ≠ 0 then
𝑞(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥)
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥)×𝑟(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥)×𝑠(𝑥)
Their product is: × = Their division: ÷ = × =
𝑞(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)×𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)×𝑟(𝑥)
The Relation between Roots and Co- efficient of a Quadratic Equation
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ; 𝛼= , 𝛽=
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏 −Co−efficient of 𝑥 𝑐 Constant term
Sum of the roots 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − = ; Product of the roots 𝛼𝛽 = =
𝑎 Co−efficient of 𝑥 2 𝑎 Co−efficient of 𝑥2
∴ Quadratic Equation = 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
5. Coordinate Geometry
Distance between two points 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 Equation of Straight line in various forms:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Mid – point of line segment 𝑀( , ) Name Form
2 2
Internal 𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
𝑃( , ) 1 General form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
Section Division
Formula External 𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1 2 Point – slope form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑃( , )
Division 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 3 Slope - intercept 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Centroid of a triangle 𝐺( , )
3 3 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
1 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) 4 Two point form =
= { 1 2 } Sq. units 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
Area of a Triangle 2 +𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) 5 Intercept form 𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
Area of triangle = 0 ⇒ Collinear 𝑎 𝑏
1 (𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦4 + 𝑥4 𝑦1 ) 6 Parallel to 𝑌 axis 𝑥=𝑐
Area of the quadrilateral = { 1 2 } Sq. units 7 Parallel to 𝑋 axis 𝑦=𝑏
2 −(𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥4 𝑦3 + 𝑥1 𝑦4 )
− coefficient of 𝑥 𝑎 − constant term 𝑐
Slope of a straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ Slope 𝑚 = =− , 𝑦 intercept = =−
coefficient of 𝑦 𝑏 coefficient of 𝑦 𝑏

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4  10th MATHEMATICS
6. Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios: Table of Trigonometric Ratios for 𝟎𝟎 , 𝟑𝟎𝟎 , 𝟒𝟓𝟎 , 𝟔𝟎𝟎 , 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑂𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝑑𝑗
sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 = , 𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝 𝐻𝑦𝑝
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = (or) ; Trigonometric
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cot 𝜃
Ratios
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = (or) ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = sin 𝜃 0 √3 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 √2 2
Identities : sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 , 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ, cos 𝜃 1 √3 1 1
0
1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ 2
1
√2 2

Complementary angle : tan 𝜃 0 1 √3 Undefined

√3
° ° 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 Undefined 2 √2 1
√3
° °
𝑡𝑎𝑛(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡(90 − 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1 2
√2 2 Undefined
sec 𝜃 √3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 1
cot 𝜃 Undefined √3 1 0
√3

7. Mensuration
Sl.No Solid Figure CSA (sq.units) TSA (sq.units) Volume (cu.units)

1 Right circular
2𝜋𝑟ℎ 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
cylinder

Hollow 2𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝜋 ℎ (𝑅 + 𝑟)
2. 2𝜋ℎ(𝑅 + 𝑟)
cylinder (𝑅 − 𝑟 + ℎ) (𝑅 − 𝑟)

𝜋𝑟𝑙
Right circular 1
3 𝑙 = √ℎ 2 + 𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
cone ( ) 3
𝑟 = √𝑙 2 − ℎ 2

4
4 Sphere 4𝜋𝑟 2 ---- 𝜋𝑟 3
3

2 3
5 Hemisphere 2𝜋𝑟 2 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟
3

Hollow
2𝜋(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) 2
6 hemisphere 2𝜋(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )
+𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) 3

𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 𝜋𝑙(𝑅 + 𝑟)

1
7 Frustum (𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟)2 ) +𝜋𝑅2 + 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋ℎ(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟)
3

4
4𝜋𝑅2 = Outer 4𝜋(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )
8 Hollow sphere 3
Surface area

9 Cuboid 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏) 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ) 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ

4𝑎2 6𝑎2 𝑎3
10 Cube
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Way To Success – Special Guide  5

8. Statistics and Probability
Sum of all the observations
Arithmetic Mean 𝑥̅ =
Number of observations
𝐿−𝑆
Range 𝑅 =𝐿−𝑆 Coefficient of range 𝐿+𝑆
∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
Standard Deviation
𝜎2 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
Variance 𝑛 𝜎=√
𝑛

Calculation of Standard Deviation for ungrouped data Calculation of Standard Deviation for grouped data

Σ𝑥𝑖2 Σ𝑥𝑖 2 (i) Mean Method Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2

(i) Direct Method 𝜎=√ −( ) 𝜎=√ , where 𝑁 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑛 𝑛 𝑁
Σ𝑑𝑖2 (ii) Assumed Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2
(ii) Mean Method 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ , 𝜎 = √ 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥 − 𝐴 , 𝜎 = √ −( )
𝑛 Mean Method 𝑁 𝑁

Σ𝑑𝑖2 Σ𝑑𝑖 2
(iii) Assumed Mean Method 𝜎=√ −( ) To Find the Square root:
𝑛 𝑛
(𝑋−𝑆)
Σ𝑑𝑖2 Σ𝑑𝑖 2 √𝑋 = √𝑆 +
(iv) Step deviation Method 𝜎 =𝑐×√ −( ) 2√𝑆
𝑛 𝑛
𝑋 – the number you want the square root
Calculation of Standard deviation for continuous frequency distribution 𝑆 – the closet square number you know to 𝑋
Σ𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )2
𝜎=√ ,
Mean Method 𝑁
(i) Coefficient of variation:
𝑥𝑖 = Middle value of the 𝑖th class 𝜎
C.V1= 1 × 100%,
𝑥̅1
𝑓𝑖 =Frequency of the 𝑖th class 𝜎2
C.V2= × 100%
Shortcut Method (or) 2 2 𝑥̅2
𝑥𝑖 −𝐴 Σ𝑓 𝑑 Σ𝑓 𝑑
(ii) 𝑑𝑖 = , 𝜎 = 𝑐 × √ 𝑖 𝑖 − ( 𝑖 𝑖) i) C.V is more ⇒ Data is less consistent
Step deviation method 𝑐 𝑁 𝑁
ii) C.V is less ⇒ Data is more consistent
iii) C.V is equal ⇒ One data depend other

𝑛(𝐸)
Probability of an event: 𝑃(𝐸) = Verbal description Set notation
𝑛(𝑆)
➢ The probability of sure event = 𝑃(𝑆) = 1 Not 𝐴 𝐴
➢ The probability of impossible event = 𝑃(∅) = 0 𝐴 or 𝐵 𝐴∪𝐵
➢ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (only 𝐴)= 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) , (at least one of 𝐴or 𝐵)
𝐴 and 𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
➢ 𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(only 𝐵)= 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝐴 but not 𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
➢ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
➢ If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive events
At least one of 𝐴, 𝐵 or 𝐶 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶
then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
Exactly one of 𝐴 and 𝐵 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
All three of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶
Exactly two of 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

II. Definitions and Theorems

1. Relations and Functions
Definition
Cartesian Product: If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) such that
𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is called the Cartesian Product of 𝐴 and 𝐵. Thus 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Relation (R): Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. A relation (R) from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵 satisfying
some specified conditions. If 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is related to 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 through R, then we write it as 𝑥𝑅𝑦.
Vertical line test: A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if every vertical line intersects the curve
in atmost one point.

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Horizontal Line Test: A function represented in a graph in one – one, if every horizontal line intersects
the curve in at most one point.
Composition of function: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be two functions. Then the composition of 𝑓 and 𝑔
denoted by 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is defined as the function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
Linear function: A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 ≠ 0 is called a linear function.
Quadratic function: A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a quadratic
function.
Cubic function: A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 (𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a cubic function.
1
Reciprocal function: A function 𝑓: 𝑅 − {0} → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = is called a reciprocal function.
𝑥
Constant function: A function𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is called a constant function.
Types of Functions
Definition Example
One-One function (Injection):
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called one-one function if distinct elements of 𝐴
have distinct images in 𝐵.
Many-one function:
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called many-one function if two or more elements of
𝐴 have same image in 𝐵
Onto function (Surjection):
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be onto function if the range of 𝑓 is equal to
the co-domain of 𝑓.
Into function:
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an into function if there exists at least one
element in 𝐵 which is not the image of any element of 𝐴
One to one and onto function (Bijection): If a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both
one-one and onto, then 𝑓 is called a bijection from 𝐴 to 𝐵
Constant function: A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a constant function if the
range of 𝑓 contains only one element.
That is, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and for some fixed 𝑐 ∈ 𝐵.
Identity function: Let 𝐴 be a non-empty set. Then the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴
defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is called an identity function on 𝐴 and is
denoted by 𝐼𝐴 .
2. Numbers and Sequences
Definitions
Sequences: A real valued sequence is a function defined on the set of natural numbers and taking real values.
Finite sequence: If the number of elements in a sequence is finite [countable]
Infinite sequence : If the number of elements in a sequence is infinite. [uncountable]
Arithmetic progression: The numbers of the form 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑, … is said to
Arithmetic progression. 𝑎 → first term 𝑑 → common difference.
Series :The sum of the terms of a sequence is called series. Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑛 … be the sequence of real
numbers. Then the real number 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ is defined as the series of real numbers.
Finite series: If a series has finite number of terms
Infinite series: If a series has infinite number of terms
Arithmetic series : A series whose terms are in Arithmetic progression is called Arithmetic series.
Geometric progression: It is a sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying a fixed non-zero
number to the preceding term except the first term Let 𝑎 and 𝑟 ≠ 0 be real numbers. 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , … 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
is called General form of 𝐺. 𝑃. 𝑎 → first term, 𝑟 → common ratio.
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Geometric Series: A series whose terms are in Geometric progression is called Geometric series.
Congruence Modulo: Two integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 are congruence modulo 𝑛 if they differ by an integer multiple
of 𝑛. That 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑛 for some integer 𝑘. This can also be written as 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏 (mod 𝑛)
Here, the number 𝑛 is called modulus. In other words, 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑛) means 𝑎 − 𝑏 is divisible by 𝑛.
Theorems
Theorem 1 - Euclid’s division Lemma : Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 (𝑎 > 𝑏) be any two positive integers. Then, there
exist unique integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏.
Generalised form of Euclid’s division lemma: If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any two integers then there exist unique
integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, where 0 ≤ 𝑟 < |𝑏|
Theorem 2: If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive integers such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, then every common divisor of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑎
common divisor of 𝑏 and 𝑟 and vice–versa.
Theorem 3: If 𝑎, 𝑏 are two positive integers with 𝑎 > 𝑏 then GCD of (𝑎, 𝑏) =GCD of (𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑏)
Theorem 4 : Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every positive integer (except the number 1) can be
represented in exactly one way apart from rearrangement as a product of one or more primes.
Theorem 5 : 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are integers and 𝑚 is a positive integer such that if 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) and
𝑐 ≡ 𝑑 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) then (i) (𝑎 + 𝑐) ≡ (𝑏 + 𝑑)(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) (ii) (𝑎 − 𝑐) ≡ (𝑏 − 𝑑)(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) (iii) (𝑎 × 𝑐) ≡ (𝑏 × 𝑑)(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)
Theorem 6: If 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)then (i) 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) (ii) 𝑎 ± 𝑐 = 𝑏 ± 𝑐 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) for any integer in c.
3. Algebra
Definition
𝑝(𝑥)
Rational Expression: An expression can be written in the form 𝑞(𝑥) then it is called a rational expression where
𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomials and 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0. A rational expression is the ratio of two polynomials.
Excluded value: A value that makes a rational expression (in its lowest form) undefined is called exclude value.
Quadratic Expression: An expression of degree 2 is called a Quadratic Expression. It is expressed as
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real numbers.
Zeros of a quadratic expression: For a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥), if 𝑝(𝑎) = 0 then 𝑥 = 𝑎 is called zero of 𝑝(𝑥).
Roots of the quadratic equation: The values of 𝑥 such that the expression 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 becomes zero are
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
called roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. The roots are 𝑥 = 2𝑎
Matrix: A Matrix is a rectangular array of elements. The horizontal arrangements are called rows and
vertical arrangements are called columns.
Order of a matrix: If a matrix 𝐴 has 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns, then the order of 𝐴 is 𝑚 × 𝑛
Transpose of a matrix: It is obtained by interchanging rows and coloumns of a matrix of the given 𝐴 is
called transpose of 𝐴 and is denoted by 𝐴𝑇
Equal Matrices: Two marices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be equal if and only if they have the same order and
each element of matrix 𝐴 is equal to the corresponding element of matrix 𝐵.
The negative of a matrix: The negative of a matrix 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 denoted by (−𝐴)𝑚×𝑛 is the matrix formed by
replacing each element in the matrix 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 with its additive inverse.
Additive identity : Null matrix (or) zero matrix is the identity of matrix addition. Let 𝐴 be any matrix,
𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝑂 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 Where 𝑂 is the null matrix or zero matrix of same order as that of 𝐴.
Additive inverse: If 𝐴 be any given matrix then −𝐴 is the additive inverse of 𝐴. 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = (−𝐴) + 𝐴 = 𝑂
Types of matrices
Definition Example
Row matrix: A matrix that has only one row. [
𝐴= 5 3 4 1]
Order = 1 × 𝑛 Order = 1 × 4
Column matrix: A matrix that has only one column 1
Order = 𝑚 × 1 𝐴 = [2] ; Order = 3 × 1
5
Square matrix: A matrix in which have equal number of rows and 𝐴 = [1 2] ; Order = 2 × 2
coloums. Order = 𝑚 × 𝑚 3 4

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Diagonal matrix: A square matrix which have 0 value for elements 3 0 0
above and below the leading diagonal. 𝐴 = [ 0 1 0]; Order= 3 × 3
Order = 𝑚 × 𝑚 0 0 2
Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix which have equal, non-zero 7 0 0
constant value for all elements along the leading diagonal. Order = 𝐴 = [ 0 7 0]; Order = 3 × 3
𝑚×𝑚 0 0 7
Identity (or) Unit matrix ( 𝑰 ): 1 0
𝐼2 = 𝐴 = [ ]
A diagonal matrix which have value 1 for all elements along the 0 1
leading diagonal. Order = 𝑚 × 𝑚
Zero matrix (or) Null matrix ( 𝑶 ): 0 0
A matrix which have all element value as 0. Order = 𝑚 × 𝑛 𝑂 = 𝐴 = [ 0 0]
0 0
Lower triangular matrix: 7 0 0
A square matrix in which all the entries above the leading diagonal 𝐴 = [ 4 8 0]
are zero is called a lower triangular matrix. 6 1 9
Upper triangular matrix: 7 5 2
If all the entries below the leading diagonal are zero, then it is called 𝐵 = [ 0 6 1]
an upper triangular matrix. 0 0 9
4. Geometry
Two figures are said to be similar if every aspect of one figure is proportional to other figure.
Congruent triangle: If three angles and their corresponding sides of two triangles are same, then the
two triangles are said to be congruent.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
Example: 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅
Similar triangle: If three angles of two triangles are same and their corresponding sides are
proportional, then the two triangles are said to be Similar
Example:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
= =
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
Theorems: Refer Page Number: 90
5. Coordinate Geometry
Slope: If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of a non-vertical straight line, then 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 is called the slope or
gradient of the line and is denoted by 𝑚.
Therefore the slope of the straight line is 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 1800 , 𝜃 ≠ 900
(i) 𝜃 = 0° , The line is parallel to the positive direction of 𝑋 axis.
(ii) 0 < 𝜃 < 90° , The line has positive slope (A line with positive slope rises from left to right)
(iii) 90° < 𝜃 < 180° , The line has negative slope (A line with negative slope falls from left to right).
(iv) 𝜃 = 180° , The line is parallel to the negative direction of 𝑋 axis.
(v) 𝜃 = 90° , The slope is undefined.
6. Trigonometry
Definition
Angle of elevation: The angle of elevation is an angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal
when the point being viewed is above the horizontal level. That is, the case when we raise our head
to look at the object.
Angle of Depression : The angle of depression is an angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when the point is below the horizontal level. That is, the case when we lower our head to
look at the point being viewed.
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8. Statistics and Probability
Definition
Variable: The quantities which are being considered in a survey are called variables. Variables are
generally denoted by 𝑥i , where 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛.
Frequencies: The number of times, a variable occurs in a given data is called the frequency of that
variable. Frequencies are generally denoted as 𝑓i , where 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛.
Arithmetic Mean: The Arithmetic Mean or Mean of the given values is sum of all the observations
divided by the total number of observations. It is denoted by 𝑥̅
Range: The difference between the largest value and the smallest value is called Range
Variance: The mean of the squares of the deviations from the mean is called Variance. It is denoted by 𝜎 2
Standard Deviation: The positive square root of Variance is called Standard deviation. That is, standard
deviation is the positive square root of the mean of the squares of deviations of the given values from their
mean. It is denoted by 𝜎.
Coefficient of variation: For comparing two or more data for corresponding changes the relative
measure of standard deviation called Coefficient of variation.
Random experiment: A random experiment is an experiment in which
(i) The set of all possible outcomes are known (ii) Exact outcome is not known
Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is called a sample space.
Sample point: Each element of a sample space is called a sample point.
Tree diagram: Tree diagram allow us to see visually all possible outcomes of an random experiment. Each
branch in a tree diagram represent a possible outcome.
Probability of an event: In a random experiment, let 𝑆 be the sample space and 𝐸 ⊆ 𝑆. Then if 𝐸 is an event,
the probability of occurrence of 𝐸 is defined as 𝑃(𝐸)
Types of Events
Events Example
Equally likely events: Two or more events are said to be equally Head and tail are equally likely events in
likely if each one of them has an equal chance of occurring. tossing a coin.
Certain events/ Sure Event: In an experiment, the event When we roll a die, the event of getting any
which surely occur is called certain event. natural number from 1 to 6 is a certain event.
Impossible events / Null Event: In an experiment if an event has When we toss two coins, the event of
no scope to occur then it is called an impossible event. getting three heads is an impossible event.
Mutually exclusive events: Two or more events are said to be When we roll a die the events of getting
mutually exclusive if they don’t have common sample points. odd numbers and even numbers are
i.e., events 𝐴, 𝐵 are said to be mutually exclusive if, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅. mutually exclusive events.
When we toss a coin twice, the collection
Exhaustive events: The collection of events whose union is
of events of getting two heads, exactly one
the whole sample space are called exhaustive events.
head, no head are exhaustive events.
Complementary events: The complement of an event 𝐴 is
When we roll a die, the event ‘rolling 5 or
the event representing collection of sample points not in 𝐴.
6’ and the event of rolling 1, 2, 3 or 4 are
It is denoted 𝐴′ or 𝐴𝑐 or 𝐴̅ . The event 𝐴 and its complement
𝐴′ are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. complementary events.

Addition theorem on Probability:

(i) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two events then, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(ii) If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are any three events then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
−𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

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10 Way to Success - 10th Maths

PART – I – 1 Mark Questions

1. Relations and Functions
Text Book Questions
1. If 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 6 and 𝐴 = {1,3} then 𝑛(𝐵) is SEP-21
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6
2. 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑝}, 𝐵 = {2,3}, 𝐶 = {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠} then 𝑛[(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) × 𝐵] is PTA-3
(A) 8 (B) 20 (C) 12 (D) 16
3. If 𝐴 = {1,2}, 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4}, 𝐶 = {5,6} and 𝐷 = {5,6,7,8} then state which of the following statement
is true SEP-20
(A) (𝑨 × 𝑪) ⊂ (𝑩 × 𝑫) (B) (𝐵 × 𝐷) ⊂ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
(C) (𝐴 × 𝐵) ⊂ (𝐴 × 𝐷) (D) (𝐷 × 𝐴) ⊂ (𝐵 × 𝐴)
4. If there are 1024 relations from a set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} to a set 𝐵, then the number of element in 𝐵 is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8 PTA-2, JUL-22
2
5. The range of the relations 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑥 )|𝑥 is a prime number less than 13} is PTA-4, JUL-22
(A){2,3,5,7} (B) {2,3,5,7,11} (C) {4,9,25,49,121} (D) {1,4,9,25,49,121}
6. If the ordered pairs (𝑎 + 2,4) and (5, 2𝑎 + 𝑏) are equal then (𝑎, 𝑏) is PTA-6, MAY-22
(A) (2, −2) (B) (5,1) (C) (2,3) (D) (𝟑, −𝟐)
7. Let 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑚 and 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑛 then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined from
𝐴 to 𝐵 is
(A) 𝑚𝑛 (B) 𝑛𝑚 (C) 𝟐𝒎𝒏 − 𝟏 (D) 2𝑚𝑛
PTA-1
8. If {(𝑎, 8), (6, 𝑏)} represents an identity function, then the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 respectively.
(A) (8,6) (B) (8,8) (C) (6,8) (D) (6,6)
9. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and 𝐵 = {4,8,9,10}. A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 given by 𝑓 = {(1,4), (2,8), (3,9), (4,10)} is a
(A) Many-one function (B) Identity function PTA-4
(C) One-to-one function (D) Into function
1
10. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥, then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is
3 2 𝟐 1
(A) 2𝑥 2 (B) 3𝑥 2 (C) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 (D) 6𝑥 2
11. If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a bijective function and if 𝑛(𝐵) = 7, then 𝑛(𝐴) is equal to PTA-2
(A) 7 (B) 49 (C) 1 (D) 14
12. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions given by
𝑓 = {(0,1), (2,0), (3, −4), (4,2), (5,7)}
𝑔 = {(0,2), (1,0), (2,4), (−4,2), (7,0)} then the range of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is
(A) {0,2,3,4,5} (B) {−4,1,0,2,7} (C) {1,2,3,4,5} (D) {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐}
13. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 2 then
(A) 𝑓(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑦) (B) 𝑓(𝑥𝑦) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑦)
(C) 𝒇(𝒙𝒚) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙). 𝒇(𝒚) (D) None of these
14. If 𝑔 = {(1,1), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)} is a function given by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽 then the values of 𝛼 and 𝛽 are
(A) (−1,2) (B) (𝟐, −𝟏) (C) (−1, −2) (D) (1,2) PTA-6
3 3
15. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 1) represents a function which is
(A)linear (B) cubic (C) reciprocal (D) quadratic PTA-5

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Creative MCQ
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥, then 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) − 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) is
SEP-20
(A) 4𝑥 (B) 2 − 2𝑥 (C) 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 (D) 4𝑥 − 2
2. If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑞 then the total number of relations that exist between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
PTA-1
(A) 2𝑝 (B) 2𝑞 (C) 2𝑝+𝑞 (D) 𝟐𝒑𝒒
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (−1)𝑥 is a function from ℕ to ℤ . Then the range of f is PTA-3
(A) {1} (B) ℕ (C) {1, −1} (D) ℤ
4. The given diagram represents
PTA-6
(A) an onto function (B) a constant function
(C) an one-one function (D) not a function

2. Numbers and Sequences

Text Book Questions
1. Euclid's division lemma states that for positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, there exist unique integers 𝑞
and 𝑟 such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, where 𝑟 must satisfy
(A) 1 < 𝑟 < 𝑏 (B) 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑏 (C) 𝟎 ≤ 𝒓 < 𝒃 (D) 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
2. Using Euclid’s division lemma, if the cube of any positive integer is divided by 9 then the
possible remainders are PTA-5, SEP-20
(A) 0, 1, 8 (B) 1, 4, 8 (C) 0, 1, 3 (D) 1, 3, 5
3. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form of 65𝑚 − 117, then the value of 𝑚 is
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3 MAY-22
4. The sum of the exponents of the prime factors in the prime factorization of 1729 is
(A)1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 SEP-21,PTA-4,JUL-22
5. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10 (both inclusive) is
(A) 2025 (B) 5220 (C) 5025 (D) 2520
4𝑘
6. 7 ≡ ______(𝑚𝑜𝑑 100) PTA-1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
7. Given 𝐹1 = 1, 𝐹2 = 3 and 𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 then 𝐹5 is SEP-21, MDL
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 11
8. The first term of an arithmetic progression is unity and the common difference is 4. Which of
the following will be a term of this A.P.
(A) 4551 (B) 10091 (C) 7881 (D) 13531
9. If 6 times of 6th term of an A.P is equal to 7 times the 7th term, then the 13th terms of the A.P is
(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 13 PTA-4
10. An A.P consists of 31 terms. It is 16th term is 𝑚, then the sum of all the terms of this A.P is
31
(A) 16m (B) 62m (C) 31m (D) m PTA-5
2
11. In an A.P., the first term is 1 and the common difference is 4. How many terms of the A.P must
be taken for their sum to be equal to 120? MDL
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
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12. If 𝐴 = 265 and 𝐵 = 264 + 263 + 262 + ⋯ + 20 which of the following is true? PTA-6, SEP-20
(A) 𝐵 is 264 more than 𝐴 (B) 𝐴 and 𝐵 are equal
(C) 𝐵 is larger than 𝐴 by 1 (D) 𝑨 is larger than 𝑩 by 1
3 1 1 1
13. The next term of the sequence 16 , 8 , 12 , 18 , … is PTA-2
1 𝟏 2 1
(A) 24 (B) 𝟐𝟕 (C) 3 (D) 81
14. If the sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , …. are in A.P then the sequence 𝑡6 , 𝑡12 , 𝑡18 , … is
(A) a Geometric Progression
(B) an Arithmetic Progression
(C) neither an Arithmetic Progression nor a Geometric Progression
(D) a constant sequence
15. The value of (13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 153 ) − (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 15) is PTA-3
(A) 14400 (B) 14200 (C) 14280 (D) 14520

Creative MCQ
1. If 𝑡𝑛 is the nth term of an A.P., then 𝑡8𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛 is
MAY-22
(A) (8𝑛 − 1)𝑑 (B) (8𝑛 − 2)𝑑 (C) (7𝑛 − 2)𝑑 (D) (𝟕𝒏𝒅)
2. The sequence −3, −3, −3 ………. is PTA-1
(A) An A.P only (B) a G.P only
(C) Neither A.P nor G.P (D) both A.P and G.P
3. If 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 2𝑘 = 90, then the value of 𝑘 is PTA-3
(A) 8 (B) 𝟗 (C) 10 (D) 11
4. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two positive integers where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 is a factor of 𝑎, then HCF of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is
𝑎
(A) 𝒃 (B) 𝑎 (C) 3𝑎𝑏 (D) 𝑏 PTA-4
𝑎−𝑏
5 . If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P then is equal to
𝑏−𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 PTA-6
(A) 𝑏 (B) 𝑐 (C) 𝑐 (D) 𝟏

3. Algebra
Text Book Questions
1. A system of three linear equations in three variables is inconsistent if their planes
(A) Intersect only at a point (B) intersect in a line PTA-1, JUL-22
(C) Coincides with each other (D) do not intersect
2. The solution of the system 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −6, −7𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 7, 3𝑧 = 9 is JUL-22
(A) 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟑 (B) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
(C) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = 3 (D) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = 3
3. If (𝑥 − 6) is the HCF of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 and 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 6 then the value of 𝑘 is PTA-4, MAY-22
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8
3𝑦−3 7𝑦−7
4. ÷ is PTA-5
𝑦 3𝑦 2
𝟗𝒚 9𝑦 3 21𝑦 2 −42𝑦+21 7(𝑦 2 −2𝑦+1)
(A) (B) 21𝑦−21 (C) (D)
𝟕 3𝑦 3 𝑦2

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Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  13

1
5. 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 is not equal to PTA-6, JUL-22
𝑦 4 +1 𝟏 𝟐 1 2 1 2
(A) (B) (𝒚 + 𝒚) (C) (𝑦 − 𝑦) + 2 (D) (𝑦 + 𝑦) − 2
𝑦2
𝑥 8
6. − gives
𝑥 2 −25 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+5
𝑥 2 −7𝑥+40 𝑥 2 +7𝑥+40 𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟒𝟎 𝑥 2 +10
(A) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+5) (B) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+5)(𝑥+1) (C) (𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓)(𝒙+𝟏) (D) (𝑥 2 −25)(𝑥+1)
256𝑥 8 𝑦 4 𝑧 10
7. The square root of is equal to SEP-21
25𝑥 6 𝑦 6 𝑧 6
16 𝑥2𝑧 4 𝑦2 16 𝑦 𝟏𝟔 𝒙𝒛𝟐
(A) | | (B) 16 |𝑥 2 𝑧 4 | (C) | | (D) | |
5 𝑦2 5 𝑥𝑧 2 𝟓 𝒚
4
8. Which of the following should be added to make 𝑥 + 64 a perfect square MAY-22
(A) 4𝑥 2 (B) 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 (C) 8𝑥 2 (D) −8𝑥 2
9. The solution of (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 9 is equal to
(A) −1 (B) 2 (C) −𝟏, 𝟐 (D) None of these
10. The values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if 4𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 3 + 76𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is a perfect square are
(A) 100,120 (B) 10,12 (C) – 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (D) 12,10
2 2 2 2
11. If the roots of the equation 𝑞 𝑥 + 𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are the squares of the roots of the equation
𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then 𝑞, 𝑝, 𝑟 are in ________
(A) 𝐴. 𝑃 (B) 𝑮. 𝑷 (C) Both 𝐴. 𝑃 and 𝐺. 𝑃 (D) None of these
12. Graph of a linear equation is a SEP-21, PTA-2
(A) Straight line (B) circle (C) parabola (D) hyperbola
2
13. The number of points of intersection of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 with the 𝑋 axis is
(A) 0 (B) 𝟏 (C) 0 or 1 (D) −2 MAY-22
1 3 5 7
14. For the given matrix 𝐴 = [2 4 6 8 ] the order of the matrix 𝐴𝑇 is
9 11 13 15
(A) 2 × 3 (B) 3 × 2 (C) 3 × 4 (D) 𝟒 × 𝟑
15. If 𝐴 is 2 × 3 matrix and 𝐵 is a 3 × 4 matrix, how many columns does 𝐴𝐵 have
(A) 3 (B) 𝟒 (C) 2 (D) 5
16. If number of columns and rows are not equal in a matrix then it is said to be a
(A) Diagonal matrix (B) rectangular matrix
(C) square matrix (D) Identity matrix
17. Transpose of a column matrix is SEP-20
(A) Unit matrix (B) diagonal matrix
(C) column matrix (D) Row matrix
1 3 5 7 PTA-6
18. Find the matrix 𝑋 if 2𝑋 + [ ]=[ ]
5 7 9 5
−2 −2 𝟐 𝟐 1 2 2 1
(A) [ ] (B) [ ] (C) [ ] (D) [ ]
2 −1 𝟐 −𝟏 2 2 2 2
19. Which of the following can be calculated from the given matrices
1 2 1 2 3
𝐴 = [3 4] , 𝐵 = [4 5 6], (i) 𝐴2 (ii) 𝐵 2 (iii) 𝐴𝐵 (iv) 𝐵𝐴
5 6 7 8 9
(A) (i) and (ii) only (B) (ii) and (iii) only (C) (ii) and (iv) only (D) all of these
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1 0
1 2 3 0 1
20. If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [2 −1] and 𝐶 = [ ]. Which of the following statements are correct?
3 2 1 −2 5
0 2
0 1
5 5 2 5 −8 20
(i) 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶 = [ ] (ii) 𝐵𝐶 = [ 2 −3] (iii) 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐶 = [ ] (iv) (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = [ ]
5 5 3 0 −8 13
−4 10
(A) (i) and (ii) only (B) (ii) and (iii) only (C) (ii) and (iv) only (D) all of these

Creative MCQ
1. The G.C.D of 𝑎𝑚 , 𝑎𝑚+1 , 𝑎𝑚+2 is SEP-21
(A) 𝒂𝒎 (B) 𝑎𝑚+1 (C) 𝑎𝑚+2 (D) 1
𝑎2 𝑏2
2. + 𝑏2 −𝑎2 = SEP-20
𝑎2 −𝑏2
(A) 𝑎 − 𝑏 (B) 𝑎 + 𝑏 (C) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (D) 1
3. The non- diagonal elements in any unit matrix are ________ MDL
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) m (D) n
3 3 2
4. The LCM of 𝑥 − 𝑎 and (𝑥 − 𝑎) is PTA-1
(A) (𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 )(𝑥 + 𝑎) (B) (𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 )(𝑥 − 𝑎)2
(C) (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 ) (D) (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 )
𝑥 3 +8
5. The excluded value of the rational expression 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8 is PTA-2
(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) 𝟒 (D) 1
6. If a polynomial is a perfect square then its factors will be repeated ________ number of times PTA-4
(A) Odd (B) zero (C) even (D) none of the above
3𝑦−3 7𝑦−7
7. ÷ is PTA-5
𝑦 3𝑦 2
𝟗𝒚 9𝑦 3 21𝑦 2 −42𝑦+21 7(𝑦 2 −2𝑦+1)
(A) (B) 21𝑦−21 (C) (D)
𝟕 3𝑦 3 𝑦2
2
8. The solution of 𝑥 − 25 = 0 is PTA-5
(A) No real roots (B) real and equal roots
(C) Real and unequal roots (D) imaginary roots
1 3 5
9. For the given matrix 𝐴 = [ ] the order of the matrix (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 is PTA-5
2 4 6
(A) 𝟐 × 𝟑 (B) 3 × 2 (C) 3 × 4 (D) 4 × 3
𝑥 2 −25 𝑥+5
10. On dividing by 𝑥 2 −9
𝑥+3 PTA-6
(A) (𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝟑) (B) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) (C) (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) (D) (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 3)

4. Geometry
Text Book Questions
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
1. If in triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐸𝐷𝐹, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐹𝐷 then they will be similar, when
(A) ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸 (B) ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷 (C) ∠𝑩 = ∠𝑫 (D) ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐹
2. In ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁, ∠𝐿 = 60° , ∠𝑀 = 50° . If ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁~∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 then the value of ∠𝑅 is SEP-20
(A) 40° (B) 𝟕𝟎° (C) 30° (D) 110°
3. If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle with ∠𝐶 = 90° and 𝐴𝐶 = 5 𝑐𝑚, then 𝐴𝐵 is PTA-4, MAY-22
(A) 2.5 𝑐𝑚 (B) 5 𝑐𝑚 (C) 10 𝑐𝑚 (D) 𝟓√𝟐 𝒄𝒎
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Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  15

4. In a given figure 𝑆𝑇 ∥ 𝑄𝑅, 𝑃𝑆 = 2 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑆𝑄 = 3 𝑐𝑚. Then

the ratio of the area of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 to the area of ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇 is
(A) 𝟐𝟓 ∶ 𝟒 (B) 25 ∶ 7
(C) 25 ∶ 11 (D) 25 ∶ 13
5. The perimeters of two similar triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 are 36 𝑐𝑚 and 24 𝑐𝑚 respectively. If
𝑃𝑄 = 10 𝑐𝑚, then the length of 𝐴𝐵 is PTA-5
2 10√6 2
(A) 6 3 𝑐𝑚 (B) 𝑐𝑚 (C) 66 3 𝑐𝑚 (D) 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
3
6. If in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶. 𝐴𝐵 = 3.6 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝐶 = 2.4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐴𝐷 = 2.1 𝑐𝑚 then the length of 𝐴𝐸 is
(A) 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 (B) 1.8 𝑐𝑚 (C) 1.2 𝑐𝑚 (D) 1.05 𝑐𝑚 SEP-21, PTA-3, JUL-22
7. In a ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. If 𝐴𝐵 = 8 𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐷 = 6 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐷𝐶 = 3 𝑐𝑚. The length
of the side 𝐴𝐶 is PTA-6, MAY-22
(A) 6 𝑐𝑚 (B) 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 (C) 3 𝑐𝑚 (D) 8 𝑐𝑚
8. In the adjacent figure ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90° and 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 then PTA-1
(A) 𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 2 (B) 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 2
(C) 𝑩𝑫 ⋅ 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑨𝑫𝟐 (D) 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷2
9. Two poles of heights 6 𝑚 and 11 𝑚 stand vertically on a plane ground. If the distance between
their feet is 12 𝑚, what is the distance between their tops?
(A) 𝟏𝟑 𝒎 (B) 14 𝑚 (C) 15 𝑚 (D) 12.8 𝑚
10. In the given figure, 𝑃𝑅 = 26 𝑐𝑚, 𝑄𝑅 = 24 𝑐𝑚, ∠𝑃𝐴𝑄 = 90° , PTA-6
𝑃𝐴 = 6 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑄𝐴 = 8 𝑐𝑚. Find ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅
(A) 80° (B) 85°
(C) 75° (D) 𝟗𝟎°
11. A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the
PTA-2
(A) centre (B) point of contact (C) infinity (D) chord
12. How many tangents can be drawn to the circle from an exterior point?
SEP-21, JUL-22
(A) one (B) two (C) infinite (D) zero
13. The two tangents from an external points 𝑃 to a circle with centre at 𝑂 are 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵. If
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 70° then the value of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 is
(A) 100° (B) 𝟏𝟏𝟎° (C) 120° (D) 130°
14. If figure 𝐶𝑃 amd 𝐶𝑄 are tangents to a circle with centre at 𝑂.
𝐴𝑅𝐵 is another tangent touching the circle at 𝑅. If 𝐶𝑃 = 11 𝑐𝑚
and 𝐵𝐶 = 7 𝑐𝑚, then the length of 𝐵𝑅 is MDL
(A) 6 𝑐𝑚 (B) 5 𝑐𝑚 (C) 8 𝑐𝑚 (D) 𝟒 𝒄𝒎

15. In figure if 𝑃𝑅 is tangent to the circle at 𝑃 and 𝑂 is the centre SEP-20

of the circle, then ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 is
(A) 𝟏𝟐𝟎° (B) 100°
(C) 110° (D) 90°

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Creative MCQ
1. The perimeters of two similar triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 are 36𝑐𝑚 and 24cm respective. If
𝑃𝑄 = 10𝑐𝑚, then the length of AB is PTA-5
2 10√6 2
(A) 6 3 𝑐𝑚 (B) 𝑐𝑚 (C) 66 3 𝑐𝑚 (D) 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
3

5. Coordinate Geometry
Text Book Questions
1. The area of triangle formed by the points (−5,0), (0, −5) and (5,0) is SEP-21,PTA-2
(A) 0 sq. units (B) 25 sq. units (C) 5 sq. units (D) none of these
2. A man walks near a wall, such that the distance between him and the wall is 10 units consider
the wall to be the 𝑌 axis. The path travelled by the man
(A) 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 (B) 𝑦 = 10 (C) 𝑥 = 0 (D) 𝑦 = 10
3. The straight line given by the equation 𝑥 = 11 is PTA-1, SEP-20
(A) Parallel to 𝑋 axis (B) parallel to 𝒀 axis
(C) passing through the origin (D) passing through the point (0,11)
4. If (5,7), (3, 𝑝) and (6,6) are collinear then the value of 𝑝 is PTA-5, MAY-22
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12
5. The point of intersection 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 is PTA-2, JUL-22
(A) (5,3) (B) (2,4) (C) (𝟑, 𝟓) (D) (4,4)
1
6. The slope of the line joining (12,3) and (4, 𝑎) is 8 the value of ′𝑎′ is PTA-3
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) −5 (D) 𝟐
7. The slope of the line which is perpendicular to line joining the points (0,0) and (−8,8) is
1
(A) −1 (B) 𝟏 (C) (D) −8 MAY-22
3
1
8. If slope of the line 𝑃𝑄 is then the slope of the perpendicular bisector of 𝑃𝑄 is PTA-6, JUL-22
√3
1
(A) √3 (B) −√𝟑 (C) (D) 0
√3
9. If 𝐴 is a point on the 𝑦 − axis whose ordinate is 8 and 𝐵 is a point on the 𝑋 axis whose abscissae
is 5 then the equation of the line 𝐴𝐵 is
(A) 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎 (B) 8𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 40 (C) 𝑥 = 8 (D) 𝑦 = 5
10. The equation of the line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the line PTA-4
7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
(A) 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0 (B) 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 4 = 0 (C) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟎 (D) 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
11. Consider four straight lines
(i) 𝑙1 : 3𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5 (ii) 𝑙2 : 4𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1 (iii) 𝑙3 : 4𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 7 (iv) 𝑙4 : 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2
Which of the following statement is true
(A) 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are perpendicular (B) 𝑙1 and 𝑙4 are parallel
(C) 𝒍𝟐 and 𝒍𝟒 are perpendicular (D) 𝑙2 and 𝑙3 are parallel
12. A straight line has equation 8𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 21 which of the following is true. PTA-3
(A) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 2.6 (B) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 1.6
(C) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 1.6 (D) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 2.6
13. When proving that a quadrilateral is a trapezium it is necessary to show PTA-4
(A) Two sides are parallel (B) Two parallel and two non- parallel sides
(C) Opposite sides are parallel (D) All sides are of equal length
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Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  17

14. When proving that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram by using slopes you must find
(A) The slopes of two sides (B) The slopes of two pair of opposite sides
(C) The length of all sides (D) Both the length and slopes of two sides
15. (2,1) is the point of intersection of two lines
(A) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0 (B) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟕
(C) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 (D) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0
Creative MCQ
1. The perimeter of a triangle formed by the points (0,0), (1,0) and (0,1) is SEP-21
(A) √2 (B) 2 (C) 𝟐 + √𝟐 (D) 2 − √2
2. If the points 𝐴(6,1), 𝐵(8,2), 𝐶(9,4) and 𝐷(𝑝, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in
order then the value of 𝑝 is PTA-5
(A) −7 (B) 𝟕 (C) 6 (D) −6
6. Trigonometry
Text Book Questions
1
1. The value of sin2 𝜃 + 1+tan2 𝜃 is equal to
(A) tan2 𝜃 (B) 1 (C) cot 2 𝜃 (D) 0
2. tan 𝜃 cosec 2 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 is equal to PTA-3
(A) sec 𝜃 (B) cot 2 𝜃 (C) sin 𝜃 (D) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽
3. If (sin 𝛼 + cosec 𝛼)2 + (cos 𝛼 + sec 𝛼)2 = 𝑘 + tan2 𝛼 + cot 2 𝛼, then the value of 𝑘 is equal to
(A) 9 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 3 PTA-1
4. If sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 𝑎 and sec 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃 = 𝑏, then the value of 𝑏(𝑎2 − 1) is equal to
(A) 𝟐𝒂 (B) 3𝑎 (C) 0 (D) 2𝑎𝑏
5 1
5. If 5𝑥 = sec 𝜃 and 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, then 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 is equal to PTA-2
𝟏
(A) 25 (B) 𝟐𝟓 (C) 5 (D) 1
6. If sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃, then 2 tan2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 − 1 is equal to PTA-1, 4
−3 𝟑 2 −2
(A) 2 (B) 𝟐 (C) 3 (D) 3
7. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 sec 𝜃 then
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
(A) 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏 (B) 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 (C) 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 (D) 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 0
8. (1 + tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃)(1 + cot 𝜃 − cosec 𝜃) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) −1
2 2
9. 𝑎 cot 𝜃 + 𝑏 cosec 𝜃 = 𝑝 and 𝑏 cot 𝜃 + 𝑎 cosec 𝜃 = 𝑞 then 𝑝 − 𝑞 is equal to
(A) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (B) 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 (C) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (D) 𝑏 − 𝑎 PTA-5
10. If the ratio of the height of a tower and the length of its shadow is √3: 1, then the angle of
elevation of the sun has measure PTA-6, SEP-21
(A) 45° (B) 30° (C) 90° (D) 𝟔𝟎°
11. The electric pole subtends an angle of 30° at a point on the same level as its foot. At a second
point ‘b’ metres above the first, the depression of the foot of the pole is 60°. The height of the
pole (in metres) is equal to
𝒃 𝑏 𝑏
(A) √3 𝑏 (B) 𝟑 (C) 2 (D)
√3

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18 Way to Success - 10th Maths

12. A tower is 60 m height. Its shadow is 𝑥 metres shorter when the sun’s altitude is 45° than when
it has been 30°, then 𝑥 is equal to MAY-22
(A) 41.92 m (B) 43.92 m (C) 43 m (D) 45.6 m
13. The angle of depression of the top and bottom of 20 m tall building from the top of a
multistoried building are 30° and 60° respectively. The height of the multistoried building and
the distance between two buildings (in meters) is
(A) 20,10√3 (B) 30,5√3 (C) 20, 10 (D) 𝟑𝟎, 𝟏𝟎√𝟑
14. Two persons are standing ‘𝑥’ metres apart from each other and the height of the first person is
double that of the other. If from the middle point of the line joining their feet an observer finds
the angular elevations of their tops to be complementary, then the height of the shorter person
(in metres) is
𝒙 𝑥
(A) √2𝑥 (B) 𝟐√𝟐 (C) (D) 2 𝑥
√2
15. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point ℎ metres above a lake is 𝛽 . The angle of depression
of its reflection in the lake is 45°. The height of location of the cloud from the lake is JUL-22
𝒉(𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷) ℎ(1−tan 𝛽)
(A) (B) (C) ℎ tan (450 − β) (D) none of these
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷 1+tan 𝛽

Creative MCQ
2 2
1. If tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 2 then tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 is equal to SEP-20
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 𝟐 (D) 4
2. The angle of elevation and depression are usually measured by a device called PTA-1
(A) Clinometer (B) kaleidoscope (C) Periscope (D) Telescope
sin(90° −𝜃) sin 𝜃 cos(90° −𝜃) cos 𝜃 PTA-2
3. + =
tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃
(A) tan 𝜃 (B) 1 (C) −1 (D) sin 𝜃

7. Mensuration
Text Book Questions
1. The curved surface area of a right circular cone of height 15 𝑐𝑚 and base diameter 16 𝑐𝑚 is
(A) 60𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (B) 68𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (C) 120𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (D) 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐
2. If two solid hemispheres of same base radius 𝑟 units are joined together along their bases, then
curved surface area of this new solid is MAY-22
(A) 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 sq. units (B) 6𝜋𝑟 2 sq. units (C) 3𝜋𝑟 2 sq. units (D) 8𝜋𝑟 2 sq. units
3. The height of a right circular cone whose radius is 5 𝑐𝑚 and slant height is 13 𝑐𝑚 will be
(A) 12 𝒄𝒎 (B) 10 𝑐𝑚 (C) 13 𝑐𝑚 (D) 5 𝑐𝑚 SEP-21
4. If the radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is halved keeping the same height, then the
ratio of the volume of the cylinder thus obtained to the volume of original cylinder is JUL-22
(A) 1 ∶ 2 (B) 𝟏 ∶ 𝟒 (C) 1 ∶ 6 (D) 1 ∶ 8
1
5. The total surface area of a cylinder whose radius is of its height is PTA-1
3
9𝜋ℎ2 2 𝟖𝝅𝒉𝟐 56𝜋ℎ2
(A) 8 sq. units (B) 24𝜋ℎ sq. units (C) 𝟗 sq. units (D) 9 sq. units
6. In a hollow cylinder, the sum of the external and internal radii is 14 𝑐𝑚 and the width is 4 𝑐𝑚.
If its height is 20 𝑐𝑚, the volume of the material in it is PTA-4
(A) 5600𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (B) 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 (C) 56𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (D) 3600𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
7. If the radius of the base of a cone is tripled and the height is doubled then the volume is
(A) made 6 times (B) made 𝟏𝟖 times (C) made 12 times (D) unchanged
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Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  19

8. The total surface area of a hemi-sphere is how much times the square of its radius.
(A) 𝜋 (B) 4𝜋 (C) 𝟑𝝅 (D) 2𝜋 PTA-3, SEP-21, JUL-22
9. A solid sphere of radius 𝑥 cm is melted and cast into a shape of a solid cone of same radius.
The height of the cone is
(A) 3𝑥 𝑐𝑚 (B) 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 (C) 𝟒𝒙 𝒄𝒎 (D) 2𝑥 𝑐𝑚
10. A frustum of a right circular cone is of height 16 𝑐𝑚 with radii of its ends as 8 𝑐𝑚 and 20 𝑐𝑚.
Then, the volume of the frustum is
(A) 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟖𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 (B) 3228𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (C) 3240𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (D) 3340𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
11. A shuttle cock used for playing badminton has the shape of the combination of
(A) a cylinder and a sphere (B) a hemisphere and a cone
(C) a sphere and a cone (D) frustum of a cone and a hemisphere
12. A spherical ball of radius 𝑟1 units is melted to make 8 new identical balls each of radius 𝑟2 units.
Then 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 is PTA-6, SEP-20
(A) 𝟐: 𝟏 (B) 1: 2 (C) 4: 1 (D) 1: 4
13. The volume (in cm3) of the greatest sphere that can be cut off from a cylindrical log of wood of
base radius 1 𝑐𝑚 and height 5 𝑐𝑚 is
𝟒 10 20
(A) 𝟑 𝝅 (B) 3 𝜋 (C) 5𝜋 (D) 3 𝜋
14. The height and radius of the cone of which the frustum is a part are ℎ1 units and 𝑟1 units
respectively. Height of the frustum is ℎ2 units and radius of the smaller base is 𝑟2 units. If
ℎ2 : ℎ1 = 1: 2 then 𝑟2 : 𝑟1 is PTA-2
(A) 1: 3 (B) 𝟏: 𝟐 (C) 2: 1 (D) 3: 1
15. The ratio of the volumes of a cylinder, a cone and a sphere, if each has the same diameter and
same height is PTA-5
(A) 1: 2: 3 (B) 2: 1: 3 (C) 1: 3: 2 (D) 𝟑: 𝟏: 𝟐
Creative MCQ
1. If the radius of the cylinder is doubled, the new volume of the cylinder will be ________ times the
original volume MAY-22
(A) Same (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2
2. A child reshapes a cone made up of clay of height 24 𝑐𝑚 and radius 6 𝑐𝑚 into a sphere, then
the radius of sphere is SEP-20
(A) 24 𝑐𝑚 (B) 12 𝑐𝑚 (C) 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 (D) 48 𝑐𝑚
3. If the volume of sphere is 36𝜋𝑐𝑚3 , then its radius is equal to PTA-3
(A) 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 (B) 2 𝑐𝑚 (C) 5 𝑐𝑚 (D) 10 𝑐𝑚
4. C.S.A of solid sphere is equal to PTA-5
(A) T.S.A of solid sphere (B) T.S.A of hemisphere (C) C.S.A of hemisphere (D) none of these

8. Statistics and Probability

Text Book Questions
1. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion? PTA-6
(A) Range (B) Standard deviation (C) Arithmetic mean (D) Variance
2. The range of the data 8,8,8,8,8, . . .8 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 8 (D) 3
3. The sum of all deviations of the data from its mean is
(A) Always positive (B) Always negative (C) zero (D) non- zero integer
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4. The mean of 100 observations is 40 and their standard deviation is 3. The sum of squares of all
observations is SEP-20
(A) 40000 (B) 160900 (C) 160000 (D) 30000
5. Variance of first 20 natural numbers is PTA-5
(A) 32.25 (B) 44.25 (C) 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 (D) 30
6. The standard deviation of a data is 3. If each value is multiplied by 5 then the new variance is
(A) 3 (B) 15 (C) 5 (D) 225
7. If the standard deviation of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is 𝑝 then the standard deviation of 3𝑥 + 5,3𝑦 + 5, 3𝑧 + 5 is
(A) 3𝑝 + 5 (B) 𝟑𝒑 (C) 𝑝 + 5 (D) 9𝑝 + 15
8. If the mean and coefficient of variation of a data are 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 87.5% then the standard deviation is
(A) 𝟑. 𝟓 (B) 3 (C) 4.5 (D) 2.5
9. Which of the following is incorrect? PTA-1, 4, 5
(A) 𝑷(𝑨) > 𝟏 (B) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1 (C) 𝑃(∅) = 0 ̅
(D) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴) = 1
10. The probability a red marble selected at random from a jar containing 𝑝 red, 𝑞 blue and 𝑟 green
marbles is
𝑞 𝒑 𝑝+𝑞 𝑝+𝑟
(A) 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 (B) 𝒑+𝒒+𝒓 (C) 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 (D) 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟
11. A page is selected at random from a book. The probability that the digit at units place of the
page number chosen is less than 7 is SEP-21, JUL-22
3 𝟕 3 7
(A) 10 (B) 𝟏𝟎 (C) 9 (D) 9
𝑥 2
12. The probability of getting a job for a person is 3. If the probability of not getting the job is 3 then
the value of 𝑥 is MAY-22
(A) 2 (B) 𝟏 (C) 3 (D) 1.5
13. Kamalam went to play a lucky draw contest. 135 tickets of the lucky draw were sold. If the
1
probability of kamalam winning is 9, then the number of tickets bought by kamalam is
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 𝟏𝟓 (D) 20
14. If a letter is chosen at random from the English alphabets {𝑎, 𝑏, … . , 𝑧}, then the probability that
the letter chosen precedes 𝑥. SEP-20
12 1 𝟐𝟑 3
(A) 13 (B) 13 (C) 𝟐𝟔 (D) 26
15. A purse contains 10 notes of E 2000, 15 notes of E500, and 25 notes of E200. One note is drawn
at random. What is the probability that the note is either a E 500 note or E200 note?
1 3 2 𝟒
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 3 (D) 𝟓
Creative MCQ
1. The range of first 10 prime numbers is PTA-2
(A) 9 (B) 20 (C) 𝟐𝟕 (D) 5
2. A letter is selected at random from the word ‘PROBABILITY’. The Probability that it is not a vowel is
4 𝟕 3 6
(A) 11 (B) 𝟏𝟏 (C) 11 (D) 11 MDL
3. Probability of getting 3 heads or 3 tails in tossing a coin 3 times is PTA-4
1 𝟏 3 1
(A) 8 (B) 𝟒 (C) 8 (D) 3
4. A fair die is thrown once. The probability of getting a prime (or) composite number is PTA-6
𝟓 1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 𝟔 (D) 6
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Way to Success - 10th Maths - Special Guide - 8 Mark Questions - Geometry

PART IV - 8 Mark Questions - Geometry 12.Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 with its
𝟔
sides equal to 𝟓 of the corresponding sides of the triangle
Exercise 4.1 𝟔
𝑨𝑩𝑪 (scale factor 𝟓 > 𝟏). PTA-1, SEP-20
10. Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 with its
𝟐
sides equal to 𝟑 of the corresponding sides of the triangle
𝟐
𝑷𝑸𝑹 (scale factor 𝟑<1) Rough Diagram Rough Diagram

2
Note: If < 1 , then the
3
similar triangle will be inside
6
Note: If 5
> 1 , then
the similar triangle
Similar Problems will be outside
Solve Your Self
11. Construct a triangle Steps of construction:
similar to a given triangle 1. Construct a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with any measurement.
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𝐿𝑀𝑁 with its sides equal 2. Draw a ray 𝐵𝑋 making an acute angle with 𝐵𝐶 on the side opposite to vertex 𝐴.
6
4 3. Locate 6 points (the greater of 6 and 5 in ) 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , 𝐵4 , 𝐵5 and 𝐵6 on 𝐵𝑋
to of the corresponding 5
5
so that 𝐵𝐵1 = 𝐵1 𝐵2 = 𝐵2 𝐵3 = 𝐵3 𝐵4 = 𝐵4 𝐵5 = 𝐵5 𝐵6
Steps of construction: sides of the triangle 𝐿𝑀𝑁 6
4
4. Join 𝐵4 (the 5th point, 5 being smaller of 6 and 5 in ) to 𝐴 and draw a line
5
1. Construct a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 with any measurement. (scale factor <1).
5 through 𝐵6 parallel to 𝐵5 𝐶 intersecting the extended line segment 𝐵𝐶 at 𝐶 ′ .
2. Draw a ray 𝑄𝑋 making an acute angle with 𝑄𝑅 on the Eg.4.10: Construct a triangle 5. Draw a line through 𝐶 ′ parallel to 𝐶𝐴 intersecting the extended line
side opposite to vertex 𝑃. similar to a given triangle segment 𝐵𝐴 at 𝐴′ . Then 𝐴′ 𝐵𝐶 ′ is the required triangle each of whose sides
2
3. Locate 3 (the greater of 2 and 3 in ) points 𝑃𝑄𝑅 with its sides equal to is six-fifths of the corresponding sides of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
3
3
𝑄1 , 𝑄2 & 𝑄3 on 𝑄𝑋 so that 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑄1 𝑄2 = 𝑄2 𝑄3 of the corresponding
5 Similar Problems
4. Join 𝑄3 𝑅 and draw a line through 𝑄2 (the second point, sides of the triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅
2 Solve Your Self
2 being smaller of 2 and 3 in ) parallel to 𝑄3 𝑅 to 3 7
3 (scale factor < 1) 13. Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 with its sides equal to of
′ 5 3
intersect 𝑄𝑅 at 𝑅 7
′ the corresponding sides of the triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 (scale factor > 1). (JUL-22)
5. Draw line through 𝑅 parallel to the line 𝑅𝑃 to intersect 𝑄𝑃 at 3
𝑃′ . Then ∆𝑃′ 𝑄𝑅′ is the required triangle each of whose sides is Eg.4.11: Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 with its sides equal to
7 7
two-three of the corresponding sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅. of the corresponding sides of the triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 (scale factor > 1)
4 4

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Way to Success 10th Maths - Special Guide - 8 Mark Questions - Geometry
-
14. Construct a ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 such that 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝒄𝒎, ∠𝑪 = 𝟐𝟓° and
Exercise 4.2
the altitude from 𝑪 to 𝑨𝑩 is 4 cm. MAY-22
11. Construct a ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 which the base 𝑷𝑸 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝒄𝒎, ∠𝑹 = 𝟑𝟓° and
the median 𝑹𝑮 from 𝑹 to 𝑷𝑸 is 6 cm. SEP-21
Rough diagram

Rough diagram

Steps of construction:
1. Draw 𝐴𝐵 = 5.5 𝑐𝑚
2. Draw ∠𝐵𝐴𝐸 = 25°, ∠𝐹𝐴𝐸 = 90° , Draw perpendicular bisector to 𝐴𝐵, the
perpendicular bisector meets 𝐴𝐹 at 𝑂 and 𝐴𝐵 at 𝑀
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Steps of construction: 3. Draw a circle with 𝑂 as centre, 𝑂𝐴 or 𝑂𝐵 as radius.

1.Draw a line segment 𝑃𝑄 = 4.5 𝑐𝑚, 4. Cut the perpendicular bisector at the distance of 4 𝑐𝑚 from 𝑀 and name as 𝑁.
2. Draw ∠𝑄𝑃𝐸 = 35°, At 𝑃, draw 𝑃𝐹 such that ∠𝐹𝑃𝐸 = 90° 6. Draw 𝐶𝐶 ′ , Join 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶
3.Draw perpendicular bisector to 𝑃𝑄 intersects at 𝑀 and 𝑃𝐹 intersects at 𝑂. 7. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the required triangle.
4. With 𝑂 as centre, 𝑂𝑃 as radius draw a circle.
5. From 𝑀 cut the circle on both sides with 6 𝑐𝑚.
6. Mark 𝑅 and 𝑅′ Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
7. Join 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑅𝑄, 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is the required triangle
12. Construct a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 in which 𝑄𝑅 = 5𝑐𝑚, ∠𝑃 = 40° and the median 𝑃𝐺 from
Similar Problems 𝑃 to 𝑄𝑅 is 4.4 cm. Find the length of the altitude from 𝑃 to 𝑄𝑅
Solve Your Self 13. Construct a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 such that 𝑄𝑅 = 6.5𝑐𝑚, ∠𝑃 = 60° and the altitude from
Eg.4.17: Construct a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 in which 𝑃𝑄 = 8𝑐𝑚, ∠𝑅 = 60° and the median 𝑃 to 𝑄𝑅 is of length 4.5 cm.
𝑅𝐺 from 𝑅 to 𝑃𝑄 is 5.8𝑐𝑚. Find the length of the altitude from 𝑅 to 𝑃𝑄. Eg.4.18: Construct a triangle ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 such that 𝑄𝑅 = 5𝑐𝑚, ∠𝑃 = 30° and the
(PTA-4) altitude from 𝑃 to 𝑄𝑅 is of length 4.2 𝑐𝑚. (PTA-5)

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16. Draw ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 such that 𝑷𝑸 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝒄𝒎, vertical angle is 𝟓𝟎° and
Exercise 4.4
the bisector of the vertical angle meets the base at 𝑫 where
𝑷𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝒄𝒎. PTA-4 11. Draw a tangent at any point 𝑹 on the circle of radius 3.4cm
and centre at 𝑷?
Rough diagram Rough diagram

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
15. Draw a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 of base
𝐵𝐶 = 5.6𝑐𝑚, ∠𝐴 = 40° and the
bisector of ∠𝐴 meets 𝐵𝐶 at 𝐷
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such that 𝐶𝐷 = 4 𝑐𝑚
Eg.4.19: Draw a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 of base
𝐵𝐶 = 8𝑐𝑚, ∠𝐴 = 60° and the
bisector of ∠𝐴 meets 𝐵𝐶 at 𝐷
Steps of construction:
such that 𝐵𝐷 = 6𝑐𝑚. (MDL) Steps of construction:
1.Draw a line segment 𝑃𝑄 = 6.8 𝑐𝑚
1. Draw a circle with centre 𝑃 radius 3.4 𝑐𝑚
2.At 𝑃, draw 𝑃𝐸 such that ∠𝑄𝑃𝐸 = 50°
2. Take a point 𝑅 on the circle. Join 𝑃𝑅
3. At 𝑃, draw 𝑃𝐹 such that ∠𝐸𝑃𝐹 = 90°
3. 𝑃𝑅 is extended. Draw a perpendicular line to 𝑇𝑅 which is extended such
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector to 𝑃𝑄, which intersects 𝑃𝐹 at 𝑂 and 𝑃𝑄 at 𝐺. that 𝑅 is the centre point .
5. With 𝑂 as centre and 𝑂𝑃 as radius draw circle 4. Now 𝑇𝑇 ′ is the required tangent which passes through the point 𝑅.
6. From 𝑃, mark an arc of 5.2 𝑐𝑚 on 𝑃𝑄 at 𝐷.
7. The perpendicular bisector intersects the circle at 𝐼. Similar Problems
8. Join 𝐼𝐷. Solve Your Self
9. 𝐼𝐷 produced meets the circle at 𝑅. Now join 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑅. Then ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is the Eg.4.29: Draw a circle of radius 3 𝑐𝑚. Take a point 𝑃 on this circle and
required triangle. draw a tangent at 𝑃.

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12. Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point on the circle. 13. Draw the two tangents from a point which is 10 cm away
Draw the tangent at that point using the alternate segment from the centre of a circle of radius cm. Also, measure the
theorem. lengths of the tangents. SEP-20
Rough diagram
Rough diagram

Verification:
𝑃𝐴 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑂𝐴2
= √102 − 52
The length of the tangent is 8.7cm = √100 − 25
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Steps of construction: Steps of construction: = √75

1. With 𝑂 as the centre, draw a circle of radius 4.5𝑐𝑚 1. Draw a circle of radius 5 𝑐𝑚 with 𝑂 as Centre. ⋍ 𝟖. 𝟕 𝒄𝒎
2. Take a point 𝐿 on the circle. Through 𝐿 draw any chord 𝐿𝑀. 2. Mark a point 𝑃, 10 𝑐𝑚 away from the Centre 𝑂.
3. Take a point 𝑁 distinct from 𝐿 and 𝑀 on the circle. Join 𝐿𝑁 and 𝑁𝑀. 3. Join 𝑂𝑃, Draw a perpendicular bisector for 𝑂𝑃 and Mark the point 𝑂𝑃 meets at 𝑀.
4. With 𝑀 as centre, 𝑀𝑂 or 𝑀𝑃 as radius draw a circle which cuts the previous circle at 𝐴 and 𝐵.
4. Through 𝐿 draw a tangent 𝑇𝑇 ′ such that ∠𝑇𝐿𝑀 = ∠𝑀𝑁𝐿
5. Arc cuts the line 𝐿𝑀 meet at 𝑃. 5. Join 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 which are the required tangents.
6. At 𝑃, draw one arc meets at 𝑄. Similar Problems
7. Join 𝐿𝑄 extended at 𝑇 ′ Solve Your Self
8. 𝑇𝑇 ′ is the required tangent. 14. Take a point which is 11 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 4 cm and draw the two tangents to the circle
from that point. (PTA-2)
Similar Problems 15. Draw the two tangents from a point which is 5 cm away from the centre of a circle of diameter 6 cm. Also, measure
Solve Your Self the lengths of the tangents. (MAY-22)
Eg.4.30: Draw a circle of radius 4 𝑐𝑚. At a 16. Draw a tangent to the circle from the point P having radius 3.6 cm, and centre at O. Point 𝑃 is at a distance 7.2 cm from the centre.
point 𝐿 on it draw a tangent to the circle Eg.4.31: Draw a circle of diameter 6 𝑐𝑚 from a point 𝑃, Which is 8 𝑐𝑚 away from its centre. Draw the two tangents
using the alternate segment. 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 to the circle and measure their lengths. (JUL-22)

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2. Draw the graph of 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝒙, 𝒚 > 𝟎. Using the graph find (i) 𝒚 when 𝒙 = 𝟑 (ii) 𝒙 when 𝒚 = 𝟔
PART IV - 8 Mark Questions - Graph 24
𝑥𝑦 = 24 ⇒ 𝑦 = , Inverse Variation: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑥
Exercise 3.15 𝑥 1 2 3 4 6 8
𝑦 24 12 8 6 4 3
Types of Variation Equation Graph
Direct Variation 𝑦 straight line 𝑥𝑦 = (1 × 24) = (2 × 12) = (3 × 8) = (4 × 6) = (6 × 4) = (8 × 3) = 24 ⇒ 𝑘 = 24
=𝑘 Solution:
𝑥
Indirect Variation 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘 smooth curve known as a Rectangular Hyperbola i) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 =?
1. A garment shop announces a flat 50% discount on every purchase of items for their 3(𝑦) = 24
customers. Draw the graph for the relation between the Marked Price and the 24
Discount. Hence find(i) the marked price when a customer gets a discount of D 3250 𝑦=
3
(from graph) (ii) the discount when the marked price is D 2500 𝑦=8
𝑋 axis → Marked Price, 𝑌 axis → Discount , Given: Discount 50%
(𝟑, 𝟖)
50 1 1 𝑦
= ⇒ 𝑘= Direct Variation: = 𝑘 ii) 𝑦 = 6, 𝑥 =?
100 2 2 𝑥
Marked Price (𝑋) 1000 2000 2500 4000 6000 6500 𝑥(6) = 24
Discount (𝑌) 500 1000 1250 2000 3000 3250 24
𝑥=
𝒚 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟎 6
= = = = = = 𝑥=4
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎

Let Marked Price be D 1000 (𝟒, 𝟔)

Discount 50% 𝟏
3. Graph the following linear function 𝒚 = 𝒙. Identify the constant of variation and verify
1 𝟐
⇒ 1000 × = 500 it with the graph. Also (i) find 𝒚 when 𝒙 = 𝟗 (ii) find 𝒙 when 𝒚 = 𝟕. 𝟓
2 1 𝑦 1 𝑦 1
i) if 𝑦 = 3250, 𝑥 =? Given: Linear function 𝑦 = 𝑥 Constant of variation: = ⇒ = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 = or 0.5
2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑦 3250 1 𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15
⇒ = Direct Variation
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑦 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 7.5
2 × 3250 = 𝑥 𝑦 0.5 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 7.5 1
= = = = = = = = = =
𝑥 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 2
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𝑥 = 6500 ⇒ (6500, 3250) 𝑦 1 𝑥 1

= ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = If 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = (or) 0.5
ii) If 𝑥 = 2500, 𝑦 =? 𝑥 2 2 2
𝑦 𝑦 1 Solution:
⇒ =
𝑥 2500 2 i)If 𝑥 = 9, 𝑦 =?
2𝑦 = 2500 𝑥 9
2500 𝑦= =
2 2
𝑦= = 1250
2
𝑦 = 4.5
(2500, 1250)
(𝟗, 𝟒. 𝟓)
ii) If 𝑦 = 7.5
𝑥
Similar Problems 𝑥 =? , 𝑦 =
2
Solve Your Self 𝑥
7.5 =
Eg.3.47: Varshika drew 6 circles with different sizes. Draw a graph for the 2
relationship between the diameter and circumference of each circle as shown in 2 × 7.5 = 𝑥
the table and use it to find the circumference of a circle when its diameter is 6cm. 𝑥 = 15
Diameter (𝑥) cm 1 2 3 4 5 (𝟏𝟓, 𝟕. 𝟓)
Circumference (𝑦) cm 3.1 6.2 9.3 12.4 15.5

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4. The following table shows the data about the number of pipes and the time 5. A school announces that for a certain competitions, the cash price will be distributed
taken to till the same tank for all the participants equally as show below
No. of pipes (𝒙) 2 3 6 9 No. of participants (𝒙) 2 4 6 8 10
Time Taken (in min) (𝒚) 45 30 15 10 Amount for each participant in D (𝒚) 180 90 60 45 36
Draw the graph for the above data and hence (i) Find the constant of variation
(i) find the time taken to fill the tank when five pipes are used (ii) Graph the above data and hence, find how much will each participant get if the
(ii) Find the number of pipes when the time is 9 minutes number of participants are 12
Inverse Variation: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘 Inverse Variation: 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘
(2 × 45) = (3 × 30) = (6 × 15) = (9 × 10) ⇒ 𝑘 = 90 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 90 (2 × 180) = (4 × 90) = (6 × 60) = (8 × 45) = (10 × 36) = 360 ⇒ 𝑘 = 360

Solution:
(i) Constant of
Variation
𝑘 = 360

(ii) If 𝑥 = 12, 𝑦 =?
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12(𝑦) = 360
360
Solution: 𝑦= = 30
12
i) If 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 =? ii) if 𝑦 = 9, 𝑥 =? (𝟏𝟐, 𝟑𝟎)
5(𝑦) = 90 𝑥(9) = 90
90 90
𝑦= = 18 min. (𝟓, 𝟏𝟖) 𝑥= = 10 Pipes (𝟏𝟎, 𝟗)
5 9

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self Similar Problems
Eg.3.49:A company initially started with 40 workers to complete the work by 150 days. Later, it decided Solve Your Self
to fasten up the work increasing the number of workers as shown below. Eg.3.50: Nishanth is the winner in a Marathon race of 12 km distance. He ran at
Number of workers (𝑥) 40 50 60 75 the uniform speed of 12km/hr and reached the destination in 1 hour. He was
Number of days (𝑦) 150 120 100 80 followed by Aradhana, Ponmozhi, Jeyanth, Sathya and Swetha with their
(i) Graph the above data and identify the type of variation. respective speed of 6 km/hr, 4 km/hr, 3 km/hr and 2km/hr. And, they
(ii) From the graph, find the number of days required to complete the work if the company decides to covered the distance in 2 hrs, 3 hrs, 4 hrs and 6 hours respectively. Draw the
opt for 120 workers? speed-time graph and use it to find the time taken to Kaushik with his speed
(iii) If the work has to be completed by 30 days, how many workers are required? of 2.4km/hr.

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6. A two wheeler parking zone near bus stand charges as below
Exercise 3.16
Time (in hours) (𝒙) 4 8 12 24
1. Graph the following quadratic equations and state their nature of solutions.
Amount D (𝒚) 60 120 180 360 (i) 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20 = 0 JUL-22
2
Check if the amount charged are in direct variation or in inverse variation to the 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 20
parking time. Graph the data. Also (i) find the amount to be paid when parking time 𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
is 6 hr (ii) find the parking duration when the amount paid is D 150 𝑥2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
𝑦 −9𝑥 27 18 9 0 −9 −18 −27 −36 −45 −54
It is Direct Variation: = 𝑘,
𝑥 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
𝑦 60 120 180 360 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20
= = = = = 15 56 42 30 20 12 6 2 0 0 2
𝑥 4 8 12 24
Points: (−3, 56), (−2,42), (−1,30), (0,20), (1,12), (2,6), (3,2), (4,0), (5,0), (6,2)
𝑘 = 15

Solution:
i) if 𝑥 = 6,
𝑦 =?
𝑦
= 15
𝑥
𝑦
= 15
6

𝑦 = 15 × 6
𝑦 = 90
(𝟔, 𝟗𝟎)

ii) If 𝑦 = 150,
𝑥 =?
150
= 15
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150 = 15𝑥
150
𝑥=
15

𝑥 = 10 hrs
(𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓𝟎)

Solution: 𝑥 = {2,0}, Real and equal roots

Solution: No real roots

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  31

1. Relations and Functions

Exercise 1.1

1. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩, 𝑨 × 𝑨 and 𝑩 × 𝑨 PTA-1 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

2M
(iii) 𝑨 = {𝒎, 𝒏}; 𝑩 = ∅ 1. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝐴 × 𝐴 and 𝐵 × 𝐴
𝐴×𝐵 = { } (i) 𝐴 = {2, −2,3} and 𝐵 = {1, −4} (ii) 𝐴 = 𝐵 = {𝑝, 𝑞}

𝐴 × 𝐴 = {𝑚, 𝑛} × {𝑚, 𝑛} Eg.1.1: If 𝐴 = {1, 3, 5} and 𝐵 = {2, 3} then (i) find 𝐴 × 𝐵 and
𝐵 × 𝐴. (ii) Is 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴? If not why? (iii) Show
= {(𝒎, 𝒎), (𝒎, 𝒏), (𝒏, 𝒎), (𝒏, 𝒏)}
that 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵) (SEP-21)
𝐵×𝐴={ }

2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝒙|𝒙 is a prime number less than 10}. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩 and 𝑩 × 𝑨. MAY-22
2M
𝐴 = {1,2,3}
𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 is a prime number less than 10} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
= {2,3,5,7} 3. If 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(−2,3), (−2,4), (0,3), (0,4), (3,3), (3,4)}
Find 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3} × {2,3,5,7}
= {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), Eg.1.2: If 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} then find
(𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕)} 𝐴 and 𝐵. (SEP-20, JUL-22)
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {2,3,5,7} × {1,2,3}
= {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑),
(𝟓, 𝟏), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟏), (𝟕, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟑)}

6. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝕎|𝒙 < 𝟐}, 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∈ ℕ|𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒} and 𝑪 = {𝟑, 𝟓}. Verify that
(ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪) SEP-21, PTA-5
LHS: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2,3,4} ∩ {3,5} = {3}
5M
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {0,1} × {3}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟑)} …………..(1)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {0,1} × {2,3,4} = {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5} = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶) = {(0,2), (𝟎, 𝟑), (0,4), (1,2), (𝟏, 𝟑), (1,4)} ∩ {(𝟎, 𝟑), (0,5), (𝟏, 𝟑), (1,5)}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟑)} ……………(2)
From (1) and (2),
𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪)
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
4. If 𝐴 = {5,6}, 𝐵 = {4,5,6}, 𝐶 = {5,6,7}, show that 𝐴 × 𝐴 = (𝐵 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶). (JUL-22)
5. Given 𝐴 = {1,2,3}, 𝐵 = {2,3,5}, 𝐶 = {3,4} and 𝐷 = {1,3,5}, check if (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷) is true?
6. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝕎|𝑥 < 2}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ|1 < 𝑥 ≤ 4} and 𝐶 = {3,5}. Verify that
(i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶) (PTA-2) (iii) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶) ∪ (𝐵 × 𝐶)
7. Let 𝐴 = The set of all natural numbers less than 8, 𝐵 = The set of all prime numbers less than 8,
𝐶 = The set of even prime number, Verify that (i) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶) ∩ (𝐵 × 𝐶) (SEP-20)
Eg.1.3: Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ | 1 < 𝑥 < 4}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝕎 | 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2} and 𝐶 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ | 𝑥 < 3}. Then verify that
(i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶) (ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
CQ: Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊/0 < 𝑥 < 5}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊/0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2}, 𝐶 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊/𝑥 < 3} then verify that
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶) (PTA-3)

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32 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. Let 𝑨 = The set of all natural numbers less than 8, 𝑩 = The set of all prime numbers less than 8,
𝑪 = The set of even prime number, Verify that 5M

(ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪) MAY-22
LHS: 𝐵−𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} − {2} = {3,5,7}
𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {3,5,7}
= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕),
(𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟕), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟕), (𝟕, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟓), (𝟕, 𝟕)}…………(1)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {2,3,5,7}
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3),
(4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5), (5,7), (6,2), (6,3), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,5), (7,7)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {2} = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵) − (𝐴 × 𝐶)
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3),
(4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5), (5,7), (6,2), (6,3), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,5), (7,7)}
− {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕),
(𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟕), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟕), (𝟕, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟓), (𝟕, 𝟕)}…………(2)
From (1) and (2) , 𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪)

Exercise 1.2
1. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟕} and 𝑩 = {𝟑, 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟕}, which of the following are relation from 𝑨 to 𝑩? 2M
(i) 𝑅1 = {(2,1), (7,1)}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,7} × {3,0, −1,7} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,7} and 𝐵 = {3,0, −1,7}, which of the
= {(1,3), (1,0), (1, −1), (1,7), (2,3),
following are relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵?
(2,0), (2, −1), (2,7), (3,3), (3,0), (ii) 𝑅2 = {(−1,1)} (iv) 𝑅4 = {(7, −1), (0,3), (3,3), (0,7)}
(3, −1), (3,7), (7,3), (7,0), (7, −1), (7,7)} Eg.1.4: Let 𝐴 = {3, 4, 7, 8} and 𝐵 = {1, 7, 10}. Which of the
We know that, (2,1) and (7,1)∈ 𝑅1 following sets are relations from 𝐴 to 𝐵?
(i) 𝑅1 = {(3,7), (4,7), (7,10), (8,1)}
but (2,1), (7,1) ∉ 𝐴 × 𝐵 (ii) 𝑅2 = {(3,1), (4,12)}
So, 𝑅1 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (iii) 𝑅3 = {(3,7), (4,10), (7,7), (7,8), (8,11), (8,7), (8,10)}

(iii) 𝑅3 = {(2, −1), (7,7), (1,3)}

Here 𝑅3 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
Hence 𝑅3 is a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵

2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … , 𝟒𝟓} and 𝑹 be the relation defined as “is square of a number” on 𝑨.Write 𝑹 as
a subset of 𝑨 × 𝑨. Also, find the domain and range of 𝑹. 2M SEP-21
Given 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … ,45}
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4) … … (45,45)} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
3. A Relation 𝑅 is given by the set {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3,
Then, 𝑅 be the relation defined as is “square of a number ” on 𝐴.
𝑥 ∈ {0,1,2,3,4,5}}. Determine its domain and
Hence, 𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5,25), (6,36)} range (PTA-5)
So 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴 CQ-A Relation 𝑅 is given by the set
The domain of 𝑅 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ {0,1,2,3,4,5}} Determine
its domain and range (PTA-2)
The range of 𝑅 = {𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟑𝟔}
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Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  33

4. Represent each of the given relation by (a) an arrow diagram (b) a graph and (c) a set in roster
form, wherever possible.
5M
(i) {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚, 𝒙 ∈ {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}, 𝒚 ∈ {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
5M 4. Represent each of the given relation by (a) an
(a) Arrow diagram
arrow diagram (b) a graph and (c) a set in
Given, 𝑥 = 2𝑦 roster form, wherever possible.
If 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 (ii) {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥, 𝑦 are natural
If 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
numbers <10} (JUL-22)
Eg.1.5: The arrow diagram shows a relationship
between the sets 𝑃 and 𝑄. Write the relation in
(b) a graph
(i) Set builder form (ii) Roster form (iii) What
is the domain and range of 𝑅. (MAY-22)

(c) a set in roster form

𝑅 = {(2,1), (4,2)}
5. A company has four categories of employees given by Assistants (𝑨), Clerks (𝑪), Managers (𝑴) and
an Executive Officer (𝑬). The company provide D 10,000, D 25,000, D 50,000 and D 1,00,000 as
salaries to the people who work in the categories 𝑨, 𝑪, 𝑴 and 𝑬 respectively. If 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝟑 , 𝑨𝟒 and 𝑨𝟓
were Assistants; 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 , 𝑪𝟑 , 𝑪𝟒 were Clerks; 𝑴𝟏 , 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟑 were managers and 𝑬𝟏 , 𝑬𝟐 were Executive
officers and if the relation 𝑹 is defined by 𝒙𝑹𝒚, where 𝒙 is the salary given to person 𝒚, express the
relation 𝑹 through an ordered pair and an arrow diagram. 2M
Salaries (S) = {10000, 25000, 50000, 100000}
Employees (E) = {𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , 𝑀3 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 }
(a) Ordered Pairs: (b) An arrow diagram:
𝑅 = {(10000, 𝐴1 ), (10000, 𝐴2 ),
(10000, 𝐴3 ), (10000, 𝐴4 ),
(10000, 𝐴5 ), (25000, 𝐶1 ),
(25000, 𝐶2 ), (25000, 𝐶3 ),
(25000, 𝐶4 ), (50000, 𝑀1 ),
(50000, 𝑀2 ), (50000, 𝑀3 ),
(100000, 𝐸1 ), (100000, 𝐸2 )}

Exercise 1.3
1. Let 𝒇 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ ℕ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙} be a relation on 𝑵. Find the domain, codomain and range. Is
this relation a function? 2M

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)

2M
Eg.1.6:Let 𝑋 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝑌 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and
𝑓(1) = 2(1) = 2
𝑅 = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)}. Show that 𝑅 is a
𝑓(2) = 2(2) = 4 function and find its domain, co-domain and range?
𝑓(3) = 2(3) = 6
𝑓(4) = 2(4) = 8
⋮
𝑓 be a relation on 𝑁
Domain of 𝑓 = {1,2,3,4, … }
Codomain of 𝑓 = {1,2,3,4, … } , Range of 𝑓 = {2,4,6,8, … }
From the arrow diagram of 𝑓, for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Yes, 𝑓 is a function.
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34 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. Let 𝑿 = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖} . Determine whether the relation ℝ = {(𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙))|𝒙 ∈ 𝑿, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏} is a

function from 𝑿 to ℕ? 2M

Given 𝑋 = {3,4,6,8} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

Eg.1.7: A relation 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2 where,
𝑌 = {1,2,3,4, … . } 𝑥 ∈ {−2, −1, 0, 3} and 𝑌 = 𝑅 (i) List the elements of 𝑓 (ii) Is 𝑓 a
2 function?
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1)} Eg.1.8: If 𝑋 = {−5, 1, 3, 4} and 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, then which of the
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 following relations are functions from 𝑋 to 𝑌?
2
𝑓(3) = 3 + 1 = 10 , (i) 𝑅1 = {(−5, 𝑎), (1, 𝑎), (3, 𝑏)} (ii) 𝑅2 = {(−5, 𝑏), (1, 𝑏), (3, 𝑎), (4, 𝑐)}
(iii) 𝑅3 = {(−5, 𝑎), (1, 𝑎), (3, 𝑏), (4, 𝑐), (1, 𝑏)}
𝑓(4) = 42 + 1 = 17 ,
𝑓(6) = 62 + 1 = 37 , 𝑓(8) = 82 + 1 = 65
𝑅 = {(3,10), (4,17), (6,37), (8,65)} , Yes, it is a function from 𝑋 to 𝑁

3. Given the function 𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔, evaluate (i) 𝒇(−𝟏) (ii) 𝒇(𝟐𝒂) (iii) 𝒇(𝟐) (iv) 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 2M
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
(i) 𝑓(−1) 5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5. If 𝑥 ≠ 0 then find
𝑓(𝑥+2)−𝑓(2)

𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 − 5(−1) + 6 = 1 + 5 + 6 = 𝟏𝟐 6. A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥

(ii) 𝑓(2𝑎) 𝑓(0)+𝑓(1)
(i) find (ii)find 𝑥 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑓(2𝑎) = (2𝑎)2 − 5(2𝑎) + 6 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂 + 𝟔 2
(iii) find 𝑥 sucht that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
(iii) 𝑓(2)
(iv) find 𝑥 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥)
𝑓(2) = 22 − 5(2) + 6 = 4 − 10 + 6 = 𝟎 Eg.1.9: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , find (i) 𝑓(1)
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) (ii) 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(1)
𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 5(𝑥 − 1) + 6
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 5𝑥 + 5 + 6 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
10. The data in the adjacent table depicts the length of a person PTA-4
forehand and their corresponding height. Based on this data, a
student finds a relationship between the height (𝒚) and the Length 𝒙 of Height ‘𝒚’
forehand length (𝒙) as 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, where 𝒂, 𝒃 are constants. forehand (in cm) (in inches)
(i) Check if this relation is a function. (ii) Find 𝒂 and 𝒃(iii) Find the 35 56
height of a person whose forehand length is 40cm (iv) Find the 45 65
length of forehand of a person if her height is 53.3 inches. 50 69.5
5M 55 74
Given 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
(i) Arrow diagram
Each element in 𝑥 is associated with a unique element in 𝑦
Yes, this relation is a function
(ii) find 𝑎 and 𝑏 (iii) Length = 40cm, 𝑎 = 0.9, 𝑏 = 24.5
From the table 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
35𝑎 + 𝑏 = 56 ……………(1) = (0.9)(40) + 24.5 = 60.5
45𝑎 + 𝑏 = 65 …………..(2) The height of a person whose forehand
(−) (−) (−)
length is 40 cm = 60.5 inches.
−10𝑎 = −9
9 (iv) Height = 53.3 inches
𝑎 = 10 = 0.9 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎 = 0.9 substitute in (1) 53.3 = (0.9)𝑥 + 24.5 = 0.9𝑥 + 24.5
35(0.9) + 𝑏 = 56 53.3 − 24.5 = 0.9𝑥
31.5 + 𝑏 = 56 28.8 = 0.9𝑥
𝑏 = 56 − 31.5 = 24.5 28.8
𝑥 = 0.9 = 32 ⇒ 𝑥 = 32 cm
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟗 and 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓
The length of forehand of a person = 32 cm
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Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  35

7. An open box is to be made from a square piece of material, 24 cm on a side,

by cutting equal squares from the corners and turning up the sides as
shown figure. Express the volume 𝑉 of the box as a function of 𝑥.
2
8. A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥. Find 𝑥 such that 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = (𝑓(𝑥))

9. A plane is flying at a speed of 500 km per hour. Express the distance 𝑑

travelled by the plane as function of time 𝑡 in hours.

Exercise 1.4
1. Determine whether the graph given below
represent functions. Give reason for your answers 2M
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
concerning each graph. 2M 1. Determine whether the graph given below represent
functions. Give reason for your answers concerning
each graph.

Eg.1.10. Using vertical line test, determine which of the

following curves ( (a), (b), (c), (d)) represent a
Using vertical line test, function?
the curve does not The curve represent a
represent a function as function as the vertical
the vertical line meets line meets the curve in
the curve in two at most one point.
points P and Q.

36 Way to Success - 10th Maths

𝒙
2. Let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be a function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟏, where 𝑨 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟐}, 𝑩 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟗}.
Represent by (i) set of ordered pairs (ii) a table (iii) an arrow diagram (iv) a graph 5M

Given, 𝐴 = {2,4,6,10,12}, 𝐵 = {0,1,2,4,5,9}

𝑥 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
Now 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 1 3. Represent the function𝑓 = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,3), (5,4)}
2 through (i) an arrow diagram (ii) a table form
Thus, 𝑓(2) = 2 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 𝟎
(iii) a graph
4
𝑓(4) = 2 − 1 = 2 − 1 = 𝟏 Eg.1.11: Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝐵 = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14} be two sets.
Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1.
6
𝑓(6) = 2 − 1 = 3 − 1 = 𝟐 Represent this function
10 (i) by arrow diagram (ii) in a table form
𝑓(10) = −1=5−1 = 𝟒 (iii) as a set of ordered pairs (iv) in a graphical form
2
12 (PTA-3, SEP-20)
𝑓(12) = 2
−1 =6−1 =𝟓

(i) set of ordered pairs, (iii) An arrow diagram (iv) Graph

𝒇 = {(𝟐, 𝟎), (𝟒, 𝟏), (𝟔, 𝟐),
(𝟏𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟏𝟐, 𝟓)}

(ii) Table
𝑥 2 4 6 10 12
𝑓(𝑥) 0 1 2 4 5

4. Show that the function 𝒇: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 is one-one but not onto 2M

The function 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 Arrow diagram:

If 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 2(1) − 1 = 1
If 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2(2) − 1 = 3
If 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 2(3) − 1 = 5
Then 𝑓 is a function from 𝑁 to 𝑁 and for different elements in 𝑁, there are
different images in 𝑁. Hence 𝑓 one-one function.
But the even numbers in the co-domain do not have any pre-images of the
domain. Hence 𝑓 is not onto, So 𝑓 is one-one but not onto function.
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
Eg.1.13: Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}, 𝐵 = {4, 5, 6, 7} and 𝑓 = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵. Show that 𝑓 is one – one
but not onto function.

5. Show that the function 𝒇: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝒇(𝒎) = 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎 + 𝟑 is one – one function SEP-20
The function 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ defined by
2M
𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚2 + 𝑚 + 3
𝑚 = 1, 𝑓(1) = (1)2 + 1 + 3 = 1 + 1 + 3 = 5
𝑚 = 2, 𝑓(2) = (2)2 + 2 + 3 = 4 + 2 + 3 = 9
𝑚 = 3, 𝑓(3) = (3)2 + 3 + 3 = 9 + 3 + 3 = 15
𝑚 = 4, 𝑓(4) = (4)2 + 4 + 3 = 16 + 4 + 3 = 23
Since different elements of 𝑁 have different images in the codomain the function of 𝒇 is one-
one function.

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Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  37

6. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} and 𝑩 = ℕ. Let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 then, (i) find the range of 𝒇
(ii) identify the type of function 2M

Now = {1,2,3,4} , 𝐵 = {1,2,3, … } Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

Eg.1.15: Let 𝑓 be a function 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ ℕ
Given 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
(i) Find the images of 1, 2, 3 (ii) Find the pre-images of 29, 53 (PTA-2)
𝑓(1) = 13 = 1, 𝑓(3) = 33 = 27 (iii) Identify the type of function (MDL)
𝑓(2) = 23 = 8, 𝑓(4) = 43 = 64 CQ: Let = {1,2,3,4} , 𝐵 = ℕ. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
Find (i) the range of 𝑓 (ii) identify the type of function (PTA-5)
(i) Range of 𝒇 = {𝟏, 𝟖, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟔𝟒}
(ii) Since distinct elements in 𝐴 are mapped into distinct images in 𝐵, it is a one-one function.
2 ∈ 𝐵 is not the image of any element of 𝐴. So, it is Into function.

7. In each of the following cases state whether the function is bijective or not. Justify your answer.
(i) 𝒇: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (ii) 𝒇: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐
5M
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 4𝑥 2 5M

𝑓(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1 𝑓(0) = 3 − 4(0)2 = 3

𝑓(1) = 2(1) + 1 = 3 𝑓(1) = 3 − 4(1)2 = −1
𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5
𝑓(2) = 3 − 4(2)2 = −13
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) + 1 = −1
𝑓(−1) = 3 − 4(−1)2 = −1
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2) + 1 = −3
𝑓(−3) = 2(−3) + 1 = −5
Range of 𝑓 = {1, 3, 5, −1, −3, −5}

Thus two distinct elements 1 and −1 in 𝐴

have same image −1 in 𝐵 . Hence 𝑓 is not a
one-one function. But every elements in 𝐵 has
a pre-image in 𝐴. Hence 𝑓 is a onto function.
As distinct elements of 𝐴 have distinct Therefore 𝑓 is not one-one but onto.
images in 𝐵 and every elements in 𝐵 has a Hence 𝑓 is not bijective.
pre-image in 𝐴. The function is bijective.

8. Let 𝑨 = {−𝟏, 𝟏} and 𝑩 = {𝟎, 𝟐}. If the function 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 is an onto
function? Find 𝒂 and 𝒃. 2M
2M
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
Given 𝐴 = {−1,1} and 𝐵 = {0,2} 𝑓(−1) = 0 ⇒ −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 Eg.1.14: If 𝐴 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and
Then 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 defined by 𝑓(1) = 2 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is an onto function defined
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is an onto function. Now −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 ……..(1) by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 then find 𝐵.
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2 ……..(2) Eg.1.17: Let 𝑓 be a function from ℝ to ℝ
defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5. Find the
(1)+(2) 2𝑏 = 2 value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 given that (𝑎, 4)
𝑏=1 and (1, 𝑏) belong to 𝑓 .
(PTA-6)
Substitute 𝑏 = 1 in (2)
CQ: 𝑅 = {(𝑥, −2), (−5, 𝑦)} represents
𝑎+1=2 the identity function, find the values
[Range of 𝑓 = co-domain] 𝑎 =2−1=1 of 𝑥 and 𝑦 (PTA-6)
Thus, 𝒂 = 𝟏 and 𝒃 = 𝟏

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38 Way to Success - 10th Maths

𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏; −𝟓 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐
10. A function 𝒇: [−𝟓, 𝟗] → ℝ is defined as follows: 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ; 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟔
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒; 𝟔 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟗
𝟐𝒇(−𝟐)−𝒇(𝟔)
Find (i) 𝒇(−𝟑) + 𝒇(𝟐) (ii) 𝒇(𝟕) − 𝒇(𝟏) (iii) 𝟐𝒇(𝟒) + 𝒇(𝟖) (iv) 𝒇(𝟒)+𝒇(−𝟐) 5M

6𝑥 + 1; −5 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 ; Where 𝑥 = −5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1

𝑓(𝑥) = {5𝑥 2 − 1; 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 6 ; Where 𝑥 = 2, 3,4,5
3𝑥 − 4; 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9 ; Where 𝑥 = 6,7,8,9
(i) 𝑓(−3) + 𝑓(2) (ii) 𝑓(7) − 𝑓(1) PTA-4
When 𝑥 = −3 When 𝑥 = 7
𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4
𝑓(−3) = 6(−3) + 1 = −18 + 1 = −17 𝑓(7) = 3(7) − 4 = 21 − 4 = 17
When 𝑥 = 2 When 𝑥 = 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 1
2
𝑓(2) = 5(2) − 1 = 20 − 1 = 19 𝑓(1) = 6(1) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
𝑓(−3) + 𝑓(2) = −17 + 19 = 𝟐 ∴ 𝑓(7) − 𝑓(1) = 17 − 7 = 𝟏𝟎
(iii) 2𝑓(4) + 𝑓(8) 2𝑓(−2)−𝑓(6)
(iv) PTA-4
𝑓(4)+𝑓(−2)
When 𝑥 = 4,
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 1
𝑓(−2) = 6(−2) + 1 = −12 + 1 = −11
𝑓(4) = 5(4)2 − 1 = 80 − 1 = 79 When 𝑥 = 6, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4
When 𝑥 = 8, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 𝑓(6) = 3(6) − 4 = 18 − 4 = 14
𝑓(8) = 3(8) − 4 = 24 − 4 = 20 When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 1
2𝑓(4) + 𝑓(8) = 2(79) + 20 𝑓(4) = 5(4)2 − 1 = 80 − 1 = 79
2𝑓(−2)−𝑓(6) 2(−11)−14 −22−14 −36 𝟗
= 158 + 20 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖 = = = =−
𝑓(4)+𝑓(−2) 79+(−11) 79−11 68 𝟏𝟕

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  39

12. The function ′𝒕′ which maps temperature in Celsius (𝑪) into temperature in Fahrenheit (𝑭) is
𝟗
defined by 𝒕(𝑪) = 𝑭 where 𝑭 = 𝑪 + 𝟑𝟐. Find PTA-1
𝟓
(i) 𝒕(𝟎) (ii) 𝒕(𝟐𝟖) (iii) 𝒕(−𝟏𝟎) (iv) the value of 𝑪 when 𝒕(𝑪) = 𝟐𝟏𝟐
(v) the temperature when the Celsius value is equal to the Fahrenheit value 5M
9
The function 𝑡 is defined by, 𝑡(𝐶) = 𝐹, where 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
5
9
(i) 𝑡(0) = 5 (0) + 32 = 𝟑𝟐°𝑭 (v) we know that
9
9
𝑡(𝐶) = 𝐹 where 𝐹 = 5 𝐶 + 32
(ii) 𝑡(28) = 5 (28) + 32 9
𝑡(𝐹) = 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 𝐹 + 32
5
= 9(5.6) + 32 If the temperatures are same then two ′𝑡′s
= 50.4 + 32 in the formula should represent the same
temperature. So then we multiply each
= 𝟖𝟐. 𝟒°𝑭 5
side by (− 4)
9
(iii) 𝑡(−10) = (−10) + 32 9
5 𝑡 = 5 𝑡 + 32°
= −18 + 32 9
𝑡 − 5 𝑡 = 32°
= 𝟏𝟒°𝑭 Multiply each side by (− 4)
5

(iv) When 𝑡(𝐶) = 212 5 9 5

− 4 (𝑡 − 5 𝑡) = 32° × (− 4)
9
5
𝐶 + 32 = 212 5
− 4 𝑡 + 4 𝑡 = −40°
9

9 −5𝑡+9𝑡
𝐶 = 212 − 32 = 180 4
= −40°
5
4𝑡
180×5 = −40°
𝐶= = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪 4
9
𝒕 = −𝟒𝟎°

Exercise 1.5
1. Using the functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 given below, find 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇. Check whether 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 2M
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟔, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 (iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 + 𝒙, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟒
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 4)
= 𝑓(𝑥 2) =3+𝑥−4
= 𝑥 2 − 6…………..(1) = 𝑥 − 1 ……………(1)
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
= 𝑔(3 + 𝑥)
= 𝑔(𝑥 − 6)
= 3+𝑥−4
= (𝑥 − 6)2 ……………(2)
= 𝑥 − 1 ………………..(2)
From (1) and (2) 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
From (1) and (2) we get that, 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
1. Using the functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 given below, find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓. Check whether 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
2 𝑥+6
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥 (v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥
𝑥 3
Eg.1.19: Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2
Eg.1.20: Represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 as a composition of two functions.

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40 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. Find the value of 𝒌, such that 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
5M
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒌
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(6𝑥 − 𝑘) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
2. Find the value of 𝑘, such that 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
= 3(6𝑥 − 𝑘) + 2 = 18𝑥 − 3𝑘 + 2
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 5 5M
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(3𝑥 + 2)
Eg.1.21: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝑘 and if
= 6(3𝑥 + 2) − 𝑘 = 18𝑥 + 12 − 𝑘 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, then find the value of 𝑘. 5M
Eg.1.22: Find 𝑘 if 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑘) = 5
Given that, 𝑓∘𝑔 =𝑔∘𝑓 where 𝑓(𝑘) = 2𝑘 − 1. (PTA-4) 2M
18𝑥 − 3𝑘 + 2 = 18𝑥 + 12 − 𝑘
18𝑥 − 18𝑥 − 3𝑘 + 𝑘 = 12 − 2
−2𝑘 = 10
𝒌 = −𝟓
𝒙+𝟏
3. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = , show that 4. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 find 𝒂,
𝟐
𝒇∘𝒈=𝒈∘𝒇=𝒙 2M
if 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝟏 PTA-2
𝑥+1 Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 5M
2 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ( 2
) = 2( 2
)− 1 = 𝑥2 − 1 − 2
=𝑥+1−1 = 𝑥2 − 3
= 𝑥 ……….(1) Given 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑎) = 1

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 1) Hence 𝑎2 − 3 = 1

2𝑥−1+1 2𝑥 𝑎2 = 1 + 3
= = = 𝑥 …..(2)
2 2 𝑎2 = 4
From (1) and (2), 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 = 𝒙 𝒂 = ±𝟐

5. Let 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 ⊆ 𝑵 and a function 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈: 𝑩 → 𝑪 be defined by

𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 . Find the range of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 2M

𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ⊆ 𝑁

𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 , Range of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = {𝑦/𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁}

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 1) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 , Range of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = {𝑦/𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁}

6. Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏. Find Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

2M Eg.1.24: Find 𝑥 if 𝑔𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓𝑔𝑔(𝑥), given
(i) 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇 2M (ii) 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3.
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))) Unit Exercise:
2 𝑥−1
= 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥 2 − 1)) 8. If 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
, 𝑥 ≠ 1 show that
1
= (𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1 = 𝑓((𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1) 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = − , provided 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑥

= 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 1 = 𝑓(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 1) 9. The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are

𝑥−2
defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 8; 𝑔(𝑥) = i) Calculate
= 𝑓(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 ) 3
= 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 1
the value of 𝑔𝑔 ( ) ii) Write an expression
𝟐 2
= [𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ] − 𝟏 for 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) in its simplest form.

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Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  41

7. If 𝒇: 𝑹 → 𝑹 and 𝒈: 𝑹 → 𝑹 are defined by 8. Consider the functions 𝒇(𝒙), 𝒈(𝒙), 𝒉(𝒙) as

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 then check if 𝒇 , 𝒈 are given below, show that (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)
one-one and 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is one-one? PTA-6 in each case. (iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟒, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
5 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓
𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 PTA-2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) 5M 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 𝑓(𝑥 5 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4 5M

= (𝑥 5 )5 = 𝑥 25 Then (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))

𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(1) = (1)25 = 1 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(3𝑥 − 5)
= (3𝑥 − 5)2 − 4
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(2) = (2)25
= 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25 − 4
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(3) = (3)25
= 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 21……..(1)
Since each elements in 𝑓 have distinct images, 𝑓 is
(𝑔 ∘ ℎ)𝑥 = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))
one-one
= 𝑔(3𝑥 − 5) = (3𝑥 − 5)2
𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 4
= 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25
𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 4 )
𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑓(9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25)
4 4
= (𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25 − 4
16
=𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 21 ………..(2)
𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(−1) = (−1)16 = 1
From (1) and (2), (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)
𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(1) = (1)16 = 1
𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(2) = (2)16 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
8. Consider the functions 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥), ℎ(𝑥) as given below, show that
Thus two distinct elements −1
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) in each case.
and 1 have same images.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Hence 𝑔 is not one-one
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) Eg.1.23: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥. Prove that
= 𝑓(𝑥 4 ) 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ (PTA-5)
(𝑥 4 )5 20
= =𝑥 Unit Exercise:
20
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(1) = (1) = 1 6. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, Prove that
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ).
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(−1) = (−1)20 = 1
Thus two distinct elements −1 and 1 have same
images. Hence 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is not one-one.
10. In electrical circuit theory, a circuit 𝑪(𝒕) is
9. Let 𝒇 = {(−𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟎, −𝟏), (𝟐, −𝟗)} be a linear
function from ℤ into ℤ. Find 𝒇(𝒙). 2M called a linear circuit if it satisfies the
Let 𝑓 = {(−1,3), (0, −1), (2, −9)} be a linear superposition principle given by
function from 𝑍 into 𝑍 𝑪(𝒂𝒕𝟏 + 𝒃𝒕𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝑪(𝒕𝟏 ) + 𝒃𝑪(𝒕𝟐 ), where 𝒂, 𝒃
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 can be written are constants. Show that the circuit 𝑪(𝒕) = 𝟑𝒕 is
𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)/ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍} linear. 2M
𝑓(−1) = 3
−𝑚 + 𝑐 = 3 ……………..(1) 𝐶(𝑡1 ) = 𝑡
𝑓(0) = −1 𝐶(𝑡2 ) = 2𝑡 where 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑐 = −1 ……………(2)
𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐶(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )
Substitute 𝑐 = −1 in (1)
−𝑚 + 𝑐 = 3 = 𝐶(𝑡1 ) + 𝐶(𝑡2 )
−𝑚 − 1 = 3 𝑡 + 2𝑡 = 3𝑡
𝑚 = −1 − 3 = −4
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 ∴ 𝑪(𝒕) = 𝟑𝒕 is linear.

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42 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Unit Exercise - 1
4. Let 𝑨 = {𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟕} and
let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑵 be defined by 𝒇(𝒏) = the highest Note for Unit Exercise – 1
prime factor of 𝒏 ∈ 𝑨 . Write 𝒇 as a set of Q.No: 1, 2, 3 – For Practice
ordered pairs and find the range of 𝒇. Q.No: 6 – Similar to Exercise 1.5 -8th Question
Let 𝐴 = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17} 2M Q.No: 8,9 – Similar to Exercise 1.5 -6th Question
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝑁 defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = the highest
prime factor of 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴.
5. Find the domain of the function
𝑓 = {(9, 3), (10, 5), (11, 11), (12, 3),
(13, 13), (14, 7), (15, 5), (16, 2), (17, 17)} 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟏 + √𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 2M

Range of 𝑓 = {2, 3, 5, 7,11, 13, 17}

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + √1 − √1 − 𝑥 2
9=3×3 10 = 5 × 2 11 = 1 × 11 If 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞), 𝑓(𝑥) is not real.
12 = 3 × 4 13 = 1 × 13 14 = 2 × 7
15 = 5 × 3 16 = 2 × 8 17 = 1 × 17 If 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1], 𝑓(𝑥) is real.
∴ Domain is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

7. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}, 𝑪 = {𝟓, 𝟔} and 𝑫 = {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}. Verify whether 𝑨 × 𝑪 is a
subset of 𝑩 × 𝑫? 2M
𝐴 = {1, 2} , 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} , 𝐶 = {5, 6} and 𝐷 = {5, 6, 7, 8}
Now, 𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1, 2} × {5, 6} = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)} ….. (1)
𝐵 × 𝐷 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {5, 6, 7, 8}
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8),
(4,5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)} … (2)
we observe from (1) and (2), 𝐴 × 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐵 × 𝐷.

10. Write the domain of the following real functions 2M

𝟐𝒙+𝟏 −𝟓
i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟗
ii) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐+𝟏 iii) 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟐 iv) 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟔
2𝑥+1
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = PTA-6 iii) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2 PTA-6
𝑥−9
If 𝑥 = 9 then 𝑓(−9) is not defined If 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 2) 𝑔(𝑥) is not real
Hence 𝑓 is defined for all real numbers If 𝑥 ∈ [2, ∞) 𝑔(𝑥) is real
except at 𝑥 = 9. ∴ the Domain is [2, ∞)
So domain of 𝑓 = 𝑅 − {9}
−5
iv) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 6
ii) 𝑝(𝑥) = 4𝑥2+1 Here ℎ is defined for all real numbers.
Here 𝑝 is defined for all real number. Hence domain of ℎ = 𝑅
Hence domain of 𝑝 = 𝑅
For Practice:
1. If the ordered pairs (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦) and (−2,5) are equal, then find 𝑥 and 𝑦. (2M)
2. The Cartesian product 𝐴 × 𝐴 has 9 elements among which (−1, 0) and (0, 1) are found. Find the
set 𝐴 and the remaining elements of 𝐴 × 𝐴. (2M)
3. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = {√𝑥 − 1 𝑥 ≥ 1. Find i) 𝑓(0) ii) 𝑓(3)
4 𝑥<1
iii) 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) in terms of 𝑎. (Given that 𝑎 ≥ 0) (2M)
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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  43

2. Numbers and Sequences

Exercise 2.1
1. Find all positive integers, when divided by 3 3. Prove that the product of two consecutive
leaves remainder 2. 2M positive integers is divisible by 2. 2M
Let 𝑞 is a positive integer given, Let 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 be the two consecutive
The divisor = 3 and remainder = 2 positive integers. Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
By Euclid’s division lemma, 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛2 + 𝑛 5. Prove that
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0≤𝑟<𝑏 Let 𝑛 = 2𝑚 + 1 be odd number. square of any
integer leaves
Let 𝑞 = 0,1,2,3,4 … (∵ 𝑏 = 3, 𝑟 = 2) 𝑛2 + 𝑛 = (2𝑚 + 1)2 + (2𝑚 + 1)
the remainder
3𝑞 + 2 = 𝑎 = 4𝑚2 + 2(2𝑚)(1) + 12 + 2𝑚 + 1 either 0 or 1
𝑞 = 0 ⇒ 3(0) + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2 = 4𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 1 + 2𝑚 + 1 when divided
𝑞 = 1 ⇒ 3(1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5 = 4𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 2 by 4 5M
Eg. 2.3: Show that
𝑞 = 2 ⇒ 3(2) + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8 = 2(2𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 1)
the square of an
𝑞 = 3 ⇒ 3(3) + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11 ∴ It is divisible by 2 odd integer is of
Let 𝑛 = 2𝑚 be an even number. the form 4𝑞 + 1,
∴ The positive integers are, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟏 …
for some integer q.
2. A man has 532 flower pots. He wants to 𝑛2 + 𝑛 = (2𝑚)2 + 2𝑚 2M

arrange them in rows such that each row = 4𝑚2 + 2𝑚 UE-1.Prove that
= 2(2𝑚2 + 𝑚). 𝑛2 − 𝑛 divisible
contains 21 flower pots. Find the number of
by 2 for every
completed rows and how many flower pots It is divisible by 2 positive integer 𝑛
are left over. 2M PTA-1 ∴ Hence proved. 5M

Given: A man has 532 flower pots. 4. When the positive integers 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are
Each row contains 21 flower pots. divided by 13, the respective remainders
Thus, Dividend = 532 are 9,7 and 10 show that 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 is
Divisor = 21 divisible by 13. 5M Similar Problems
By Euclid division lemma, Given: The positive integers Solve Your Self
UE-3.When the positive
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are divided by 13, integers 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are
532 = 21(25) + 7 leaves remainders are 9,7 divided by 13 the
The quotient = 25, remainder= 7 and 10 respectively .To show respective remainders
∴ 𝟐𝟓 rows are completed and that 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is divisible by are 9, 7 and 10. Find
13. Thus, divisor =13 the remainder when
𝟕 flower pots are left over. 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 is divided
Similar Problems
By Euclid’s Division Lemma,
by 13. 5M
Solve Your Self 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 ,0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
Eg. 2.1: We have 34 cakes. Each box can hold 5 cakes only. How
many boxes we need to pack and how many cakes are
𝑎 = 13𝑞1 + 9, 𝑏 = 13𝑞2 + 7, 𝑐 = 13𝑞3 + 10
unpacked? 2M 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 13𝑞1 + 9 + 13𝑞2 + 7 + 13𝑞3 + 10
UE-2:A milk man has 175 litres of cow’s milk and 105 litres of = 13𝑞1 + 13𝑞2 + 13𝑞3 + 26
buffalow’s milk. He wishes to sell the milk by filling the two types
of milk in cans of equal capacity. Calculate the following
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 13(𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 2) + 0
(i) capacity of a can (ii) Number of cans of cow’s milk (∵ Remainder = 0)
(iii) Number of cans buffalow’s milk 5M ∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is multiple of 13.
UE-4: Show that 107 is of the form 4𝑞+3 for any integer 𝑞 2M
∴ It is divisible by 13.
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44 Way to Success - 10th Maths

6. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of
(iv) 𝟖𝟒, 𝟗𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐𝟎 5M
Let 𝑎 = 120, 𝑏 = 90, 𝑐 = 84 Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
HCF of 𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑎 > 𝑏. 6. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the
By Euclid’s division lemma, Highest Common Factor (HCF) of 2M
(i) 340 and 412
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 (ii) 867 and 255
120 = 90(1) + 30 (iii) 10224 and 9648
Eg. 2.2: Find the quotient and remainder when
The remainder is 30 ≠ 0 𝑎 is divided by 𝑏 in the following cases
90 = 30(3) + 0 (i) 𝑎 = −12, 𝑏 = 5 2M
(ii) 𝑎 = 17, 𝑏 = −3
The remainder is 0. (iii) 𝑎 = −19, 𝑏 = −4
∴ The HCF of 120 and 90 is 30. Eg. 2.6: Find the HCF of 396, 504, 636. 5M
Next to find HCF of 𝑑 = 30 and 𝑐 = 84.
By using Euclid’s division lemma,
𝑐>𝑑
84 = 30(2) + 24
The remainder 24 ≠ 0
30 = 24(1) + 6
The remainder 6 ≠ 0
24 = 6(4) + 0
The remainder is 0
∴ The HCF of 84,90 and 120 is 6

7. Find the largest number which divides 1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in each case. 5M

Given, 1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in each case, when divided by largest number.
1230 − 12 = 1218 and 1926 − 12 = 1914. JUL-22

Let 𝑎 = 1914 and 𝑏 = 1218 𝑎>𝑏 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
9. A positive integer when divided by 88 gives the
By using Euclid’s lemma, 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
remainder 61. What will be the remainder
1914 = 1218(1) + 696 when the same number is divided by 11?

The remainder 696 ≠ 0 Eg. 2.5: Find the greatest number that will divide
1218 = 696(1) + 522 445 and 572 leaving remainders 4 and 5
respectively.
The remainder 522 ≠ 0
696 = 522 (1) + 174
The remainder 174 ≠ 0
522 = 174 (3) + 0
The remainder is 0
∴ The largest number is 174 which divides 1230 and 1926 and leaves remainder 12.
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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  45

8. If 𝒅 is the Highest Common Factor of 𝟑𝟐 and 𝟔𝟎, find 𝒙 and 𝒚 satisfying 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝟎𝒚 5M

Given: From (2) ⇒ 32 = 28(1) + 4

HCF of 32 and 60 is 𝑑 32 − (28 × 1) = 4
Using Euclid’s lemma, From (1) ⇒ 60 = 32(1) + 28
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 0≤𝑟<𝑏 60 − (32 × 1) = (28 × 1)
Let 𝑎 = 60, 𝑏 = 32, 𝑎 > 𝑏
4 = 32 − [60 − (32 × 1)]
60 = 32 (1) + 28 ……………..…..(1)
4 = (32 × 1) − 60 + (32 × 1)
32 = 28 (1) + 4 …………….(2) 4 = 32(1 + 1) − 60(1)
28 = 4(7) + 0 ….…(3) 4 = 32(2) + 60(−1)
∴ 𝑑=4 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏
𝑑 = 32𝑥 + 60 (given) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
4 = 32𝑥 + 60 Eg. 2.4: If the Highest Common Factor of 210 and 55 is expressible in
the form 55𝑥 − 325, find 𝑥. 5M

10. Prove that two consecutive positive integers are always coprime. 5M
Let 𝑛, (𝑛 + 1) be the consecutive terms.
Using Euclid lemma,
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 0≤𝑟<𝑏
𝑛 + 1 > 𝑛. Then
(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛(1) + 1
𝑛 = (1)(𝑛) + 0
remainder= 0. divisor = 1.
HCF = 1.
∴ It is always coprime.

Exercise 2.2
1. For what values of natural number 𝒏, 𝟒𝒏 can 2. If 𝒎, 𝒏 are natural numbers, for what
end with the digit 𝟔? 5M values of 𝒎, does 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 ends in 𝟓? 2M
Given: 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 and 4𝑛 Similar Problems Given: 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 and 2𝑛 × 5𝑚 SEP-20
𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 …. Solve Your Self 𝑛 = 1, 𝑚 = 1 ⇒ 21 × 51 = 2 × 5 = 10
1
4 =4 Eg. 2.8: Can the numbers
are 6𝑛 , 𝑛 being a natural
𝑛 = 1, 𝑚 = 2 ⇒ 21 × 52 = 2 × 25 = 50
42 = 16 number end with the 𝑛 = 2, 𝑚 = 3 ⇒ 22 × 53 = 4 × 125
43 = 64 digit 5? Give reason for
= 500
44 = 256 your answer. 2M
5
4 = 1024 ∴ 2𝑛 is always even.
46 = 4096 So that, the product of 5 is in always end digit
⋮ is 0. Hence, No value of 2𝑛 × 5𝑚 end with
𝑛 the digit 5.
4 can end with the digit 6, when the value of
𝑛 is even number.

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46 Way to Success - 10th Maths

3. Find the HCF of 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟓 and 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔. 2M 4. If 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐𝒂 × 𝟑𝒃 then 𝒂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒃. MAY-22
Given 13824 = 2𝑎 × 3𝑏 2M
Factorize of 252525
The number 13824 can be
= 5 × 5 × 10101 factorized
As, 13824 = 29 × 33
Factorize of 363636
Hence, 2𝑎 × 3𝑏 = 29 × 33
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 10101
∴ 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑏 = 3
∴ The HCF of 252525 and 363636 is 10101 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
Eg. 2.10 : ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’ are two positive
Creative Question - Find the HCF of 396, 504, 636 (SEP-21) integers such that 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑏 𝑎 = 800.
Find ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝑏’.

6. Find the LCM and HCF of 408 and 170 by applying the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
Given: The numbers 408 and 170 can be factorized as, 2M
3
408 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 17 = 2 × 3 × 17 and
170 = 2 × 5 × 17
LCM of 408 and 170 = 23 × 3 × 5 × 17 = 8 × 15 × 17 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎
HCF of 408 and 170 = 2 × 17
= 𝟑𝟒
7. Find the greatest number consisting of 6 digits which is exactly divisible by 24,15,36? 2M

Given: The number is exactly divisible by 24,15,36.

Thus, LCM of 24,15,36 is 360.
The number is exactly divisible by 360. 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 3 = 360
Greatest number of 6 digits is 999999
∴ The greatest number = 99999 − 279
= 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟎
8. What is the smallest number that when divided 9. Find the least number that is divisible by
by three numbers such as 35,56 and 91 leaves the first ten natural numbers 2M
remainder 7 in each case? 2M The first ten natural numbers are,
The number divided by 35,56 and 91 leaves
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. JUL-22
remainder 7 in each case.
LCM of 35, 56 and 91= 3640 Given: the number is divisible by first
By Euclid’s lemma, ten natural numbers.
7 × 5 × 8 × 13 = 3640 Thus, LCM of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, and 10
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
𝑛 = 35𝑞1 + 7 (∵ leaves remainder is 7) = 1 × 23 × 32 × 5 × 7
𝑛 = 56𝑞2 + 7
= 8 × 9 × 35
𝑛 = 91𝑞3 + 7
𝑛 = 3640 + 7 = 2520
= 3647 ∴ The least number is 2520
∴ The smallest number is 3647.
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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  47

For Practice:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5. If 𝑝1 1 × 𝑝2 2 × 𝑝3 3 × 𝑝4 4 = 113400 where 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 are primes in ascending
order and 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 are integers, find the value of 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 and
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 (2M)
Eg. 2.7: In the given factorisation, find the numbers 𝑚 and 𝑛. (2M)
Eg. 2.9: Is 7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 a composite number?
Justify your answer. (PTA-3) (2M)

Exercise 2.3 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

1. Find the least positive value of 𝒙 such that 1. Find the least positive value of 𝑥 such that
(ii) 78 + 𝑥 ≡ 3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 5)
(i) 𝟕𝟏 ≡ 𝒙 (𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟖) 2M (iii) 89 ≡ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑚𝑜𝑑 4)
Given: 71 ≡ 𝑥(𝑚𝑜𝑑 8) 𝑥
(iv) 96 ≡ (𝑚𝑜𝑑 5)
7

71 − 𝑥 = 8𝑘, for some integer 𝑘 (v) 5𝑥 ≡ 4 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 6)

Eg. 2.12: Determine the value of 𝑑 such that
71 − 𝑥 is a multiple of 8. 15 ≡ 3(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑑)
Eg. 2.13: Find the least positive value of 𝑥 such
The least positive value is 𝑥 must be 𝒙 = 𝟕 that (i) 67 + 𝑥 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 4)
(ii) 98 ≡ (𝑥 + 4)(𝑚𝑜𝑑 5)

2. If 𝒙 is congruent to 𝟏𝟑 modulo 𝟏𝟕 then 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑 is congruent to which number modulo 𝟏𝟕?

Given: 𝑥 ≡ 13 (𝑚𝑜𝑑17) PTA-2
[If 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) then 𝑎 × 𝑐 ≡ 𝑏 × 𝑐 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)]
Multiply by 7 2M
7𝑥 = 91 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17)
7𝑥 − 3 ≡ 91 − 3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17)
7𝑥 − 3 ≡ 88(𝑚𝑜𝑑 17)
7𝑥 − 3 ≡ 3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) [∵ 88 ≡ 3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17)]
∴ 7𝑥 − 3 is congruent to 3 modulo 17.

3. Solve 𝟓𝒙 ≡ 𝟒 (𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝟔) 2M
Given: 5𝑥 ≡ 4 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 6) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
5𝑥 − 4 ≡ 6𝑘, for some integer 𝑘 4. Solve 3𝑥 − 2 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)

5𝑥 ≡ 6𝑘 + 4 Eg. 2.14: Solve 8𝑥 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)

6𝑘+4 Eg. 2.15: Compute 𝑥, such that 104 ≡ 𝑥 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 19) (MDL)
𝑥= Eg. 2.16: Find the number of integer solutions of
5
3𝑥 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 15) (SEP-21)
6𝑘 + 4 is divided by 5
𝑘 = 1,6,11,16 …
6(1)+4 6+4 10
𝑘=1⇒𝑥= = = =2
5 5 5
6(6)+4 36+4 40
𝑘=6⇒𝑥= = = =8
5 5 5
6(11)+4 66+4 70
𝑘 = 11 ⇒ 𝑥 = = = = 14
5 5 5
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟒 …

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48 Way to Success - 10th Maths

5. What is the time 100 hours after 7 a.m? Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
2M 2M
Starting time 7a.m, 6. What is the time 15 hours before 11p.m?
10. The duration of flight travel from Chennai to
To find, the time 100 hours after 7a.m.
London through British Airlines is
Here, we use modulo 24. approximately 11 hours. The airplane begins its
100 + 7 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 24) = 107 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 24) journey on Sunday at 23.30 hours. If the time at
Chennai is four and half hours ahead to that of
= 11 (𝑚𝑜𝑑24) london’s time, then find the time at London,
∴ The time 100 hours after 7 a.m is 11.00 am. when will the flight lands at London Airport.

7. Today is Tuesday. My uncle will come after 45 days. In which day my uncle will be coming?
2M
Let us associate the numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
and 6 to represent the week days from Eg. 2.17: A man starts his journey from Chennai to Delhi by
Sunday to Saturday respectively. train. He starts at 22.30 hours on Wednesday. If it
takes 32 hours of travelling time and assuming that the
Given condition,To day is Tuesday. My uncle train is not late, when will he reach Delhi?
will come after 45 days. Eg. 2.18: Kala and Vani are friends. Kala says, “Today is my
birthday” and she asks Vani, “When will you celebrate
We have, to Added 45 and 2 and take your birthday?” Vani replies, “Today is Monday and I
modulo 7. celebrated my birthday 75 days ago”. Find the day
when Vani celebrated her birthday.
2 + 45 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 7) = 47(𝑚𝑜𝑑 7)
= 5 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 7) (∵ 47 ≡ 5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7)
∴ My uncle will coming on Friday.
9. Find the remainder when 𝟐𝟖𝟏 is divided by 17. 2M

We know that, 281 ≡ 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑑17)

512 ≡ 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) ∴ 281 − 2 = 17𝑘 for some integer 𝑘
81
29 ≡ 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) 2 = 17𝑘 + 2.
(29 )9 ≡ 29 (𝑚𝑜𝑑17) By Euclid’s division lemma
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏.
281 ≡ 512(𝑚𝑜𝑑17) [∵ 512 = 2(𝑚𝑜𝑑17)]
∴ The Remainder is 2.
For Practice:
8. Prove that 2𝑛 + 6 × 9𝑛 is always divisible by 7 for any positive integer 𝑛. (5M)
Eg. 2.11: Find the remainders when 70004 and 778 is divided by 7. (2M)

Exercise 2.4
1. Find the next three terms of the following sequence. (i) 8,24,72,… 2M

In the above sequence, each term is multiply by 3.

8 × 3 = 24 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
24 × 3 = 72 1. Find the next three terms of the following sequence.
1 2 3
72 × 3 = 216 (ii) 5,1, −3,… (iii) , , , …
4 9 16

216 × 3 = 648 Eg. 2.19: Find the next three terms of the sequences
1 1 1
648 × 3 = 1944 (i) , , ,…... (ii) 5, 2, −1, −4,…. (iii) 1, 0.1, 0.01,…….
2 6 10

∴ The next three terms are 𝟐𝟏𝟔, 𝟔𝟒𝟖, 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒.

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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  49

2. Find the first four terms of the sequences whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 terms are given by. 2M
𝟑
(i) 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏 − 𝟐 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎1 = (1)3 − 2 2. Find the first four terms of the sequences whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ
= 1 − 2 = −1 terms are given by.
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 2 − 23 (ii) 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) (iii) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛2 − 6

=8−2=6 6. If 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 1 and 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 , 𝑛 ≥ 3,

𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, then find the first six terms of the sequence.
𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎3 = 33 − 2
Eg. 2.22: Find the first five terms of the following
= 27 − 2 = 25
sequence.
𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎4 = 43 − 2 = 64 − 2 = 62. 𝑎
𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛−1 ; 𝑛 ≥ 3, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
𝑎𝑛−2 +3
∴ The first four terms are, −𝟏, 𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟔𝟐.

3. Find the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term of the following sequences. 2M

(i) 2, 5, 10, 17, … Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
12 + 1 = 2 3. Find the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the following sequences.
22 + 1 = 5 1 2
(ii) 0, , , … (iii) 3,8,13,18, …
2 2 3
3 + 1 = 10
Eg. 2.20: Find the general term for the following sequences
42 + 1 = 17 1 2 3
(i) 3, 6, 9,….. (ii) , , ,….. (iii) 5, −25, 125,…..
⋮ 2 3 4

𝑛 2 + 1 = 𝑎𝑛
∴ The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒏𝟐 −𝟏
; 𝒏 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧, 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵
5. Find 𝒂𝟖 and 𝒂𝟏𝟓 whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term is 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝒏+𝟑𝟐 2M
𝒏
; 𝒏 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝, 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵
𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝑛 = 8 (even)
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
𝑛2 −1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ
4. Find the indicated terms of the sequences whose 𝑛 terms
𝑛+3
82 −1 64−1 63
are given by.
𝑎8 = = = 11 (i) 𝑎𝑛 =
5𝑛
; 𝑎6 and 𝑎13 (ii) 𝑎𝑛 = −(𝑛2 − 4); 𝑎4 and 𝑎11
8+3 11 𝑛+2
𝑛 = 15, ( odd ) Eg. 2.21: The general term of a sequence is defined as
𝑛2 𝑛(𝑛 + 3); 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 is odd
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 ; 𝑎𝑛 = { 2
𝑛 + 1 ; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 is even
(15)2 Find the eleventh and eighteenth terms.
𝑎15 = 2(15)+1 CQ: Find the 3rd and 4th terms of a sequence, if
225 225 𝑛2 , if 𝑛 is odd
= 30+1 = 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛2 (SEP-20)
31 , if 𝑛 is even
𝟔𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝟓 2
∴ 𝒂𝟖 = , 𝒂𝟏𝟓 =
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟏
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
Exercise 2.5
2M
1. Check whether the following sequences
1. Check whether the following sequences are in 𝑨. 𝑷. 1 1 1 1
are in 𝐴. 𝑃. (ii) , , , , …
2M 2 3 4 5
(i) 𝑎 − 3, 𝑎 − 5, 𝑎 − 7, … −1 1 2
(iii) 9,13,17,21,25, … (iv) , 0, , , …
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑎 − 5 − (𝑎 − 3) = 𝑎 − 5 − 𝑎 + 3 3 3 3
(v) 1, −1,1, −1,1, −1, …
𝑑 = −2…………………(1)
Eg. 2.23: Check whether the following
𝑑 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 𝑎 − 7 − (𝑎 − 5) = 𝑎 − 7 + 5 − 𝑎 sequences are in A.P. or not?
𝑑 = −2 ………………..(2) (i) 𝑥 + 2, 2𝑥 + 3, 3𝑥 + 4,….
From (1) &(2), 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 (ii) 2, 4, 8, 16,…. (iii) 3√2, 5√2, 7√2, 9√2,….
∴ Given sequences is an 𝑨. 𝑷.
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50 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. First term 𝒂 and common difference 𝒅 are given below. Find the corresponding 𝑨. 𝑷. 2M

(i) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 6 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

2. First term 𝑎 and common difference 𝑑
In general term of 𝐴. 𝑃. 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … are given below. Find the
corresponding 𝐴. 𝑃.
5, (5 + 6), (5 + (2 × 6)), 5 + 3(6), … 3 1
(ii) 𝑎 = 7, 𝑑 = −5 (iii) 𝑎 = , 𝑑 =
4 2
5, 11, 5 + 12, 5 + 18, … Eg. 2.24: Write an A.P. Whose first term is
20 and common difference is 8.
5, 11, 17, 23, …

3. Find the first term and common difference of the Arithmetic progressions whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 terms are
given below. (i) 𝒕𝒏 = −𝟑 + 𝟐𝒏 2M
Similar Problems
2M
Given: 𝑡𝑛 = −3 + 2𝑛 Common difference Solve Your Self
3. Find the first term and common
First term 𝑎 = 𝑡1 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 difference of the Arithmetic
= −3 + 2(1) = 1 − (−1) progressions whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms are
given below. (ii) 𝑡𝑛 = 4 − 7𝑛
= −3 + 2 = 1+1
CQ:Find the common difference of an A.P.
𝒂 = −𝟏 𝒅=𝟐 in which 𝑡18 − 𝑡14 = 32 (PTA-6)

𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡2 = −3 + 2(2)
= −3 + 4
𝑡2 = 1

4. Find the 𝟏𝟗𝒕𝒉 term of an 𝑨. 𝑷. −𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟓, −𝟏𝟗, … MDL, JUL-22

Given, 𝐴. 𝑃 is −11, −15, −19, … 2M Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
𝑎 = −11, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = −15 + 11 Eg. 2.25: Find the 15𝑡ℎ , 24𝑡ℎ and 𝑛𝑡ℎ
term (general term) of an A.P. given
𝑑 = −4 by 3, 15, 27, 39,……
𝑛𝑡ℎ term of 𝐴. 𝑃 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 Eg. 2.27: Determine the general term of
𝑛 = 19 ⇒ 𝑡19 = −11 + (19 − 1)(−4) an A.P. whose 7𝑡ℎ term is −1 and
16𝑡ℎ term is 17.
= −11 + 18(−4) UE-6: Find the 12th term from the last
= −11 − 72 term of the A.P −2, −4, −6, … . −100

𝑡19 = −83
5. Which term of an 𝐀. 𝐏. 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟔, 𝟏, … is −𝟓𝟒 ? MAY-22
Given: 𝐴. 𝑃 is 16,11,6,1, … 2M

𝑡𝑛 = −54 , 𝑎 = 16, Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

Eg. 2.26: Find the number of terms in the A.P.
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 11 − 16 = −5 3, 6, 9, 12, . . . . . 111. (SEP-21)
𝑙−𝑎
𝑛=( )+1 CQ: Which term of the A.P 21, 18, 15, … is −81?
𝑑
State with reason is there any term 0 in this
−54−16 −70 A.P.? (PTA-5)
=( )+1 = ( −5 ) + 1
−5
𝑛 = 14 + 1 = 15
∴ 𝒕𝟏𝟓 = −𝟓𝟒

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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  51

6. Find the middle term(s) of an 𝑨. 𝑷. 8. If 𝟑 + 𝒌, 𝟏𝟖 − 𝒌, 𝟓𝒌 + 𝟏 are in 𝑨. 𝑷. then

𝟗, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟕, … , 𝟏𝟖𝟑. PTA-1 SEP-21, PTA-3, 5
find 𝒌.
Given: 𝐴. 𝑃 is 9,15,21,27, … 183. 2M
Given: 3 + 𝑘, 18 − 𝑘, 5𝑘 + 1 are in 𝐴. 𝑃.
𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 15 − 9 ie, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 2M

𝑙 = 183 , 𝑑 = 6 18 − 𝑘 − (3 + 𝑘) = 5𝑘 + 1 − (18 − 𝑘)
The number of term in 𝐴. 𝑃. 18 − 𝑘 − 3 − 𝑘 = 5𝑘 + 1 − 18 + 𝑘
𝑙−𝑎
𝑛= +1 15 − 2𝑘 = 6𝑘 − 17
𝑑
183−9 174
= +1= +1 15 + 17 = 6𝑘 + 2𝑘
6 6
= 29 + 1 32 = 8𝑘
𝑛 = 30 𝑘=4
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
𝑛 = 30 even,
9. Find 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧, given that the numbers 𝑥, 10, 𝑦,
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
The middle term = term and (2 + 1) term 24, 𝑧 are in 𝐴. 𝑃. 2M
2
30 30
= term and 10. In a theatre, there are 20 seats in the
+ 1 term
2 2
front row and 30 rows were allotted.
= 15𝑡ℎ term and 16𝑡ℎ term Each, successive row contains two
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 additional seats than its front row. How
𝑛 = 15 ⇒ many seats are there in the last row?
𝑡15 = 9 + (15 − 1)(6) = 9 + (14)(6) Given: 30 rows were allotted PTA-4
𝑡15 = 93 in the theatre
2M
𝑛 = 30
𝑛 = 16 ⇒
20 seats in the front row then 𝑎 = 20
𝑡16 = 9 + (16 − 1)(6) = 9 + (15)(6)
2 seats increased in each row.
𝑡16 = 99 Thus, 1𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 , 3𝑟𝑑 , … 30 rows are
∴ The middle terms are 𝒕𝟏𝟓 = 𝟗𝟑, 𝒕𝟏𝟔 = 𝟗𝟗 20,22,24, … respectively.
7. If nine times ninth term is equal to the fifteen It is an 𝐴. 𝑃.
times fifteenth term, show that six times 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 22 − 20 = 2
twenty fourth term is zero. 5M To find: 𝑡30
JUL-22
Given: 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
9𝑡9 = 15𝑡15 (∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) 𝑡30 = 20 + (30 − 1)2
9[𝑎 + (9 − 1)]𝑑 = 15[𝑎 + (15 − 1)𝑑] = 20 + (29)(2)
9(𝑎 + 8𝑑) = 15 (𝑎 + 14𝑑) = 20 + 58
9𝑎 + 72𝑑 = 15𝑎 + 210𝑑 𝑡30 = 78
78 seats in the last row.
9𝑎 − 15𝑎 + 72𝑑 − 210𝑑 = 0
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
−6𝑎 − 138𝑑 = 0 UE-5: If (𝑚 + 1)th term of an A.P is twice the (n+1)th term, then prove that
−6(𝑎 + 23𝑑) = 0 (3𝑚 + 1)th term is twice the (𝑚 + 𝑛 + 1)th term
UE-7: Two A.P.’s have the same common difference. The first term of one A.P. is
6[𝑎 + (24 − 1)𝑑] = 0 2 and that of the other is 7. Show that the difference between their 10th terms
is the same as the difference between their 21st terms, Which is the same as the
6𝑡24 = 0 difference between any two corresponding terms.
Hence proved.

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52 Way to Success - 10th Maths

11. The sum of three consecutive terms that are 13. In a winter season let us take the temperature
in 𝑨. 𝑷. is 27 and their product is 288. Find of Ooty from Monday to Friday to be in 𝑨. 𝑷.
the three terms. 5M SEP-21 The sum of temperatures from Monday to
Let the three consecutive terms be Wednesday is 𝟎°𝑪 and the sum of the
𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑 temperatures from Wednesday to Friday is
Given: 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 27 𝟏𝟖°𝑪. Find the temperature on each of the five
3𝑎 = 27 days. 5M
𝑎=9 Let 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑 be the
Similar Problems Also, (𝑎 − 𝑑)(𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑑) = 288 temperature of Ooty from Monday to
(Solve Your Self)
(𝑎 2 2 )𝑎
Eg. 2.29: In an − 𝑑 = 288 Friday respectively.
A.P., sum of 2 2 288
(9 − 𝑑 ) = Given: the sum of temperatures from
four 9
consecutive 81 − 𝑑 2 = 32 Monday to Wednesday,
terms is 28 −𝑑 2 = 32 − 81 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 0
and their 3𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 0
sum of their
−𝑑 2 = −49
𝑑 = ±7 𝑎+𝑑 =0
squares is
276. Find When 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = 7 the 𝐴. 𝑃 is 𝑎 = −𝑑 …………….(1)
the four
9 − 7, 9, 9 + 7 Also, The sum of Temperatures from
numbers. 5M
𝟐, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔 Wednesday to Friday.
When 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = −7 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 18
9 + 7, 9, 9 − 7 3𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 18
𝟏𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟐. (Sub 𝑎 = −𝑑) −3𝑑 + 9𝑑 = 18
6𝑑 = 18
12. The ratio of 𝟔𝒕𝒉 and 𝟖𝒕𝒉 term of an 𝑨. 𝑷. is 𝟕: 𝟗. 𝑑=3
Find the ratio of 𝟗𝒕𝒉 term to 𝟏𝟑𝒕𝒉 term. Sub 𝑑 = 3 in (1) , 𝑎 = −3
𝑡6 7 5M MAY-22
Given: 𝑡6 : 𝑡8 = 7: 9 ⇒ 𝑡 = 9 The temperatures on each day,
8
𝑎+(6−1)𝑑 7 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑
= [∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] (−3), (−3 + 3), (−3 + 2(3)), (−3 + 3(3)), (−3 + 3(4))
𝑎+(8−1)𝑑 9
9(𝑎 + 5𝑑) = 7(𝑎 + 7𝑑) −3,0, −3 + 6, −3 + 9, −3 + 12,
9𝑎 + 45𝑑 = 7𝑎 + 49𝑑 = −𝟑°𝑪, 𝟎°𝑪, 𝟑°𝑪, 𝟔°𝑪, 𝟗°𝑪
9𝑎 − 7𝑎 = 49𝑑 − 45𝑑 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
2𝑎 = 4𝑑 14. Priya earned E15,000 in the first month. Thereafter her salary increased
𝑎 = 2𝑑 ……………(1) by E1500 per year. Her expenses are E 13,000 during the first year and
𝑡 the expenses increases by E900 per year. How long will it take for her to
To find, 𝑡9 : 𝑡13 = 𝑡 9 save E20,000 per months.
13
𝑎+(9−1)𝑑 Eg. 2.30: A mother divides C 207 into three parts such that the amount are in A.P.
= 𝑎+(13−1)𝑑 and gives it to her three children. The product of the two least amounts that the
𝑎+8𝑑 children had C 4623. Find the amount received by each child.
= 𝑎+12𝑑
2𝑑+8𝑑 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
= 2𝑑+12𝑑
Eg. 2.28: If 𝑙 𝑡ℎ , 𝑚𝑡ℎ and 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms of an A.P. are 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 respectively, then show that
10𝑑 5 (i) 𝑥(𝑚 − 𝑛) + 𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑙) + 𝑧(𝑙 − 𝑚) = 0 (ii) (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑛 + (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑙 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑚 = 0 (MAY-22)
= 14𝑑 = 7
CQ:If the sum of the first 𝑝 terms of an A.P. is 𝑎𝑝2 + 𝑏𝑞. Find its common difference. (PTA-6)
∴ 𝒕𝟗 : 𝒕𝟏𝟑 = 𝟓: 𝟕

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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  53

Exercise 2.6
1. Find the sum of the following.
(i) 3,7,11, … upto 40 terms (iii) 6 + 13 + 20 + ⋯ + 97 5M
5M
Given: 3,7,11, … is an 𝐴. 𝑃. Given: 6 + 13 + 20 + ⋯ + 97.
𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 7 − 3 = 4. 𝑛 = 40 𝑎=6
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 13 − 6 = 7, 𝑙 = 97
40 𝑙−𝑎
𝑆40 = [2(3) + (40 − 1)4] 𝑛= +1
2 𝑑
= 20[6 + 39(4)] 97−6 91
𝑛 = +1= + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14
= 20(6 + 156) 7 7
𝑛
= 20(162) 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [𝑎 + 𝑙]
𝑺𝟒𝟎 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟎 14
𝑆14 = [6 + 97] = 7[103]
2
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
1. Find the sum of the following. 𝑺𝟏𝟒 = 𝟕𝟐𝟏
(ii) 102,97,92, … upto 27 terms. Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
Eg. 2.31: Find the sum of first 15 terms of the A.P. Eg. 2.32: Find the sum of
5M
1 1 3
8,7 , 6 , 5 ,…… 0.40 + 0.43 + 0.46+. . . . . . +1
4 2 4

2. How many consecutive odd integers beginning with 5 will sum to 480? Similar Problems
5M (Solve Your Self)
Given: consecutive odd integers 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 − 480 = 0 Eg. 2.33: How many
beginning with 5. Then the series, (𝑛 − 20)(𝑛 + 24) = 0 terms of the series
1 + 5 + 9 +…..
5+7+9+⋯
𝑛 − 20 = 0 (or) 𝑛 + 24 = 0 must be taken so
𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 7 − 5 = 2 that their sum is
𝑆𝑛 = 480 𝑛 = 20 (or) 𝑛 = −24 190? 2M
𝑛 𝑛 = −24 is not admissible, then 𝑛 = 20.
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = 480
2
𝑛
[2(5) + (𝑛 − 1)2] = 480 ∴ The sum of 20 consecutive odd integers is
2
2𝑛
480
[5 + 𝑛 − 1] = 480
2 𝑆20 = 480
𝑛(4 + 𝑛) = 480
Similar Problems
3. Find the sum of first 𝟐𝟖 terms of an 𝑨. 𝑷. whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term is 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟑 (Solve Your Self)
𝑛 2M
Given, 𝑡𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 3 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 4. The sum of first 𝑛
terms of a certain
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝑡1 = 4(1) − 3 = 4 − 3 28
𝑆28 = 2 [2(1) + (28 − 1)4] series is given as
𝑡1 = 𝑎 = 1 2𝑛2 − 3𝑛. Show
= 14[2 + 27(4)] that the series is an
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡2 = 4(2) − 3 = 8 − 3
= 14[2 + 108] 𝐴. 𝑃. 5M
𝑡2 = 5
= 14(110) Eg. 2.35: In a A.P. the
𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑡3 = 4(3) − 3 = 12 − 3 sum of first 𝑛 terms is
𝑺𝟐𝟖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟎
𝑡3 = 9 5𝑛2
+
3𝑛
. Find the
𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 5 − 1 ∴ The sum of first 2
𝑡ℎ
2
17 term. 2M
28 terms is 1540.
𝑑 = 4, 𝑛 = 28

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54 Way to Success - 10th Maths

5. The 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒕𝒉 term and 𝟒𝒕𝒉 term of an 𝑨. 𝑷. are 𝟏𝟐𝟓 and 𝟎. Find the sum of first 35 terms. 5M

Given: 𝑡104 = 125, 𝑡4 = 0 5

Similar Problems Sub 𝑑 = 4 in equation (1)
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 (Solve Your Self)
5 15
Eg. 2.34: The 13𝑡ℎ 𝑎 = −3 (4) = −
𝑡4 = 0 4
term of an
𝑎 + (4 − 1)𝑑 = 0 A.P. is 3 and To find, the sum of first 35 terms, 𝑛 = 35.
the sum of 𝑛
𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 0 first 13 terms 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝑎 = −3𝑑 …(1) is 234. Find 35 −15 5
the common 𝑆35 = [2 ( ) + (35 − 1) 4]
2 4
𝑡104 = 125 difference
35 −15 5 35 −15+85
𝑎 + (104 − 1)𝑑 = 125 and the sum = [ + 34 (4)] = [ ]
2 2 2 2
of first 21
𝑎 + 103𝑑 = 125 terms. 5M =
35 70
(2)
2
Sub 𝑎 = −3𝑑 1225
𝑆35 =
−3𝑑 + 103𝑑 = 125 2
125
100𝑑 = 125 ⇒ 𝑑 = 100 ⇒ 𝑑 = 4
5 𝑺𝟑𝟓 = 𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

7. Find the sum of all natural numbers between 602 and 902 which are not divisible by 4? 5M

Given series is between 602 and 902 𝑎 = 604, 𝑑 = 4, 𝑙 = 900.

603 + 604 + 605 + ⋯ + 901 𝑙−𝑎 900−604
𝑛= +1 = +1
𝑑 4
𝑎 = 603, 𝑑 = 1, 𝑙 = 901 296
𝑙−𝑎
𝑛= +1
4
𝑛= +1
𝑑 = 74 + 1
901−603
= +1 𝑛 = 75
1
𝑛
= 298 + 1 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
𝑛 = 299 75
𝑆75 = (604 + 900)
𝑛 2
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [𝑎 + 𝑙] 75
= (1504)
299 2
𝑆299 = (603 + 901)
2 𝑆75 = 56400
299
= (1504) = 299(752) The sum of the number which are not
2
𝑆299 = 224848 divisible by 4.
The sum of the numbers between 602 and = 𝑆299 − 𝑆75
902 which are divisible by 4. = 224848 − 56400
604 + 608 + 612 + ⋯ + 900 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟖

Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  55

11. If 𝑺𝟏 , 𝑺𝟐 , 𝑺𝟑 , … 𝑺𝒎 are the sums of 𝒏 terms of 𝒎 A.P.’s whose first terms are 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝒎 and
whose common differences are 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, … , (𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏) respectively, then show that
𝟏 5M
𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 + 𝑺𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑺𝒎 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒏(𝒎𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 1 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 2 (3𝑛 + 1) − 2 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑛
= 2 [3𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 − 1]
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆1 = 2 [2(1) + (𝑛 − 1)(1)] = 2 [2 + 𝑛 − 1] 𝑛
𝑛
= 2 [2𝑛] = 𝑛2
𝑆1 = 2 [𝑛 + 1] 𝑛 𝑛
𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 2 (5𝑛 + 1) − 2 (3𝑛 + 1)
𝑆2 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 3
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆2 = 2 [2(2) + (𝑛 − 1)3] = 2 [4 + 3𝑛 − 3] = 2 [5𝑛 + 1 − 3𝑛 − 1]
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆2 = [3𝑛 + 1] = × 2𝑛 = 𝑛2
2 2
𝑆3 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 5 ∴ It forms an A.P
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆3 = 2 [2(3) + (𝑛 − 1)5] = 2 [6 + 5𝑛 − 5] 𝑎 = 2 (𝑛 + 1), 𝑑 = 𝑛2
𝑛
𝑆3 = 2 [5𝑛 + 1] 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝑆1 + 𝑆2 + 𝑆3 + 𝑆4 + ⋯ + 𝑆𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑆𝑚 = [2 ( 2) (𝑛 + 1) + (𝑚 − 1)𝑛2 ]
= 2 [𝑛 + 1] + 2 [3𝑛 + 1] + 2 [5𝑛 + 1] + ⋯ + 𝑚 2
𝑚𝑛
terms = [𝑛 + 1 + (𝑚 − 1)𝑛]
2
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 𝑚𝑛
5M = [𝑛 + 1 + 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑛]
𝑎−𝑏 3𝑎−2𝑏 5𝑎−3𝑏 2
12. Find the sum [ + + + ⋯ to 12 terms] 𝑚𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
= [𝑚𝑛 + 1]
Eg. 2.39: The sum first 𝑛, 2𝑛 and 3𝑛 terms of an A.P. are 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 2
1
and 𝑆3 respectively. Prove that 𝑆3 = 3(𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ). (MDL) 𝑆𝑚 = 2 𝑚𝑛[𝑚𝑛 + 1]

8. Raghu wish to buy a laptop. He can by it by paying E40,000 cash or by giving it in 10 installments
as E4800 in the first month, E4750 in the second month, E4700 in the third month and so on. If
he pays the money in this fashion, find,(i) total amount paid in10 installments.
(ii) How much extra amount that he has to pay than the cost? 5M

Given, The cost of laptop E40000. He wants (i) 𝑛 = 10

𝑛
to buy it in 10 installments. 1st, 2nd, 3rd,…10 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
installments are E 4800,E 4750,E 4700… 10
𝑆10 = [2(4800) + (10 − 1)(−50)]
respectively. 2
10
= × 2[4800 + (9)(−25)]
𝑖𝑒, 4800 + 4750 + 4700 + ⋯ is an A. P 2
= 10[4800 − 225]
𝑎 = 4800, Similar Problems 5M
(Solve Your Self)
= 10[4575]
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 UE-8: A man saved R 16500 𝑆10 = 45750.
in ten years. In each year ∴ He paid in 10 installments is E45750.
= 4750 − 4800 after the first he saved R 100
more than he did in the
(ii) He paid the extra amount
= −50 preceding year. How much = 45750 − 40000
did he save in the first year? = E5750
(PTA-4)

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56 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Given sequence is a G.P Given sequence is not a G.P

2. Write the first three terms of the 𝑮. 𝑷. whose 3. In a 𝐆. 𝐏 𝟕𝟐𝟗, 𝟐𝟒𝟑, 𝟖𝟏, … find 𝒕𝟕 2M
first term and the common ratio are given Given: G. P is 729,243,81, …
below. (i) 𝒂 = 𝟔, 𝒓 = 𝟑 2M 243 1
2 𝑎 = 729, 𝑟 = 729 = 3 , 𝑛 = 7
The First three terms of 𝐺. 𝑃 are 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟
6,6(3), 6(3)2 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
1 7−1
First 3 terms 𝟔, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟓𝟒 𝑡7 = 729 (3)
1 6
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M = 729 (3)
2. Write the first three terms of the 𝐺. 𝑃. whose first 1
term and the common ratio are given below. = 729 (729)
2
(ii) 𝑎 = √2, 𝑟 = √2 (iii) 𝑎 = 1000, 𝑟 =
5 𝒕𝟕 = 𝟏
Eg. 2.41: Find the geometric progression whose first
term and common ratios are given by Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
(i) 𝑎 = −7, 𝑟 = 6 (PTA-5) (ii) 𝑎 = 256, 𝑟 = 0.5 Eg. 2.42: Find the 8𝑡ℎ term of the G.P. 9, 3, 1,……
1 1
CQ: In a G.P , − , 1, −2, … find 𝑡10 (PTA-4)
4 2

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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  57

4. Find 𝒙 so that 𝒙 + 𝟔, 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 and 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 are 6. In a 𝑮. 𝑷 the 9th term is 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟓 and 6th term
consecutive terms of a Geometric progression. is 1215. Find the 12th term. 5M

Given: 𝑥 + 6, 𝑥2M
+ 12, 𝑥 + 15 are in 𝐺. 𝑃 Given: 𝑡9 = 32805, 𝑡6 = 1215
𝑡2 𝑡 To find 𝑡12
= 𝑡3
𝑡1 2 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑟)𝑛−1
𝑥+12
= 𝑥+12
𝑥+15 𝑡9 = 𝑎𝑟 9−1 = 32805
𝑥+6
𝑎𝑟 8 = 32805 ………..(1)
(𝑥 + 12)(𝑥 + 12) = (𝑥 + 15)(𝑥 + 6)
𝑡6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 = 1215
𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 144 𝑡6 = 𝑎𝑟 5 = 1215..(2)
𝑡9 𝑎𝑟 8
= 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 90 𝑡6
=
𝑎𝑟 5
Similar Problems
5M
(Solve Your Self)
32805 Eg.2.43: In a Geometric
𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 144 = 𝑥 2 + 21𝑥 + 90 𝑟3 =
1215 progression, the 4 𝑡ℎ
term is
8
9
3
𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 21𝑥 + 144 − 90 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑟 = 27 and the 7𝑡ℎ term is
64
. Find
243
⇒ 𝑟=3 the G.P.
3𝑥 + 54 = 0 UE-9: Find the G.P in which the
Sub (2) ⇒ 2nd term is √6 and the 6th
3𝑥 = −54
𝑎(3)5 = 1215 term is 9√6

𝒙 = −𝟏𝟖 1215
𝑎= 243

5. Find the number of terms in the following 𝑎=5

𝑮. 𝑷. (i) 4, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟔, … , 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟐 ? 2M 𝑡12 = 𝑎 𝑟 12−1
Given 4,8,16, … ,8192 𝒕𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓(𝟑𝟏𝟏 )
𝑡 8 7. Find the 10th term of a 𝑮. 𝑷 whose 8th term
𝑎 = 4, 𝑟 = 𝑡2 = 4 = 2, 𝑡𝑛 = 8192
1
is 768 and the common ratio is 2. 2M
𝑛−1
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟
Given: 𝑡8 = 768 and 𝑟=2
𝑛−1
8192 = 4(2)
Similar Problems 2M
𝑎𝑟 8−1 = 768 (∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 )
8192 (Solve Your Self)
= (2)𝑛−1 𝑎(2)7 = 768 (∵ 27 = 128)
4 5. Find the number of terms
in the following 𝐺. 𝑃.
2048 = 2𝑛−1 1 1 1 1
768
𝑎 = 128
(ii) , , ,…,
3 9 27 2187
211 = 2𝑛−1
𝑎=6
11 = 𝑛 − 1
To find 𝑡10 = 𝑎𝑟 10−1
𝑛 = 12
= 6(2)9
𝑡12 = 8192
= 6(512)
∴ Number of terms = 𝟏𝟐
𝒕𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐

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58 Way to Success - 10th Maths

9. In a 𝑮. 𝑷. the product of three consecutive term is 27 and the sum of the product of two terms taken at
𝟓𝟕
a time is 𝟐 . Find the three terms. 5M

𝑎 3 2
Let 𝑟 , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟 be the three consecutive term is G.P (𝑟 − 2) (𝑟 − 3) = 0
𝑎
Given, 𝑟 × 𝑎 × 𝑎𝑟 = 27 3 2
𝑟 =2, 𝑟 =3
3
𝑎 = 27
3 Similar Problems 5M
𝑎=3 When 𝑎 = 3, 𝑟 = 2 (Solve Your Self)
𝑎 𝑎 57 Eg. 2.44: The product of three
Also, × 𝑎 + 𝑎 × 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 × 𝑟 = 3 3
𝑟 2 , 3 , 3 (2) consecutive terms of a
1 57 3/2
𝑎2 (𝑟 + 𝑟 + 1) = Geometric progression is
2 9 91
2, 3 , 2 343 and their sum is .
1+𝑟 2 +𝑟 57 3
(3)2 ( ) = Find the three terms.
𝑟 2 2
𝑟 2 +𝑟+1 57 When 𝑎 = 3, 𝑟 = 3
2( )=
𝑟 9
3 2
𝑟 2 +𝑟+1 19 , 3 , 3 (3)
2( )= 2/3
𝑟 3
2 9
6[𝑟 + 𝑟 + 1] = 19𝑟 ,3 ,2
2
2
6𝑟 + 6𝑟 − 19𝑟 + 6 = 0
9 9
6𝑟 2 − 13𝑟 + 6 = 0 ∴ The three terms are 2 , 3,2, (or)2,3, 2

10. A man joined a company as Assistant Manager. The company gave him a starting salary of
D60,000 and agreed to increase his salary 5% annually. What will be his salary after 5 years?
The starting salary of man is D 60,000 PTA-6

His salary increased 5% annually. 5M

P = 60000 , 𝑟 = 5%, 𝑛 =5 years Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M

11. Sivamani is attending an interview for a job and the company gave
𝑟 𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 100) two offers to him. Offer A: D 20,000 to start with followed by a guaranteed
annual increase of 6% for the first 5 years. Offer B: D 22,000 to start with
5 5 followed by a guaranteed annual increase of 3% for the first 5 years. What
= 60000 (1 + 100) is his salary in the 4th year with respect to the offers A and B.
Eg. 2.45: The present value of a machine is C40,000 and its value
21 5 depreciates each year by 10%. Find the estimated value of the
= 60000 ( )
20 machine in the 6𝑡ℎ year.
21×21×21×21×21 UE-10: The value of motor cycle depreciates at the rate of 15% per year.
= 60000 (20×20×20×20×20) What will be the value of the motor cycle 3 year hence, which is now
purchased for R 45000?
12252303
= 160

= 76576.89

𝐴 = D 76577

His salary will be after 5 years is D 76577

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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  59

12. If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 are three consecutive terms of an A.P and 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 are three consecutive terms of a G.P
then prove that 𝒙𝒃−𝒄 × 𝒚𝒄−𝒂 × 𝒛𝒂−𝒃 = 𝟏 5M

Given: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P ⇒ 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 To prove: 𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 × 𝑦 𝑐−𝑎 × 𝑧 𝑎−𝑏 = 1

𝑦 𝑧 LHS : 𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 × 𝑦 𝑐−𝑎 × 𝑧 𝑎−𝑏
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are in G.P then =𝑦=𝑘
𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 × (𝑥𝑘)𝑐−𝑎 × (𝑥𝑘 2 )𝑎−𝑏
𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 × 𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 × 𝑘 𝑐−𝑎 × 𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 × (𝑘 2 )𝑎−𝑏
𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑏−𝑐+𝑐−𝑎+𝑎−𝑏 × 𝑘 𝑐−𝑎 × 𝑘 2𝑎−2𝑏
=𝑘 =𝑘
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 0 𝑘 𝑐−𝑎+2𝑎−2𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑘 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑘 = (1)𝑘 𝑐+𝑎−(𝑐+𝑎)
= 𝑘 𝑐+𝑎−𝑐−𝑎
𝑧 = (𝑥𝑘)𝑘
= 𝑘0
𝑧 = 𝑥𝑘 2 = 1 RHS
𝒃−𝒄
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M 𝒙 × 𝒚𝒄−𝒂 × 𝒛𝒂−𝒃 = 𝟏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
8. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in 𝐴. 𝑃. then show that 3 , 3 , 3 are in 𝐺. 𝑃.
Hence proved.

Exercise 2.8
1. Find the sum of first 𝒏 terms of the G.P 3. Find the first term of the G.P whose common
𝟗 𝟐𝟕 5M
(i) 𝟓, −𝟑, 𝟓 , − 𝟐𝟓 , …. ratio 5 and whose sum to first 6 terms is 46872
9 27 5M
Given: 5, −3 , 5 , − 25 , … Given: In a G.P
𝑡 3 𝑟 = 5 and 𝑆6 = 46872 Similar Problems
𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = 𝑡2 = − 5 , 𝑟 < 1 (Solve Your Self)
1
𝑟 𝑛 −1
3 𝑛 3 𝑛 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 [ 𝑟−1 ] , 𝑟 > 1 Eg. 2.47: Find the first
1−𝑟 𝑛 1− ( − ) 1− (− )
5 5 term of a G.P. in which
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 [ 1−𝑟 ] = 5 [ 3 ]= 5[ 5+3 ]
1−(− ) 56 −1 𝑆6 = 4095 and 𝑟 = 4.
5 5 𝑆6 = 𝑎 [ 5−1 ] 2M
5 3 𝑛
= 5 × 8 [1 − (− 5) ] 15625−1 Eg. 2.53: A person saved
46872 = 𝑎 [ ] money every year, half
4
𝟐𝟓 𝟑 𝒏 as much as he could in
𝑆𝑛 = [𝟏 − (− 𝟓) ] 46872 = 𝑎 [
15624
]
𝟖 the previous year. If he
4
had totally saved C7875
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 46872 = 𝑎(3906) in 6 years then how
1. Find the sum of first 𝑛 terms of the G.P (ii) 256, 64, 16,….5M 46872
𝑎= much did he save in the
2. Find the sum of first six terms of the G.P 5, 15, 45, …. 5M 3906 first year? 5M
Eg. 2.46: Find the sum of 8 terms of the G.P. 1, −3, 9, −27,…. 2M 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐

4. Find the sum to infinity of (i) 𝟗 + 𝟑 + 𝟏 + ⋯ 2M

Given infinity series is 9 + 3 + 1 + ⋯ Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

𝑎 28
𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟 , −1 < 𝑟 < 1 4. Find the sum to infinity of (ii) 21 + 14 +
3
+⋯
𝑡 3 5. If the first term of an infinite G.P is 8 and its sum to infinity
𝑎 = 9, 𝑟 = 𝑡2 = 9 is
32
then find the common ratio
1 3
9 9 9 𝟐𝟕 1
𝑆∞ = = = 9×6= Eg. 2.49: Find the sum 3 + 1 + + ⋯ ∞
3 9−3 3
1− 𝟐
9 9

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60 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Given geometric series 5M 0. ̅̅̅̅̅

123 = 0.123123123 …
3 + 6 + 12 + ⋯ + 1536 = 0.123 + 0.000123 +0.000000123 + ⋯
𝑡2 6
𝑎 = 3, 𝑟 = 𝑡 = 3 = 2 , 𝑙 = 1536 123 123 123
1 = 1000 + 1000000 + 1000000000 + ⋯
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 (𝑛 term is 1536)
123 1 1
1536 = 3(2)𝑛−1 = 1000 [1 + 1000 + 1000000 + ⋯ ]
1536 Similar Problems
= 2𝑛−1 (Solve Your Self)
5M 1 1
1 + 1000 + 1000000 + ⋯ is an infinite series
3
512 = 2𝑛−1 Eg. 2.50: Find the rational
𝑎 1
form of the number 𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟 , 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 1000
29 = 2𝑛−1
0.6666 ….
9=𝑛−1
123 1 123 1
𝑛 = 10 0. ̅̅̅̅̅
123 = 1000 [ 1 ] = 1000 [ 1000−1 ]
1−
1000 1000
𝑟 𝑛 −1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 [ 𝑟−1 ] , 𝑟 > 1 123 1000 123
= 1000 ( 999 ) = 999
210 −1
𝑆10 = 3 [ ] = 3(1024 − 1) = 3(1023) 𝟒𝟏
2−1
0. ̅̅̅̅̅
123 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑
= 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟗
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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  61

8. Kumar writes a letter to four of his friends. He asks each one of them to copy the letter and mail
to four different persons with the instruction that they continue the process similarly. Assuming
that the process is unaltered and it costs D 2 to mail one letter, find the amount spent on postage
when 8th set of letters is mailed. 5M

Given, Kumar writes a letter to four of his friends. He asks copy the letter to four different
person. Continues the way Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
Eg. 2.52: Find the least positive integer 𝑛 such that
4 + 16 + 64 + ⋯ is of the form an G.P
1 + 6 + 62 + ⋯ + 6𝑛 > 5000
𝑡 16 CQ: An organization plans to plant saplings in 25
𝑎 = 4, 𝑟 = 𝑡2 = =4
1 4 streets in a town in such a way that one sapling
for the first street, three for the second, nine for
𝑛=8 the third and so on. How many saplings are need
to complete the work? (MDL, PTA-1)
𝑟 𝑛 −1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 [ 𝑟−1 ] , 𝑟 > 1
(4)8 −1 65536−1 65535
𝑆8 = 4 [ ] = 4[ ] = 4[ ] = 4[21845]
4−1 3 3

= 87380
∴ 87380 letters are postage when 8th sets.
The cost of each mail is D 2
Total cost = 2 × 87380 = D 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟎

10. If 𝑺𝒏 = (𝒙 + 𝒚) + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 ) + ⋯ 𝒏 terms then prove that

𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝒏 −𝟏) 𝒚𝟐 (𝒚𝒏 −𝟏)
(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝑺𝒏 = [ − ] PTA-1
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚−𝟏

Given: 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 ) + ⋯ + 𝑛 terms 5M

Multiply by (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑆𝑛 = [(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥3 + 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦3 ) + ⋯ + 𝑛
= [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) + (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 ) + ⋯ 𝑛 terms]
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑆𝑛 = [(𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑛 terms ) − (𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms )]
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛 terms 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms
𝑥3 𝑦3
Here 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 Here 𝑎 = 𝑦 2 , 𝑟 = 𝑦
=𝑦

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1

𝑥 2 (𝑥 𝑛 −1) 𝑦 2 (𝑦 𝑛 −1)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑆𝑛 = [ ]−[ ]
𝑥−1 𝑦−1

𝑥 2 (𝑥 𝑛 −1) 𝑦 2 (𝑦 𝑛 −1)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑆𝑛 = [ − ]
𝑥−1 𝑦−1

Hence proved.
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62 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 2.9
1. Find the sum of the following series
2M
(i) 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝟔𝟎 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
1. Find the sum of the following series
Given 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 60, Here 𝑛 = 60 (ii) 3 + 6 + 9 + ⋯ + 96
(iii) 51 + 52 + 53 + ⋯ + 92
𝑛(𝑛+1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 = Eg. 2.54: Find the value of (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 50
2
(ii) 16 + 17 + 18 + ⋯ + 75
60(60+1) Eg. 2.55: Find the sum of
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 60 = 2 (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯to 40 terms
(ii) 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 80
= 30(61)
(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + 55 (PTA-6)
= 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟎

1. (iv) 𝟏 + 𝟒 + 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝟐𝟓 2M

1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ⋯ + 225 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

1. Find the sum of the following series
= 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ⋯ + 152 (v) 62 + 72 + 82 + ⋯ + 212
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) Eg. 2.56: Find the sum of
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 = 6 (i) 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 192
(ii) 52 + 102 + 152 + ⋯ + 1052
Here, 𝑛 = 15
(iii) 152 + 162 + 172 + ⋯ 282
15(15+1)(2×15+1) CQ: Find the value of 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ 102 and
= hence deduce 22 + 42 + 62 + ⋯ + 202 (SEP-20)
6
5(16)(31)
= 2

= 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎

(vi) 𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝟎𝟑 5M (vii) 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + 71 5M

PTA-5
103 + 113 + 123 + ⋯ + 203 Given: 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + 71
= (13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 203 ) − (13 + 23 + ⋯ + 93 ) Sum 𝑛 odd natural numbers = 𝑛2
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 3 − 1 = 2, 𝑙 = 71
13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 = [ ]
2
𝑙−𝑎
20(20+1) 2 9(9+1) 2 𝑛= +1
=[ ] −[ ] 𝑑
2 2
Similar Problems 71−1
20(21) 2 9(10) 2
5M = +1
(Solve Your Self) 2
=[ ] −[ ]
2 2 Eg. 2.57: Find the sum of 70
3 3 3 3
= + 1 = 35 + 1
= [10(21)]2 − [9(5)]2 (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 16 2

(ii) 93 + 103 + ⋯ + 213 𝑛 = 36

= (210)2 − (45)2
= 44100 − 2025 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛2

= 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝑆36 = (36)2 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔

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Special Guide - 2 - Numbers and Sequences  63

2. If 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒌 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓, then find 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒌𝟑 2M

Given: 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 = 325 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

𝑛(𝑛+1)
𝑘(𝑘+1) 1+2+3+⋯+𝑛 = Eg. 2.58: If 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 = 666
2
= 325 then find 𝑛. (PTA-2)
2
2. If 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ 𝑘 3 = 16900 then
𝑘(𝑘+1) 2
[ ] = (325)2 find 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 (PTA-3)
2

13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑘 3 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓

3. If 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒌𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟎 then find 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝒌 2M

Given: 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑘 3 = 44100 𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 𝑛(𝑛+1)

∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 3 = [ ] , ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 =
2 2
𝑘(𝑘+1) 2
[ ] = 44100
2
𝑘(𝑘+1)
= √44100
2

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 𝑘 = √2102

= 𝟐𝟏𝟎

4. How many terms of the series 5. The sum of the cubes of first 𝒏 natural
𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ should be taken to get the numbers is 2025. Find the value of 𝒏 5M
sum 14400? 2M
Given: Sum of cube of 1st 𝑛 natural
Given: number is
𝑛

∑ 𝑘 3 = 14400 ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 3 = 2025

𝑘=1 𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
[ ] = 2025
To find 𝑛, 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 = 14400 2

𝑛(𝑛+1)
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 = √2025
[ ] = 14400 2
2
𝑛(𝑛+1)
𝑛(𝑛+1)
= √14400 = 45 …………..(1)
2
2

𝑛2 + 𝑛 = 2(√1202 ) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = 90

= 2(120) 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 90 = 0

𝑛2 + 𝑛 = 240 (𝑛 + 10)(𝑛 − 9) = 0

𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 240 = 0 𝑛 = −10 or 𝑛 = 9
(𝑛 + 16)(𝑛 − 15) = 0 ∴𝒏=𝟗 (𝑛 = −10 is not possible)
𝑛 = −16 or 𝑛 = 15
𝑛 = −16 is not admissible
∴ 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓

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64 Way to Success - 10th Maths

6. Rekha has 15 square colour papers of sizes 10cm, 11cm, 12cm, … ,24cm. How much area can be
decorated with these colour papers?
PTA-1
Given: The size of 15 square colour papers are 10cm, 11cm, 12cm, … 24cm
5M
The area of square = 𝑎2
The colour paper decorated area
= 102 + 112 + 122 + ⋯ + 242
= (12 + 22 + ⋯ + 242 ) −(12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 92 ) 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
6
24(24+1)(24×2+1) 9(9+1)(2×9+1)
= −
6 6

= 4(25)(49) − 3(5)(19)
= 4900 − 285
= 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐

7. Find the sum of the series (𝟐𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑 ) + (𝟒𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑 ) + (𝟔𝟑 − 𝟓𝟑 ) + ⋯ to (i) 𝒏 terms (ii) 8 terms
Given: (23 − 13 ) + (43 − 33 ) + (63 − 53 ) + ⋯ 5M

(i) 𝑛 terms 1+2+3+⋯+𝑛 =

𝑛(𝑛+1)
2
(23 −1 3)
+ (43 −3 3)
+ (63 −5 3)
+ ⋯ 𝑛 terms 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
6
[(2𝑛)3 − (2𝑛 − 1)3 ] 𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
3 3 2

= Σ[(2𝑛)3 − (2𝑛 − 1)3 ] ⇒ 𝑎 = 2𝑛, 𝑏 = 2𝑛 − 1

= Σ([2𝑛 − (2𝑛 − 1)][(2𝑛)2 + (2𝑛)(2𝑛 − 1) + (2𝑛 − 1)2 ])
= Σ([2𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1][4𝑛2 + 4𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 4𝑛2 − 4𝑛 + 1])
= Σ(12𝑛2 − 6𝑛 + 1)
= 12Σn2 − 6Σn + Σ(1) [∵ Σ(1) = 1 + 1 + 1 … n times = n]
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)
= 12 ( )− 6( )+ 𝑛
6 2

= 2(𝑛2 + 𝑛)(2𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 𝑛

= 2(2𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑛2 + 𝑛) − 3𝑛2 − 2𝑛 Note for Unit Exercise – 2
3 2 2
= 4𝑛 + 2𝑛 + 4𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 3𝑛 − 2𝑛 2 Q.No: 1 – Similar to Exercise 2.1 -3rd Question
Q.No: 2 - Similar to Exercise 2.1 – 2nd Question
𝑆𝑛 = 4𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 Q.No: 3 - Similar to Exercise 2.1 -4th Question
Q.No: 4 - Similar to Exercise 2.1 -2nd Question
(ii) 8 terms Q.No: 5 - Similar to Exercise 2.5 -7th Question
We know that 𝑆𝑛 = 4𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 Q.No: 6 - Similar to Exercise 2.5 -4th Question
Q.No: 7 - Similar to Exercise 2.5 -7th Question
𝑆8 = 4(8)3 + 3(8)2 Q.No: 8 - Similar to Exercise 2.6 -8th Question
= 4(512) + 3(64) Q.No: 9 – Similar to Exercise 2.7 -6th Question
Q.No: 10 - Similar to Exercise 2.7 -10th Question
= 2048 + 192 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎
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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  65

3. Algebra
Exercise 3.1
1. Solve the following system of linear equations in three variables 5M

(i) 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟓; 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑𝒚
(ii) 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎; 𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎; 𝒛 + 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒 (iii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 − (𝒚 + 𝒛)
𝟐
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 …………… (1) 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(ii) 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎; 𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎; 𝒛 + 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 …………… (2) SEP-21, PTA-5 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16 …………… (3)
Add (1) + (2) 𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4 = 0 ………… (1)
(1)⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 1 = 0 ………… (2)
(2)⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 2𝑐 + 3𝑎 − 14 = 0 ………… (3)
3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 14 ………… (4) From (1) & (2)
(1) ⇒ 𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 0𝑐 + 4 = 0
(2) × 2 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 18 (2) × 2 ⇒ 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 2 = 0
(3) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16 𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
(−) (+ ) (−) (−)
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2 …..…….. (5) 𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0….…… (4)
(4) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 14 (4) ⇒ 𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
(5) ⇒ 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2 (3) ⇒ 3𝑎 + 2𝑐 − 14 = 0
(−) (+) (−) 4𝑎 −8 =0
3𝑧 = 12 8
4𝑎 = 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4 = 2
3𝑧 = 12
12 Sub. 𝑎 = 2 in (4)
𝑧= 3 =4 𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
Sub. 𝑧 = 4 in (5) 2 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2 −2𝑐 + 8 = 0
3𝑥 − 4 = 2 −2𝑐 = −8
−8
3𝑥 = 2 + 4 𝑐 = −2 = 4
6
3𝑥 = 6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 Sub. 𝑐 = 4 in (2)
Sub. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑧 = 4 in (1) 𝑏−𝑐+1=0
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5 𝑏−4+1=0
2+𝑦+4=5 𝑏−3=0
𝑦 =5−2−4 𝑏=3
1 𝟏
𝑦=5−6 ∴ Here 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = −1 1 𝟏
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟒 𝑦=𝑏⇒𝒚=𝟑
1 𝟏
Similar Problems 𝑧=𝑐⇒𝒛=𝟒
Solve Your Self
Eg. 3.2: Solve 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 2M
Similar Problems
Eg. 3.3: Solve the following system of linear equations in three variables 5M Solve Your Self 5M
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6. 1 1 1 1
Eg. 3.8: Solve: + − = ;
CQ: Solve: 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 13, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 13, 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 26 (SEP-20) 2𝑥 4𝑦 3𝑧 4
1 1 1 1 4 2
5M = ; − + =2
𝑥 3𝑦 𝑥 5𝑦 𝑧 15
CQ: Solve: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 13, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2 (PTA-1) 5M

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66 Way to Success - 10th Maths

𝟑𝒚
(iii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 − (𝒚 + 𝒛) 2. Discuss the nature of solutions of the
𝟐
3𝑦
following system of equations 5M
𝑥 + 20 = + 10 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 2(−10) (i) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟔; −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = −𝟏𝟐; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟑
2
3𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 ……………… (1)
𝑥− = 10 − 20 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −20 … (1) −3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −12 …………………… (2)
2
3𝑦
+ 10 = 2𝑧 + 5 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 3 …………………… (3)
2 (1) + (2) ⇒
3𝑦
− 2𝑧 = 5 − 10 (1)⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6
2
(2)⇒ −3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −12
3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 2(−5)
−2𝑥 + 4𝑧 = −6
3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −10 …………… (2)
÷ 2, − 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = −3……… (4)
2𝑧 + 5 = 110 − (𝑦 + 𝑧)
(3) + (4) ⇒
2𝑧 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 110 − 5 (3) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 3
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 105 ……………. (3) (4) ⇒ −𝑥 + 2𝑧 = −3
(2) ⇒ 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −10 0=0
(3) × 3 ⇒ 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 315 Here 0 = 0
(−) (−) (−) The system has an infinitely many solution.
−13𝑧 = −325 (ii) 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑(−𝒙 + 𝟏);
𝟏
325 −𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟒; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = − 𝟐
𝑧 = − −13 = 25
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3(−𝑥 + 1)
Sub. 𝑧 = 25 in (3) 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3𝑥 + 3
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 105 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ………. (1)
𝑦 + 3(25) = 105 − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −4 ………… (2)
1
𝑦 + 75 = 105 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = − 2 ……… (3)
𝑦 = 105 − 75 (1) + (2) ⇒
𝑦 = 30 (1) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
Sub. 𝑦 = 30 in (1) (2)⇒ − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −4
2𝑥 − 3(30) = −20 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −1 ……. (4)
2𝑥 − 90 = −20
2 ×(2) ⇒ −2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −8 …… (2)
2𝑥 = −20 + 90
(3) ⇒ 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1 …… (3)
2𝑥 = 70 4𝑥 + 10𝑦 = −9
70
𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 35
9
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓; 𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎; 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2, 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = − 2 ………(5)
Similar Problems 5M (4)− (5) ⇒
Solve Your Self (4)⇒ 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
Eg. 3.7 : Solve − 1 = + 1 = + 2; + = 13 9
1
2 6 7 3 2 (5)⇒ 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = − 2 ……….. (5)
UE-1: Solve (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5) = 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 11 = 9 − (𝑥 + 2𝑧) (−) (−) (+)
3
9
0 = −1 − 2
Similar Problems −2+9
5M 0=
Solve Your Self 2
7
Eg. 3.5: Solve 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2; 0≠2
−5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = −11.
This system is Inconsistent and has no
Eg. 3.6: Solve 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1; −2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1; solution.
−𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  67

𝒚+𝒛 𝒛+𝒙 𝒙+𝒚 3. Vani, her father and her grand father have
(iii) = = ; 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟕
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 an average age of 53. One – half of her
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥
= 3 grandfather’s age plus one-third of her
4 father’s age plus one fourth of vani’s age is
3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4𝑧 + 4𝑥 65. Four years ago if vani’s grandfather was
four times as old as vani then how old are
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 3𝑧 = 0 you they all now?
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 …….. (1) Vani’s age =𝑥 PTA-2
𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
= 2 Her father’s age =𝑦 5M
3
2𝑧 + 2𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 Her grandfather’s age = 𝑧
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 Average age = 53 ⇒ 3 = 53
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 …… (2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 53 × 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 27 ……….. (3) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 159…… (1)
1 1 1
(1) + (2) ⇒ Here 2 𝑧 + 3 𝑦 + 4 𝑥 = 65
(1) ⇒ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 780 …… (2)
(2)⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 Four years ago
Vani’s age =𝑥−4
5𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 ……. (4)
Her father’s age = 𝑦 − 4
Grandfather’s age = 𝑧 − 4
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 𝑧 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 4)
3 × (3) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 81 𝑧 − 4 = 4𝑥 − 16
(−) (−) (−) (−) 4𝑥 − 𝑧 − 12 = 0
−2𝑥 − 5𝑧 = −81 ...… (5) 4𝑥 − 𝑧 = 12 ………… (3)
(1) × 4 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 636
(4) × 5 ⇒ 25𝑥 − 5𝑧 = 0 (2) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 780
(−) (−) (−) (−)
(5) ⇒ −2𝑥 − 5𝑧 = −81
𝑥 − 2𝑧 = −144 ………… (4)
(+) (+) (+)
(3) × 2 ⇒ 8𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 24
27𝑥 = 81 (4) × 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = −144
81 (−) (+)
𝑥 = 27 = 3 (+)
7𝑥 = 168
Sub 𝑥 = 3 in (4) we get 𝑧 = 15 168
𝑥 = 7 = 24
Sub 𝑥 = 3, 𝑧 = 15 in (1) we get 𝑦 = 9
Sub. 𝑥 = 24 in (5)
So the system has unique solution. 4𝑥 − 𝑧 = 12
4(24) − 𝑧 = 12
Similar Problems −𝑧 = 12 − 96
Solve Your Self −𝑧 = −84
Eg. 3.1: The father’s age is six times his son’s age. Six 𝑧 = 84
years hence the age of father will be four times his Sub. 𝑥 = 24; 𝑧 = 84 in (1)
son’s age. Find the present ages (in years) of the
son and father. 2M
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 159
Eg. 3.9: The sum of thrice the first number, second 24 + 𝑦 + 84 = 159
number and twice the third number is 5. If thrice 𝑦 + 108 = 159
the second number is subtracted from the sum of
first number and thrice the third we get 2. If the 𝑦 = 159 − 108
third number is subtracted from the sum of twice 𝑦 = 51
the first, thrice the second, we get 1. Find the
numbers. 5M ∴ Vani’s age = 𝟐𝟒
Her father’s age = 𝟓𝟏
Her grandfather’s age = 𝟖𝟒
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68 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number 5. There are 12 pieces of five, ten and twenty
is 11. If the digits are reversed, the new rupee currencies whose total value is
number is 46 more than five times the former J105. When first 2 sorts are interchanged
number. If the hundreds digit plus twice the
in their numbers its value will be
tens digit is equal to the units digit, then find
the original three digit number? 5M increased by J 20. Find the number of
The three digit number = 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 currencies in each sort. 5M
(Unit digit = 𝑧, 10th digit = 𝑦, 100th digit = 𝑥) Let number of 5 rupees = 𝑥
Sum of the digits = 11, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11… (1) Number of 10 rupees = 𝑦
If digits reversed then the new number Number of 20 rupees = 𝑧
= 100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12…… (1)
100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 = 5[100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧] + 46 Total value = 105
100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 = 500𝑥 + 50𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 46 5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 105
499𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 95𝑧 = −46………………… (2) ÷5 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 21……. (2)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑧 After interchanging
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ………………… (3) 10𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 105 + 20
(1) + (3) ⇒ 10𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 125
(1)⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11 ÷5 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 25…… (3)
(3)⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 21
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 …… (4) (3)⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 25
(−) (−) (−) (−)
(1) × 95 ⇒ 95𝑥 + 95𝑦 + 95𝑧 = 1045
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4
(2) ⇒ 499𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 95𝑧 = −46
× (−1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 ……… (4)
594𝑥 + 135𝑦 = 999 … (5)
(1) × (4) ⇒ 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 48
(5) ⇒ 594𝑥 + 135𝑦 = 999 (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 21
(4) × 45 ⇒ 90𝑥 + 135𝑦 = 495 (−) (−) (−) (−)
(−) (−) (−)
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 27…… (5)
504𝑥 = 504
(5) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 27
504
𝑥 = 504 = 1 (4) × (3) ⇒ 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
(−) (+) (−)
Sub. 𝑥 = 1 in (4) Sub. 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 in (1) Similar Problems 5M 5𝑦 = 15
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11 Solve Your Self
UE-3: In a three-digit number,
2(1) + 3𝑦 = 11 1 + 3 + 𝑧 = 11 15
when the tens and the hundreds 𝑦= 5 =3
3𝑦 = 11 − 2 4 + 𝑧 = 11 digit are interchanged the new
𝑦=3
9
𝑧 = 11 − 4 number is 54 more than three times Sub. 𝑦 = 3 in (4)
𝑧=7 the original number. If 198 is added 𝑥−𝑦 =4
𝑦=3 to the number, the digits are
𝑥−3=4
∴ The number = 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 reversed. The tens digit exceeds the
hundreds digit by twice as that of 𝑥 =4+3
= 100(1) + 10(3) + 7 the tens digit exceeds the unit digit. 𝑥=7
= 100 + 30 + 7 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕 Find the original number.
Sub. 𝑥 = 7; 𝑦 = 3 in (1)
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
Eg. 3.4: In an interschool atheletic meet, with 24 individual events, securing a total of 56 7 + 3 + 𝑧 = 12
points, a first place secures 5 points, a second place secures 3 points, and a third place
secures 1 point. Having as many third place finishers as first and second place finishers, 10 + 𝑧 = 12
find how many athletes finished in each place. 𝑧 = 12 − 10
UE-2: One hundred and fifty Students are admitted to a school. They are distributed over 𝑧=2
three sections 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶. If 6 students are shifted from section A to section 𝐶, the
sections will have equal number of students. If 4 times of students of section 𝐶 exceeds∴ Number of 5 Rupees = 𝟕
the number of students of section 𝐴 by the number of students in section 𝐵, find the Number of 10 rupees = 𝟑
number of students in the three sections.
Number of 20 rupees = 𝟐
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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  69

Exercise 3.2
1. Find the GCD of the given polynomials (i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 SEP-20
𝑥+2 𝑥−1 5M
3 2 4 3 2
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 0𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3
2 3

𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
(−) (−) (+) (−) (−) (−) (+)
2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 6 −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
(−) (−) (+) (−) (+) (+) (−)
2 0
3𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 9
3[𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3] 𝟐
∴ GCD of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
3[𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3] ≠ 0 here 3 is not a divisor of 𝑔(𝑥)
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
1. Find the GCD of the given polynomials (ii) − 𝑥4 1, 𝑥 3
− 11𝑥 2
+ 𝑥 − 11
(iii) 3𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥, 4𝑥 4 + 14𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 (iv) 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3, 6𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 12
UE-5: Find the GCD of the following by division algorithm 2𝑥 4 + 13𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 + 7, 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Eg. 3.10: Find the GCD of the polynomials 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 and 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3.
Eg. 3.11: Find the GCD of 6𝑥 3 − 30𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 − 48 and 3𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 21𝑥 − 18.

2. Find the LCM of the given expressions. 2M

Similar Problems
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚, 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 Solve Your Self
2M

LCM of 4 & 8 is 8 2. Find the LCM of the given expressions.

LCM : 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 (ii) 9𝑎3 𝑏 2 , 12𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐
(iii) 16𝑚, 12𝑚2 𝑛2 , 8𝑛2
(vi) (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚)𝟐 , (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚)𝟑 , 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑 (iv) 𝑝2 − 3𝑝 + 2, 𝑝2 − 4
(v) 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3,4𝑥 2 − 36
2
(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )2 = [𝑥[2𝑥 − 3𝑦]] Eg. 3.12: Find the LCM of the following
(i) 8𝑥 4 𝑦 2 , 48𝑥 2 𝑦 4
= 𝑥 2 [2𝑥 − 3𝑦]2
3 (ii) 5𝑥 − 10, 5𝑥 2 − 20
(4𝑥 − 6𝑦)3 = [2[2𝑥 − 3𝑦]] = 23 [2𝑥 − 3𝑦]3 (iii) 𝑥 4 − 1, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
8𝑥 3 − 27𝑦 3 = (2𝑥)3 − (3𝑦)3 (iv) 𝑥 3 − 27, (𝑥 − 3)2 , 𝑥 2 − 9
= (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)(4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦) UE-4: Find the least common multiple of
𝑥𝑦(𝑘 2 + 1) + 𝑘(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) and
𝐿𝐶𝑀: 𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)𝟑 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 ) 𝑥𝑦(𝑘 2 − 1) + 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

Exercise 3.3
1(i). Find the LCM and GCD for the following and verify that 𝒇(𝒙) × 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳𝑪𝑴 × 𝑮𝑪𝑫 2M
𝟐 𝟐 Verification: 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
𝟐𝟏𝒙 𝒚, 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝒚
2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 21𝑥 𝑦 = 7 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑦, 21𝑥 2 𝑦 × 35𝑥𝑦 2 = 105𝑥 2 𝑦 2 × 7𝑥𝑦
𝑔(𝑥) = 35𝑥𝑦 2 = 7 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 2 735𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 735𝑥 3 𝑦 3
2 2 𝟐 𝟐
𝐿𝐶𝑀: 3 × 5 × 7 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒙 𝒚
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷 verified.
𝐺𝐶𝐷: 7 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝟕𝒙𝒚
Similar Problems
Solve Your Self 2M
1. Find the LCM and GCD for the following and verify that 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
(ii) (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 + 1), (𝑥 3 + 1) (iii) (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ), (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)
CQ: If two positive integers 𝑝 and 𝑞 are written as 𝑝 = 𝑎2 𝑏 3 and 𝑞 = 𝑎3 𝑏; 𝑎, 𝑏 are prime numbers, then verify
𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑝, 𝑞) × 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑝𝑞 (PTA-2)

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70 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2(i).Find the LCM of each pair of the following polynomials 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂 − 𝟏𝟐, 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟓𝒂 + 𝟔 Whose GCD is 𝒂 − 𝟐
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 12 = (𝑎 + 6)(𝑎 − 2) 2M PTA-6
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎2 − 5𝑎 + 6 = (𝑎 − 3)(𝑎 − 2) Similar Problems
𝐺𝐶𝐷: 𝑎 − 2 Solve Your Self
𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) (𝑎+6)(𝑎−2)×(𝑎−3)(𝑎−2) 2(ii).Find the LCM of each pair of the following
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 4 3 (𝑥 2
(𝑎−2) polynomials 𝑥 − 27𝑎 𝑥, − 3𝑎) Whose
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = (𝒂 + 𝟔)(𝒂 − 𝟑)(𝒂 − 𝟐) GCD is (𝑥 − 3𝑎) 2M

3(i).Find the GCD of each pair of the following polynomials: 2M

12(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ), 8(𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 24𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Whose LCM is 24𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝐿𝐶𝑀
𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = 12(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ) 12𝑥 3 (𝑥−1)×8𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)

3 =
= 12𝑥 [𝑥 − 1] 24𝑥 3 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
4 3 2) 𝟐
𝑔(𝑥) = 8(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝟒𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
2 [𝑥 2
= 8𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2] Similar Problems
2 (𝑥 Solve Your Self
= 8𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 3(ii). Find the GCD of each pair of the following polynomials: 2M
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ), (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 ) Whose LCM is (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

4(i). Given the LCM and GCD of the two polynomials 𝒑(𝒙) and 𝒒(𝒙) find the unknown polynomial
in the following table
S.No LCM GCD 𝒑(𝒙) 𝒒(𝒙) 5M
(i) 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒂 + 𝟕𝟎 𝒂−𝟕 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝟓 ?

𝐿𝐶𝑀 ∶ 𝑎3 − 10𝑎2 + 11𝑎 + 70 𝑎2 − 5𝑎 − 14

𝐺𝐶𝐷 ∶ 𝑎 − 7 𝑎−5 𝑎3 − 10𝑎2 + 11𝑎 + 70
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎2 − 12𝑎 + 35 𝑎3 − 5𝑎2
(−) (+)
𝑞(𝑥) =?
𝐿𝐶𝑀×𝐺𝐶𝐷 −5𝑎2 + 11𝑎
𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥) −5𝑎2 + 25𝑎
𝑎3 −10𝑎2 +11𝑎+70×𝑎−7 (+) (−)
= 𝑎2 −12𝑎+35 −14𝑎 + 70
(𝑎3 −10𝑎2 +11𝑎+70)×𝑎−7
= −14𝑎 + 70
(𝑎−7)(𝑎−5)
(+) (−)
2
𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑎 − 5𝑎 − 14 = (𝒂 + 𝟐)(𝒂 − 𝟕)
0
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
4 . Given the LCM and GCD of the two polynomials 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) find the unknown polynomial in the following table
S.No LCM GCD 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)
(ii) (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 ) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) ? (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)

Exercise 3.4
1. Reduce each of the following rational expressions to its lowest form. 2M
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −12 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝒙−𝟏
(i) 𝑥 2 +𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥+1) = = Similar Problems
𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝒙 Solve Your Self 2M
𝑥 2 −11𝑥+18 (𝑥−9)(𝑥−2) 𝒙−𝟗 Eg. 3.13: Reduce the rational expression to its lowest form
(ii) = (𝑥−2)(𝑥−2) = 𝒙−𝟐 𝑥−3 𝑥 2 −16
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4 (i) (ii)
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 +8𝑥+16

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  71

9𝑥 2 +81𝑥 9𝑥[𝑥+9] 9(𝑥+9) 𝟗

(iii) 𝑥 3 +8𝑥 2 −9𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 +8𝑥−9) = (𝑥+9)(𝑥−1) = 𝒙−𝟏 Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self
𝑝2 −3𝑝−40 (𝑝−8)(𝑝+5) (𝑝−8)(𝑝+5) UE-6:Reduce the given rational expressions to
2Mits lowest
(iv) 2𝑝3 −24𝑝2+64𝑝 = 2𝑝(𝑝2 −12𝑝+32) = 2𝑝(𝑝−8)(𝑝−4) 𝑥 3𝑎 −8 10𝑥 3 −25𝑥 2 +4𝑥−10
form (i) (ii)
𝑥 2𝑎 +2𝑥 𝑎 +4 −4−10𝑥 2
𝒑+𝟓
= 𝟐𝒑(𝒑−𝟒)
𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
2. Find the excluded values, if any of the following expressions. (iv) 𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙 2M

𝑥 3 −27 𝑥 3 −33
(iv) = 𝑥[𝑥 2 +𝑥−6] Similar Problems 2M
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −6𝑥 Solve Your Self
(𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 +9−3𝑥) 2. Find the excluded values, if any of the following
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑥−6) expressions.
𝑝(𝑥) (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥+9) 𝑦 𝑡 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8
= for (i) (ii) (iii)
𝑦 2 −25 𝑡 2 −5𝑡+6 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
𝑞(𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)
excluded value 𝑞(𝑥) = 0 Eg. 3.14: Find the excluded values of the following
𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 expressions (if any).
𝑥+3=0 𝑥−2=0 (i)
𝑥+10
(ii)
7𝑝+2
(MAY-22) (iii)
𝑥
𝑥=0 8𝑥 8𝑝2 +13𝑝+5 𝑥 2 +1
𝑥 = −3 𝑥=2
∴ 𝑥 = 0, −3, 2

Exercise 3.5
1. Simplify 2M Similar Problems
4𝑥 2 𝑦 6𝑥𝑧 3 4𝑥 2 𝑦 6𝑥𝑧 3 𝑥 3 ×𝑧 𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝒛 Solve Your Self 2M
(i) × 20𝑦 4 = × 20𝑦 4 = 5 = 1. Simplify
2𝑧 2 2 𝑦3 𝟓𝒚𝟑
𝑝2 −10𝑝+21 𝑝2 +𝑝−12 5𝑡 3 6𝑡−12
𝒙𝟑 −𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐 (ii) × (iii) ×
2. Simplify (ii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙𝒚+𝟔𝒚𝟐 × 2M 𝑝−7 (𝑝−3)2 4𝑡−8 10𝑡
𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
𝑥+4 9𝑥 2 −16𝑦 2
𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 2. Simplify (i) ×
3𝑥+4𝑦 2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−20
𝑥3 27𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 = 3(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 ) = 3(𝑥 + 2𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) Eg. 3.15: (i) Multiply by
9𝑦 2 𝑥5
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑥 4 𝑏2 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) (ii) Multiply by
𝑥−1 𝑎 4 𝑏3
1 1
+ 𝑞 2 +𝑟 2 −𝑝2
𝑝 𝑞+𝑟
(𝑥−𝑦)(𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑥𝑦) (𝑥+𝑦)2 UE-7: Simplify 1 1 × [1 + ]
− 2𝑞𝑟
= × (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥−𝑦) 𝑝 𝑞+𝑟
3(𝑥+2𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦)

𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐
= 𝟑(𝒙+𝟐𝒚)
𝟐𝒂𝟐 +𝟓𝒂+𝟑 𝒂𝟐 +𝟔𝒂+𝟓
3. Simplify (i) 𝟐𝒂𝟐 +𝟕𝒂+𝟔 ÷ −𝟓𝒂𝟐 −𝟑𝟓𝒂−𝟓𝟎 5M

2𝑎2 +5𝑎+3 −5𝑎2 −35𝑎−50

= 2𝑎2 +7𝑎+6 × 𝑎2 +6𝑎+5
Similar Problems
2𝑎2 + 5𝑎 + 3 = (𝑎 + 1)(2𝑎 + 3) Solve Your Self
2𝑎2 + 7𝑎 + 6 = (2𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 + 2) 3. Simplify
𝑏2 +3𝑏−28 𝑏2 −49
−5𝑎2 − 35𝑎 − 50 = −5[𝑎2 + 7𝑎 + 10] (ii)
𝑏2 +4𝑏+4
÷
𝑏2 −5𝑏−14
(JUL-22) 5M

𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
= −5(𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 + 5) (iii)
𝑥+2
÷ 5M
4𝑦 12𝑦 2
2
𝑎 + 6𝑎 + 5 = (𝑎 + 1)(𝑎 + 5) 12𝑡 3 −22𝑡+8 3𝑡 2 +2𝑡−8
(𝑎+1)(2𝑎+3)
(iv) ÷ 5M
5(𝑎+2)(𝑎+5) 3𝑡 2𝑡 2 +4𝑡
= (2𝑎+3)(𝑎+2) × − (𝑎+5)(𝑎+1) 14𝑥 4 7𝑥 𝑥 2 −16 𝑥−4
Eg. 3.16: Find (i) ÷ (ii) ÷ 2M
𝑦 3𝑦 4 𝑥+4 𝑥+4

= −𝟓
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72 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. If 𝒙 =
𝒂𝟐 +𝟑𝒂−𝟒 𝒂𝟐 +𝟐𝒂−𝟖
and 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝟐 −𝟐𝒂−𝟒 find the 5. If a polynomial 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 is
𝟑𝒂𝟐 −𝟑 divided by another polynomial 𝒒(𝒙) we get
value of 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 5M
PTA-3 𝒙−𝟕
, find 𝒒(𝒙). PTA-2
𝑎2 +3𝑎−4 (𝑎+4)(𝑎−1) (𝑎+4)(𝑎−1) 𝒙+𝟐
𝑥= = = 3(𝑎+1)(𝑎−1) 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑥−7
3𝑎2 −3 3(𝑎2 −12 ) = 𝑥+2 2M
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑎+4
𝑥 = 3(𝑎+1) 𝑥 2 −5𝑥−14 𝑥−7
= 𝑥+2
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑎2 +2𝑎−8 𝑥 2 −5𝑥−14
𝑦 = 2𝑎2 −2𝑎−4 𝑞(𝑥) = ×𝑥+2
𝑥−7
(𝑥−7)(𝑥+2)
𝑎2 +2𝑎−8 (𝑎+4)(𝑎−2) = × (𝑥 + 2)
= 2(𝑎2 −𝑎−2) = 2[(𝑎−2)(𝑎+1)] 𝑥−7

𝑎+4
𝑞(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 = 2(𝑎+1) 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
Creative Questions
2 −2 𝑥2 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 = (𝑦) 𝒂𝟐 −𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝒂𝟐 −𝟑𝒂−𝟐 𝟑𝒂𝟐 −𝟏𝟏𝒂−𝟒
1. Simplify : × ÷ 𝟐 PTA-4
𝒂𝟑 −𝟖 𝟐
𝟐𝒂 +𝟗𝒂+𝟒 𝒂 +𝟐𝒂+𝟒
𝑥 𝑎+4 2(𝑎+1)
= 3(𝑎+1) × 𝑎 2 −16 2𝑎2 −3𝑎−2
× 2𝑎2 +9𝑎+4 ÷
3𝑎 2 −11𝑎−4 5M
𝑦 𝑎+4
𝑎 3 −8 𝑎 2 +2𝑎+4
𝑥 2
=3 =
𝑎 2 −16
×
2𝑎 2 −3𝑎−2 𝑎 2 +2𝑎+4
× 3𝑎2 −11𝑎−4
𝑦 3
𝑎 −8 2𝑎 2 +9𝑎+4
𝑥 2 2 2 4 (𝑎+4)(𝑎−4) (2𝑎+1)(𝑎−2) 𝑎 2 +2𝑎+4
(𝑦) = (3) = 9 = × (2𝑎+1)(𝑎+4) × (3𝑎+1)(𝑎−4)
(𝑎−2)(𝑎2 +2𝑎+4)
𝟒 𝟏
∴ 𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 = 𝟗 = (𝟑𝒂+𝟏)

Exercise 3.6
𝒙(𝒙+𝟏) 𝒙(𝟏−𝒙)
1. Simplify (i) + 𝒙−𝟐 2M Similar Problems 2M
𝒙−𝟐
2 2 Solve Your Self
𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑥(1−𝑥) 𝑥 +𝑥+𝑥−𝑥 𝑥3 𝑦3
+ = 1. Simplify (ii)
𝑥+2
+
𝑥−1
(iii) +
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥+3 𝑥−2 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
𝟐𝒙 1 1 1
= 𝒙−𝟐 Eg. 3.18: Simplify
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
+
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
−
𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15

(𝟐𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐) (𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟐)

2. Simplify (i) − 2M 4. Which rational expression should
𝒙−𝟒 𝒙−𝟒
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) (2𝑥 2 −5𝑥+2) 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟖
− Similar Problems
be subtracted from to
2M 𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
𝑥−4 𝑥−4 Solve Your Self PTA-4
𝟑 2M
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2−2𝑥 2 +5𝑥−2 get 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟒
= 2. Simplify (ii)
4𝑥
−
𝑥+1
𝑥−4 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥−1
2𝑥−4 𝟐(𝒙−𝟐) 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8 3
= = Eg.3.17: Find
𝑥 2 +20𝑥+36
−
𝑥 2 +12𝑥+4 − 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4
𝑥−4 𝒙−𝟒 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−28 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−28 𝑥 3 +8
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8 3
𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 − 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4 = 𝑝(𝑥)
3. Subtract 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐 from 𝟐
2M 𝑥 3 +23
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐)
(𝑥+4)(𝑥+2) 3
2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +3 1 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +3−(𝑥 2 +2)
− 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4 = 𝑝(𝑥)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4)
2
(𝑥 +2) 2 − 2 = (𝑥 2 +2)2
𝑥 +2 (𝑥+4) 3
2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +3−𝑥2 −2
− 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4 = 𝑝(𝑥)
(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4)
= (𝑥 2 +2)2 𝑥+4−3
𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝟏 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4
= 𝑝(𝑥)
= 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐) 𝒙+𝟏
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟒

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  73

𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝑩
5. If 𝑨 = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 , 𝑩 = 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 find 𝑨−𝑩 − 𝑨𝟐 −𝑩𝟐 5M

1 2𝐵 1 2𝐵 (2𝑥+1)2 +(2𝑥−1)2
− 𝐴2 −𝐵2 = 𝐴−𝐵 − (𝐴+𝐵)(𝐴−𝐵) =
𝐴−𝐵 (2𝑥−1)(2𝑥+1)
(2𝑥 + 1)2 = 4𝑥 2 + 1 + 4𝑥
𝐴+𝐵−2𝐵 2(4𝑥 2 +1)
= (𝐴+𝐵)(𝐴−𝐵) ∴𝐴+𝐵 = (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 4𝑥 2 + 1 − 4𝑥
4𝑥 2 −1
1 1 (2𝑥 + 1)2 + (2𝑥 − 1)2
(𝐴−𝐵)
= 2(4𝑥2 +1)
= (𝐴+𝐵)(𝐴−𝐵) 𝐴+𝐵
4𝑥2 −1
= 8𝑥 2 + 2
𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 = 2(4𝑥 2 + 1)
1 = 𝟐(𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
= 𝐴+𝐵 (2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 4𝑥 2 − 1

2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1 Similar Problems 5M

Here 𝐴 = 2𝑥−1, 𝐵 = 2𝑥+1 Solve Your Self
𝑥 1 (𝐴+𝐵)2 +(𝐴−𝐵)2 2(𝑥 2 +1)
2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1 6. If 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = , prove that =
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2𝑥−1 + 2𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝐴÷𝐵 𝑥(𝑥+1)2
𝑥 𝑦 1
CQ: 𝑃 = ,𝑄 = then find (MAY-22)
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑃2 −𝑄2

8. Iniya bought 50kg of fruits consisting of apples and bananas. She paid twice as much per kg for
the apple as she did for the banana. If Iniya bought D1800 worth of apples and D600 worth
bananas, then how many kgs of each fruit did she buy? 5M Similar Problems 5M
Weight of apples = 𝑥 Substituting in (1) Solve Your Self

Weight of bananas = 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50 7. Pari needs 4 hours to

Total weight = 50 900 600
+ 𝑧 = 50
complete a work. His
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50 …… (1) 𝑧
1500
friend Yuvan needs 6
hours to complete the
Cost of banana = 𝑧/𝑘𝑔 𝑧
= 50
same work. How long
Cost of apple = 2𝑧/𝑘𝑔 1500
= 50 will it take to complete if
Total amount of apples =D1800 they work together?
2𝑧 × 𝑥 = 1800 𝑧 = 30
UE-8: Arul, Madan and
2𝑧𝑥 = 1800 𝑧 = 30 Substituting in (2) & (3)
900 900
Ram working together
1800 𝑥 = = = 30
𝑥 = 2𝑧 𝑧 30
can clean a store in 6
hours. Working alone,
900
𝑥 = 𝑧 ………………… (2) 𝑥 = 30
600 600 Madan takes twice as
Total amount of bananas = D600 𝑦 = = = 20 long to clean the store as
𝑧 30
𝑦𝑧 = 600 𝑦 = 20 Arul does. Ram needs
600 three times as long as
𝑦 = 𝑧 ………………… (3) Weight of apple = 𝟑𝟎 kgs
Arul does. How long
900 600 Weight of banana = 𝟐𝟎 kgs
𝑥= , 𝑦= would it take each if they
𝑧 𝑧
are working alone?
Exercise 3.7
1. Find the square root of the following rational expressions.
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟏𝟐 𝒛𝟏𝟔 2M JUL-22
(i) Similar Problems
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟖 𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟒 2M
Solve Your Self
1
400𝑥 4 𝑦 12 𝑧 16 4𝑥 4 𝑦 12 𝑧 16 2 1. Find the square root of the following rational expressions.
√ =[ ] 7𝑥 2 +2√14𝑥+2 121(𝑎+𝑏)8 (𝑥+𝑦)8 (𝑏−𝑐)8
100𝑥 8 𝑦 4 𝑧 4 𝑥8𝑦4𝑧4 (ii) 1 1 (iii)
𝑥 2 − 𝑥+ 81(𝑏−𝑐)4 (𝑎−𝑏)12 (𝑏−𝑐)4
1 2 16

4𝑦 8 𝑧 12 2 Eg. 3.19: Find the square root of the following expressions

=[ ] 144𝑎8 𝑏12 𝑐 16
𝑥4 (i) 256(𝑥 − 𝑎)8 (𝑥 − 𝑏)4 (𝑥 − 𝑐)16 (𝑥 − 𝑑)20 (ii) (PTA-5)
81𝑓12 𝑔4 ℎ14
𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟔
= 𝟐| |
𝒙𝟐
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74 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. Find the square root of the following Similar Problems 5M

Solve Your Self
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 2M
2. Find the square root of the following
(ii) 9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 30𝑥𝑧 − 40𝑦𝑧 + 25𝑧 2 + 16𝑦 2
4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25 (iii) (4𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2)(7𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 2)(28𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1)
17 3 4 11
(iv) (2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ( 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2) ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2)
6 2 3 3
= √4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25 Eg. 3.20: Find the square root of the following expressions
(i) 16𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 24𝑥 − 18𝑦 + 9
(ii) (6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1)
= √(2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 + 5) (iii) [√15𝑥 2 + (√3 + √10)𝑥 + √2]
[√5𝑥 2 + (2√5 + 1)𝑥 + 2][√3𝑥 2 + (√2 + 2√3)𝑥 + 2√2]
= |𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓|
Exercise 3.8
1. Find the square root of the following 2. Find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 if the following
polynomials by division method polynomials are perfect squares
(i) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 JUL-22
1 −6 +3 (i) 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂 PTA-4
5M
1 1 − 12 + 42 − 36 + 9 2 −3 +7 5M
1
(−) 2 4 − 12 + 37 + 𝑏 + 𝑎
2 − 6 − 12 + 42
4
−12 + 36
(+) (−) (−)
2 − 12 + 3 6 − 36 + 9 4−3 − 12 + 37
6 − 36 + 9
(−) (+) (−) −12 + 9
0 (+) (−)
√𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 + 42𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 9 = |𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3|
4−6+7 28 + 𝑏 + 𝑎
Similar Problems 5M 28 − 42 + 49
Solve Your Self
1. Find the square root of the following polynomials by division method (−) (+) (−)
(ii) 37𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 4 + 42𝑥 + 9 (iii) 16𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 + 1
(iv) 121𝑥 4 − 198𝑥 3 − 183𝑥 2 + 216𝑥 + 144 0
Eg. 3.21: Find the square root of 64𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 17𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 (SEP-21)
UE-9: Find the square root of 289𝑥 4 − 612𝑥 3 + 970𝑥 2 − 684𝑥 + 361 The given polynomial is perfect square
CQ: Find the square root of the expression
𝑥2
−
10𝑥
+ 27 −
10𝑦
+
𝑦2
(SEP-20)
then 𝑎 = 49, 𝑏 = −42
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥2

3. Find the values of 𝒎 and 𝒏 if the following polynomials are perfect squares 5M MAY-22
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
(i) 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝟎𝒙 + 𝟔𝟏𝒙 − 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒏
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self )
6 −5 + 3 5M
2. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if the following
6 36 − 60 + 61 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 polynomials are perfect squares
36 (ii) 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 361𝑥 2 + 220𝑥 + 100
(−) 3. Find the values of 𝑚 and 𝑛 if the following
12 − 5 − 60 + 61 polynomials are perfect squares
−60 + 25 (ii) 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 𝑚𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 16
(+) (−) Eg. 3.22: If 9𝑥 4 + 12𝑥 3 + 28𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is a perfect
square, find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏. (PTA-5)
12 − 10 + 3 36 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 CQ: Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if
36 −30 9 16𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 3 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑥 2 + (𝑏 + 1)𝑥 + 49
(−) (+) (−) is a perfect square. (PTA-2)
0
The given polynomial is perfect square −𝑚 + 30 = 0 ⇒ −𝑚 = −30 ⇒ 𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝑛 − 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝒏 = 𝟗
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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  75

Exercise 3.9
1. Determine the quadratic equations, whose sum and product of roots are
(i) −𝟗, 𝟐𝟎 SEP-21 Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self
𝛼 + 𝛽 = −9 , 𝛼𝛽 = 20 2M
1. Determine the quadratic equations, whose sum and product of roots are
The general form 5 3
(ii) , 4 (iii) − , −1 (PTA-4) (iv) −(2 − 𝑎)2 , (𝑎 + 5)2
3 2
𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 Eg. 3.24: Write down the quadratic equation in general form for which
sum and product of the roots are given below.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 (i) 9, 14
7 5
(ii) − ,
3
(iii) − , −
1
2 2 5 2

2. Find the sum and product of the roots for each of the following quadratic equations
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 2M Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
Compare with 2. Find the sum and product of the roots for each of the following quadratic
1 10
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 equations (ii) 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 (iii) 3 + = 2 (iv) 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = −28 Eg. 3.23: Find the zeroes of the quadratic expression 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12.
𝑏 3 Eg.3.25: Find the sum and product of the roots for each of the following
𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 𝑎 = − 1 = −𝟑 quadratic equation:
𝑐 28 (i) 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 65 = 0 (ii) 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7 = 0 (iii) 𝑘𝑥 2 − 𝑘 2 𝑥 − 2𝑘 3 = 0
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = − = −𝟐𝟖 CQ: Find the sum and product of the roots of equation 8𝑥 2 − 25 = 0 (PTA-4)
1

Similar Problems
Exercise 3.10 Solve Your Self
2M
1. Solve the following quadratic equations by
1. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method factorization method
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 2M
(ii) 3(𝑝2 − 6) = 𝑝(𝑝 + 5)
(iii) √𝑎(𝑎 − 7) = 3√2
(4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 (iv) √2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5√2 = 0
1
(v) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + = 0
8
4𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥−2=0 Eg. 3.26: Solve 2𝑥 2 − 2√6𝑥 + 3 = 0 (PTA-6)
𝟏
𝒙 = −𝟒 𝒙=𝟐 Eg. 3.27: Solve 2𝑚2 + 19𝑚 + 30 = 0
Eg. 3.28: Solve 𝑥 4 − 13𝑥 2 + 42 = 0 (PTA-1)
𝑥 𝑥−1 1
𝟏 Eg.3.29: Solve + =2
∴ 𝒙 = {− 𝟒 , 𝟐} 𝑥−1 𝑥 2
UE-10: Solve √𝑦 + 1 + √2𝑦 − 5 = 3

2. The number of volleyball games that must be scheduled in a league with 𝒏 teams is given by
𝒏𝟐 −𝒏
𝑮(𝒏) = 𝟐 where each team plays with every other team exactly once. A league schedules 15
games. How many teams are in the league? 2M
2
𝑛 −𝑛 𝑛−6=0 𝑛+5=0
𝐺(𝑛) = 2 |
𝑛=6 𝑛 = −5
Total number of games = 15
Here 𝑛 ≠ −5 because n must be positive
𝑛2 −𝑛
= 15 𝑛=6
2
Total number of teams = 6
𝑛2 − 𝑛 = 30
𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 30 = 0
(𝑛 − 6)(𝑛 + 5) = 0

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76 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 3.11
1. Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square method 5M
𝟓𝒙+𝟕
(ii) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 PTA-3
𝒙−𝟏
5𝑥 + 7 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 − 2(𝑥) + 1 = 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 22
5𝑥 + 7 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2
(𝑥 − 1) = ±2
5𝑥 + 7 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0 𝑥 − 1 = +2 𝑥 − 1 = −2
÷ 3, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑥 = 2 + 1 |𝑥 = −2 + 1
𝑥=3 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 3
∴ 𝒙 = {𝟑, −𝟏}
𝑥 2 − 2(1)(𝑥) = 3
Adding 1 on both side 𝑏 2 −(−2) 2 Similar Problems
(− ) =( ) 5M
2 2 Solve Your Self
2
𝑥 − 2(𝑥) + 1 = 3 + 1 Adding (1)2 = 1 1. Solve the following quadratic equations by completing
the square method(i) 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 = 0
Eg.3.30: Solve 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
Eg.3.31: Solve 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0

2. Solve the following quadratic equations by formula method (i) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 5M

Here 𝑎 = 2 𝑏 = −5 𝑐 = 2 5±3 Similar Problems 5M

−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
= Solve Your Self
4
𝑥= 2. Solve the following quadratic equations by formula
2𝑎 5−3
5+3 𝑥= method (ii) √2𝑓 2 − 6𝑓 + 3√2 = 0
5±√(−5)2 −4(2)(2) 𝑥= 4 (iii) 3𝑦 2 − 20𝑦 − 23 = 0 (iv) 36𝑦 2 − 12𝑎𝑦 + (𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0
4
= 8 |
2 Eg. 3.32: Solve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 by formula method (JUL-22)
2(2)
=4 | 𝑥=4 Eg. 3.33: Solve 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 3 = 0 by formula method.
5±√25−16 1
= 𝑥=2 𝑥=2 Eg. 3.34: Solve 3𝑝2 + 2√5𝑝 − 5 = 0 by formula method.
4 Eg. 3.35: Solve 𝑝𝑞𝑥 2 − (𝑝 + 𝑞)2 𝑥 + (𝑝 + 𝑞)2 = 0
5±√9 𝟏 CQ: Find the value of 𝑥 in, 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 12 = 𝟎 (JUL-22)
= ∴ 𝒙 = {𝟐, 𝟐} 1 2 4
4 CQ: Solve the equation + = where 𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0,
𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+4
𝑥 + 2 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 + 4 ≠ 0 using quadratic formula. (PTA-3)

3. A ball rolls down a slope and travels a distance 𝒅 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒕 feet in 𝒕 seconds. Find the time
when the distance travelled by the ball is 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 feet. 5M
Total distance (𝑑) = 𝑡 2 − 0.75𝑡 4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 − 45 = 0 = 8
3±√729

Total time = 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 Compare with

3±27
But 𝑑 = 11.25 feet 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 =
8
𝑡 2 − 0.75𝑡 = 11.25 𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −45 3+27 3−27
𝑡 2 − 0.75𝑡 − 11.25 = 0 𝑡= 8 𝑡= 8
2
−𝑏±√𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
75 1125 𝑡= 30 −24
𝑡 2 − 100 𝑡 − 100 = 0 2𝑎 𝑡= 8 𝑡 = 8 = −3
100𝑡 2 −75𝑡−1125 −(−3)±√(−3)2 −4(4)(−45) 𝑡 = 3.75 𝑡 ≠ −3
= 0 =
100 2(4)
Because 𝑡 must be positive
100𝑡 2 − 75𝑡 − 1125 = 0 3 ± √9+(16×45)
=
÷ 𝑏𝑦 25, 8
∴ Time = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 seconds
100 2 75 1125 3±√9+720
𝑡 − 𝑡− =0 =
25 25 25 8

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  77

Exercise 3.12
𝟐𝟒
1. If the difference between a number and its reciprocal is 𝟓 , find the number. PTA-6
2M
1 (5𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
First number = 𝑥, It’s reciprocal = 𝑥 Similar Problems
Difference =
24 ∴ 𝑥 − 5 = 0 5𝑥 + 1 = 0 (Solve Your Self)
5 CQ: Find two consecutive
1 24 𝑥=5 5𝑥 = −1 positive integers, sum
𝑥−𝑥 = 5 1 of whose squares is
𝑥 2 −1 24 𝑥 = −5
= 5 365. (MDL) 5M
𝑥
2 𝟏
5𝑥 − 5 = 24𝑥 If the number is 5 and its reciprocal 𝟓
5𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝟏
If the number is − 𝟓 and its reciprocal −𝟓

2. A garden measuring 𝟏𝟐𝒎 by 𝟏𝟔𝒎 is to have a pedestrian pathway that is ′𝒘′ meters wide
installed all the way around so that it increases the total area to 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝒎𝟐 . What is the width of
the pathway? 5M
For garden 𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = 56, 𝑐 = −93
Length = 16𝑚, −𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −56±√562 −4(4)(−93)
𝑤= =
2𝑎 2(4)
Breadth = 12𝑚 −56±√3136+1488 −56±68
Width of path = 𝑤 = = 8
8
56+68 −56−68
Length = (16 + 2𝑤)𝑚 𝑤=− 8 𝑤= 8
Breadth = (12 + 2𝑤)𝑚 = 8
12
𝑤=− 8
124

∴ (16 + 2𝑤)(12 + 2𝑤) = 285

= 1.5𝑚
192 + 56𝑤 + 4𝑤 2 = 285 124
2
Here 𝑤 must be positive 𝑤 ≠ − 8
4𝑤 + 56𝑤 + 192 − 285 = 0
∴ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎
4𝑤 2 + 56𝑤 − 93 = 0
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
8. There is a square field whose side 10m. A square flower bed is prepared in its centre leaving a gravel path all-round
the flower bed. The total cost of laying the flower bed and gravelling the path at J3 and J 4 per square metre
respectively is J 364. Find the width of the gravel path.
UE-12: Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 320 m and area 4800𝑚2 ? If so find its length and breadth.

3. A bus covers a distance of 𝟗𝟎𝒌𝒎 at a uniform speed. Had the speed been 15km / hour more it
would have taken30 minutes less for the journey. Find the original speed of the bus. 5M
1
Speed of a bus = 𝑥 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Total distance = 90𝑘𝑚 90
−
90 1
=2
distance 90 𝑥 𝑥+15
Time taken = 𝑇1 = = hours 90(𝑥+15)−90𝑥 1
speed 𝑥 =2
𝑥(𝑥+15)
Increasing speed = 15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 1
90𝑥 + 1350 − 90𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 15𝑥)
Speed of a bus = (𝑥 + 15)𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 = +1350 × 2
Total distance = 90𝑘𝑚 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 2700 = 0
90
𝑇2 = (𝑥+15) ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 (𝑥 − 45)(𝑥 + 60) = 0
𝑥 = 45 (or) −60
Time difference = 30𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑥 must be positive ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟.
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78 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 3.39: A passenger train takes 1 hr more than an express train to travel a distance of 240 km from Chennai to
Virudhachalam. The speed of passenger train is less than that of an express train by 20 km per hour. Find the
average speed of both the trains.
UE-11: A boat takes 1.6 hours longer to go 36𝑘𝑚𝑠 up a river than down the river. If the speed of the water current is
4𝑘𝑚 per hours. What is the speed of the boat in still water?
CQ: A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/hr in still water takes 1 hour more to go to 24 km upstream than to return
downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream. (MDL, PTA-2)
CQ: A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 10km/hr faster it would have
taken 2 hour less than the scheduled time and if the train were slower by 10km/hr, it would have taken 3 hour
more than the scheduled time. Find the distance covered by the train. (PTA-5)
CQ: A car left 30 minutes later than the scheduled time. In order to reach its destination 150km away in time, it has
to increase its speed by 25km/hr from its usual speed. Find its usual speed. (PTA-6)

4. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Five years hence, the product of their ages (in years) will be
375. Find their present ages. 5M
PTA-4
Sister’s age = 𝑥 Similar Problems 2𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 350 = 0
Solve Your Self 5M
Girl’s age = 2𝑥 (2𝑥 + 35)(𝑥 − 10) = 0
Eg. 3.36: The product of Kumaran’s age
After 5 years (in years) two years ago and his age 2𝑥 + 35 = 0
four years from now is one more 2𝑥 = −35 𝑥 − 10 = 0
Sister’s age = 𝑥 + 5
than twice his present age. What is 35
Girl’s age = 2𝑥 + 5 his present age? (PTA-1) 𝑥=− 𝑥 = 10
2
Product = 375 ∴ 𝑥 = 10 [Because 𝑥 must be positive]
(𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 + 5) = 375 Sister’s age = 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 25 = 375 Girl’s age = 2𝑥 = 2(10) = 𝟐𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬

5. A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular ground of diameter 20m in such
a way that the difference of its distances from two diametrically opposite fixed gates P and Q on
the boundary is 4m. Is it possible to do so? If answer is yes at what distance from the two gates
should the pole be erected? 5M

From the given data 𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 − 12𝑦 − 192 = 0

𝑥−𝑦 =4 (𝑦 + 16)(𝑦 − 12) = 0
𝑥 =4+𝑦 𝑦 = −16(or)12
From the figure, 𝑦 must be positive
∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is right angled triangle ∴ 𝑦 = 12
2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄 𝑥 =4+𝑦 = 4 + 12 = 16
202 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 16
(4 + 𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 = 202 Yes, it is possible.
16 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 400 16 − 12 = 4
2𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 − 384 = 0 The pole should be erected at the
÷ by 2 distance of 𝑃 from 16m and 𝑄 from 12m.
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 192 = 0
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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  79

6. From a group of 𝟐𝒙𝟐 black bees, square root of half of the group went to a tree. Again eight-ninth
of the bees went to the same tree. The remaining two got caught up in a fragrant lotus. How many
bees were there in total? 5M
2 2
Total bees = 2𝑥 2𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0
Similar Problems 5M
Square root of half of the group (𝑥 − 6)(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 Solve Your Self
Eg. 3.38:A flock of swans
= √𝑥 2 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 6 = 0 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 contained 𝑥 2 members.
8
Eight ninth of the bees = (2𝑥 2 ) 𝑥=6 2𝑥 = −3 As the clouds gathered,
9 3 10𝑥 went to a lake and
16𝑥 2 𝑥 = −2 one-eighth of the
= members flew away to a
9 𝑥 = 6 [Because 𝑥 must be positive] garden. The remaining
Remaining bees = 2 three pairs played about
16𝑥 2
∴ Total bees = 2𝑥 2
in the water. How many
∴ 2𝑥 2 − [𝑥 + ]=2
9 = 2(6)2 swans were there in
total?
9𝑥+16𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − [ ]=2 = 2(36)
9

18𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 16𝑥 2 = 18 = 72 bees

7. Music is been played in two opposite galleries with certain group of people. In the first gallery a group
of 4 singers were singing and in the second gallery 9 singers were singing. The two galleries are
separated by the distance of 70m. Where should a person stand for hearing the same intensity of the
singer’s voice? (Hint: The ratio of the sound intensity is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding distances) 5M

4 𝑥2
By using hint 9 = 𝑦 2

Taking square root both sides

2 𝑥
=𝑦
3
2𝑦
P – First gallery, Q – Second gallery 𝑥= ……………………… (2)
3
Substituting (2) in (1)
Distance between galleries = 70𝑚
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70
O is the point of a person standing between 2𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 70
3
galleries.
2𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 70 × 3
Number of singers in the first gallery (P) = 4 5𝑦 = 210
210
Number of singer in the second gallery (Q) = 9 𝑦= 5
𝑦 = 42 𝑚
Distance between P and O = 𝑥 𝑚
Substituting 𝑦 in (1), 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70
Distance between Q and O = 𝑦 𝑚 𝑥 + 42 = 70
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70……….. (1) 𝑥 = 70 − 42 = 28
𝑥 = 28 𝑚
A person standing 28 m from P and 42m
from Q.

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80 Way to Success - 10th Maths

9. The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is 25cm and its perimeter 56cm. find the length of the
smallest side. 5M
Similar Problems 2M
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 56 − 25 Solve Your Self
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 31 Eg. 3.37: A ladder 17 feet long is
𝑏 = 31 − 𝑎 leaning against a wall. If the
2 2 2 ladder, vertical wall and the floor
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 25 from the bottom of the wall to the
𝑎2 + (31 − 𝑎)2 = 252 ladder form a right triangle, find
2 2
𝑎 + 961 + 𝑎 − 62𝑎 = 625 the height of the wall where the
2 top of the ladder meets if the
2𝑎 − 62𝑎 + 961 − 625 = 0
2 distance between bottom of the
2𝑎 − 62𝑎 + 336 = 0 wall to bottom of the ladder is 7
÷ By 2 feet less than the height of the
2 wall?
𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 𝑏 𝑐𝑚 𝑎 − 31𝑎 + 168 = 0
Hypotenuse = 25𝑐𝑚 (𝑎 − 24) (𝑎 − 7) = 0
Perimeter = 56𝑐𝑚 𝑎 = 24 𝑎=7
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 25 = 56 ∴ The length of the smallest side is 7cm.

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self 5M
𝑡2
UE-13: At 𝑡 minutes past 2 pm, the time needed to 3pm is 3 minutes less than . Find 𝑡.
4
UE-14: The number of seats in a row is equal to the total number of rows in a hall. The total number of seats in the hall
will increase by 375 if the number of rows is doubled and the number of seats in each row is reduced by 5. Find the
number of rows in the hall at the beginning.

Exercise 3.13
1. Determine the nature of the roots for the following quadratic equations 2M
𝟐
(i) 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 SEP-21 Similar Problems 2M
2 Solve Your Self
Compare with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 1. Determine the nature of the roots for the following quadratic equations
𝑎 = 15 , 𝑏 = 11 , 𝑐 = 2 (ii) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 (iii) √2𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 3√2 = 0 (iv) 9𝑦 2 − 6√2𝑦 + 2 = 0
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (v) 9𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − 24𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑥 + 16𝑐 2 𝑑 2 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0
2
= 11 − 4(15)(2) Eg. 3.40: Determine the nature of roots for the following quadratic equations
= 121 − 120 (i) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20 = 0 (ii) 9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 16 = 0 (iii) 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
∆ = 1, Here ∆> 0
∴ The roots are real and unequal

2. Find the value(s) of ′𝒌′ for which the roots of the following equations are real and equal.
(i) (𝟓𝒌 − 𝟔)𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 4𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 24 = 0 2M
2
∆= 0 ÷ by 4 𝑘 − 5𝑘 + 6 = 0
𝑎 = 5𝑘 − 6 , 𝑏 = 2𝑘, 𝑐 = 1 (𝑘 − 3)(𝑘 − 2) = 0
2 𝑘−3=0 𝑘−2=0
∆ = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
2 𝑘=3 𝑘=2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
(2𝑘)2 − 4(5𝑘 − 6)(1) = 0 ∴ 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝟑
Similar Problems
Solve Your Self 2M
2
Eg. 3.41 : (i) Find the values of ‘𝑘’, for which the quadratic equation 𝑘𝑥 − (8𝑘 + 4)𝑥 + 81 = 0 has real and equal
roots? (ii) Find the values of ‘𝑘’ such that quadratic equation (𝑘 + 9)𝑥 2 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + 1 = 0 has no real roots?
CQ: Find the value of 𝑘 for which the equation 9𝑥 2 + 3𝑘𝑥 + 4 = 0 has real and equal roots. (SEP-20)

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  81

5. If the roots of the equation (𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃)𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝒄)𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 are real and equal prove
that either 𝒂 = 𝟎 (or) 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄. PTA-6
∆= 0 5M
𝑎 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏, 𝑏 = −2(𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐), 𝑐 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
2
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−2(𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐)) − 4(𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏)(𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐)
= 4(𝑎4 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐) − 4(𝑐 2 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐)
= 4[𝑎4 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑐 3 + 𝑎𝑏 3 − 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐]
= 4[𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑐 3 + 𝑎𝑏 3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑐]
= 4𝑎[𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐]
4𝑎(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐) = 0 ∵ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
4𝑎 = 0 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0
𝒂=𝟎 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄
∴ Hence proved
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
3. If the roots of (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)𝑥 + (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 0 are real and equal, then prove that 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑐 are in arithmetic progression.
4. If 𝑎, 𝑏 are real then show that the roots of the equation (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 2 − 6(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − 9(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0 are real and unequal.
Eg. 3.42: Prove that the equation 𝑥 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 2𝑥(𝑝𝑟 + 𝑞𝑠) + 𝑟 2 + 𝑠 2 = 0 has no real roots. If 𝑝𝑠 = 𝑝𝑟, then show that
the roots are real and equal.
CQ: If the equation (1 + 𝑚2 )𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0 has equal roots, then prove that 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) (SEP-21)

Exercise 3.14
1. Write each of the following expression in terms of 𝜶 + 𝜷 and 𝜶𝜷 2M
𝜶 𝜷 (iii) (𝟑𝜶 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝜷 − 𝟏)
(i) + 𝟑𝜷 𝟑𝜶
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼2 +𝛽 2 (3𝛼 − 1)(3𝛽 − 1) = 9𝛼𝛽 − 3𝛼 − 3𝛽 + 1
+ 3𝛼 =
3𝛽 3𝛼𝛽 = 𝟗𝜶𝜷 − 𝟑(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝟏
𝛼2 +𝛽 2
= (iv)
𝜶+𝟑
+
𝜷+𝟑
3𝛼𝛽
𝜷 𝜶
(𝜶+𝜷)𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝜷
= 𝛼+3 𝛽+3 𝛼2 +3𝛼+𝛽 2 +3𝛽
𝟑𝜶𝜷 + =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽
𝟏 𝟏 𝛼2 +𝛽 2 +3(𝛼+𝛽)
(ii) 𝜶𝟐 𝜷 + 𝜷𝟐 𝜶 =
𝛼𝛽
1 1 𝛽+𝛼 𝛼+𝛽 𝜶+𝜷 (𝜶+𝜷)𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝜷+𝟑(𝜶+𝜷)
+ 𝛽 2 𝛼 = 𝛼2 𝛽 2 = 𝛼2 𝛽 2 = =
𝛼2 𝛽 (𝜶𝜷)𝟐
𝜶𝜷

2. The roots of the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 are 𝜶 and 𝜷. without solving for the roots, find
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5 = 0 𝟏
(i) 𝜶 + 𝜷
𝟏 5M

𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐=5 7
𝑏 𝟕 1 1 𝛽+𝛼 𝛼+𝛽 2 7 2 𝟕
𝛼+𝛽 =− ⇒𝛼+𝛽 = , + = = = 5 = × =
𝑎 𝟐 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽 2 5 𝟓
2
𝑐 𝟓
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝛼𝛽 = 𝟐

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82 Way to Success - 10th Maths

𝜶 𝜷
(ii) 𝜷 + 𝜶
7 2 5 49
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼2 +𝛽 2 (𝛼+𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛽 ( ) −2( ) −5 49−20 2 𝟐𝟗
2 2 4
+𝛼 = = = 5 = 5 = × 5 = 𝟏𝟎
𝛽 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽 4
2 2
𝜶+𝟐 𝜷+𝟐
(iii) 𝜷+𝟐 + 𝜶+𝟐
Similar Problems
𝛼+2 𝛽+2 (𝛼+2)2 +(𝛽+2)2 5M
Solve Your Self
+ 𝛼+2 = (𝛼+2)(𝛽+2) 2
3. The roots of the equation 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 4 = 0 are 𝛼, 𝛽. Find the
𝛽+2
𝛼2 +4 𝛼+4+𝛽 2 +4𝛽+4 quadratic equation whose roots are (i) 𝛼 2 and 𝛽2
= 2
(ii) and
2
(iii) 𝛼 2 𝛽 and 𝛽2 𝛼
𝛼𝛽+2𝛼+2𝛽+4 𝛼 𝛽

𝛼2 +𝛽 2 +4(𝛼+𝛽)+8 UE-15: If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3,

= find the polynomial whose roots are
𝛼𝛽+2(𝛼+𝛽)+4
𝛼−1 𝛽−1
(𝛼+𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛽+4(𝛼+𝛽)+8 (i) 𝛼 + 2, 𝛽 + 2 (ii) ,
𝛼+1 𝛽+1
=
𝛼𝛽+2(𝛼+𝛽)+4 Eg. 3.44: If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = 0 find the values
7 2 5 7 of (i) (𝛼 − 𝛽) (ii) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 (iii) 𝛼 3 − 𝛽3 (iv) 𝛼 4 + 𝛽4
( ) −2( )+4( )+8
2 2 2 𝛼2 𝛽2
= 5 7 (v) +
𝛼 𝛽
(vi) +
+2( )+4 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼
2 2
49
Eg. 3.45: If 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2 = 0,find the
− 5+14+8 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼2 𝛽2
4 values of (i) + (ii) +
= 5 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼
+7+4
2 Eg. 3.46: If 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0, then
49 49+68 1 1
+17 form the equation whose roots are (i) , (ii) 𝛼 2 𝛽, 𝛽2 𝛼
4 4
= 5 = 5+22
𝛼 𝛽
+11 (iii) 2𝛼 + 𝛽, 2𝛽 + 𝛼 (MDL)
2 2
117 2 117 𝟏𝟑
= × 27 = =
4 54 𝟔

𝟏𝟑
4. If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 and if 𝜷−𝜶=−
𝟕
. Find the values of 𝒂.
7𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑎 2 2 169 PTA-6, MAY-22
(− 7) − 4 (7) =
𝑎 = 7, 𝑏 = 𝑎, 𝑐 = 2 49
5M
−𝑏 −𝑎 𝑎2 8 169
𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑎 = 7 −7=
49 49
𝑐 2 𝑎2 169 8
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = 7 = +
13 49 49 7
(𝛽 − 𝛼) = − 𝑎2 169+56
7 =
2 13 2 49 49
Here (𝛽 − 𝛼) = (− 7 ) 2 225
169
𝑎 = × 49
49
𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 − 2𝛽𝛼 = 49
169
𝑎2 = 225
2
(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 2𝛼𝛽 − 2𝛼𝛽 =
49 𝑎 = ±15
2 169
(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 4𝛼𝛽 = 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓, −𝟏𝟓
49

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
5. If one root of the equation 2𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑦 + 64 = 0 is twice the other then find the values of 𝑎. 5M
6. If one root of the equation 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 81 = 0 (having real roots) is the square of the other then find 𝑘. 5M
UE-16: If – 4 is a root of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 4 = 0 and if the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 has equal roots, find the
values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. 5M
Eg. 3.43: If the difference between the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 is 17 find 𝑘. 5M
1
CQ: Find the value of p, when 𝑝𝑥 2 + (√3 − √2)𝑥 − 1 = 0 and 𝑥 = is one root of the equation. (PTA-5) 2M
√3

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  83

Exercise 3.17

𝟖 𝟗 𝟒 𝟑
√𝟑
−𝟏 √𝟕 𝟓 , write (i) The number of elements
1. In the matrix 𝑨 = 𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟎
[𝟔 𝟖 −𝟏𝟏 𝟏]
(ii) The order of the matrix (iii) Write the elements 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟒 , 𝒂𝟑𝟒 , 𝒂𝟒𝟑 , 𝒂𝟒𝟒
8 9 4 3 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14 2M
√3 𝑎23 𝑎24
−1 √7 5 𝑎21 𝑎22
𝐴= 2 Here 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 ]
31
1 4 3 0
[6 𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 𝑎44
8 −11 1]
(i) Number of elements = 𝟏𝟔 (ii) 𝟒 × 𝟒
√𝟑
(iii) 𝑎22 = √𝟕, 𝑎23 = , 𝑎24 = 𝟓, 𝑎34 = 𝟎, 𝑎43 = −𝟏𝟏, 𝑎44 = 𝟏
𝟐

2. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Similar Problems
What if it has 6 elements? 2M Solve Your Self 2M
Eg. 3.57: If a matrix has 16
We know that a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, has 𝑚𝑛 elements. So here elements, what are the
total elements 18 then possible orders ⇒ 1 × 18, 2 × 9, possible orders it can have?
3 × 6, 6 × 3, 9 × 2, 18 × 1 similarly for total elements 6, Orders
may be 1 × 6, 2 × 3, 3 × 2, 6 × 1

3. Construct a 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrix whose elements 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑

are given by(i) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = |𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋| 4. If 𝑨 = [ 𝟏 −𝟕 𝟗]then find the
2M
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝟑 𝟖 𝟐 PTA-2
transpose of 𝑨
𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] 2M
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3 5 1 3
𝑇
Transpose of 𝐴 = 𝐴 = [4 −7 8]
𝑎11 = |1 − 2(1)| = |1 − 2| = |−1| = 1 3 9 2
𝑎12 = |1 − 2(2)| = |1 − 4| = |−3| = 3 √𝟕 −𝟑
5. If 𝑨 = [−√𝟓 𝟐 ] then find the transpose
𝑎13 = |1 − 2(3)| = |1 − 6| = |−5| = 5
√𝟑 −𝟓 SEP-20
𝑎21 = |2 − (2)(1)| = |2 − 2| = |0| = 0 of – 𝑨
𝑎22 = |2 − 2(2)| = |2 − 4| = |−2| = 2 −√7 3
2M
−𝐴 = [ √5 −2]
𝑎23 = |2 − 2(3)| = |2 − (6)| = |−4| = 4
−√3 5
𝑎31 = |3 − 2(1)| = |3 − 2| = |1| = 1
Transpose of −𝐴 = [−√7 √5 −√3]
𝑎32 = |3 − 2(2)| = |3 − 4| = |−1| = 1 3 −2 5

𝑎33 = |3 − 2(3)| = |3 − 6| = |−3| = 3

1 3 5 Similar Problems
2M
Solve Your Self
∴ 𝐴 = [0 2 4 ] (𝑖+𝑗)3
3. Construct a 3 × 3 matrix whose elements are given by (ii) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
1 1 3 3
Eg. 3.58: Construct a 3 × 3 matrix whose elements are 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 2 𝑗 2

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𝟓 𝟐 𝟐 7. Find the values of 𝒙, 𝒚 and 𝒛 from the

𝟓
6. If 𝑨 = [−√𝟏𝟕 𝟎. 𝟕 ] then verify (𝑨𝑻 )𝑻 =𝑨 𝒙+𝒚 𝟐
following equations (ii) [𝟓 + 𝒛 𝒙𝒚] = [𝟔 𝟐]
𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
2M
𝟖 𝟑 𝟏 𝑥+𝑦 2 6 2 5M
5 −√17 8 [ ]=[ ]
5 + 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 5 8
𝐴 = [2
𝑇 0.7 3] 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 …………… (1)
5
2 1 𝑥𝑦 = 8 …………… (2)
2
5
2 2 5+𝑧 = 5
5 𝑧 =5−5
(𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = [−√17 0.7 ]=𝐴 𝑧=0
2
8 3 1 From (1), 𝑥 = 6 − 𝑦
Here (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴 𝑥𝑦 = 8
Hence proved. (6 − 𝑦)𝑦 = 8
6𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 8
2
6𝑦 − 𝑦 = 8
Similar Problems 2
Solve Your Self ∴ 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 8 = 0
7. Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 from the following (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 2) = 0
equations
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 9
𝑦 = 4 and 2
12 3 𝑦 𝑧
(i) [ ]=[ ] 2M (iii) [ 𝑥 + 𝑧 ] = [5] 5M If 𝑦 = 4 If 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 5 3 5
𝑦+𝑧 7 𝑥 =6−𝑦 𝑥 = 6−𝑦
Eg.3.59: Find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 from the equation
𝑎 − 𝑏 2𝑎 + 𝑐 1 5 𝑥 =6−4 𝑥 = 6−2
[ ]= [ ]
2𝑎 − 𝑏 3𝑐 + 𝑑 0 2 2M 𝑥=2 𝑥=4
𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟎
For Practice:
Eg. 3.56: Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women workers in three factories I, II and III.
Factory Men Women
I 23 18
II 47 36
III 15 16
Represent the above information in the form of a matrix. What does the entry in the second row and first column
represent? (2M)
UE-17: Two farmers Thilagan and Kausigan cultivates three varieties of grains namely rice, wheat and ragi. If the sale (in D)
of three varieties of grains by both the farmers in the month of April is given by the matrix.
Rice Wheat Ragi
500 1000 1500 Thilagan
April sale in D 𝐴=[ ]
2500 1500 500 Kausigan
And the May month sale (in D) is exactly twice as that of the April month sale for each variety.
(i) What is the average sales of the months April and May. (ii) If the sales continues to increase in the same way in the
successive months, what will be sales in the month of August? (5M)

Exercise 3.18
𝟏 𝟗 𝟓 𝟕
2M
1. If 𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟒 ] , 𝑩 = [𝟑 𝟑] then verify that (i) 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + 𝑨
𝟖 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟎
1 9 5 7 5 7 1 9 6 16
𝐴 = [3 4 ] , 𝐵 = [3 3] 𝐵 + 𝐴 = [3 3] + [3 4 ] = [6 7 ]…… (2)
8 −3 1 0 1 0 8 −3 9 −3
1 9 5 7 6 16 (1) = (2)
𝐴 + 𝐵 = [3 4 ] + [3 3] = [6 7 ]…… (1)
8 −3 1 0 9 −3 ∴𝑨+𝑩=𝑩+𝑨
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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  85

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
1 9 5 7
1. If 𝐴 = [3 4 ] , 𝐵 = [3 3] then verify that (ii) 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = (−𝐴) + 𝐴 = 𝑂. 2M
8 −3 1 0
4 3 1 2 3 4 8 3 4
2. If 𝐴 = [2 3 −8] , 𝐵 = [ 1 9 2 ] and 𝐶 = [1 −2 3 ] then verify that 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 5M
1 0 −4 −7 1 −1 2 4 −1
1 2 3 1 7 0
Eg. 3.60: If 𝐴 = [4 5 6] , 𝐵 = [1 3 1], find 𝐴 + 𝐵. 2M
7 8 9 2 4 0
1 3 −2 1 8
Eg.3.62: If 𝐴 = [ 5 −4 6 ], 𝐵 = [3 4], find 𝐴 + 𝐵. 2M
−3 2 9 9 6

𝟕 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
3. Find 𝑿 and 𝒀 if 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ] and 𝑿 − 𝒀 = [ ] 2M
𝟑 𝟓 𝟎 𝟒
7 0 (1) − (2) ⇒ 2𝑌 = [7 0] − [3 0]
𝑋+𝑌 =[ ]……….. (1) 3 5 0 4
3 5
3 0 4 0
𝑋−𝑌 =[ ] ……..... (2) =[ ]
0 4 3 1
(1) + (2)⇒ 4
0
7 0 3 0 𝑌 = [23
2𝑋 = [ ]+[ ] 1]
3 5 0 4
10 2 2
10 0 0 𝟓 𝟎 2 0
2𝑋 = [ ] ⇒ 𝑋 = [ 23 9 ] ⇒ ∴ 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑌=[ ]
3 9 𝟑/𝟐 𝟗/𝟐 3/2 1/2
2 2

𝟎 𝟒 𝟗 𝟕 𝟑 𝟖 2M
4. If 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ] find the value of (i)𝑩 − 𝟓𝑨 (ii) 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟗𝑩
𝟖 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏 𝟒 𝟗
(i) 𝑩 − 𝟓𝑨 (ii) 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟗𝑩 PTA-5
7 3 8 0 4 9 0 12 27
𝐵=[ ], 3𝐴 = 3 [ ]=[ ]
1 4 9 8 3 7 24 9 21
0 4 9 0 20 45 7 3 8 63 27 72
5𝐴 = 5 [ ]=[ ] 9𝐵 = 9 [ ]=[ ]
8 3 7 40 15 35 1 4 9 9 36 81
7 3 8 0 20 45 0 12 27 63 27 72
𝐵 − 5𝐴 = [ ]−[ ] 3𝐴 − 9𝐵 = [ ]−[ ]
1 4 9 40 15 35 24 9 21 9 36 81
𝟕 −𝟏𝟕 −𝟑𝟕 −𝟔𝟑 −𝟏𝟓 −𝟒𝟓
=[ ] =[ ]
−𝟑𝟗 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟓 −𝟐𝟕 −𝟔𝟎
Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
7 8 6 4 11 −3
Eg.3.63: If 𝐴 = [ 1 3 9 ] , 𝐵 = [−1 2 4 ] then Find 2𝐴 + 𝐵. (PTA-3) 2M
−4 3 −1 7 5 0
5 4 −2 −7 4 −3
1 3 1 7
Eg. 3.64: If 𝐴 = [ √2 ] , 𝐵 = [ 4 3 ], find 4𝐴 − 3𝐵. 2M
2 4 2
1 9 4 5 −6 9
1 8 3 8 −6 −4 5 3 0
1 3
Eg. 3.66: If 𝐴 = [3 5 0] , 𝐵 = [2 11 −3] , 𝐶 = [−1 −7 2] compute the following:(i) 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 − 𝑐 (ii) 𝐴 − 𝐵
2 2
8 7 6 0 1 5 1 4 3
8 3 1 2M
1 2 0
Eg. 3.67: If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [2 4 1], find 𝐴𝐵. 2M
3 1 5
5 3 1
1 2 0 3 −1 5
CQ: If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ], prove that 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶. (PTA-6) 5M
3 4 −1 5 1 3

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5. Find the values of 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 if (ii) (𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒛 𝒛 + 𝟑) + (𝒚 𝟒 𝟑) = (𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟔) PTA-5 5M

(𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 4 𝑧 + 6) = (4 8 16)
𝑧 + 6 = 16 𝑦−𝑧+4=8 𝑥+𝑦 =4 Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self
𝑧 = 16 − 6 𝑦 − 10 = 8 − 4 𝑥 + 14 = 4 5. Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 if
𝑥−3 3𝑥 − 𝑧 1 0
𝑧 = 10 𝑦 − 10 = 4 𝑥 = 4 − 14 (i) [
𝑥+𝑦+7 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
]=[ ]
1 6
𝑦 = 4 + 10 𝑥 = −10 Eg. 3.65: Find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 from the
following matrix equation.
𝑦 = 14 𝑑 8 3 𝑎 2 2𝑎 0 1
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]+[ ]
∴ 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎 3𝑏 𝑎 −2 −4 𝑏 4𝑐 −5 0

𝟒 −𝟐 𝟒 7. Find the non-zero values of 𝒙 satisfying the

6. Find 𝒙 and 𝒚 if 𝒙 [ ] + 𝒚[ ] = [ ]
−𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 matrix equation PTA-4
4𝑥 −2𝑦 4 2M
𝟐
[ ]+[ ]=[ ] 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟖 𝟓𝒙
−3𝑥 3𝑦 6 𝒙[ ] + 𝟐[ ] = 𝟐 [𝒙 + 𝟖 𝟐𝟒] 5M
𝟑 𝒙 𝟒 𝟒𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟔𝒙
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 4 2𝑥 2 8 5𝑥 2
[
−3𝑥 + 3𝑦
]=[ ]
6 𝑥[ ] + 2[ ] = 2 [𝑥 + 8 24]
3 𝑥 4 4𝑥 10 6𝑥
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4 2
[2𝑥 2𝑥] + [16 10𝑥 ] = [2𝑥 2 + 16 48 ]
÷ 𝑏𝑦 2, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2……… (1) 3𝑥 𝑥2 8 8𝑥 20 12𝑥
−3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 2
12𝑥 ] = [2𝑥 2 + 16
[2𝑥 + 16 2
48 ]
÷ 𝑏𝑦 3, −𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2……… (2) 3𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 8𝑥 20 12𝑥
(1) ⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 Comparing the elements
(2) ⇒ −𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 12𝑥 = 48
𝑥 =4 48
⇒ 𝑥 = 12
Sub. 𝑥 = 4 in (2)
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 𝒙=𝟒
−4 + 𝑦 = 2 Similar Problems
Solve Your Self 2M
𝑦 = 2+4 𝑥2
8. Solve for 𝑥, 𝑦: [ 2 ] + 2 [
−2𝑥 5
]=[ ]
𝑦 −𝑦 8
𝑦=6 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑥 −cos 𝜃
UE-18: If cos 𝜃 [ ] + sin 𝜃 [ ] = 𝐼2 , find 𝑥.
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟒 ,𝒚 = 𝟔 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑥

For Practice:
Eg. 3.61: Two examinations were conducted for three groups of students namely group 1, group 2, group 3 and their data
on average of marks for the subjects Tamil, English, Science and Mathematics are given below in the form of
matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find the total marks of both the examinations for all the three groups.
Tamil English Science Mathematics
Group 1 22 15 14 23
𝐴 = Group 2 [50 62 21 30]2
Group 3 53 80 32 40
Tamil English Science Mathematics
Group 1 20 38 15 40
𝐵 = Group 2 [18 12 17 80] (2M)
Group 3 81 47 52 18

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  87

Exercise 3.19

1. Find the order of the product matrix 𝑨𝑩 if 2M

(i) Order of 𝐴 = Similar Problems

Solve Your Self
Order of 𝐵 = 1. Find the order of the product matrix 𝐴𝐵 if 2M

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Orders of A 4 × 3 4 × 2 4 × 5 1 × 1
Orders of B 3 × 2 2 × 2 5 × 1 1 × 3
∴ Order of = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝟑 × 𝟑

2. If 𝑨 is of order 𝒑 × 𝒒 and 𝑩 is of order 𝒒 × 𝒓 what is the order of 𝑨𝑩 and BA? PTA-1

Order of 𝐵𝐴 is not defined because
Order of 𝐴 = 2M
Order of 𝐵 = 𝑞 × 𝑟
Order of 𝐵 =
Order of 𝐴 = 𝑝 × 𝑞
Order of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝒑 × 𝒓 Column of 𝐵 ≠ row of 𝐴.
3. 𝑨 has ‘𝒂’ rows and ‘𝒂 + 𝟑’ columns. 𝑩 has ‘𝒃’ rows and ‘𝟏𝟕 − 𝒃’ columns, and if both products
𝑨𝑩 and 𝑩𝑨 exist, find 𝒂, 𝒃?
2M
If 𝐴𝐵 exists If 𝐵𝐴 exists (1) ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = −3
Column of 𝐴 = row of 𝐵 Column of 𝐵 = row of 𝐴 (2) ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 17
𝑎+3=𝑏 17 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 2𝑎 = 14
𝑎=7
𝑎 − 𝑏 = −3…… (1) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 17……. (2) Sub 𝑎 = 7 in (1) ⇒ 7 − 𝑏 = −3
−𝑏 = −3 − 7 = −10
𝑏 = 10
∴ 𝒂 = 𝟕, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
5. Given that 𝑨 = [ ], 𝑩 = [ ],𝑪 = [ ]verify that 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪.
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 −𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
1 −1 2 1 3 2 10 14 8 5M
LHS: 𝐵 + 𝐶 = [ ]+[ ] =[ ]
3 5 2 −4 1 3 2 −10 8
2 2 4 1 3 1 3 2
=[ ] 𝐴𝐶 = [ ][ ]
−1 6 5 5 −1 −4 1 3
1 3 2 2 4 1 − 12 3 + 3 2+9
𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = [ ][ ] =[ ]
5 −1 −1 6 5 5 + 4 15 − 1 10 − 3
−11 6 11
2−3 2 + 18 4 + 15 =[ ]
=[ ] 9 14 7
10 + 1 10 − 6 20 − 5
10 14 8 −11 6 11
−1 20 19 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 = [ ]+[ ]
=[ ]…….. (1) 2 −10 8 9 14 7
11 4 15
−1 20 19
1 3 1 −1 2 =[ ]………….. (2)
RHS: 𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ] 11 4 15
5 −1 3 5 2
(1) = (2), 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪
1 + 9 −1 + 15 2 + 6
=[ ] Hence proved.
5 − 3 −5 − 5 10 − 2

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𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎
6. Show that the matrices 𝑨 = [ ], 7. Let 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ],𝑪 = [ ]
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟐 show that (i) 𝑨(𝑩𝑪) = (𝑨𝑩)𝑪
𝑩=[ ] satisfy commutative 5M
−𝟑 𝟏 1 2 4 0 2 0
5M 𝐴=[ ],𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ]
property 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 1 3 1 5 1 2
1 2 1 −2
LHS: 𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ] 𝑨(𝑩𝑪) = (𝑨𝑩)𝑪
3 1 −3 1
1−6 −2 + 2 4 0 2 0
=[ ] LHS: 𝐵𝐶 = [ ][ ]
3−3 −6 + 1 1 5 1 2
8+0 0+0
−5 0 =[ ]
=[ ]………. (1) 2 + 5 0 + 10
0 −5
8 0
1 −2 1 2 =[ ]
RHS:𝐵𝐴 = [ ][ ] 7 10
−3 1 3 1
1 2 8 0
1−6 2−2 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) = [ ][ ]
=[ ] 1 3 7 10
−3 + 3 −6 + 1
8 + 14 0 + 20
=[ ]
−5 0 8 + 21 0 + 30
=[ ]………… (2)
0 −5 22 20
=[ ]……… (1)
(1) = (2) 29 30
1 2 4 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, 𝐴&𝐵 Satisfies RHS: 𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]
1 3 1 5
the commutative property. 4 + 2 0 + 10
=[ ]
4 + 3 0 + 15
Similar Problems 6 10
Solve Your Self =[ ]
2 5 1 −3 7 15
4. If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] find 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐴 and
4 3 2 5
verify 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴? 2M
(𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = [6 10] [2 0]
2 1 2 0 7 15 1 2
Eg. 3.68: 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ] find 𝐴𝐵 and
1 3 1 3 12 + 10 0 + 20
𝐵𝐴. Verify 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴. 2M =[ ]
14 + 15 0 + 30
2 −2√2
Eg. 3.69: If 𝐴 = [ ] and
√2 2 22 20
=[ ]……………. (2)
2 2√2 29 30
𝐵=[ ] Show that 𝐴 and 𝐵 satisfy
−√2 2
commutative property with respect to matrix (1) = (2) ⇒ 𝑨(𝑩𝑪) = (𝑨𝑩)𝑪
multiplication.
5M Hence proved.

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
1 2 0 4 2 0
7. Let 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], 𝐶 = [ ] show that (ii) (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵𝐶 (iii) (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇 5M
1 3 5 1 1 2
1 −1
1 2
Eg. 3.71: If 𝐴 = [1 − 1 2], 𝐵 = [2 1 ] and 𝐶 = [ ] show that (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶). 5M
2 −1
1 3
1 1 1 2 −7 6
Eg. 3.72: If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], 𝐶 = [ ] verify that 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶. (PTA-1) 5M
−1 3 −4 2 3 2
𝑝 0 0 −𝑞 2 −2
UE-19: Given 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ]𝐶 = [ ] and if 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶 2 , find 𝑝 and 𝑞. 2M
0 2 1 0 2 2
3 0 6 3 3 6
UE-20: 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ] find the matrix 𝐷, such that 𝐶𝐷 − 𝐴𝐵 = 0 2M
4 5 8 5 1 1

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Special Guide - 3 - Algebra  89

𝟏 𝟕
𝟓 𝟐 𝟗
12. If 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝑩 = [𝟏 𝟐 ]verify that (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻 PTA-3
𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
𝟓 −𝟏
1 7 5 1 5M
5 2 9 1 1 5
𝐴=[ ] , 𝐵 = [1 2 ] RHS: 𝐴𝑇 = [2 2] , 𝐵 𝑇 = [ ]
1 2 8 7 2 −1
5 −1 9 8
1 7 5 1
5 2 9 1 1 5
LHS: 𝐴𝐵 = [ ] [1 2 ] 𝑇 𝑇
𝐵 𝐴 =[ ] [2 2]
1 2 8 7 2 −1
5 −1 9 8
5 + 2 + 45 35 + 4 − 9 52 30 5 + 2 + 45 1 + 2 + 40 52 43
𝐴𝐵 = [ ]=[ ] =[ ]=[ ]… (2)
1 + 2 + 40 7 + 4 − 8 43 3 35 + 4 − 9 7 + 4 − 8 30 3
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = [52 43]…………. (1) (1) = (2) ⇒ (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻 , Hence proved.
30 3

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
2 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 2 1
9. If 𝐴 = [ ] prove that 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼. Eg. 3.73: If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [−1 4 ] show that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 −1 1
2M 0 2
(SEP-20) 5M

𝟑 𝟏 5M
13. If 𝑨 = [ ] show that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎
−𝟏 𝟐
3 1 3 1 Similar Problems
𝐴2 = [ ][ ] Solve Your Self
−1 2 −1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
8. If 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ] then show that 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 𝐼.
9−1 3+2 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=[ ] 5 −4
5M
−3 − 2 −1 + 4 10. Verify that 𝐴2 = 𝐼 when 𝐴 = [ ] 2M
6 −5
8 5
=[ ] 11. If 𝐴 = [
𝑎 𝑏
] and 𝐼 = [
1 0
] show that 𝐴2 − (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝐴 = (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)𝐼2
−5 3 𝑐 𝑑 0 1
5M
3 1 CQ: If 𝐴 = [
1 −1
], show that 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 5𝐼2 = 0 (PTA-5)
5𝐴 = 5 [ ] 2 3 5M
−1 2
15 5
=[ ]
−5 10
1 0 Note for Unit Exercise – 3
7𝐼2 = 7 [ ] Q.No: 1 – Similar to Exercise 3.1 – 1(iii) Question
0 1 Q.No: 2 - Similar to Exercise 3.1 – 4th Question
7 0 Q.No: 3 - Similar to Exercise 3.1 – 5th Question
=[ ]
0 7 Q.No: 4 - Similar to Exercise 3.2 – 2nd Question
Q.No: 5 - Similar to Exercise 3.2 – 1st Question
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼2 Q.No: 6 - Similar to Exercise 3.4 – 1st Question
8 5 15 5 7 0 Q.No: 7 - Similar to Exercise 3.5 – 2nd Question
=[ ]−[ ]+[ ] Q.No: 8 - Similar to Exercise 3.6 -8th Question
−5 3 −5 10 0 7
−7 + 7 0 + 0 Q.No: 9 – Similar to Exercise 3.8 -1st Question
=[ ] Q.No: 10 - Similar to Exercise 3.10 -1st Question
0 + 0 −7 + 7 Q.No: 11 – Similar to Exercise 3.12 – 3rd Question
0 0 Q.No: 12 - Similar to Exercise 3.12 – 2nd Question
=[ ]
0 0 Q.No: 13, 14 - Similar to Exercise 3.12 – 9th Question
=0 Q.No: 15 - Similar to Exercise 3.14 – 2nd Question
Q.No: 16 - Similar to Exercise 3.16 – 4th Question
∴ 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 Hence proved. Q.No: 17 – For Practice
Q.No: 18 - Similar to Exercise 3.18 -7th Question
Q.No: 19, 20 – Similar to Exercise 3.19 -7th Question
For Practice:
2 1 𝑥 4
Eg. 3.70: Solve [ ] [ ] = [ ] (2M)
1 2 𝑦 5
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90 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. Geometry
Theorems
Theorem 1: Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thales theorem MAY-22
Statement: A straight line drawn parallel to a side of triangle
intersecting the other two sides, divides the sides in the same ratio.
Proof:
Given: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 is a point on 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐸 is a point on 𝐴𝐶.
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
To prove: 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
Construction: Draw a line 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
No. Statement Reason
1. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 = ∠1 Corresponding angles are equal because 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
2. ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = ∠2 Corresponding angles are equal because 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
3. ∠𝐷𝐴𝐸 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠3 Both triangles have a common angle
4. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 By 𝐴𝐴𝐴 similarity
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 Corresponding sides are proportional
=
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐷+𝐷𝐵 𝐴𝐸+𝐸𝐶 Split 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 using the points 𝐷 and 𝐸
=
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶 On simplification
1 + 𝐴𝐷 = 1 + 𝐴𝐸
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶 Cancelling 1 on both sides
= 𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 Taking reciprocals
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
Hence proved
Corollary: If in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, a straight line 𝐷𝐸 parallel to 𝐵𝐶, intersects 𝐴𝐵 at 𝐷 and 𝐴𝐶 at 𝐸, then
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
(i) 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸 (ii) 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶

Ceva’s Theorem (without proof)

Statement: Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a triangle and let 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 be points on lines 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵
respectively. Then the cevians 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹 are concurrent if and only if
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
× 𝐸𝐴 × 𝐹𝐵 = 1 where the lengths are directed. This also works for the
𝐷𝐶
reciprocal of each of the ratios as the reciporcal of 1 is 1.

Menelaus Theorem (without proof)

Statement: A necessary and sufficient condition for points 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 on the
respective sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 (or their extension) of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to be
𝐵𝑃 𝐶𝑄 𝐴𝑅
collinear is that × 𝑄𝐴 × 𝑅𝐵 = −1 where all segments in the formula are
𝑃𝐶
directed segments.

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  91

Theorem 2: Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem

Statement: If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, then the line must be parallel to the third side.
Proof:
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
Given: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
To prove: 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
Construction: If 𝐷𝐸 is not parallel to 𝐵𝐶. Draw 𝐵𝐹 ∥ 𝐷𝐸
No. Statement Reason
1. 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 Given
= 𝐸𝐶 ……….. (1)
𝐷𝐵
2. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐹 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 Construction
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐹
3. = ………… (2) Thales theorem
𝐷𝐵 𝐹𝐶
4. 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐹 From (1) and (2)
= 𝐹𝐶
𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐹 Adding 1 to both sides
+1= +1
𝐸𝐶 𝐹𝐶
𝐴𝐸+𝐸𝐶 𝐴𝐹+𝐹𝐶
=
𝐸𝐶 𝐹𝐶
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
⇒ 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶
𝐸𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 Cancelling 𝐴𝐶 on both sides
Therefore, 𝐸 = 𝐹 Our assumption that 𝐷𝐸 is not parallel to 𝐵𝐶 is wrong.
Thus 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 Hence Proved

Theorem 3: Angle Bisector Theorem

Statement: The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides
the opposite side internally in the ratio of the corresponding sides
containing the angle. PTA-5,SEP-20, JUL-22
Proof:
Given : In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the internal bisector
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
To prove: 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
Construction : Draw a line through 𝐶 parallel to 𝐴𝐵. Extend 𝐴𝐷 to meet line through 𝐶 at 𝐸

No. Statement Reason

1. ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐸 = ∠1 Two parallel lines cut by a transversal make alternate
angles equal.
2. ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 is isosceles In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸, ∠𝐶𝐴𝐸 = ∆𝐶𝐸𝐴
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸 …… (1)
3. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 ∽ ∆𝐸𝐶𝐷 By 𝐴𝐴 similarity
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
= 𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐸
4. 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
= 𝐶𝐷 From (1) 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸
𝐴𝐶
Hence proved.

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92 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Theorem 4: Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem PTA-3, 4

Statement: If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle divides
the opposite side internally in the ratio of the other two sides, then
the line bisects the angle internally at the vertex.
Proof:
Given : 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a triangle.
𝐴𝐷 divides 𝐵𝐶 in the ratio of the sides containing the angles ∠𝐴 to
meet 𝐵𝐶 at 𝐷.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
That is 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 ……… (1)
To prove : 𝐴𝐷 bisects ∠𝐴 i.e. ∠1 = ∠2
Construction : Draw 𝐶𝐸 ∥ 𝐷𝐴. Extend 𝐵𝐴 to meet at 𝐸.
No. Statement Reason
1. Let ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠1 and
Assumption
∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = ∠2
2. ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠1 Since 𝐷𝐴 ∥ 𝐶𝐸 and 𝐴𝐶 is transversal,
corresponding angles are equal
3. ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 = ∠2 Since 𝐷𝐴 ∥ 𝐶𝐸 and 𝐴𝐶 is transversal,
Alternate angles are equal
𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐷
4. = 𝐷𝐶 ……….. (2) In ∆𝐵𝐶𝐸 by thales theorem
𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
5. = 𝐷𝐶 From (1)
𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐴
6. = 𝐴𝐸 From (1) and (2)
𝐴𝐶

7. 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐸……….(3) Cancelling 𝐴𝐵
8. ∠1 = ∠2 ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 is isosceles by (3)
9. 𝐴𝐷 bisects ∠𝐴 Since, ∠1 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠2 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶.
Hence proved
Theorem 5: Pythagoras Theorem
Statement: In a right angle triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
Proof: SEP-21, PTA-4
Given : In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐴 = 90°
To prove : 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
Construction : Draw 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶
No. Statement Reason
1. Compare ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐷𝐵𝐴 Given ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90° and by construction
∠𝐵 is common ∠𝐵𝐷𝐴 = 90°
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐷𝐴 = 90°
Therefore, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐷𝐵𝐴 By AA similarity
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐷
2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐵𝐷 …(1)
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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  93

2. Compare ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐷𝐴𝐶 Given ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90° and by construction

∠𝐶 is common ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 90°
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 90°
Therefore, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐷𝐴𝐶 By AA similarity
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐶
2
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐷𝐶 … (2)
Adding (1) and (2) we get
𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = (𝐵𝐶 × 𝐵𝐷) + (𝐵𝐶 × 𝐷𝐶)
= 𝐵𝐶 × (𝐵𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶)
= 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 2
2 2

Hence the theorem is proved.

Converse of Pythagoras Theorem
Statement: If the square of the longest side of a triangle is equal to sums of squares of other two
sides, then the triangle is a right angle triangle.
Theorem 6: Alternate Segment theorem
Statement: If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is
drawn, the angles between the tangent and the chord are respectively
equal to the angles in the corresponding alternate segments.
Proof:
Given : A circle with centre at 𝑂, tangent 𝐴𝐵 touches the circle at 𝑃 and 𝑃𝑄 is a
chord. 𝑆 and 𝑇 are two points on the circle in the opposite sides of chord 𝑃𝑄.
To prove : (i) ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 = ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 and (ii) ∠𝑄𝑃𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄
Construction : Draw the diameter 𝑃𝑂𝑅. Draw 𝑄𝑅, 𝑄𝑆 and 𝑃𝑆.
No. Statement Reason
1. ∠𝑅𝑃𝐵 = 90° Diameter 𝑅𝑃 is perpendicular to tangent
Now, ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 + ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 = 90° … (1) 𝐴𝐵.
2. In ∆𝑅𝑃𝑄, ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 90° … (2) Angle in a semicircle is 90°.
3. ∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 + ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 = 90° … (3) In a right angled triangle, sum of the two
acute angles is 90°.
4. ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 + ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 = ∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 + ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 From (1) and (3).
∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 = ∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 … (4)
5. ∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 = ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 … (5) Angles in the same segment are equal.
6. ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 = ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 … (6) From (4) and (5); Hence (i) is proved.
7. ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 + ∠𝑄𝑃𝐴 = 180° … (7) Linear pair of angles.
8. ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 + ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄 = 180° …(8) Sum of opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral is 180°.
9. ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 + ∠𝑄𝑃𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 + ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄 From (7) and (8).
10. ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 + ∠𝑄𝑃𝐴 = ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 + ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄 ∠𝑄𝑃𝐵 = ∠𝑃𝑆𝑄 from (6)
11. ∠𝑄𝑃𝐴 = ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄 Hence (ii) is proved.
This completes the proof.

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94 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 4.1
1. Check whether the which triangles are similar and find the value of 𝒙. 2M
(i) (ii)
In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 & ∆𝑷𝑸𝑪
∠𝐶 is common
∠𝑃𝑄𝐶 = 180° − ∠𝑃𝑄𝐵
= 180° − 110° = 70°
𝑨𝑫 𝑨𝑬 ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 = ∠𝑃 + ∠𝑄 + ∠𝐶
=
𝑫𝑩 𝑬𝑪 ∠𝐴 + 700 = ∠𝑃 + 700
3 2
= 7/2 ∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃
5
3 4 ∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝑃𝑂𝐶
≠ 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 5 6
5 7
Similar, 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝐶 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
⇒ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≄ ∆𝐴𝐸𝐷
5
Not similar 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒄𝒎

Eg. 4.1: Show that ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇 ∽ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 i) ii)

2M
(PTA-1)

Eg. 4.2: Is ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅?

Eg. 4.3: Observe Figure and find ∠𝑃.

2M
Eg. 4.5: In Figure ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 prove that ∆𝐶𝐴𝐵 ∼ ∆𝐶𝐸𝐷. Also find the value of 𝑥 .

UE-7: A man whose eye-level is 2 𝑚 above the ground wishes to find the height of a tree. He places a mirror
horizontally on the ground 20 𝑚 from the tree and finds that if he stands at a point 𝐶 which is 4 𝑚 from the mirror
𝐵, he can see the reflection of the top of the tree. How height is the tree? 5M

2. A girl looks the reflection of the top of the lamp post on the mirror which is 6.6m away from the
foot of the lamppost. The girl whose height is 1.25m is standing 2.5m away from the mirror.
Assuming the mirror is placed on the ground facing the sky and the girl, mirror and the lamppost
are in a same line, find the height of the lamp post. 2M
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
= 𝐶𝐷 Similar Problems
𝐷𝐸 5M
𝐴𝐵 6.6 Solve Your Self
= 2.5 Eg. 4.4: A boy of height 90 cm is walking away from the base
1.25
6.6×1.25 of lamp post at a speed of 1.2𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐. If the lamppost is
𝐴𝐵 = 3.6𝑚 above the ground, find the length of his shadow
2.5
cast after 4 seconds.
= 𝟑. 𝟑 m

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  95

3. A vertical stick of length 6m casts a shadow 400cm long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 28m long. Using similarity, find the height of the tower. 2M

In the picture ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∆𝐷𝐸𝐶 are similar triangles

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
= 𝐸𝐶
𝐷𝐸
ℎ 28
=
6 4
28×6
ℎ= = 7 × 6 = 42
4

Height of a tower = 𝟒𝟐𝒎

4. Two triangle 𝑸𝑷𝑹 and 𝑸𝑺𝑹, right angled at 𝑷 and 𝑺 respectively are drawn on the same base
𝑸𝑹 and on the same side of 𝑸𝑹. If 𝑷𝑹 and 𝑺𝑸 intersect at 𝑻, prove that 𝑷𝑻 × 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑺𝑻 × 𝑻𝑸.
In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝑆𝑄𝑅
PTA-6
∠𝑃 = ∠𝑆 = 90° and ∆𝑆𝑄𝑅
5M
∠𝑃 = ∠𝑆 = 90°
And ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄 = ∠𝑆𝑇𝑅 (vertically opposite angles)
Thus by 𝐴𝐴 criterion of similarity we have ∆𝑃𝑇𝑄~∆𝑆𝑇𝑅
𝑃𝑇 𝑇𝑄
= 𝑇𝑅
𝑆𝑇

⇒ 𝑃𝑇 × 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇𝑄 × 𝑆𝑇
5. In the adjacent figure, ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 is right angled at 𝑪 and 𝑫𝑬 ⊥ 𝑨𝑩. Prove that ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪~∆𝑨𝑫𝑬 and hence
find the lengths of 𝑨𝑬 and 𝑫𝑬. 5M
𝐴𝐷 𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐸 3 𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐸
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∠𝐶 = 90° and 𝐷𝐸 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 also in = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 13 = 12 = 5
𝐴𝐵
∆𝐴𝐸𝐷, ∠𝐸 = 90°
∠𝐴 is common for both ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐴𝐸𝐷 15 = 13𝐴𝐸
15
⇒ By AA criterion. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝐸𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸
13
𝐴𝐶 = 3 + 2 = 5, 𝐵𝐶 = 12 𝟏𝟓
⇒ 𝑨𝑬 = 𝟏𝟑
𝐴𝐵 = √𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐷𝐸 3
= 13
2
= √12 + 5 2 12
⇒ 13𝐷𝐸 = 36
= √169 𝟑𝟔
𝐴𝐵 = 13 𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟑
6. In the adjacent figure, ∆𝑨𝑪𝑩~∆𝑨𝑷𝑸. If 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟖𝒄𝒎, 𝑷𝑸 = 𝟒𝒄𝒎, 𝑩𝑨 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 and 2M

𝑨𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝒄𝒎, find 𝑪𝑨 and 𝑨𝑸.

Similar Problems
Given ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝑃𝑄 Solve Your Self
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 Eg. 4.6: In Figure, 𝑄𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 are
= 𝐴𝑄 = 𝐴𝑃
𝑃𝑄 perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵. If 𝐴𝑂 = 10𝑐𝑚,
8 6.5 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝑂 = 6𝑐𝑚 and 𝑃𝐵 = 9𝑐𝑚. Find 𝐴𝑄.
= 𝐴𝑄 = 2.8
4
6.5 𝐴𝐶 2M
2 = 𝐴𝑄 2 = 2.8
6.5
𝐴𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶 = 2 × 2.8
2
𝑨𝑸 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝒄𝒎
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96 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. In figure 𝑶𝑷𝑹𝑸 is a square and ∠𝑴𝑳𝑵 = 𝟗𝟎° . Prove that

(i) ∆𝑳𝑶𝑷~∆𝑸𝑴𝑶 (ii) ∆𝑳𝑶𝑷~∆𝑹𝑷𝑵
(iii) ∆𝑸𝑴𝑶~∆𝑹𝑷𝑵 (iv) 𝑸𝑹𝟐 = 𝑴𝑸 × 𝑹𝑵 2M

(i) In ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃 and 𝑄𝑀𝑂 (iii) In ∆𝑄𝑀𝑂 and ∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 (From (i) & (ii))
we have ∠𝑂𝐿𝑃 = ∠𝑀𝑄𝑂 (= 90° ) and Since ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆𝑄𝑀𝑂 and
∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆∠𝑅𝑃𝑁
∠𝐿𝑂𝑃 = ∠𝑄𝑀𝑂 (corresponding angles)
∆𝑄𝑀𝑂~∆𝑅𝑃𝑁
∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆𝑄𝑀𝑂 (By AA criterion of similarity)
(iv) We have ∆𝑄𝑀𝑂~∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 (using iii)
𝑀𝑄 𝑄𝑂
= 𝑅𝑁 (∵ 𝑃𝑅𝑄𝑂 is a square)
𝑅𝑃
(ii) ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃 and ∆𝑃𝑅𝑁, we have 𝑀𝑄 𝑄𝑂
= (∵ 𝑅𝑃 = 𝑄𝑂; 𝑄𝑂 = 𝑄𝑅)
∠𝑃𝐿𝑂 = ∠𝑁𝑅𝑃 (=90°) 𝑄𝑂 𝑅𝑁
𝑀𝑄. 𝑅𝑁 = 𝑄𝑂2
∠𝐿𝑃𝑂 = ∠𝑃𝑁𝑅 (Corresponding angles)
𝑀𝑄. 𝑅𝑁 = 𝑄𝑅 2
∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 𝑄𝑅 2 = 𝑀𝑄 × 𝑅𝑁

8. If ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪~∆𝑫𝑬𝑭 such that area of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 is 𝟗𝒄𝒎𝟐 and the area ∆𝑫𝑬𝑭 is 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟐 and
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝒄𝒎. find the length of 𝑬𝑭. 2M
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2 Similar Problems 2M
= 𝐸𝐹2
Area of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 Solve Your Self
9 2.12 Eg. 4.7: The perimeters of two similar triangles
= 𝐸𝐹2 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝑃𝑄𝑅 are respectively 36𝑐𝑚 and
16
3 2.1 24𝑐𝑚. If 𝑃𝑄 = 10𝑐𝑚, find 𝐴𝐵.
= Eg. 4.8: If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is similar to ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 such that 𝐵𝐶 =
4 𝐸𝐹
2.1×4 3𝑐𝑚, 𝐸𝐹 = 4𝑐𝑚 and area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 54𝑐𝑚2 .
𝐸𝐹 = Find the area of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹. (PTA-2)
3
𝑬𝑭 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝒄𝒎
9. Two vertical poles of heights 𝟔𝒎 and 𝟑𝒎 are erected above a horizontal ground 𝑨𝑪. Find the
value of 𝒚. PTA-5
In ∆𝑃𝐴𝐶, ∆𝑄𝐵𝐶 are similar triangles
𝑃𝐴 𝐴𝐶 𝑃𝑄 5M
= 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝐶
𝑄𝐵
6 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶
= 𝐵𝐶
𝑦
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
𝑦(𝐴𝐶) = 6𝐵𝐶………………. (1)
𝐴𝐶 = 2𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 (𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶)
∆𝐴𝐶𝑅 and ∆𝐴𝐵𝑄 are similar triangles
𝐶𝑅 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵
𝑄𝐵 Substitute 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝐵𝐶 in (1) we get
3 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵 (3𝐵𝐶)𝑦 = 6𝐵𝐶
𝑦
3(𝐴𝐵) = (𝐴𝐶)𝑦……………. (2) 6𝐵𝐶
𝑦 = 3𝐵𝐶
(1) & (2) ⇒ 3𝐴𝐵 = 6𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 6
𝒚=𝟐𝒎
=3=2
𝐵𝐶

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  97

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 4.9: Two poles of height ‘𝑎’ metres and ‘𝑏’ metres are ‘𝑝’ metres apart. Prove that the height
of the point of intersection of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot of the opposite
𝑎𝑏
pole is given by metres.
𝑎+𝑏
UE-2:In the given figure 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷 ∥ 𝐸𝐹. If 𝐴𝐵 = 6 𝑐𝑚, 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚, 𝐸𝐹 = 4 𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐷 = 5 𝑐𝑚 and
𝐷𝐸 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑚. Find 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Creative Questions

1 . 𝑷 and 𝑸 are points on sides. 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 repsectively, of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪. If 𝑨𝑷 = 𝟑cm,

𝑷𝑩 = 𝟔cm, 𝑨𝑸 = 𝟓 cm, and 𝑸𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎cm, show that 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟑 𝑷𝑸 PTA-6
𝐴𝑃
=9=3,
3 1 𝐴𝑄 5
= 15 = 3
1 By SAS criteria∆𝐴𝑃𝑄~∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 2M
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑄 𝑃𝑄
In ∆𝐴𝑃𝑄, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, we have = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑃 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄 3 1
∠𝐴𝑃𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 ⇒ =9=3
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
[Corresponding angles]
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 3𝑃𝑄 Hence Proved.
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐴
[Common angle]

Exercise 4.2
1. In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑫 and 𝑬 are points on the sides 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 respectively such that 𝑫𝑬||𝑩𝑪 SEP-21
𝑨𝑫 𝟑 2M Similar Problems 2M
(i) If = 𝟒 and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎 find 𝑨𝑬.
𝑫𝑩 Solve Your Self
Given in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 are points an the 1. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 are points on the sides 𝐴𝐵 and
sides 𝐴𝐵 & 𝐴𝐶 respectively such that 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 respectively such that 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶
(ii) If 𝐴𝐷 = 8𝑥 − 7, 𝐷𝐵 = 5𝑥 − 3, 𝐴𝐸 = 4𝑥 − 3
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
∴ By Thales theorem, 𝐷𝐵 = and 𝐸𝐶 = 3𝑥 − 1, find the value of 𝑥.
𝐸𝐶 Eg. 4.12: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑥, 𝐷𝐵 = 𝑥 − 2,
Let 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑥 , 𝐴𝐸 = 15 − 𝑥 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑥 − 1 then find the lengths
of the sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶.
3 15−𝑥
= Eg. 4.13: 𝐷 and 𝐸 are respectively the points on the
4 𝑥
sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 of a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that
3𝑥 = 60 − 4𝑥 𝐴𝐵 = 5.6 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝐷 = 1.4𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝐶 = 7.2𝑐𝑚 and
𝐴𝐸 = 1.8𝑐𝑚, show that 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶.
3𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 60
7𝑥 = 60 Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self
60
𝑥= Eg. 4.15: In the Figure 𝐴𝐷 is the bisector of ∠𝐴. If 𝐵𝐷 = 4𝑐𝑚, 𝐷𝐶 = 3𝑐𝑚
7
and 𝐴𝐵 = 6𝑐𝑚, find 𝐴𝐶.(PTA-5, MAY-22)
𝑥 = 8.57 Eg.4.16: In the Figure, 𝐴𝐷 is the
bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶, if 𝐴𝐵 = 10𝑐𝑚,
𝐴𝐸 = 15 − 8.57
𝐴𝐶 = 14𝑐𝑚 and 𝐵𝐶 = 6𝑐𝑚. Find
𝑨𝑬 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝒄𝒎 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐷𝐶. (PTA-3)

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98 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. ABCD is a trapezium which 𝑨𝑩||𝑫𝑪 and 𝑷, 𝑸 are points on 𝑨𝑫 and 𝑩𝑪 respectively, such that
𝑷𝑸||𝑫𝑪 if 𝑷𝑫 = 𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒎, 𝑩𝑸 = 𝟑𝟓𝒄𝒎 and 𝑸𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎, and find 𝑨𝑫. JUL-22
In trapezium 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷 ∥ 𝑃𝑄
2M
Join 𝐴𝐶, meets 𝑃𝑄 at 𝑅
In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷, 𝑃𝑅 ∥ 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑅
By BPT, 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶
𝑥 𝐴𝑅 𝑥 7
= 𝑅𝐶 ………(1) From (1) and (2), =3
18 18

In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑅𝑄 ∥ 𝐴𝐵 3𝑥 = 126
𝐵𝑄 𝐴𝑅 126
By BPT, 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑅𝐶 𝑥= = 42
3
35 𝐴𝑅 If 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑥
= 𝑅𝐶
15
7 𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝑃 = 42
= 𝑅𝐶 ……….(2)
3
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝑃 + 𝑃𝐷 = 42 + 18 = 𝟔𝟎 cm
3. In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑫 and 𝑬 are points on the sides 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 respectively. Show that 𝑫𝑬 ∥ 𝑩𝑪
if 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐cm, 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟖cm, 𝑨𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐cm and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖cm
Given: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 are points on the sides 𝐴𝐵 & 𝐴𝐶 respectively 2M

Given 𝐴𝐵 = 12𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝐷 = 8𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝐸 = 12𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝐶 = 18 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
By corollary of Thales theorem, =
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
12 18 3 3
⇒ = 12 ⇒ 2 = 2
8

⇒ 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶

4. In fig. if 𝑷𝑸||𝑩𝑪 and 𝑷𝑹||𝑪𝑫 prove that

𝑨𝑹 𝑨𝑸 𝑸𝑩 𝑫𝑹 2M
(i) 𝑨𝑫 = 𝑨𝑩 (ii) 𝑨𝑸 = 𝑨𝑹
𝑨𝑹 𝑨𝑸 𝑸𝑩 𝑫𝑹
(i) 𝑨𝑫 = 𝑨𝑩 (ii) 𝑨𝑸 = 𝑨𝑹
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 & ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶, Similar Problems 2M
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 & ∆𝐴𝑄𝑃 𝑃𝑄||𝐵𝐶 Solve Your Self
𝑃𝑄||𝐵𝐶 & 𝑃𝑅||𝐶𝐷 Eg. 4.14: In the Figure, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐴𝐶 and
∴ By Thales theorem 𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐶
∴ By Thales theorem 𝐷𝐶 ∥ 𝐴𝑃. Prove that = .
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑄 𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝑃
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑄𝐵……………. (1) (PTA-4)
= and 𝑅𝐷 = 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐶
𝑄𝐵 𝑃𝐶
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅 𝑄𝐵 𝑅𝐷 𝑃𝑅||𝐶𝐷
⇒ 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑅𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅
𝑄𝐵 𝑅𝐷 ∴ By Thales theorem
⇒ 𝐴𝑄 + 1 = 𝐴𝑅 + 1 𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑅
= 𝑅𝐷…………… (2)
𝑄𝐵+𝐴𝑄 𝑅𝐷+𝐴𝑅 𝑃𝐶
=
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅 𝑄𝐵 𝐷𝑅
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅
(1) and (2) ⇒ = 𝑅𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝑄 = 𝑅𝐴
𝑄𝐵
= 𝐴𝑅 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝑄

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  99

5. Rhombus PQRB is inscribed in ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 such that ∠𝑩 is one of its angle. 𝑷, 𝑸 and 𝑹 lie on 𝑨𝑩, 𝑨𝑪
and 𝑩𝑪 respectively. If 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 and 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟔𝒄𝒎, find the sides 𝑷𝑸, 𝑹𝑩 of the rhombus.
In a diagram 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a triangle and 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝐵 is a 5M

rhombus inscribed is ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 From (1)

𝑃𝑄||𝐵𝑅 ⇒ ∠𝑅𝐵𝑃 = ∠𝐶𝑅𝑄 (Corresponding angle) 6−𝑥 𝑥
= 12
6
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝑅𝑄𝐶 (Corresponding angle)
𝑅𝐶 𝑄𝑅
12(6 − 𝑥) = 6𝑥
= 𝐴𝐵…………… (1)
𝐵𝐶 72 − 12𝑥 = 6𝑥
∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝑅𝑄𝐶 (by AA criterion) 72 = 6𝑥 + 12𝑥
Let the side length of rhombus is 𝑥 72 = 18𝑥
(ie) 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐵𝑅 = 𝑅𝑄 = 𝑥 72
𝑥 = 18
Given: 𝐴𝐵 = 12𝑐𝑚 and 𝐵𝐶 = 6𝑐𝑚
⇒ 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑚
𝑅𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑅 = 6 − 𝑥
𝑃𝑄, 𝑅𝐵 = 4 cm

6. In trapezium 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫, 𝑨𝑩||𝑫𝑪, 𝑬 and 𝑭 are points on non-parallel sides 𝑨𝑫 and 𝑩𝑪 respectively,
𝑨𝑬 𝑩𝑭
such that 𝑬𝑭||𝑨𝑩. Show that 𝑬𝑫 = 5M
𝑭𝑪

Given: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is trapezium 𝐴𝐵||𝐷𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐹 are points an non – parallel sides 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 respectively
Such that 𝐸𝐹||𝐴𝐵
Join 𝐵𝐷 and if intersects 𝐸𝐹 at 𝑂
In the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝐸𝑂||𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝑂
= 𝑂𝐷……… (1) (By Thales theorem)
𝐸𝐷

In the ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶, 𝑂𝐹||𝐷𝐶

𝐵𝑂 𝐵𝐹
= 𝐹𝐶 …………… (2) (By Thales theorem)
𝑂𝐷
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐹
(1) & (2) ⇒ 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐹𝐶

7. In figure 𝑫𝑬||𝑩𝑪 and 𝑪𝑫||𝑬𝑭. Prove that 𝑨𝑫𝟐 = 𝑨𝑩 × 𝑨𝑭 5M

Given: In figure 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶 and 𝐸𝐹||𝐶𝐷 in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶; 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶.
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐴𝐶 …………. (1) (∵ By corollary of Thales theorem)
𝐴𝐵

In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶; 𝐸𝐹||𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐴𝐶 ……………. (2) (∵ By corollary of Thales theorem)
𝐴𝐷

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐹
(1) & (2) ⇒ 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐴𝐷
⇒ 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐹
𝐴𝐷2 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐹
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100 Way to Success - 10th Maths

8. Check whether 𝑨𝑫is bisector of ∠𝑨 of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 in each of the following

(i) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓𝒄𝒎, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 and 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 SEP-20
Given: In the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 2M
𝐴𝐵 5
= 10
𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 1
= 2………………… (1) Similar Problems 2M
𝐴𝐶
𝐵𝐷 1.5
Solve Your Self
= 3.5 8. Check whether 𝐴𝐷is bisector of ∠𝐴 of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐷𝐶
𝐵𝐷 15 in each of the following (ii) 𝐴𝐵 = 4𝑐𝑚,
= 35 𝐴𝐶 = 6𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐷 = 1.6𝑐𝑚 and 𝐶𝐷 = 2.4𝑐𝑚
𝐷𝐶
𝐵𝐷 3
= 7 ……………… (2)
𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
(1) & (2) ⇒ ≠
𝐴𝐶 𝐷𝐶

∴ 𝐴𝐷 is not an angle bisector of ∠𝐴

9. In figure ∠𝑸𝑷𝑹 = 𝟗𝟎° , PS is its bisector. If 𝑺𝑻 ⊥ 𝑷𝑹, prove that 𝑺𝑻 × (𝑷𝑸 + 𝑷𝑹) = 𝑷𝑸 × 𝑷𝑹.
Given: In the figure ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 90° , In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝑆𝑇𝑅 PTA-2 5M

PS is its bisector and 𝑆𝑇 ⊥ 𝑃𝑅 ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 900 , ∠𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 90°

𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑆 ∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 = ∠𝑇𝑅𝑆 = ∠𝑅 is common ,
= 𝑆𝑅 By Angle bisector theorem
𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑆 By AA similarity
+ 1 = 𝑆𝑅 + 1 Add 1 both side
𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄+𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑆+𝑆𝑅
∴ = = 𝑇𝑅 ……………..(2)
𝑆𝑇 𝑆𝑅
=
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑅 𝑃𝑄+𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑄+𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅
(1) & (2) ⇒ =
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑇
= ………….. (1)
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑅
𝑆𝑇 (𝑃𝑄 + 𝑃𝑅) = 𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅. Hence proved

10. 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a quadrilateral in which 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑫, the bisector of ∠𝑩𝑨𝑪 and ∠𝑪𝑨𝑫 intersect the sides
𝑩𝑪 and 𝑪𝑫 at the points 𝑬 and 𝑭 respectively. Prove that 𝑬𝑭||𝑩𝑫. 5M

Given 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral in which 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷, the bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 and ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 intersect
the sides 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐷 at the points 𝐸 and 𝐹 respectively
Construction: Join: 𝐴𝐶 & 𝐵𝐷
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐸 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶
∴ By angle bisector theorem
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐸 𝐷𝐹
= 𝐸𝐶 …………….. (1) (1) & (2) ⇒ 𝐸𝐶 =
𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐶
𝐵𝐸 𝐷𝐹
In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶, 𝐴𝐹 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 In ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶 ⇒ 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶
∴ By angle bisector theorem
⇒ 𝐸𝐹||𝐵𝐷 (By corollary of Thales theorem)
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐹
𝐴𝐶
= 𝐹𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐹
But 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ = ……………. (2)
𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐶

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  101

Exercise 4.3

1. A man goes 18 m due east and then 24 m due north. Find the distance of his current position
from the starting point? 2M
JUL-22 Similar Problems
Given, 𝐵𝐶 = 18m, 𝐵𝐴 = 24m 5M
Solve Your Self
By Pythagoras theorem, 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 Eg. 4.20: An insect 8 𝑚 away initially from the foot of a
= 242 + 182 lamp post which is 6 𝑚 tall. crawls towards it moving
through a distance. If its distance from the top of the
= 576 + 324
lamp post is equal to the distance it has moved, how far
𝐴𝐶 2 = 900 = 302 is the insect away from the foot of the lamp post?
𝑨𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎
2. There are two paths one can choose to go from Sarah’s house
to James house. One way is to take 𝑪 street, and the other way
requires to take 𝑩 street and then 𝑨 street. How much shorter
is the direct path along 𝑪 street? (Using figure). 2M

𝑆𝐽 = √1. 52 + 22
= √2.25 + 4
= √6.25 = 2.5Miles
When one can choose the 𝐶 street he requires to go 2.5 miles, and the other way requires to
take 𝐴 street and then 𝐵 street he requires to go (2 + 1.5) 3.5 miles.
∴ 1 miles is shorter the direct path along C street.

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 4.22: What length of ladder is needed to reach a height of 7 ft along the wall when the base of the ladder is 4 ft from the wall?
Round off your answer to the next tenth place. (MDL)
Eg. 4.23: An Aeroplane after take off from an airport and flies due north at a speed of 1000 km/hr. At the same time, another
aeroplane take off from the same airport and flies due west at a speed of 1200 km/hr. How far apart will be the two planes
after 1½ hours? (MAY-22)

3. To get from point 𝑨 to point 𝑩 you must avoid walking through a pond. You must walk 34m south
and 41m east. To the nearest meter, how many meters would be saved if it were possible to make
a way through the pond? 5M
Path: I (Through Pond) Path II (South to East)
𝐴𝐵 = √342 + 412 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑆 + 𝑆𝐵
= √1156 + 1681 = 34 + 41 = 75 m
= √2837 Required Distance = 75 − 53.26
= 𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 m = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟒m
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
UE-5:Two trains leave a railway station at the same time. The first train travels due west and the second train due north. The first
train travels at a speed of 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 and the second train travels at 30 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. After 2 hours, what is the distance between
them?

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102 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. In the rectangle 𝑾𝑿𝒀𝒁, 𝑿𝒀 + 𝒀𝒁 = 𝟏𝟕𝒄𝒎, and 𝑿𝒁 + 𝒀𝑾 = 𝟐𝟔𝒄𝒎.

Calculate the length and breadth of the rectangle? 5M
Given: In rectangle 𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍;
𝑋𝑌 + 𝑌𝑍 = 17cm, and 𝑋𝑍 + 𝑌𝑊 = 26cm
𝑙 + 𝑏 = 17 ⇒ 𝑏 = 17 − 𝑙
𝑑 = 𝑋𝑍 + 𝑌𝑊 = 26 ⇒ 𝑑 + 𝑑 = 26 ⇒ 2𝑑 = 26 ⇒ 𝑑 = 13
𝑙 2 + (17 − 𝑙)2 = 132
𝑙 2 + 289 − 34𝑙 + 𝑙 2 = 169
2𝑙 2 − 34𝑙 + 289 − 169 = 0
2𝑙 2 − 34𝑙 + 120 = 0
÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 , ⇒ 𝑙 2 − 17𝑙 + 60 = 0
(𝑙 − 12)(𝑙 − 5) = 0
𝑙 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑙 = 5
𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 ⇒ 𝑏 = 17 − 12
𝒃 = 𝟓𝒄𝒎
5. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 6m more than twice of the shortest side. If the third side is
2m less than the hypotenuse, find the sides of the triangle. PTA-3
0
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶; ∠𝐵 = 90 But 𝑥 ≠ −2
5M
Let 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 If 𝑥 = 10
𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 6
(2𝑥 + 6)2 = 𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 + 4)2 = 20 + 6 = 26
2 2 2
4𝑥 + 36 + 24𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 16 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 4
𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 16 − 36 = 0 = 20 + 4 = 24
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 20 = 0 ∴ The sides are 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎;
(𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟒𝒎; 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔𝒎.
𝑥 = 10 (or) 𝑥 = −2
6. 5m long ladder is placed leaning towards a vertical wall such that it reaches the wall at a point
4m high. If the foot of the ladder is moved 1.6m towards the wall, then find the distance by which
the top of the ladder would slide upwards on the wall. 5M

Given, in the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝐵 = 4m, 𝐴𝐶 = 5m
𝐵𝐶 = √𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐴𝐵 2
= √52 − 42
= √25 − 16 = √9
𝐵𝐶 = 3𝑚 𝐴′ 𝐵 = √𝐴′ 𝐷2 − 𝐵𝐷2
Given 𝐷𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝒎 = √52 − 1. 42
𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐷𝐶 = √25 − 1.96
= 3 − 1.6𝑚 = √23.04 = 4.8𝑚
= 1.4𝑚 𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐴′ 𝐵 − 𝐴𝐵 = 4.8 − 4 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝒎

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  103

7. The perpendicular 𝑷𝑺 on the base 𝑸𝑹 of a ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 intersects 𝑸𝑹 at 𝑺, such that 𝑸𝑺 = 𝟑𝑺𝑹. Prove
that 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐𝑷𝑹𝟐 + 𝑸𝑹𝟐 PTA-6
Given the ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, the perpendicular on 𝑄𝑅
= 𝑆𝑅 5M
4
the base 𝑄𝑅 at 𝑆, such that 𝑄𝑆 = 3𝑆𝑅
2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 − 𝑆𝑅 2 + (3𝑆𝑅)2
In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑆 ⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑆 + 𝑄𝑆
𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 − 𝑆𝑅 2 + 9𝑆𝑅 2
∆𝑃𝑆𝑅 ⇒ 𝑃𝑅 2 = 𝑃𝑆 2 + 𝑆𝑅 2
𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 8𝑆𝑅 2
⇒ 𝑃𝑆 2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 − 𝑆𝑅 2
8𝑄𝑅 2
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑆𝑅 𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 16

= 3𝑆𝑅 + 𝑆𝑅 ⇒ 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐𝑷𝑹𝟐 + 𝑸𝑹𝟐

𝑄𝑅 = 4𝑆𝑅
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
8. In the adjacent figure, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angled triangle with right angle at 𝐵 and points 𝐷, 𝐸 trisect 𝐵𝐶. Prove that
8𝐴𝐸 2 = 3𝐴𝐶 2 + 5𝐴𝐷2
Eg. 4.21: 𝑃 and 𝑄 are the mid-points of the sides 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐶𝐵 respectively of a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, right angled at 𝐶. Prove that
4(𝐴𝑄2 + 𝐵𝑃2 ) = 5𝐴𝐵2 . (MDL)

Exercise 4.4
1. The length of the tangent to a circle from a point P, which is 25 cm away from the center is
24 cm. What is the radius of the circle? 2M
𝑂𝑇 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑇 2
= √252 − 242 = √(25 + 24)(25 − 24)
= √(49)(1) = √49
= 7𝑐𝑚
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 4.25: 𝑃𝑄 is a chord of length 8 𝑐𝑚 to a circle of radius 5 𝑐𝑚. The tangents at 𝑃 and 𝑄 intersect at a point T. Find the
length of the tangent TP.
Eg. 4.24: Find the length of the tangent drawn from a point whose distance from the centre of a circle is 5 𝑐𝑚 and radius
of the circle is 3 𝑐𝑚.

2. ∆𝑳𝑴𝑵 is a right angled triangle with ∠𝑳 = 𝟗𝟎° . A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides
containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle. 5M
°
∆𝐿𝑀𝑁 is a right angled triangle with ∠𝐿 = 90 . A circle inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides
containing the right angle are 6cm and 8cm
𝑀𝑁 = √𝐿𝑀2 + 𝐿𝑁 2 = √82 + 62 = √64 + 36 = √100 = 10𝑐𝑚
Let radius of the incircle is “r” units
Area of the ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁 = Area of ∆𝐿𝑂𝑁 + ∆𝐿𝑂𝑀 + ∆𝑂𝑀𝑁
1 1 1 1
(2 𝐿𝑀 × 𝐿𝑁) = (2 × 𝐿𝑁 × 𝑟) + (2 𝑟 × 𝐿𝑀) + (2 × 𝑀𝑁 × 𝑟)
× 𝑏𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝐿𝑀 × 𝐿𝑁 = 𝐿𝑁 × 𝑟 + 𝑟 × 𝐿𝑀 + 𝑀𝑁𝑟
8 × 6 = 6𝑟 + 8 × 𝑟 + 10𝑟
48 = 24𝑟
48
𝑟 = 24 ⇒ 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒄𝒎.
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104 Way to Success - 10th Maths

3. A circle is inscribed in ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 having sides

8cm, 10cm and 12cm as shown in figure, find Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
𝑨𝑫, 𝑩𝑬 and 𝑪𝑭. 2M
Eg. 4.27: In Figure, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is circumscribing a circle.
Given a circle is Find the length of 𝐵𝐶.
2M
inscribed in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
having sides 8cm,
10cm, and 12cm
as shown in figure
Let 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥; 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 𝑦; 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 𝑐𝑚 …………. (1)
𝑧 + 𝑦 = 8 𝑐𝑚 ………….. (2) 5. A tangent 𝑺𝑻 to a circle touches it at 𝑩. 𝑨𝑩
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 10 𝑐𝑚…………. (3) is a chord such that ∠𝑨𝑩𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓° . Find
(1)+(2)+(3) ⇒ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 30 ∠𝑨𝑶𝑩, where "𝑶" is the centre of the
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 15 circle. 2M
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 ⇒ 12 + 𝑧 = 15 A tangent “𝑆𝑇” to
𝑧 = 15 − 12 ⇒ 𝑧 = 3𝑐𝑚 a circle it at 𝐵.
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 10 ⇒ 𝑦 + 10 = 15 𝐴𝐵 is a chord
𝑦 = 15 − 10 ⇒ 𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑚 such that
𝑧 + 𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = 15 ∠𝐴𝐵𝑇 = 65° ,
𝑥 = 15 − 8 where 𝑂 is the
𝑥 = 7𝑐𝑚 centre of the circle
∴ 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟕𝒄𝒎; 𝑩𝑬 = 𝟓𝒄𝒎; 𝑪𝑭 = 𝟑𝒄𝒎 ∠𝑂𝐵𝑇 = 90° (∵ 𝑂𝐵 radius & 𝐵𝑇 −
Tangents)
4. 𝑷𝑸 is a tangent drawn from a point 𝑷 to a ∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝑂𝐵𝑇 − ∠𝐴𝐵𝑇
circle with centre 𝑶 and 𝑸𝑶𝑹 is a diameter = 90° − 65°
°
of the circle such that ∠𝑷𝑶𝑹 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 . Find = 25°
∠𝑶𝑷𝑸. 2M ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 25° ; ∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = 25°
∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 180° − (25° + 25° )
= 180° − 50°
= 130°

Similar Problems
° 2M
∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 = 180 − ∠𝑃𝑂𝑅 Solve Your Self
Eg. 4.26: In Figure, 𝑂 is the centre of a circle. 𝑃𝑄 is a
= 180° − 120° chord and the tangent 𝑃𝑅 at 𝑃 makes an angle of
= 60° 50° with 𝑃𝑄. Find ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄.
∠𝑂𝑃𝑄 = 180° − (∠𝑂𝑄𝑃 + ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄)
= 180° − (90° + 60° )
= 180° − 150°
= 𝟑𝟎°

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  105

6. In figure, 𝑶 is the centre of the circle with radius 5cm. 𝑻 is a point such
that 𝑶𝑻 = 𝟏𝟑𝒄𝒎 and 𝑶𝑻 intersects the circle 𝑬, if 𝑨𝑩 is the tangent
to the circle at 𝑬, find the length of 𝑨𝑩.
If 𝐴𝐵 is the tangent to the circle at 𝐸. By AA similarity
5M
𝑂𝐸 = 5 cm, 𝑂𝑇 = 13cm, ∆𝑂𝑃𝑇 ~ ∆𝐴𝐸𝑇
𝐸𝑇 = 𝑂𝑇 − 𝑂𝐸 𝑂𝑇 𝑂𝑃 𝑃𝑇
= 13 − 5 = 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐸𝑇
𝐴𝑇
= 8cm 13 5 12
= 𝐴𝐸 =
𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝑃𝑇 𝐴𝑇 8
5 12
∠𝑂𝑃𝑇 = 90° =
𝐴𝐸 8
𝑂𝑇 2 = 𝑂𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑇 2
40 = 12𝐴𝐸
132 = 52 + 𝑃𝑇 2
40
132 − 52 = 𝑃𝑇 2 𝐴𝐸 = 12
169 − 25 = 𝑃𝑇 2 10
𝐴𝐸 =
𝑃𝑇 2 = 144 3

𝑃𝑇 = 12cm 𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 𝐴𝐸
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑇 & ∆𝐴𝐸𝑇, 10
=2×
∠𝑃𝑇𝑂 = ∠𝐴𝑇𝐸 (common angle) 3
20
∠𝑇𝑃𝑂 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝑇 = 90° 𝐴𝐵 = cm
3
8. Two circles with centres 𝑶 and 𝑶′ of radii 3 cm and 4 cm, respectively intersect at two points 𝑷 and 𝑸,
such that 𝑶𝑷 and 𝑶′𝑷 are tangents to the two circles. Find the length of the common chord PQ.
Given 𝑂𝑃 = 3cm, 𝑂′ 𝑃 = 4cm, 𝑂𝑄 = 3cm, 𝑂′ 𝑄 = 4cm 5M
′
𝑂𝑂 is the ⊥ bisector of the chord 𝑃𝑄 and let (1)& (2) ⇒
𝑅 be the point of intersection of 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑂𝑂′ 9 − 𝑂𝑅 2 = −9 + 10(𝑂𝑅) − 𝑂𝑅2
𝑂𝑂′ =√𝑂𝑃2 + 𝑂′ 𝑃2 9 + 9 = 10 (𝑂𝑅)
= √32 + 42 10(𝑂𝑅) = 18
= √9 + 16 = √25 = 5𝑐𝑚 18
𝑂𝑅 = 10
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑅, 𝑂𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 𝑂𝑅 2
32 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 𝑂𝑅 2 𝑂𝑅 = 1.8𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑅 2 + 𝑂𝑅 2 = 9 𝑃𝑅 = √9 − (1.8)2
𝑃𝑅 2 = 9 − 𝑂𝑅 2 ………….. (1) = √9 − 3.24
𝑂′ 𝑅 = 𝑂𝑂′ − 𝑂𝑅 = 5 − 𝑂𝑅
= √5.76
In ∆𝑂′ 𝑃𝑅, 𝑂′ 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 𝑂′ 𝑅 2 = 2.4𝑐𝑚
42 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + (5 − 𝑂𝑅)2
𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑃𝑅 = 2(2.4) = 𝟒. 𝟖𝒄𝒎
16 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + (5 − 𝑂𝑅)2
𝑃𝑅 = 16 − (5 − 𝑂𝑅)2
2

𝑃𝑅 2 = 16 − (25 − 10(𝑂𝑅) + 𝑂𝑅 2 )
𝑃𝑅 2 = 16 − 25 + 10(𝑂𝑅) − 𝑂𝑅 2
𝑃𝑅 2 = −9 + 10(𝑂𝑅) − 𝑂𝑅 2 ………… (2)

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7. In two concentric circles, a chord of length 16 cm of larger circle becomes a tangent to the smaller
circle whose radius is 6 cm. Find the radius of the larger circle. 2M

In two concentric circle, a chord of length16cm of larger circle becomes a tangent to the smaller
circle whose radius is 6cm
𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷𝐵 = 8𝑐𝑚 Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self
In the right ∆𝑂𝐷𝐵, 𝑂𝐵 = √𝑂𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐵 2 Eg. 4.28: If radii of two concentric
circles are 4 𝑐𝑚 and 5 𝑐𝑚 then
= √62 + 82
find the length of the chord of
= √36 + 64 one circle which is a tangent to
the other circle.
= √100 = 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎

9. Show that the angle bisectors of a triangle are 10. An artist has created a triangular
concurrent. 5M PTA-4 stained glass window and has one
In the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, “𝑂” is any point inside the ∆ strip of small length left before
completing the window. She needs to
The angle bisector figure out the length of left out
∠𝐴𝑂𝐵, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶, and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 portion based on the lengths of the
meet the sides other sides as shown in the figure.
𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 & 𝐶𝐴 at 𝐷, 𝐸 & 𝐹
respectively. In the diagram ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹
are the angle bisectors of 2M
∴ In ∆𝐵𝑂𝐶, 𝑂𝐷 is the bisector of ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶
∠𝐴𝑂𝐵, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐷
∴ = ………………. (1) respectively, and 𝑂 is concurrent
𝑂𝐶 𝐷𝐶
point.
Similarly in the triangle 𝐴𝑂𝐶 & 𝐴𝑂𝐵 we get
𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐹
𝑂𝐶 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐹𝐴 …………. (1)
= 𝐴𝐸 …………………….. (2) 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐶 𝐷𝐶
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐷𝐵 ………… (2)
= 𝐹𝐵 ……………….. (3) 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐸
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹 = …………. (3)
(1) × (2) × (3) ⇒ × 𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐸𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝐸𝐶
𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹 (1) × (2) × (3) ⇒
× 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐹𝐵 = 1 ……………… (4) 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝐵𝐹 𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐸
𝐷𝐶 × 𝑂𝐵 × 𝑂𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴 × 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐸𝐶
𝑂𝐴
If 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸 & 𝐶𝐹 are the bisectors of ∠𝐴, ∠𝐵 & ∠𝐶 𝐵𝐹 10 3
then by 𝐴𝐵𝑇 1= × ×
5 3 4
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐹 = 2𝑐𝑚
= 𝐷𝐶 ; 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵 ; 𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐶 𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
× 𝐶𝐴 × 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐹𝐵 × 𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐸 Similar Problems 5M
𝐴𝐶 Solve Your Self
UE-3:𝑂 is any point inside a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. The bisector of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵,
1=1 (By (4)) ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶, ∠𝐶𝑂𝐴 meet the sides 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐴 in point 𝐷, 𝐸
∴ 𝑂 is the point of concurrent. and 𝐹 respectively.
Show that 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐵𝐸 × 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐸𝐶 × 𝐹𝐴
The angle bisectors of a triangle concurrent. Eg. 4.32: Show that in a triangle, the medians are concurrent. (SEP-21)

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  107

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 4.33: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, points 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 lies on 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 respectively. Suppose 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐹 2 𝐶𝐸 5
have lengths 13, 14 and 15 respectively. If = and = . Find 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐷𝐶.
𝐹𝐵 5 𝐸𝐴 8
Eg. 4.34: In a garden containing several trees, three particular trees 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 are located
in the following way, 𝐵𝑃 = 2𝑚, 𝐶𝑄 = 3𝑚, 𝑅𝐴 = 10𝑚, 𝑃𝐶 = 6𝑚, 𝑄𝐴 = 5𝑚,
𝑅𝐵 = 2𝑚, where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are points such that 𝑃 lies on 𝐵𝐶, 𝑄 lies on 𝐴𝐶 and 𝑅 lies
on 𝐴𝐵. Check whether the trees 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 lie on a same straight line.

Unit Exercise - 4

1. In the figure, if 𝑩𝑫 ⊥ 𝑨𝑪 and 𝑪𝑬 ⊥ 𝑨𝑩, Note for Unit Exercise – 4

Q.No: 2 – Similar to Exercise 4.1- 9th Question
prove that (i) ∆𝑨𝑬𝑪 ∽ ∆𝑨𝑫𝑩 Q.No: 3 - Similar to Exercise 4.4 – 9th Question
Q.No: 5 - Similar to Exercise 4.3 – 3rd Question
𝑪𝑨 𝑪𝑬 Q.No: 7 - Similar to Exercise 4.1 – 1st Question
(ii) = 𝑫𝑩
𝑨𝑩 2M

i) Given ∆𝐴𝐸𝐶 and ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 are two triangles ii) Also we know
Also ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = 90° ∆𝐴𝐸𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 (from the proof above)
[𝐵𝐷 perpendicular 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐶𝐸 perpendicular 𝐴𝐵] 𝐶𝐴 𝐸𝐶
⇒ = 𝐷𝐵
𝐵𝐴
∴ ∠𝐸𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐸
⇒ = 𝐷𝐵
𝐴𝐵
∠𝐴 is common
Hence it is proved.
By 𝐴𝐴 – criterion of similarity, we
know that ∆𝐴𝐸𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵
4. In the figure, 𝑨𝑩𝑪 is a triangle in which 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪. Points 𝑫 and 𝑬 are points on the
side 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 respectively such that 𝑨𝑫 = 𝑨𝑬. Show that the points 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑬
and 𝑫 lie on a same circle. 5M
we can prove that we have
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180° ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180°
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180° ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180°
To prove the points 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐷 are ∵ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 (we have 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶)
concyclic Also we know, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 we have ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐸 Adding ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 on both sides
𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180°
By converse of Thales theorem we have, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180°
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸, 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶 [reason is ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 ∴ we have
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐸𝐶
𝐵𝐷𝐸𝐶 is a quadrilateral such that
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 (corresponding angles) ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180°
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180°
Adding ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 on both sides. ∴ 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐷 are concyclic points.
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108 Way to Success - 10th Maths

6. 𝑫 is the mid point of side 𝑩𝑪 and 𝑨𝑬 ⊥ 𝑩𝑪. If 𝑩𝑪 = 𝒂, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝒃, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒄, 𝑬𝑫 = 𝒙,

𝑨𝑫 = 𝒑 and 𝑨𝑬 = 𝒉, prove that
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 5M
(i) 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + (ii) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙 + (iii) 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐𝒑𝟐 +
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐

(ii) In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, ∠ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 is an acute angle

𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐵𝐷2 − 2 𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸
1 2 1
𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + [2 𝐵𝐶] − [2 × 2 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸]
1
𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + 4 𝐵𝐶 2 − 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸
1
𝐷 is the mid point of 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 − 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸 + 4 𝐵𝐶 2 ………….. (2)
we know that ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = 90° 1
⇒ 𝐶 2 = 𝑝2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 4 𝑎2
∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 < 90° and ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 > 90°
∴ ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 is acute angle
∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 is obtuse
(iii)From (1) and (2)
(i) In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶, ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 is obtuse angle 1
𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 2 𝐴𝐷2 + 2 𝐵𝐶 2
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐶 2 + 2 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐷𝐸
1 1 𝑎2
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + (2 𝐵𝐶)2 + 2 (2 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸) 𝐶 2 + 𝑏 2 = 2𝑃2 + 2
2 2 1 2
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 + 4 𝐵𝐶 + ( 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸) Hence it is proved.
1
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + (𝐷𝐸 ⋅ 𝐵𝐶) + 4 𝐵𝐶 2 ……… (1)
1
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 4 𝑎2
Hence proved

8. An Emu which is 𝟖 ft tall is standing at the foot of a pillar which is 𝟑𝟎 ft high. It walks away from
the pillar. The shadow of the emu falls beyond emu. What is the relation between the length of
the shadow and the distance from the emu to the pillar? 5M
𝑥 𝑦 30
Let 𝑂𝐴 be the shadow of emu= 𝑥 + = 𝑥 𝑥 8
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑦 𝑦 30
1+𝑥 =
The shadow of pillar is 𝑂𝐵 8
𝑦 30
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 = −1
𝑥 8
=𝑥+𝑦 𝑦 30−8
=
𝑥 8
From BPT theorem 𝑦 22 11
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐷 = =
𝑥 8 4
= 𝑦 11
𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐶
𝑥 8
=
𝑥 4
= 30 4
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 = 11 × 𝑦
On reciprocaly we get
𝟒
𝑥+𝑦 30 shadow of emu = 𝟏𝟏 × distance
=
𝑥 8

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Special Guide - 4 - Geometry  109

9. Two circles intersect at 𝑨 and 𝑩. From a point 10. Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪 be a triangle and 𝑫, 𝑬, 𝑭 are
𝑷 on one of the circles lines 𝑷𝑨𝑪 and 𝑷𝑩𝑫 points on the respective sides 𝑨𝑩, 𝑩𝑪,
are drawn intersecting the second circle at 𝑪 𝑨𝑪 (or their extensions). Let
and 𝑫. Prove that 𝑪𝑫 is parallel to the 𝑨𝑫 ∶ 𝑫𝑩 = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟑, 𝑩𝑬 ∶ 𝑬𝑪 = 𝟑: 𝟐 and
tangent at 𝑷. 5M 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏. Find the length of the line
segment 𝑪𝑭.

We know that 5M
𝐴𝐷 5
=3
𝐷𝐵

Let 𝑋𝑌 be the tangent at a point 𝑃 𝐵𝐸 3

Also 𝐸𝐶 = 2
To prove: 𝐶𝐷 is ∥ 𝑋𝑌
𝐴𝐶 = 21
Join 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝐹
⇒ 𝐹𝐴 = 21−𝐶𝐹
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a cyclic quadrilateral
∴ By Ceva’s theorem
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 180° ………… (1)
𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐹 𝐴𝐷
°
× 𝐹𝐴 × 𝐷𝐵 = 1
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 180 − ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 ………… (2) 𝐸𝐶

3 𝐶𝐹 5
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = ∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 × 21−𝐶𝐹 × 3 = 1
2

∠𝑃𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹
×2=1
5
21−𝐶𝐹
Since 𝑋𝑌 is the tangent to the circle at the
𝐶𝐹 2
point 𝑃 =5
21−𝐶𝐹

∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝐵𝑃𝑌 (Alternative segment 5𝐶𝐹 = 42 − 2𝐶𝐹

theorem)
7𝐶𝐹 = 42
∴ ∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝑃𝐷𝐶
42
∠𝐵𝑃𝑌 = ∠𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝐶𝐹 = = 𝟔 units.
7

∴ 𝑋𝑌 ∥ 𝐶𝐷

Thus proved.

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110 Way to Success - 10th Maths

5. Coordinate Geometry
Exercise 5.1
1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
(i) (𝟏, −𝟏), (−𝟒, 𝟔) and (−𝟑, −𝟓) 5M
Area of the triangle Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
1 1 −4 −3 1 1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
= 2[ ]
−1 6 −5 −1 (ii) (– 10, −4), (−8, −1) and (−3, −5)
1 Eg. 5.1: Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
= 2 [(6 + 20 + 3) − (4 − 18 − 5)]
(−3, 5), (5, 6) and (5, −2)
1
= 2 [29 − (−19)]
1 1
= [29 + 19] = (48)
2 2

= 𝟐𝟒 Sq. units
2. Determine whether the sets of points are collinear? Similar Problems 5M
𝟏
(i) (– 𝟐 , 𝟑) , (−𝟓, 𝟔) and (−𝟖, 𝟖) 5M Solve Your Self
2. Determine whether the sets of points are collinear?
Area of the triangle (ii) (𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎) and (𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 1
1− 2 −5 −8 − 2 4. In each of the following, find the values of ‘𝑎’ for
= 2[ ]
3 6 which the given points are collinear.
8 3
1 (i) (2,3), (4, 𝑎) and (6, −3)
= [(−3 − 40 − 24) − (−15 − 48 − 4)] (ii) (𝑎, 2 − 2𝑎), (−𝑎 + 1,2𝑎) and (−4 − 𝑎, 6 − 2𝑎)
2
1
= 2 [(−67) − (−67)] Eg.5.2: Show that the points 𝑃(−1.5, 3), 𝑄(6, −2),
1 𝑅(−3, 4) are collinear. (PTA-4, MAY-22)
= 2 [−67 + 67]
=𝟎
If Area of the triangle is 0, the set of points are collinear.
Hence the set of points are collinear.

3. Vertices of given triangles are taken in order and their areas are provided aside. In each case,
find the value of ′𝒑′ . 5M
(i) Vertices: (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝒑, 𝟖), (𝟔, 𝟐) Area: 20 sq.units
Area of the triangle = 20
Similar Problems
1 0 𝑝 6 0
[ ] = 20 Solve Your Self
2 0 8 2 0 3. Vertices of given triangles are taken in order and
1 their areas are provided aside. In each case, find
[(0 + 2𝑝 + 0) − (0 + 48 + 0)] = 20
2 the value of ′𝑝′ . 5M
2𝑝 − 48 = 40 (ii) Vertices: (𝑝, 𝑝), (5,6), (5, −2) Area : 32 sq.units
2𝑝 = 40 + 48 Eg. 5.3: If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices
𝐴(−1, 2), 𝐵(𝑘, −2) and 𝐶(7, 4) (taken in order)
2𝑝 = 88 is 22 sq. units, find the value of 𝑘. (JUL-22) 2M
𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒

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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  111

5. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are at 5M

(i) (−𝟗, −𝟐), (−𝟖, −𝟒), (𝟐, 𝟐) and (𝟏, −𝟑)

By taking the points in anti clockwise we have to find the area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐴(2,2), 𝐵(1, −3), 𝐶(−8, −4), 𝐷(−9, −2)
1 2 −9 −8 1 2]
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 2 [
2 −2 −4 −3 2
1
= 2 [(−4 + 36 + 24 + 2) − (−18 + 16 − 4 − 6)]
1
= 2 [(62 − 4) − (−28 + 16)]
1
= 2 [58 − (−12)]
Similar Problems 5M
1 Solve Your Self
= 2 [58 + 12]
5. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are at
1 (ii) (−9,0), (−8,6), (−1, −2) and (−6, −3)
= 2 (70)
Eg. 5.6: Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points (8, 6),
(5, 11), (−5, 12) and (−4, 3). (JUL-22)
= 𝟑𝟓 sq. units
6. Find the value of 𝒌, if the area of a quadrilateral is 28 sq. units, whose vertices are
(−𝟒, −𝟐), (−𝟑, 𝒌), (𝟑, −𝟐) and (𝟐, 𝟑) 5M PTA-5, SEP-20
Area of quadrilateral = 28 square units
1 −4 −3 3 2 −4
[ ] = 28 Similar Problems 5M
2 −2 𝑘 −2 3 −2 Solve Your Self
[(−4𝑘 + 6 + 9 − 4) − (6 + 3𝑘 − 4 − 12)] = 56 UE-4: If vertices of a quadrilateral are at
𝐴(−5,7), 𝐵(−4, 𝑘), 𝐶(−1, −6) and 𝐷(4,5) and
(−4𝑘 + 11) − (3𝑘 − 10) = 56 its area is 72 sq.units. Find the value of 𝑘.
−4𝑘 + 11 − 3𝑘 + 10 = 56
−7𝑘 = 56 − 21
−7𝑘 = 35
35
𝑘 = −7
𝒌 = −𝟓
7. If the points 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟗), 𝑩(𝒂, 𝒃) and 𝑪(𝟒, −𝟓) are collinear and if 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏, then find 𝒂 and 𝒃.
1 −3 𝑎 4 −3 5M
[ ]=0
2 9 𝑏 −5 9
[(−3𝑏 − 5𝑎 + 36) − (9𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 15)] = 0
−3𝑏 − 5𝑎 + 36 − 9𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 15 = 0
−5𝑎 − 9𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 4𝑏 + 21 = 0
−14𝑎 − 7𝑏 + 21 = 0
−2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 3 = 0
2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3 …………….. (1)
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 (Given)……….. (2)
Subtract (1) − (2)
⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 3 − 1 Similar Problems
𝒂=𝟐 Solve Your Self
Sub 𝑎 = 2 in (2) Eg. 5.4: If the points 𝑃(−1, −4), 𝑄(𝑏, 𝑐) and 𝑅(5, −1) are
2+𝑏 = 1⇒ 𝑏 = 1−2 collinear and if 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 4, then find the values of 𝑏
𝒃 = −𝟏 and 𝑐. (SEP-21) 5M

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8. Let 𝑷(𝟏𝟏, 𝟕), 𝑸(𝟏𝟑. 𝟓, 𝟒) and 𝑹(𝟗. 𝟓, 𝟒) be the mid points of the sides 𝑨𝑩, 𝑩𝑪 and 𝑨𝑪
respectively of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪. Find the coordinates of the vertices 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪. hence find the area of
∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 and compare this with area of ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹. 5M

To find the vertices of the triangle from the midpoints of the sides.
Vertex A∶ 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝑃(11,7), 𝑅(9.5,4)
= (11 + 9.5 − 13.5, 7 + 4 − 4)
= 𝐴(7, 7)
Vertex B: 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 ),
= (11 + 13.5 − 9.5, 7 + 4 − 4)
= 𝐵(15,7)
Vertex C 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 ),
= (13.5 + 9.5 − 11, 4 + 4 − 7) = 𝐶(12,1)
Area of triangle ABC Area of triangle PQR
1 7 15 12 7 𝑃(11,7) 𝑄(13.5,4) and 𝑅(9.5,4)
= 2[ ]
7 7 1 7 1 11 13.5 9.5 11
1 = 2[ ]
= 2 [(49 + 15 + 84) − (105 + 84 + 7)] 7 4 4 7
1 1
= 2 [148 − 196] = 2 [(44 + 54 + 66.5) − (94.5 + 38 + 44)]
48 1
=− = 2 [164.5 − 176.5]
2
A = −24 = 𝟐𝟒 sq.units 1
= 2 (12) = 𝟔 sq.units
Area of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 6
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 24 = 4(6) = 4 × Area of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅
9. In the figure, the quadrilateral swimming pool shown is surrounded by
concrete patio. Find the area of the patio. 5M PTA-2
To find the area of patio we have to subtract area EFGH from area of ABCD
Area of ABCD 𝑨(−𝟒, −𝟖), 𝑩(𝟖, −𝟒), 𝑪(𝟔, 𝟏𝟎), 𝑫(−𝟏𝟎, 𝟔)
1 −4 8 6 −10 −4
= 2[ ]
−8 −4 10 6 −8
= [(16 + 80 + 36 + 80) − (−64 − 24 − 100 − 24)] Similar Problems
1
5M
2 Solve Your Self
1 10. A triangular shaped glass with vertices at
= 2 [212 − (−212)]
𝐴(−5, −4), 𝐵(1,6) and 𝐶(7, −4) has to be
1 1
= 2 [212 + 212] = 2 [424] painted. If one bucket of paint covers 6
square feet, how many buckets of paint will
= 𝟐𝟏𝟐 Square units. be required to paint the whole glass, if only
Area of EFGH 𝑬(−𝟑, −𝟓), 𝑭(𝟔, −𝟐), 𝑮(𝟑, 𝟕), 𝑯(−𝟔, 𝟒) one coat of paint is applied.
11. In the figure find the area of (i) triangle AGF
1 −3 6 3 −6 −3
= 2[ ] (ii) triangle FED (iii) quadrilateral BCFG
−5 −2 7 4 −5
1
= 2 [(6 + 42 + 12 + 30) − (−30 − 6 − 42 − 12)]
1
= 2 [90 − (−90)]
1
= 2 [180]
= 𝟗𝟎 Square units.
Area of the concrete patio = Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 − Area of 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 = 212 − 90 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐 sq.units.
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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  113

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 5.5: The floor of a hall is covered with identical tiles which are in the shapes of triangles. One
such triangle has the vertices at (−3, 2), (−1, −1) and (1, 2). If the floor of the hall is completely
covered by 110 tiles, find the area of the floor.
Eg. 5.7: The given diagram shows a plan for constructing a new parking lot at a campus. It is estimated
that such construction would cost C 1300 per square feet. What will be the total cost for making the
parking lot?

Exercise 5.2
1. What is the slope of a line whose inclination with positive direction of 𝒙- axis is 2M
° °
(i) 𝟗𝟎 (ii) 𝟎 Similar Problems 2M
𝑚 = tan 𝜃 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 Solve Your Self
= tan 90° = ∞ 𝑚 = tan 0° Eg. 5.8:(i) What is the slope of a line whose inclination is 30°?
𝒎 = Undefined 𝒎=𝟎
Similar Problems
2. What is the inclination of a line whose slope is 2M Solve Your Self 2M
PTA-3 Eg. 5.8: (ii) What is the inclination of a
(i) 0 (ii) 1
line whose slope is √3?
𝑚=0 Slope 𝑚 = 1
tan 𝜃 = 0 tan 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45° (∴ tan 45° = 1)
Angle of inclination is 𝟎° Angle of inclination is 45° .
3. Find the slope of a line joining the points Similar Problems 2M
(ii) (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) and (−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) Solve Your Self
2M 3. Find the slope of a line joining the points
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 PTA-2 (i) (5, √5)With the origin (JUL-22)
2 1 7. The line through the points (−2, 𝑎) and (9,3) has slope
cos 𝜃−(− cos 𝜃) (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (sin 𝜃, −cos 𝜃) 1
= − . find the value of 𝑎.
2
−sin 𝜃−sin 𝜃 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃)
Eg. 5.9:Find the slope of a line joining the given points
2 cos 𝜃
= −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (i) (−6, 1) and (−3, 2)
1 1 2 3
(ii) [− , ] and [ , ]
3 2 7 7
−cos θ (iii) (14, 10) and (14, −6) (SEP-20)
= Eg. 5.13: Let 𝐴(1, −2), 𝐵(6, −2), 𝐶(5, 1) and 𝐷(2, 1) be four
sin 𝜃
= − cot 𝜃 points (i) Find the slope of the line segments (a)𝐴𝐵 (b)
𝐶𝐷 (ii)Find the slope of the line segments(a)𝐵𝐶 (b) 𝐴𝐷
𝒎 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 (iii) What can you deduce from your answer.

4. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line joining 𝑨(𝟓, 𝟏) and 𝑷 where 𝑷 is the
2M
mid – point of the segment joining (𝟒, 𝟐) and (−𝟔, 𝟒).
P is the mid-point of the segment joining (4,2) and (−6,4)
First let us find the point P. (𝑥1 𝑦1 ) = (4,2)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 y1 +𝑦2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−6,4)
Mid-point = ( , 2 )
2
4+(−6) 2+4 −2 6
=( , ) = ( 2 , 2) = (−1,3)
2 2
Now we have to find the slope or the line which is ⊥ 𝑟 to the line joining the points 𝐴(5,1) and 𝑃(−1,3)
Slope of 𝐴𝑃 × slope of the required line ⇒ 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
𝑦 −𝑦 3−1 2 −1
Slope of 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = −1−5 = −6 =
2 1 3
−1
∴ Slope of a required line = 1 =3
−
3
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5. Show that the given points are collinear: 8. The line through the points (−𝟐, 𝟔) and
(−𝟑, −𝟒), (𝟕, 𝟐) and (𝟏𝟐, 𝟓) SEP-21 (𝟒, 𝟖) is perpendicular to the line through
Let the given points be 𝐴(−3, −4), 𝐵(7,2) and the points (𝟖, 𝟏𝟐) and (𝒙, 𝟐𝟒). Find the
𝐶(12,5) 2M value of 𝒙. 5M PTA-6
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 Slope of the line passing through the
2 1 Similar Problems points (−2,6) and (4,8)
2M
[2−(−4)] Solve Your Self 𝑦 −𝑦
= [7−(−3)] 6. If the three Slope 𝑚1 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1
points (3, −1), (𝑎, 3) 8−6 2 2 1
2+4 and (1, −3) are = 4−(−2) = 4+2 = 6 = 3 …………(1)
= 7+3
collinear, find the value
Slope of the line passing through the
6 of 𝑎.
= 10 Eg. 5.12: Show that the points (8,12) and (𝑥, 24)
points (−2, 5), (6, −1) 𝑦 −𝑦 24−12 12
𝟑 Slope 𝑚2 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 = = 𝑥−8…….. (2)
𝒎=𝟓 and (2, 2) are collinear. 2 1 𝑥−8
Since these lines are perpendicular to
𝑦2 −𝑦1
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 each other
2 −𝑥1
1 12
5−2 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 ⇒ 3
× 𝑥−8 = −1
= 12−7 4
= −1
𝑥−8
𝟑
𝒎=𝟓 4 = −(𝑥 − 8)
4 = −𝑥 + 8
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = Slope of 𝐵𝐶
∴ The given points are collinear. 𝑥 = 8−4
𝑥=4
9. Show that the given points from a right angled triangle and check whether they satisfies
Pythagoras theorem (i) 𝑨(𝟏, −𝟒), 𝑩(𝟐, −𝟑) and 𝑪(𝟒, −𝟕) 5M
𝑦2 −𝑦1
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 −𝑥 In order to check this with
2 1
[−3−(−4)] 𝐴(1, −4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Pythagoras theorem let us find the length of
= 2−1 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐴.
𝐵(2, −3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
−3+4
= 1 =1 𝐴(1, −4), 𝐵(2, −3) and 𝐶(4, −7)
[−7−(−3)]
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
4−2
−7+3 𝐵(2, −3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
= = √(−3 + 4)2 + (2 − 1)2
2 𝐶(4, −7) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
4 = √1 + 1 = √2
= −2
= −2 𝐵𝐶 = √(−7 + 3)2 + (4 − 2)2
[−7−(−4)]
Slope of 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶(4, −7) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = √(−4)2 + (2)2 = √16 + 4 = √20
4−1
−7+4 𝐴(1, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
= 𝐶𝐴 = √(−7 + 4)2 + (4 − 1)2
3
3
= −3 = −1 = √(−3)2 + (3)2 = √9 + 9 = √18
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 × slope of 𝐶𝐴 = −1 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐶𝐴2
2 2 2
1 × (−1) = −1 (√20) = (√2) + (√18)
−1 = −1
20 = 20
Hence the given points are vertices of right
Yes , they satisfies Pythagoras theorem.
angled triangle.
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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  115

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
9. Show that the given points from a right angled triangle and check whether they satisfies Pythagoras theorem 5M
(ii) 𝐿(0,5), 𝑀(9,12) and 𝑁(3,14)
Eg. 5.15: Without using Pythagoras theorem, show that the points (1, −4), (2, −3) and (4, −7) form a right angled
triangle. (PTA-4) 2M

10. Show that the given points form a parallelogram: 𝑨(𝟐. 𝟓, 𝟑. 𝟓), 𝑩(𝟏𝟎, −𝟒), 𝑪(𝟐. 𝟓, −𝟐. 𝟓)𝑫(−𝟓, 𝟓)
5M
In a parallelogram opposite sides will be parallel by
proving that slope of opposite sides are equal we may say
that opposite sides are parallel.
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1

𝐴(2.5,3.5), 𝐵(10, −4), 𝐶(2.5 − 2.5) and 𝐷(−5,5)

−4−3.5 −7.5
Slope of 𝐴𝐵: 𝑚1 = = = −1
10−2.5 7.5
[5−(−2.5)]
Slope of 𝐶𝐷: 𝑚2 = −5−2.5
5+2.5
= −7.5
7.5
= −7.5 = −1

𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷 are parallel
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 Slope of 𝐷𝐴
(−2.5+4) 5−3.5
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = −5−2.5
2.5−10
1.5 1.5
= −7.5 = −7.5
−15 −15
= =
75 75
1 1
= −5 = −5

∴ Slope of 𝐴𝐵 =slope of 𝐶𝐷 = −𝟏
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = slope of 𝐷𝐴 = −𝟏/𝟓
Hence the given points form a parallelogram.

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
11.If the points 𝐴(2,2), 𝐵(−2, −3), 𝐶(1, −3) and 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) form a parallelogram then find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
UE-1: PQRS is a rectangle formed by joining the points 𝑃(−1, −1), 𝑄(−1, 4) , 𝑅(5, 4) and 𝑆(5, −1). A, B, C and D are
the mid-points of PQ, QR, RS and SP respectively. Is the quadrilateral ABCD a square, a rectangle or a rhombus? Justify
your answer.
UE-5: Without using distance formula, show that the points (−2, −1), (4,0), (3,3) and (−3,2) are vertices of a
parallelogram.

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116 Way to Success - 10th Maths

12. Let 𝑨(𝟑, −𝟒), 𝑩(𝟗, −𝟒), 𝑪(𝟓, −𝟕) and 𝑫(𝟕, −𝟕). Show that 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a trapezium 5M

A trapezium will always contain two parallel sides and two non-parallel sides.
−4+4 0
Slope of 𝐴𝐵: 𝑚= =6=𝟎
9−3
−7+4 −3 𝟑
Slope of 𝐵𝐶: 𝑚= = −4 = 𝟒
5−9
−7+7 0
Slope of 𝐶𝐷: 𝑚= =2=𝟎
7−5
−7+4 −𝟑
Slope of 𝐷𝐴: 𝑚 = =
7−3 𝟒

The sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are parallel. Slope of 𝐵𝐶 and slope of 𝐷𝐴 are non parallel.
Hence 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a trapezium.
13. A quadrilateral has vertices at 𝑨(−𝟒, −𝟐), 𝑩(𝟓, −𝟏), 𝑪(𝟔, 𝟓) and 𝑫(−𝟕, 𝟔). Show that the
mid-points of its sides form a parallelogram. 5M
MAY-22
−4+5 −2−1 Slope of opposite sides:
Midpoint of the side 𝐴𝐵 = ( 2 , 2 )
1 −3 Slope of the 𝑃𝑄
= (2 , 2 ) = 𝑃 2+
3
2 7/2 7
5+6 −1+5 = 11 1 = = 10
Midpoint of the side 𝐵𝐶 = ( 2 , 2 ) − 10/2
2 2

11 4 Slope of 𝑅𝑆
= ( 2 , 2) 11
2− 7/2 7
11 = 1 211 = 10/2 = 10
= (2 ,2 ) = 𝑄 −
2
+
2
11 7
6−7 5+6 −2 7
Midpoint of the side 𝐶𝐷 = ( , ) Slope of 𝑄𝑅 = 2
1 11 = 2
12=−
2 2 − − − 12
2 2 2
1 11
= (− 2 , 2 ) = 𝑅 2+
3 7
7/2 7
2 2
−7−4 6−2
Slope of 𝑃𝑆 = 11 1 = −11 −1 = −12/2 = − 12
− −
Midpoint of the side 𝐷𝐴 = ( , ) 2 2 2
2 2
11 4 11
∴ 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 , 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑆
= (− , 2) = (− , 2) = 𝑆 Hence, mid-points of its sides form a parallelogram
2 2

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 5.10: The line 𝑟 passes through the points (−2, 2) and (5, 8) and the line 𝑠 passes through the points (−8, 7) and (−2, 0).
Is the line 𝑟 perpendicular to 𝑠?

Eg. 5.11: The line 𝑝 passes through the points (3, −2), (12, 4) and the line 𝑞 passes
through the points (6, −2) and (12, 2). Is 𝑝 parallel to 𝑞? (MAY-22)

Eg. 5.14: Consider the graph representing growth of population (in crores).
Find the slope of the line 𝐴𝐵 and hence estimate the population in the year 2030?

Eg. 5.16: Prove analytically that the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and is equal to half of its length.

CQ: 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a rhombus. Its diagonals 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑆 intersect at the point 𝑀 and satisfy 𝑄𝑆 = 2𝑃𝑅.
If the coordinates of 𝑆 and 𝑀 are (1,1) and (2, −1) respectively. Find the coordinates of 𝑃. (PTA-4)

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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  117

Exercise 5.3
1. Find the equation of a straight line passing 3. Find the equation of line whose inclination
through the mid – point of a line segment is 𝟑𝟎° and making an intercept −𝟑 on the
joining the points (𝟏, −𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟐) and parallel 𝒀 axis. 2M
to (i) 𝑿 axis (ii) 𝒀 axis °
2M 𝜃 = 30
Midpoint of the line segment 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 Similar Problems
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 Solve Your Self 2M
1
=( 2 , 2 ) 𝑚 = tan 30 = Eg. 5.18:Find the equation
√3
1+4 −5+2 5 −3 of a straight line
=( , ) = (2 , ) Intercept on the
2 2 2 whose(i) Slope is 5 and 𝑦
(i) 𝑿 axis 𝑦 axis = −3 = 𝑐 intercept is −9
The required line is passing through the Equation of the (ii) Inclination is 45° and
5 3 line: 𝑦 intercept is 11
point ( , − ) and parallel to 𝑥 − axis.
2 2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
If the line is similarly to 𝑥 −axis then slope 1
of the required line 𝑦 = 𝑐 = 𝑥 + (−3)
√3
3 𝑥
𝑦 = −2 𝑦= −3
Similar Problems 2M √3
2𝑦 = −3 Solve Your Self
Eg. 5.17: Find the equation of a √3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3√3
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 straight line passing through The required equation is
(5, 7) and is (i) parallel to 𝑋 𝒙 − √𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑√𝟑 = 𝟎
(ii) 𝒀 axis axis (ii) parallel to 𝑌 axis.
The required line is passing through the 4. Find the slope and 𝒚 intercept of
5 3
point (2 , − 2) and parallel to 𝑦 − axis. √𝟑𝒙 + (𝟏 − √𝟑)𝒚 = 𝟑 2M

By comparing the given equation with the

If the line is parallel to 𝑦 −axis then slope
form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
of the required line 𝑥 = 𝑏
5 (1 − √3)𝑦 = −√3𝑥 + 3
𝑥=2
(−√3𝑥+3)
2𝑥 = 5 𝑦 = 1−√3
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 −√3𝑥 3
𝑦 = 1−√3 + 1−√3
2. The equation of a straight line is
√3
𝟐(𝒙 − 𝒚) + 𝟓 = 𝟎. Find its slope, inclination Slope 𝑚 = − 1−√3
Similar Problems
and intercept on the 𝒀 axis. 2M
√3 √3+1 Solve Your Self
2(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 5 = 0 = ×
√3−1 √3+1 Eg. 5.19: Calculate the
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 3+√3 slope and 𝑦 intercept
= of the straight line
2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 3−1
8𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 6 = 0
5 𝟑+√𝟑
𝑦 =𝑥+2 = (SEP-21) 2M
𝟐
Slope 𝑚 = 1 𝑦 Intercept = 1−√3
3

Angle of inclination: 𝑚 = 1
3 1+√3
tan 𝜃 = tan 45 = 1−√3 × 1+√3
𝜃 = 45° 3(1+√3)
=
Intercept of 𝑦 axis 1−3
𝟓 𝟑+𝟑√𝟑
𝑦 Intercept (𝑐) = 𝟐 = −𝟐

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118 Way to Success - 10th Maths

5. Find the value of ‘𝒂’ if the line through (−𝟐, 𝟑) 8. A cat is located at the point (−𝟔, −𝟒) is
and (𝟖, 𝟓) is perpendicular to 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙𝒚- plane. A bottle of milk is kept at (𝟓, 𝟏𝟏)
Slopes of line joining points (−2,3) and (8,5) The cat wish to consume the milk travelling
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑚1 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 2M through shortest possible distance. Find
2 1
5−3 2 1 the equation of the path it needs to take its
= 8+2 = 10 = 5 JUL-22
milk. 5M
𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷 𝑦−𝑦
Equation of the path 𝑦 −𝑦1 = 𝑥 −𝑥1
𝑥−𝑥
2 1 2 1
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
1 (−6, −4) and (5,11) (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−6, −4)
× 𝑚 = −1 Similar Problems
2 𝑦+4 𝑥+6
5 Solve Your Self = 11 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (5,11)
5 Eg. 5.22: Find the 15
𝑚2 = −1 × 1 = −5 equation of a line 11(𝑦 + 4) = 15(𝑥 + 6)
Slope of the line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 2 passing through 11𝑦 + 44 = 15𝑥 + 90
the point 𝐴(1, 4)
𝑚2 = 𝑎 and perpendicular 0 = 15𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 90 − 44
to the line joining The required equation is 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝒚 + 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎
𝑚2 = −5 points (2, 5) and
𝒂 = −𝟓 (4, 7) 2M Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self
6. The hill is in the form of a triangle has its foot Eg. 5.24: Two buildings of different heights are located
at (𝟏𝟗, 𝟑) the inclination of the hill to the at opposite sides of each other. If a heavy rod is
attached joining the terrace of the buildings from
ground is 𝟒𝟓°. Find the equation of the hill (6, 10) to (14, 12), find the equation of the rod
joining the foot and top. 2M joining the buildings?
UE-7: The owner of a milk store finds that, he can sell
Equation of the hill joining the foot and top:
980 litres of milk each week at E14/litre and 1220
𝜃 = 45° ; (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (19,3) litres of milk each week at E 16/litre. Assuming a
Slope 𝑚 = tan 45° = 1 linear relationship between selling price and
Equation: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) demand, how many litres could he sell weekly at E
17/ litre?
𝑦 − 3 = 1(𝑥 − 19)
𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥 − 19 10. Find the equation of a straight line which
0 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 19 + 3 𝟓
has slope − 𝟒 and passing through to the
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 16 = 0
point (−𝟏, 𝟐) MAY-22
The required equation of the Straight line is 5
𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎. Slope 𝑚 = − 4 2M
Equation of the line passing through the
7. Find the equation of the line through the 2M
𝟐 𝟏 point (−1,2) ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
given pair of points (i) (𝟐, 𝟑) and (− 𝟐 , −𝟐) 5
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
𝑦 − 2 = (− 4) (𝑥 − (−1))
Equation is 𝑦 −𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑥 Similar Problems
2 1 2 1 4(𝑦 − 2) = −5(𝑥 + 1)
Solve Your Self
𝑦−
2
3 𝑥−2
3𝑦−2
𝑥−2 Eg. 5.23: Find the 4𝑦 − 8 = −5𝑥 − 5
2 = 1 ⇒ 3 8 = 5 equation of a 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 − 8 = 0
−2− − −2 − −
3 2 3 2
straight line passing
−(3𝑦−2) −2(𝑥−2) The required equation is 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
= through (5, −3)
8 5 and (7, −4) Similar Problems 2M
5(3𝑦 − 2) = 16(𝑥 − 2) 7(ii). Find the Solve Your Self
equation of the Eg. 5.21: Find the equation of a line passing through
15𝑦 − 10 = 16𝑥 − 32 −5
line through the the point (3, −4) and having slope
7
16𝑥 − 15𝑦 − 32 + 10 = 0 given pair of CQ: Find the equation of a line passing through the
The required equation of the straight line
points (2,3) and 7
point (−4,3) and having slope − . (PTA-1)
5
(−7, −1) 2M
is 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎
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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  119

9. Find the equation of the median and altitude

11. You are downloading a song, the percent 𝒚
of triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 through 𝑨 where the vertices
(in decimal form) of megabytes remaining
are 𝑨(𝟔, 𝟐), 𝑩(−𝟓, −𝟏) and 𝑪(𝟏, 𝟗) 5M
to get downloaded in 𝒙 seconds is given by
The median drawn SEP-21, PTA-6
𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝒙 + 𝟏
passing through
(i) Find the total 𝑴𝑩 of the song
the vertex A
(ii) After how many seconds will 75% of
intersect the side
the song gets downloaded.
BC at the mid
(iii) After how many seconds the song
point.
will be downloaded completely. 5M
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐷=( , ) (i) To find the total MB of the song we
2 2
−5+1 −1+9 have to assign the value of 𝑥 as 0
𝐷=( , ) (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐵(−5, −1)
2 2 𝑦 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
−4 8 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐶(1,9)
= ( 2 , 2) = (−2,4) If 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −0.1(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 𝟏
Equation of the median 𝑨𝑫: Hence the size of song to be downloaded is 1MB.
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥 (ii) 𝑦 = 75% = 0.75 = 1 − 0.25
= 𝑥 −𝑥1
𝑦2 −𝑦1 2 1 𝑦 = 0.25 MB to be downloaded
𝑦−2 𝑥−6
= −2−6 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(6,2) 𝑦 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
4−2
𝑦−2 𝑥−6 (𝑥 2 , 𝑦2 = 𝐷(−2,4)
) 0.25 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
= 0.25 − 1 = −0.1𝑥
2 −8
−8(𝑦 − 2) = 2(𝑥 − 6) −0.75 = −0.1𝑥
0.75
−8𝑦 + 16 = 2𝑥 − 12 𝑥 = 0.1
0 = 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 12 − 16 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟓 Seconds
2𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 28 = 0 (iii) Now the single of MB is 0
÷ 2, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 14 = 0 0 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
1
If a line passing through the vertex 𝐴 is 0.1𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0.1 = 10
altitude, then it will be perpendicular to 𝐵𝐶 Hence it will take 10 seconds to download
𝑦2 −𝑦1 9+1 10 5
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 𝑚=𝑥 = 1+5 = =3 the song completely.
2 −𝑥1 6
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 Similar Problems
5
Similar Problems
× 𝑚2 = −1 Solve Your Self 2M Solve Your Self
3 Eg. 5.20: The graph relates
3
CQ: The vertices of a
𝑚2 = −1 × 5 triangle are 𝐴(−1,3), temperatures 𝑦 (in Fahrenheit
degree) to temperatures 𝑥 (in
3 𝐵(1, −1) and 𝐶(5,1).
= −5 Celsius degree) (a) Find the
Find the length of the slope and 𝑦 intercept (b) Write
Equation of altitude median through the an equation of the line (c)
vertex C. (MDL) What is the mean temperature
passing through 𝐴 of the earth in Fahrenheit
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) degree if its mean temperature 5M
3 is 25° Celsius?
𝑦 − 2 = − 5 (𝑥 − 6) Eg. 5.27: A mobile phone is put to use when the battery power
5(𝑦 − 2) = −3(𝑥 − 6) is 100%. The percent of battery power ‘𝑦’ (in decimal)
remaining after using the mobile phone for 𝑥 hours is
5𝑦 − 10 = −3𝑥 + 18
assumed as 𝑦 = −0.25𝑥 + 1 (i) Find the number of hours
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 10 − 18 = 0 elapsed if the battery power is 40%. (ii) How much time
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 does it take so that the battery has no power?
2M

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120 Way to Success - 10th Maths

12. Find the equation of the line whose intercepts 13. Find the intercept made by following
the 𝒙 and 𝒚 axis given below: 2M lines on the coordinate areas. 2M

(i) (𝟒, −𝟔) (i) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 SEP-21

𝑥 Intercept ⇒ 𝑎 = 4 Similar Problems 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6 Dividing by 6
2M
𝑦 Intercept ⇒ 𝑏 = −6 Solve Your Self 𝑥 𝑦
12. Find the equation of + −3 = 1
2
Intercept form
the line whose 𝑥 Intercept ⇒ 𝟐
𝑥 𝑦
+𝑏 =1 intercepts the 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 axis given below: 𝑦 Intercept ⇒ −𝟑
+ −6 = 1 3
4 (ii) −5, Similar Problems 2M
4
𝑥 𝑦
−6=1 CQ: A straight line 𝐴𝐵 cuts Solve Your Self
4 13. Find the intercept made by following lines on the
the co-ordinate axes at
6𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 24 𝐴 and 𝐵. If the mid- coordinate areas. (ii) 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 12 = 0
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 12 point of 𝐴𝐵 is (2,3), find Eg.5.26: Find the intercepts made by the line
the equation of 𝐴𝐵. 4𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 36 = 0 on the coordinate axes
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
(SEP-20)
14. Find the equation of the Straight line
(i) Passing through (𝟏, −𝟒) and has intercept which are in the ratio 2:5
(ii) Passing through (−𝟖, 𝟒) and making equal intercepts on the coordinate axes 5M
(i) 𝑥 Intercept = 2𝑘, 𝑦 Intercept = 5𝑘 (ii) 𝑎 = 𝑏 (Making equal intercept)
𝑥 𝑦
Equation of the line when intercepts are equation of line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
𝑥 𝑦 8 4
given +𝑏 =1 −𝑎 + 𝑎 = 1
𝑎
The required line is passing through the (−8 + 4) = 𝑎
point (1, −4) 𝑎 = −4
1 −4 5−8
+ ( 5𝑘 ) = 1 ⇒ =1 Equation of the required line is
2𝑘 10𝑘
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
−3 = 10𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 =
−3 + = 1 ⇒ + =1
𝑎 𝑏 −4 −4
10
−3 3 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4
𝑎 = 2 ( 10 ) = − 5
𝒙+𝒚+𝟒=𝟎
−3 3
𝑏 = 5 ( 10 ) = − 2
Similar Problems
Equation of the line Solve Your Self 5M
𝑥 𝑦 Eg. 5.25: Find the equation of a line which passes through (5, 7) and makes
3+ 3 = 1
− − intercepts on the axes equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
5 2
Eg. 5.28: A line makes positive intercepts on coordinate axes whose sum is 7
−5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
and it passes through (−3, 8). Find its equation.
The required equation is CQ: Find the equation of the line passing through (22, −6) and having intercept
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 on 𝑥-axis exceeds the intercept on 𝑦-axis by 5 units. (MAY-22)

For Practice:
Eg. 5.29: A circular garden is bounded by East Avenue and Cross Road. Cross
Road intersects North Street at 𝐷 and East Avenue at 𝐸. 𝐴𝐷 is tangential
to the circular garden at 𝐴(3, 10). Using the figure.
(a) Find the equation of (i) East Avenue (ii) North Street (iii) Cross Road
(b) Where does the Cross Road intersect ?
(i) North Street (ii) East Avenue ? (2M)

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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  121

Exercise 5.4
1. Find the slope of the following straight line (i) 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 2M
−coefficient of 𝑥
(i) Slope 𝑚 = Similar Problems 2M
coefficient of 𝑦
0 Solve Your Self
=5=0 Eg. 5.30: Find the slope of the straight line 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 7 = 0.
3
1. Find the slope of the following straight line (ii) 7𝑥 − ( ) = 0
𝒎=𝟎 17

Hence the slope of the given line is 0.

2. Find the slope of the line which is
(i) parallel to 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 (ii) perpendicular to the line 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟏 2M
(i) If two lines are parallel then the slopes will be equal
Slope of the given line, 𝑚 = 0.7 Similar Problems 2M
(ii) Perpendicular to the line 𝑥 = −11 Solve Your Self
Eg. 5.31: Find the slope of the line which is
𝑥 + 11 = 0
(i) parallel to 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 11
1
Slope of the given line = − 0 (ii) perpendicular to 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0
= undefined
1 1
Slope of the line perpendicular to the given line = − 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 1/0 = 𝟎
3. Check whether the given lines are parallel or perpendicular 2M
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
(i) 𝟑 + 𝟒 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 and + 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝟑
−coefficient of 𝑥
(i) Let us find the slopes of the given lines. 𝑚 = co efficient of 𝑦
1 4
Slope of the 1st line = (− 3) × 1
4
𝑚1 = − 3
2 2
Slope of the 2nd line = (− 3) × 1
4
𝑚2 = − 3
Since the slopes are equal the given lines are parallel
(ii) Let us find the slope of the given lines
−coefficient of 𝑥 Similar Problems 2M
𝑚= Solve Your Self
co efficient of 𝑦
4. If the straight lines 12𝑦 = −(𝑝 + 3)𝑥 + 12,
−5
Slope of 1st line 𝑚1 = 12𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 16 are perpendicular then find 𝑝.
23 Eg. 5.32: Show that the straight lines 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 8 = 0
−23 23 and 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 18 = 0 are parallel.
Slope of the 2nd line 𝑚2 = =
−5 5 Eg. 5.33: Show that the straight lines 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
and 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 are perpendicular. (PTA-5)
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 CQ: Show that the straight lines 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7 = 0 and
5 23 15𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 4 = 0 are perpendicular. (PTA-3)
− 23 × = −1
5

⇒ −1 = −1
Hence the given lines are perpendicular.

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5. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point 𝑷(−𝟓, 𝟐) and parallel to the line
2M
joining the points 𝑸(𝟑, −𝟐) and 𝑹(−𝟓, 𝟒)
The required line joining the points 𝑄𝑅 is Equation of the line passing through the
similarly to the required line the slopes will be point 𝑃(−5, 2)
equal. 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope of 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑥 2−𝑥 1 Similar Problems 2M 3
2 1
Solve Your Self
𝑦 − 2 = (− ) [𝑥 − (−5)] 4
[4−(−2)]
= 6. Find the equation of a line
−5−3 4(𝑦 − 2) = −3(𝑥 + 5)
passing through (6, −2)
4+2 6 and perpendicular to the 4𝑦 − 8 = −3𝑥 − 15
= = −8
−8 line joining the points
3 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 + 15 = 0
Slope of 𝑄𝑅 = − 4 (6,7) and (2, −3)
∴ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7 = 0
3
Slope of required line = − 4 The required equation of the line is
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎

7. 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟎), 𝑩(𝟏𝟎, −𝟐) and 𝑪(𝟏𝟐, 𝟑) are the vertices of triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪. Find the equation of the
altitude through 𝑨 and 𝑩. 5M
Equation of altitude through 𝐴 Equation of altitude through 𝐵
𝑦 −𝑦
The altitude passing through the vertex A Slope of 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ⇒ (−3,0)
intersect the side 𝐵𝐶 at D. (𝑥
3−0 2 , 𝑦2 ) ⇒ (12,3)
= 12−(−3)
𝐴𝐷 is perpendicular to 𝐵𝐶
3
𝑦2 −𝑦1
= 15
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 −𝑥
2 1 1
=5
3−(−2)
= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ⇒ (10, −2)
12−10
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ⇒ (12,3)
3+2 Equation of the altitude passing through the
= 2 vertex B
5 1
=2 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1
⇒ 𝐵(10, −2) and 𝑚 = 5
Equation of the altitude passing through the
vertex 𝐴. 1
𝑦 − (−2) = − 1 (𝑥 − 10)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 5

𝐴(−3,0) and 𝑚 = 2
5 𝑦 + 2 = −5(𝑥 − 10)

1 𝑦 + 2 = −5𝑥 + 50
𝑦 − 0 = − 5 (𝑥 − (−3))
2 5𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 − 50 = 0
2
𝑦 = − 5 (𝑥 + 3) ∴ The required equation is 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟎

5𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 6
∴ The required equation is 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎

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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  123

8. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points 𝑨(−𝟒, 𝟐) and 𝑩(𝟔, −𝟒)
Perpendicular bisector means the line 5 2M
Slope of perpendicular line = 3
will pass through the midpoint of the line Equation of perpendicular bisector
segment 𝐴𝐵 and makes an angle 90° 1
𝑦 − 𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 1 𝑚 1
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Midpoint = ( , ) 5
2 2 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ⇒ (−4,2) 𝑦 + 1 = 3 (𝑥 − 1)
−4+6 2−4 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ⇒ (6, −4)
=( , ) 3(𝑦 + 1) = 5𝑥 − 5 ⇒ 3𝑦 + 3 = 5𝑥 − 5
2 2
2 2
= (2 , − 2) = (1, −1) 0 = 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 5 − 3
𝑦 −𝑦 −4−2 6 3 ∴ The required equation is 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 𝑥2−𝑥1 = = − 10 = − 5
2 1 6+4

10. Find the equation of a straight line through the intersection of lines 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟐,
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 and perpendicular to the line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 5M

5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 2…………. (1)
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10……….. (2) Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
(1) ⇒ 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 2 9. Find the equation of a straight line through the intersection of lines
3 × (2) ⇒ 9𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 30 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10, 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 1 and parallel to the line 13𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 12 = 0 5M
14𝑥 = 32 UE-10: A person standing at a junction (crossing) of two straight paths
32 16 represented by the equations 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 seek
𝑥 = 14 = to reach the path whose equation is 6𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 8 = 0 in the least time. Find
7
16 the equation of the path that he should follow. 5M
Sub 𝑥 = in (1) Eg. 5.34: Find the equation of a straight line which is parallel to the line
7
16 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 12 and passing through the point (6, 4). 2M
5 ( 7 ) − 6𝑦 = 2 Eg. 5.35: Find the equation of a straight line perpendicular to the line
4
80 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7 and passing through the point (7, −1) 2M
− 6𝑦 = 2 3
7 Eg. 5.36: Find the equation of a straight line parallel to 𝑌 axis and passing
80
− 6𝑦 = 2 through the point of intersection of the lines 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 13 and
7 𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 9 = 0 5M
80
6𝑦 = −2 Eg. 5.37: The line joining the points 𝐴 (0, 5) and 𝐵(4, 1) is a tangent to a circle whose
7 centre 𝐶 is at the point (4, 4) find (i) the equation of the line 𝐴𝐵. (ii) the equation
66
𝑦 = 6×7 of the line through 𝐶 which is perpendicular to the line 𝐴𝐵. (iii) the coordinates of
the point of contact of tangent line 𝐴𝐵 with the circle. 5M
11
𝑦= 7
16 11
The point of intersection of the given lines is ( 7 , 7 )
The required line is perpendicular to the line 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 13 = 0
𝑎 4 4
Slope 𝑚 = − 𝑏 = − (−7) = 7
7
Slope of the perpendicular line = − 4
1
Equation ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
11 7 16
𝑦− = − 4 (𝑥 − )
7 7
7𝑦−11 7 7𝑥−16
= −4( )
7 7
4(7𝑦 − 11) = −7(7𝑥 − 16)
28𝑦 − 44 = −49𝑥 + 112
49𝑥 + 28𝑦 − 44 − 112 = 0
∴ The required equation is 𝟒𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟖𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎
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11. Find the equation of a straight line joining the point of intersection of 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 and
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 to the point of intersection of 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐 and 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑 PTA-3
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0………….. (1) 15
−2𝑦 = −3 + 11 5M
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0…………….. (2)
−33+15
2 × (1) ⇒ 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0 −2𝑦 = 11
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
18
7𝑥 =0 −2𝑦 = − 11
0
𝑥=7=0 9
𝑦 = 11
𝑥=0
sub 𝑥 = 0 in (1) we get Point of intersection of other set of
3(0) + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 −15 9
lines is ( 11 , 11)
𝑦 = −2
Point of intersection of the first two To find the equation of the line passing
lines is (0, −2) −15 9
through the points (0, −2) and ( 11 , 11)
7𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −12………….. (3)
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥
2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 −𝑥1
𝑦2 −𝑦1 2 1
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −3……………. (4)
𝑦+2 𝑥−0
2 × (3) ⇒ 14𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −24 9 = 15
+2 − −0
−3 × (4) ⇒ 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −9 11 11
(−) (+) (+) 𝑦+2 𝑥−0
11𝑥 = −15 31 = 15
11
−
11
15
𝑥 = − 11
−15(𝑦 + 2) = 31(𝑥 − 0)
15
Sub 𝑥 = − 11 in (4) we get −15𝑦 − 30 = 31𝑥
15
− − 2𝑦 = −3 ∴ The required equation is 𝟑𝟏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎
11

Note for Unit Exercise – 5

Q.No: 1 – Similar to Exercise 5.2- 10th Question Q.No: 4 - Similar to Exercise 5.1 – 6th Question
Q.No: 5 - Similar to Exercise 5.2 – 10th Question Q.No: 7 - Similar to Exercise 5.3 – 8th Question
Q.No: 9 - Similar to Exercise 5.4 – 11th Question Q.No: 10 - Similar to Exercise 5.4 – 10th Question

2. The area of a triangle is 5 sq. Units. Two of its vertices are (𝟐, 𝟏) and (𝟑, −𝟐). The third vertex
is (𝒙, 𝒚) where 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑. Find the coordinates of the third vertex. 5M PTA-1
Given, area of triangle ABC is 5 sq. Units and Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 sub in (1)
𝐴(2,1), 𝐵(3, −2), 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3 = 17
1 2 3 𝑥 2 14 7
Area of ∆ = 2 [ ] = 5 4𝑥 = 14 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
1 −2 𝑦 1 7 13
(−4 + 3𝑦 + 𝑥) − (3 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 10 Substitute, 𝑥 = 2 in 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 − 3 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10 𝟕 𝟏𝟑
∴ Third vertex is (𝟐 , 𝟐 )
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 17 …… (1)

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Special Guide - 5 - Coordinate Geometry  125

3. Find the area of a triangle formed by the lines 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎.

Given lines are Substitute 𝑥 = 1 in (1) 5M
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ………. (1) 3(1) + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 ……… (2) 𝐵 is (1, −1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ………. (3) Solving (2) & (3)
Solving (1) & (2) (2) ⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
(1) × 2 ⇒ 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 (3) × 2 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6
(2) ⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
(−) (−) (−) 9𝑥 =9
𝑥 =1 𝑥=1
Substitute 𝑥 = 1 in (1) Substitute 𝑥 = 1 in (3)
3(1) + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 2−𝑦−3=0
𝑦 = −1
−𝑦 = 1 ⇒ ∴ 𝑦 = −1
𝐴(1, −1)
Solving (1) & (3) 𝐶 is (1, −1)
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 𝐴(1, −1), 𝐵(1, −1), 𝐶(1, −1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 All the three points are same.
5𝑥 =5 ⇒ 𝑥=1 Area of a triangle = 𝟎 sq.units

6. Find the equations of the lines, whose sum and product of intercepts are 1 and –6 respectively.
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 intercept = 𝑎 , 𝑦 intercept = 𝑏 If 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −2 ⇒ 3 + −2 = 1 2M
Given, sum of intercepts = 1 𝑥 𝑦
⇒𝑎+𝑏 =1 −2=1
3
∴𝑏 =1−𝑎 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6 = 0
Given, product of intercepts = −6
𝑎𝑏 = −6 𝑥
If 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 3 ⇒ −2 + 3 = 1
𝑦
𝑎(1 − 𝑎) = −6
−3𝑥+2𝑦
𝑎 − 𝑎2 = −6 6
=1
2
𝑎 −𝑎−6=0 −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
(𝑎 − 3)(𝑎 + 2) = 0
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
∴ 𝑎 = 3, −2
8. Find the image of the point (𝟑, 𝟖) with respect to the line 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕 assuming the line to be plane mirror.
𝑄(ℎ, 𝑘)be the image Also, slope of 𝑃𝑄 × slope of (𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7) = −1
𝑘−8 −1 𝑘−8
of the point (3,8) × 3 = −1 ⇒ =3 2M
ℎ−3 ℎ−3
with respect to the 𝑘 − 8 = 3ℎ − 9
line 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 3ℎ − 𝑘 = 1 …….. (3)
∴ R is the midpoint Solving (2) & (3)
and PQ is a (2) ⇒ ℎ + 3𝑘 = −13
(3) × 3 ⇒ 9ℎ − 3𝑘 = 3
perpendicular bisector of 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
ℎ+3 𝑘+8 ℎ+3 𝑘+8
10ℎ = −10
(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , ) ⇒ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = ℎ = −1
2 2 2 2
Since 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 Substitute ℎ = −1 in (2)
ℎ+3 𝑘+8 −1 + 3𝑘 = −13
( 2 ) + 3( 2 ) = 7 3𝑘 = −12
ℎ + 3 + 3𝑘 + 24 = 14 𝑘 = −4
ℎ + 3𝑘 = −13 ……… (2) ∴ 𝑄 is (−𝟏, −𝟒)

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6. Trigonometry

Exercise 6.1
1. Prove the following identities 2M
(i) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 (ii) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = + cos 𝜃 tan4 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 = (tan2 𝜃)2 + tan2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
cos2 𝜃+sin2 𝜃
= tan2 𝜃 (tan2 𝜃 + 1)
= = (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) sec 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
1
= cos 𝜃.sin 𝜃 [∵ sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1] = sec 4 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃
1 1 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽
= ×
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
Similar Problems
= sec 𝜃 . cosec 𝜃 Solve Your Self 2M
Eg.6.1: Prove that tan2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 5M
sin2 𝐴−sin2 𝐵
Eg. 6.12: Prove that tan2 𝐴 − tan2 𝐵 =
cos2 𝐴 cos2 𝐵
2. Prove the following identities 2M
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 [∵Multiply Numerator
(i) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽−𝟏 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 (ii) 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
& Denominator by the
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 cos 𝜃 1−sin 𝜃
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 1−tan2 𝜃 1 = 1+sin 𝜃 × 1−sin 𝜃 conjugate of 1+sin θ]
= 1 [∵ cot 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃] 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽−𝟏 –1
tan2 𝜃 cos 𝜃(1−sin 𝜃)
2 = [∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ]
1−tan 𝜃 1−sin2 𝜃
= 1−tan2 𝜃 cos 𝜃(1−sin 𝜃)
tan2 𝜃 = [∵ 1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃]
cos2 𝜃
tan2 𝜃 1−sin 𝜃
= 1 − tan2 𝜃 × 1−tan2 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝟐 1 sin 𝜃
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self Similar Problems 2M
tan2 𝜃−1 2
Solve Your Self
UE-1.(ii) Prove that = 1 − 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
tan2 𝜃+1 Eg. 6.2: Prove that =
cot2 𝜃 1+cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
Eg. 6.3: Prove that 1 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 Eg. 6.4: Prove that sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
1+tan2 𝐴 1−tan 𝐴 2
Eg. 6.15: Show that [ ]=[ ]
1+cot2 𝐴 1−cot 𝐴

𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
3. Prove the following identities (i) √𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 SEP-20
2M

𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 1+sin 𝜃 1+sin 𝜃

√ = √1−sin 𝜃 × 1+sin 𝜃
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

(1+sin 𝜃)2 Similar Problems

= √ 1−sin2 𝜃 2M
Solve Your Self
1+sin 𝜃 1−sin 𝜃
(1+sin 𝜃)2 3. Prove (ii) √ +√ = 2 sec 𝜃
=√ 1−sin 𝜃 1+sin 𝜃
cos2 𝜃
1+cos 𝜃
1+sin 𝜃 Eg. 6.5: Prove that √ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
= cos 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃

1 sin 𝜃
= cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  127

5. Prove the following identities. 5M

𝟒 (𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 Similar Problems
(i) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜃 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜃) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜃 = 𝟏 Solve Your Self 5M
4 4 2 4. Prove the following identities.
sec 𝜃 (1 − sin 𝜃) − 2 tan 𝜃
(i) sec 6 𝜃 = tan6 𝜃 + 3 tan2 𝜃. sec 2 𝜃 + 1
= sec 4 𝜃 − sin4 𝜃. sec 4 𝜃 − 2 tan2 𝜃 (ii) (sin 𝜃 + sec 𝜃)2 + (cos 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃)2
sin4 𝜃
= 1 + (sec 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃)2
= sec 4 𝜃 − cos4 𝜃 − 2 tan2 𝜃 (∵ sec 4 𝜃 =
1
cos4 𝜃
) Eg. 6.7: Prove that sin2 𝐴 cos 2 𝐵 + cos 2 𝐴 sin2 𝐵 2M
+ cos 2 𝐴 cos 2 𝐵 + sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐵 = 1
= sec 4 𝜃 − tan4 𝜃 − 2 tan2 𝜃 Eg. 6.9: Prove that 2M
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) (sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) (tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃) = 1
= [(sec 2 𝜃)2 − (tan2 𝜃)2 ] − 2 tan2 𝜃
= (sec 2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃)(sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃) − 2 tan2 𝜃 (∵ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏))
= (sec 2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃) × 1 − 2 tan2 𝜃 (∵ sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1)
= sec 2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 − 2 tan2 𝜃
= sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃
=𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽−𝟏
(ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽+𝟏 Similar Problems
Solve Your Self 2M
cos 𝜃 1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − cos 𝜃 1− Eg. 6.6: Prove that
cosec 𝜃
= sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
= 1 sec 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + cos 𝜃 1 + − = cot 𝜃
sin 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃

cosec 𝜃−1
sin 𝜃
= cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃
cosec 𝜃+1
sin 𝜃
cosec 𝜃
cos 𝜃(1−sin 𝜃)
= cos 𝜃(1+sin 𝜃)
1−sin 𝜃 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽−𝟏
= = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽+𝟏
1+sin 𝜃

6. Prove the following identities. Similar Problems 2M

2M
Solve Your Self
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴
(i) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + =𝟎 Eg. 6.10: Prove that
1+cos 𝐴
+
1−cos 𝐴
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 sin2 𝐴−sin2 𝐵+cos2 𝐴−cos2 𝐵 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
+ = Eg. 6.14: Prove that
sec 𝐴+tan 𝐴−1
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴+cot 𝐴−1
=1
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 (cos 𝐴+cos 𝐵)(sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵)
(sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴)−(sin2 𝐵+cos2 𝐵)
= (∵ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1)
(cos 𝐴+cos 𝐵)(sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵)
1−1
= (cos 𝐴+cos 𝐵)(sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵)
=𝟎 Similar Problems 2M
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝑨 Solve Your Self
(ii) + =𝟐 Eg. 6.16: Prove that
(1+cot 𝐴+tan 𝐴) (sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴)
= sin2 𝐴 cos 2 𝐴
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 3 3
sec 𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴
cos3 𝐴−sin3 𝐴 cos3 𝐴+sin3 𝐴
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝑨 Eg. 6.13: Prove that ( )−( ) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 (PTA-6)
+ cos 𝐴−sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴+sin 𝐴
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
(sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴)(sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴−sin 𝐴.cos 𝐴) (sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴)(sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴+sin 𝐴.cos 𝐴)
= +
sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴
= 1 − sin 𝐴. cos𝐴 + 1 + sin 𝐴. cos 𝐴
∵ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏)
=1+1 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏)
=𝟐
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128 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. (i) If 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = √𝟑, then prove that 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟏 5M

Similar Problems 2M
Given: sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = √3 Solve Your Self
Eg. 6.8: If cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = √2 cos 𝜃, then
Squaring on both sides, we have (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)2 = 3 prove that cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = √2 sin 𝜃

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃 = 3

1 + 2sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃 = 3

2sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃 = 3 − 1

2sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃 = 2

sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃 = 1 …………… (1)

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃

sin2 𝜃+cos2 𝜃 1
= =1 [by (1)]
sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟏
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝜽 PTA-3
(ii) If √𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟎, then show that 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝜽 = 𝟏−𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽
5M
Given: √3 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = 0
√3 sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1
=
cos 𝜃 √3
1
tan 𝜃 =
√3
1
∴ 𝜃 = 300 (∵ tan 30° = )
√3
LHS:
tan 3𝜃 = tan 3(30° ) = tan 90° = ∞ ……………… (1)
RHS:
3 tan 𝜃−tan3 𝜃 3×tan 30° −tan3 30°
=
1−3 tan2 𝜃 1−3 tan2 30°
1 1 3
3× − ( )
√3 √3
= 1 2
1−3×( )
√3
3 1 3
− ( )
√3 √3
= 1
1 − 3×
3
1 3
√3−( )
√3
= = ∞ …………….. (2)
0
(1) = (2)
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝜽
∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝜽 =
𝟏 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  129

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
8. (i) If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 = 𝒎 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 = 𝒏, then prove that (𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜷 = 𝒏𝟐 5M

𝟐 𝟐
(ii) If 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒙 and 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒚, then prove that (𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝟑 − (𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝟑 = 𝟏

cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼
(i) Given: 𝑚 = cos 𝛽
, 𝑛= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

cos 𝛼 2 cos 𝛼 2
(𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜷 = [(cos 𝛽) + ( sin 𝛽 ) ] cos2 𝛽
cos2 𝛼 cos2 𝛼
= (cos2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛽 ) (cos2 𝛽)

cos2 𝛼 sin2 𝛽+cos2 𝛼 cos2 𝛽

= cos2 𝛽.sin2 𝛽
× cos2 𝛽

cos2 𝛼(sin2 𝛽+cos2 𝛽)

=
sin2 𝛽
cos2 𝛼(1)
= [∵ sin2 𝛽 + cos2 𝛽 = 1]
sin2 𝛽
cos2 𝛼 cos 𝛼 2 cos 𝛼
= = ( sin 𝛽 ) = 𝒏𝟐 [Given sin 𝛽 = 𝑛]
sin2 𝛽

(ii) Given: cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = 𝑥, sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = 𝑦

2 2 2 2
(𝑥 2 𝑦)3 = [(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)2 (sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)]3 (𝑥𝑦 2 )3 = [(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)(sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)2 ]3
2 2
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2 3 1 2 3
= [( sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
) (sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)] = [(cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) (cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) ]

2 2
2
cos2 𝜃+sin2 𝜃 3 2 3
= [[ sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃 ] (sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)] cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1−cos2 𝜃
= [[ sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃] [ ] ]
cos 𝜃
2
1 2 1 3 2
= [(sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃 ) (cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)] cos2 𝜃+sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
2 3
= [( ) ( cos 𝜃 ) ]
sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
2
1 1−cos2 𝜃 3 2
= [sin2 𝜃.cos2 𝜃 × ] 1 sin4 𝜃 3
cos 𝜃 = [sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃 × cos2 𝜃]
2
1 sin2 𝜃 3 2
= [sin2 𝜃.cos2 𝜃 × ] sin3 𝜃 3
cos 𝜃 = [cos3 𝜃 ]
2
1 3 2
= [cos3 𝜃 ] sin2 𝜃
(𝑥𝑦 2 )3 = 2 ……………… (2)
cos 𝜃
2
1
(𝑥 2 𝑦)3 = 2 …………………….. (1)
cos 𝜃

(1) − (2)
𝟐 𝟐
1 sin2 𝜃 1−sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
(𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝟑 − (𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝟑 = 2 − 2 = = cos2 𝜃 = 𝟏
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos2 𝜃

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130 Way to Success - 10th Maths

9. (i) If 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒑 and 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒒, then prove that 𝒒(𝒑𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒑 5M

(ii) If 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽, then prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 𝜽 − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝜽 + 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟒
(i) Given: 𝑝 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃, 𝑞 = sec 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃
LHS: 𝑞(𝑝2 − 1) = (sec 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃)((sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)2 − 1)
= (sec 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃)((sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃) + 2 sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃 − 1)
= (sec 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃)(1 + 2 sin 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 − 1)
1 1
= (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 ) (2 sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃)
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
= × 2 sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
= 2(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃) = 2𝑝 (since 𝑝 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
∴ 𝒒(𝒑𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒑 . Hence proved
(ii) Given: sin 𝜃(1 + sin2 𝜃) = cos2 𝜃
sin 𝜃(1 + 1 − cos 2 𝜃) = cos2 𝜃
Squaring on both sides, sin2 𝜃(2 − cos2 𝜃)2 = cos 4 𝜃
(1 − cos 2 𝜃)(4 + cos4 𝜃 − 4 cos 2 𝜃) = cos4 𝜃 (∵ (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏)
4 + cos4 𝜃 − 4 cos2 𝜃 − 4 cos2 𝜃 − cos6 𝜃 + 4 cos 4 𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃
4 − 4 cos2 𝜃 − 4 cos2 𝜃 − cos 6 𝜃 + 4 cos 4 𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃 − cos 4 𝜃
4 − 8 cos2 𝜃 − cos6 𝜃 + 4 cos 4 𝜃 = 0
4 = cos 6 𝜃 − 4 cos4 𝜃 + 8 cos2 𝜃
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 𝜽 − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝜽 + 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟒
Hence proved.
Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
Eg. 6.17:If = 𝑝 and = 𝑞, then prove that 𝑝2 𝑞 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 3) = 1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
UE-3: If 𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 and 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 cos 𝜃, then prove that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
3 3

UE-4: If acos 𝜃 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐, then prove that, 𝑎 sin 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 = ±√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 .

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 −𝟏 5M
10. If 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒂 , then prove that 𝒂𝟐 +𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Similar Problems 5M
1− 2
1 (1+sin 𝜃)2 − cos2 𝜃
𝑎2 −1 𝑎
Solve Your Self
LHS: 𝑎2 +1 = (1+sin 𝜃)2
1+ 2
1 = (1+sin 𝜃)2 + cos2 𝜃
Eg. 6.11: If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 𝑃,
𝑎 𝑃2 −1
(1+sin 𝜃)2 then prove that cos 𝜃 =
(÷ by 𝑎2 on both numerator and denominator) 𝑃2 +1
1+sin2 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃
1 2 =
1 −( ) 1+sin2 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃
𝑎
= 1 2 sin2 𝜃+sin2 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃
1+( ) =
𝑎
1+1+2 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 2
1 −( ) 2 sin2 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃
= 1+sin 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 2 2+2 sin 𝜃
1+( ) 2 sin 𝜃(sin 𝜃+1)
1+sin 𝜃
2 =
1−
cos 𝜃 2(1+ sin 𝜃)
(1+sin 𝜃)2
= 𝒂𝟐 −𝟏
cos2 𝜃 ∴ 𝒂𝟐 +𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 RHS
1+
(1+sin 𝜃)2

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  131

Creative Questions
Prove the following identities
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑨−𝟏
1. = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑨+𝟏 PTA-4
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
cos 𝐴 2. √𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = PTA-5
cot 𝐴−cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
−cos 𝐴 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
cot 𝐴+cos 𝐴
= cos 𝐴 2M
+ cos 𝐴 sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃 2M
sin 𝐴
cos 𝐴−cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
√ = √sec 𝜃+tan 𝜃 × sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃
sec 𝜃+tan 𝜃
sin 𝐴
= cos 𝐴+cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 (sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃)2
sin 𝐴 =√
cos 𝐴(1−sin 𝐴) sec2 𝜃−tan2 𝜃
= cos 𝐴(1+sin 𝐴)
(sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃)2
1−
1 cosec 𝐴−1 =√ 1
cosec 𝐴 cosec 𝐴
= 1 = cosec 𝐴+1 = sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃
1+
cosec 𝐴 cosec 𝐴
cosec 𝐴−1 1 sin 𝜃 1− sin 𝜃
= = cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
cosec 𝐴+1

Exercise 6.2
1. Find the angle of elevation of the top of a 2. A road is flanked on either side by continuous rows
tower from a point on the ground, which is of houses of height 𝟒√𝟑𝒎 with no space in
30m away from the foot of a tower of height between them. A pedestrian is standing on the
𝟏𝟎√𝟑𝒎. PTA-2, SEP-21, JUL-22 median of the road facing a row house. The angle
of elevation from the pedestrian to the top of the
2M
Similar Problems house is 𝟑𝟎° . Find the width of the road. 2M
Solve Your Self 𝐴𝐵 = Height of the house = 4√3𝑚
Eg. 6.18:Calculate the size of
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 in the given triangles. 𝐶 = Centre point of the road
(tan 38.7° = 0.8011, 𝐵𝐷 = Width of the road
tan 69.4° = 2.6604) ∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
(MDL) Angle of elevation 𝜃 = 30°
2M
In right angle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 To find the width of the road
𝐴𝐵 = Tower Opposite Side
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 𝜃 = Adjacent Side
= 10√3𝑚 𝐴𝐵 1 4√3 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 = ⇒ =
𝐵𝐶 = 30𝑚 √3 𝐵𝐶 √3
𝐴𝐵 Eg. 6.19: A tower stands vertically 4√3 × √3 = 𝐵𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐵𝐶 on the ground. From a point on
4 × 3 = 𝐵𝐶
𝟏𝟎√𝟑 the ground, which is 48 𝑚 away
= from the foot of the tower, the 𝐵𝐶 = 12 𝑚
30
√3 angle of elevation of the top the ∴ The width of the road 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷
= tower is 30°. Find the height of = 12 + 12
3
the tower. (PTA-1) 2M
√3 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒎
= Eg. 6.20: A kite is flying at a height
√3×√3
1 of 75 𝑚 above the ground. The Similar Problems
tan 𝜃 = ⇒ string attached to the kite is Solve Your Self
√3
Eg. 6.25: Two trees are standing on flat ground. The angle
1 temporarily tied to a point on the
tan 30° = ground. The inclination of the
of elevation of the top of both the trees from a point 𝑋
√3 on the ground is 40°. If the horizontal distance between
° string with the ground is 60°.
∴ 𝜃 = 30 𝑋 and the smaller tree is 8 𝑚 and the distance of the
Find the length of the string, top of the two trees is 20 𝑚, calculate (i) the distance
∴ The angle of assuming that there is no slack in between the point 𝑋 and the top of the smaller tree.
elevation 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° the string. 2M (ii) the horizontal distance between the two trees.
(cos 40° = 0.7660) 5M

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132 Way to Success - 10th Maths

3. To a man standing outside his house, the angles of elevation of the top and bottom of a window
are 𝟔𝟎° and 𝟒𝟓° respectively. If the height of the man is 180 cm and if he is 5m away from the
wall, what is the height of the window? (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐). 5M JUL-22

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
4. A statue 1.6m tall stands on the top of a pedestal. From a
point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of the
statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of elevation
of the top of the pedestal is 40° . Find the height of the
pedestal (tan 40° = 0.8391, √3 = 1.732)

5. A flag pole ‘h’ meters is on the top of the hemispherical

dome of radius ‘r’ meters. A man is standing 7m away from
the dome. Seeing the top of the pole at an angle 45° and
moving 5m away from the dome and seeing the bottom of
Let 𝐴𝐵 = Window = ℎ the pole at an angle 30° . Find (i) the height of the pole
𝐸𝐹 = Man = 180𝑐𝑚 (ii) radius of the dome. (√3 = 1.732)
= 1.8𝑚 = 𝐶𝐷
UE-5:A bird is sitting on the top of a 80 m high tree. From a
𝐶𝐹 = 5𝑚 point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the bird is 45° .
The bird flies away horizontally in such away that it
To find the height of the window remained at a constant height from the ground. After 2
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐹 seconds, the angle of elevation of the bird from the same
point is 30° . Determine the speed at which the bird flies.
𝐵𝐶 (√3 = 1.732)
tan 45° =
5
𝐵𝐶 UE-6: An aeroplane is flying parallel to the Earth’s surface
1= at a speed of 175 m/sec and at a height of 600 m. The angle
5
of elevation of the aeroplane from a point on the Earth’s
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 5m surface is 37° . After what period of time does the angle of
elevation increase to 53° ? (tan 53° = 1.3270,
In right angle ∆𝐴𝐶𝐹 tan 37° = 0.7536)
𝐴𝐶
tan 60° = 5 Eg. 6.21: Two ships are sailing in the sea on either sides of a
𝐴𝐶 lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the top of the
√3 = 5
lighthouse as observed from the ships are 30° and 45°
respectively. If the lighthouse is 200 𝑚 high, find the
𝐴𝐶 = 5√3 distance between the two ships. (√3 = 1.732)
(PTA-5, SEP-21)
𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵 = 5√3
Eg. 6.22: From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation
5 + ℎ = 5√3 of the bottom and top of a tower fixed at the top of a 30 𝑚
high building are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height
ℎ = 5 √3 − 5 of the tower. (√3 = 1.732) (MAY-22)

= (5 × 1.732) − 5 Eg. 6.23: A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of canal. The

tower is watched from a point on the other bank directly
= 8.660 − 5 opposite to it. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower
is 58°. From another point 20 𝑚 away from this point on
ℎ = 3.66m the line joining this point to the foot of the tower, the angle
of elevation of the top of the tower is 30°. Find the height
Height of the window 𝒉 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟔m of the tower and the width of the canal.
(tan 58° = 1.6003)

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  133

6. The top of a 15m high tower makes an angle

of elevation of 𝟔𝟎° with the bottom of an Creative Questions
°
electronic pole and angle of elevation of 𝟑𝟎
1. A 1.2m tall girls spots a balloon moving with
with the top of the pole. What is the height
the wind in a horizontal line at a height of
of the electric pole? 5M
88.2m from the ground. The angle of
elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the
girl at an instant is 𝟔𝟎° . After some time the
angle of elevation reduces to 𝟑𝟎° . find the
distance travelled by the balloon during the
interval.
PTA-2
5M

𝐴𝐶 = Tower = 15𝑚
𝐷𝐸 = Electric Pole = ℎ
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = ℎ ∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 15 − ℎ
Let 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 𝑥
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐶𝐷, 𝜃 = 60°
𝐴𝐶
tan 60° = 𝐶𝐷 = √3
15 𝐴𝐸
= √3 In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸,
𝐶𝐸
= tan 60°
𝑥
15 88.2−1.2
𝑥= = √3
√3 𝐶𝐸
15 √3
𝑥= × 𝐶𝐸 = 29√3
√3 √3
15√3
= 𝐵𝐺
3
In ∆𝐵𝐶𝐺, 𝐶𝐺
= tan 30°
𝑥 = 5√3𝑚.
88.2−1.2 1
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐺
=
√3

𝜃 = 30° 𝐶𝐺 = 87√3𝑚
𝐴𝐵 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 30° = 𝐵𝐸 =
√3
15−ℎ 1
Distance travelled by the balloon
= (∵ sub 𝑥 = 5√3)
𝑥 √3 = 𝐸𝐺
15−ℎ 1
= = 𝐺𝐶 − 𝐸𝐶
5√3 √3

15 − ℎ = 5 = 87√3 − 29√3
ℎ = 15 − 5
= 58√3𝑚
ℎ = 10𝑚
Height of the electronic pole = 𝟏𝟎𝒎.
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134 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 6.3
1. From the top of a rock 𝟓𝟎√𝟑𝒎 3. From the top of the tower 60 m high, the angles of
high, the angle of depression of a depression of the top and bottom of a vertical lamp post
car on the ground is observed to be are observed to be 𝟑𝟖° and 𝟔𝟎° respectively. Find the
𝟑𝟎° . Find the distance of the car height of the lamp post. (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟖° = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟑, √𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
from the rock. PTA-6, MAY-22 𝐴𝐵 =Tower = 60𝑚 5M SEP-20
𝐶𝐷 =lamp post = ℎ
2M
𝐴𝐸 = 𝑥
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 60 − 𝑥 = ℎ
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐸
tan 38° = 𝐷𝐸 = 0.7813
𝐴𝐵 = Height of the rock = 50√3 𝑥
𝐷𝐸 = 0.7813……… (1)
Angle of depression = 30°
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝜃 = 60°
√3
50√3 1 𝐴𝐵
= tan 60° = 𝐵𝐶 = √3
𝐵𝐶 √3
60
𝐵𝐶 = 50√3 × √3 = 50 × 3 = √3
𝐵𝐶
= 150𝑚 60
The distance of the car from rock 𝐵𝐶 =
√3
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎 60 √3
𝐵𝐶 = ×
Similar Problems √3 √3
Solve Your Self 2M
60√3
Eg. 6.26:A player sitting on the top of a tower of = 3
height 20 𝑚 observes the angle of depression of
a ball lying on the ground as 60°. Find the 𝐵𝐶 = 20√3
distance between the foot of the tower and the
ball. (√3 = 1.732) (PTA-3) 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐸
∴ 𝐷𝐸 = 20√3 ……………. (2)
Similar Problems From (1) & (2)
Solve Your Self
𝑥
2. The horizontal distance between two buildings is 70 m. The angle 𝐷𝐸 ⇒ 0.7813 = 20√3
of depression of the top of the first building when seen from the
top of the second building is 45°. If the height of the second 𝑥 = 20√3 × 0.7813
building is 120 m, find the height of the first building. 2M
Eg. 6.27: The horizontal distance between two buildings is 140 𝑚.
𝑥 = 20 × 1.732 × 0.7813
The angle of depression of the top of the first building when seen 𝑥 = 27.064𝑚
from the top of the second building is 30°. If the height of the first
building is 60 𝑚, find the height of the second building. Height of the lamp post
(√3 = 1.732) 5M ℎ = 60 − 𝑥
Eg. 6.28: From the top of a tower 50 𝑚 high, the angles of depression
of the top and bottom of a tree are observed to be 30° and 45° = 60 − 27.064
respectively. Find the height of the tree. (√3 = 1.732) 5M 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝒎

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  135

4. An aeroplane at an altitude of 1800m finds that two boats are sailing towards it in the same
direction. The angles of depression of the boats as observed from the aeroplane are 𝟔𝟎° and 𝟑𝟎°
respectively. Find the distance between the two boats. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐) 5M

𝐴𝐵 = Height of the 𝐴𝐵 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐷 =
√3
aeroplane
1800 1
from earth =
𝑥+𝑦 √3
= 1800𝑚
𝐶 = Boat 1 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1800√3………………. (2)
𝐷 = Boat 2 Substitute (1) in (2)
𝐶𝐷 =Distance between the two boats 𝑥 + 600√3 = 1800√3
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 Similar Problems 5M
𝜃 = 60° Solve Your Self 𝑥 = 1800√3 − 600√3
𝐴𝐵 1800 Eg. 6.29: As observed from the top of a 60 𝑚 high light
tan 600 = 𝐵𝐶 ⇒ √3 = 𝑦 house from the sea level, the angles of depression of 𝑥 = 1200√3
1800 two ships are 28° and 45°. If one ship is exactly
= √3 behind the other on the same side of the lighthouse, 𝑥 = 1200 × 1.732
𝑦
find the distance between the two ships.
1800 √3 1800√3 𝑥 = 2078.4𝑚
𝑦= × = (tan 28° = 0.5317) (PTA-1)
√3 √3 3 Eg. 6.30: A man is watching a boat speeding away Distance between
𝑦 = 600√3𝑚………. (1) from the top of a tower. The boat makes an angle
of depression of 60° with the man’s eye when at the two boats
In right angle a distance of 200 𝑚 from the tower. After
10 seconds, the angle of depression becomes = 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝒎
∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝜃 = 30°
45°. What is the approximate speed of the boat
(in km/hr), assuming that it is sailing in still
water? (√3 = 1.732)

5. From the top of a lighthouse, the angle of depression of two ships on the opposite sides of it are
observed to be 𝟑𝟎° and 𝟔𝟎° . If the height of the lighthouse is 𝒉 meters and the line joining the ships
𝟒𝒉
passes through the foot of the lighthouse, show that the distance between the ships is 𝒎. 5M √𝟑
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐶, 𝜃 = 60°
𝐶𝐷
tan 60° = 𝐵𝐷 = √3
ℎ
= √3
𝑦
ℎ
𝑦= ……………… (2)
√3
𝐴 → Ship 1, 𝐵 →Ship 2 The distance between the two ships (1) + (2)
ℎ 3ℎ+ℎ
𝐶𝐷 = Height of the Light house = ℎ m 𝑥 + 𝑦 = √3ℎ + =
√3 √3
Let 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥, 𝐵𝐷 = 𝑦 𝟒𝒉
𝑨𝑩 = m
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶 √𝟑
Hence proved.
𝜃 = 30°
𝐶𝐷 1 Similar Problems
tan 30° = = Solve Your Self
5M
𝐴𝐷 √3
ℎ 1 UE-8:Two ships are sailing in the sea on either side of the lighthouse. The angles of
𝑥
= depression of two ships as observed from the top of the lighthouse are 60° and 45°
√3 √3+1
respectively. If the distance between the ships is 200 ( ) metres, find the height
𝑥 = √3ℎ ……………. (1) of the lighthouse.
√3

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136 Way to Success - 10th Maths

6. A lift in a building of height 90 feet with transparent glass walls is descending from the top of the
building. At the top of the building, the angle of depression to a fountain in the garden is 𝟔𝟎° .
Two minutes later, the angle of depression reduces to 𝟑𝟎° . If the fountain is 𝟑𝟎√𝟑 feet from the
entrance of the lift, find the speed of the lift which is descending. 5M
𝐷𝐵 1
tan 30° = =
𝐵𝐶 √3
90−𝑥 1
=
30√3 √3
30√3
90 − 𝑥 =
√3

90 − 𝑥 = 30
𝑥 = 60 feet
𝐴𝐵 = Lift = 90 feet 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐶 =Fountain Speed = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐵𝐶 = 30√3 feet Distance = 60 feet
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥 ∴ Time = 2 minutes
(The distance travelled by lift in two minutes)
60 feet
In right angle ∆ 𝐷𝐵𝐶, Speed = 2 minutes = 30
𝜃 = 30° Speed = 𝟑𝟎 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐭/𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬

Exercise 6.4

1. From the top of a tree of height 13m the angle of elevation and depression of the top and bottom
of another tree are 𝟒𝟓° and 𝟑𝟎° respectively. Find the height of the second tree. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
5M 5M
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
Similar Problems
𝜃 = 30° Solve Your Self
𝐴𝐵 1 2. A man is standing on the deck of a
𝑡𝑎𝑛 30° = 𝐵𝐶 = ship, which is 40m above water level.
√3
He observes the angle of elevation of
13 1 the top of a hill as 60° and the angle
=
𝑦 √3 of depression of the base of the hill as
30° . calculate the distance of the hill
𝑦 = 13√3 form the ship and the height of the
= 13 × 1.732 hill. (√3 = 1.732)
Eg. 6.31: From the top of a 12 𝑚 high
𝐴𝐵 =Tree 1 = 13𝑚 𝑦 = 22.516 building, the angle of elevation of the
𝐶𝐷 = Tree 2 = 13 + 𝑥 top of a cable tower is 60° and the
𝑥=𝑦 angle of depression of its foot is 30°.
𝐷𝐸 = 𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 22.516 Determine the height of the tower.
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑦 Eg. 6.32: A pole 5 𝑚 high is fixed on the
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷 Height of the second tree top of a tower. The angle of
elevation of the top of the pole
𝜃 = 45° = 𝑥 + 13
observed from a point ‘𝐴’ on the
𝐷𝐸 𝑥 = 22.516 + 13
tan 45° = 𝐴𝐸 = 1 ⇒ =1 ground is 60° and the angle of
𝑦 depression to the point ‘𝐴’ from the
= 35.516𝑚
𝑥=𝑦 top of the tower is 45°. Find the
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟐𝒎 height of the tower. (√3 = 1.732)

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  137

3. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point ‘𝒉’ metres above a lake is 𝜽𝟏 and the angle of
depression of its reflection in the lake is 𝜽𝟐 . prove that the height that the cloud is located from
𝒉(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟏 +𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟐 )
the ground is . 5M
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟐 −𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟏
In right angle ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶 ′
𝐸𝐶 ′ ℎ+𝑦
tan 𝜃2 = =
𝐷𝐸 𝐷𝐸

ℎ+𝑥+ℎ
tan 𝜃2 = [∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ℎ]
𝐷𝐸

2ℎ+𝑥
𝐷𝐸 = tan 𝜃 ……………… (2)
2

From (1) & (2)

𝑥 2ℎ+𝑥
= tan 𝜃
tan 𝜃1 2

𝑥 tan 𝜃2 = 2ℎ tan 𝜃1 + 𝑥 tan 𝜃1

𝐴𝐵 →Surface of the lake, 𝑥 tan 𝜃2 − 𝑥 tan 𝜃1 = 2ℎ tan 𝜃1
𝐶 → Cloud 𝑥[tan 𝜃2 − tan 𝜃1 ] = 2ℎ tan 𝜃1
𝐶 ′ → Reflection of the cloud in the lake 2ℎ tan 𝜃1
𝑥 = tan 𝜃
2 −tan 𝜃1
Given
The height that the cloud is located from
Let 𝐴𝐷 = ℎ the ground = 𝑥 + ℎ
𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 2ℎ tan 𝜃1
= tan 𝜃 +ℎ
2 −tan 𝜃1
The height that the cloud is located from
2ℎ tan 𝜃1 +ℎ tan 𝜃2 −ℎ tan 𝜃1
the ground = ℎ + 𝑥 =
tan 𝜃2 −tan 𝜃1

In right angle ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶 ℎ tan 𝜃1 +ℎ tan 𝜃2

= tan 𝜃2 −tan 𝜃1
𝑥
tan 𝜃1 = 𝐷𝐸
ℎ[tan 𝜃1 +tan 𝜃2 ]
=
𝑥 tan 𝜃2 −tan 𝜃1
𝐷𝐸 = tan 𝜃 ……………….. (1)
1
Hence proved.

Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
Eg. 6.33: From a window (ℎ metres high above the ground) of a house in a street, the angles of elevation and
depression of the top and the foot of another house on the opposite side of the street are 𝜃1 and 𝜃2
cot 𝜃2
respectively. Show that the height of the opposite house is ℎ (1 + ).
cot 𝜃1

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138 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. The angle of elevation of the top of a cell phone tower from the foot of a high apartment is 60°
and the angle of depression of the foot of the tower from the top of the apartment is 30°. If the
height of the apartment is 50 m, find the height of the cell phone tower. According to radiations
control norms, the minimum height of a cell phone tower should be 120 m. State if the height of
the above mentioned cell phone tower meets the radiation norms. 5M

𝐴𝐵 → Cell phone tower = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐸𝐵 = (𝑥 + 50)𝑚

𝐶𝐷 → Apartment building = 50𝑚

In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷

𝜃 = 30°
𝐶𝐷 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 =
√3
50 1
=
𝐵𝐶 √3

𝐵𝐶 = 50√3 ……………… (1)

In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝐵
tan 60° = 𝐵𝐶 = √3
𝑥+50
= √3
𝐵𝐶
𝑥+50
𝐵𝐶 = ……………… (2)
√3

From (1) & (2)

𝑥+50
50√3 =
√3

𝑥 + 50 = 50√3 × √3
𝑥 + 50 = 50 × 3
𝑥 + 50 = 150
𝑥 = 150 − 50
𝑥 = 100𝑚
∴ Height of the cell phone tower
𝑥 + 50 = 100 + 50
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎
According to radiation control norms, the minimum height of a cell phone tower should be 120m
Here, the height of the cell phone tower is 150m
Yes, the cell phone tower meets the radiation norms.

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  139

5. The angle of elevation and depression of the top and bottom of a lamp post from the top of a
66 m high apartment are 60° and 30° respectively. Find
(i) The height of the lamp post.
(ii) The difference between height of the lamp post and the apartment.
(iii) The distance between the lamp post and the apartment. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐) 5M
66 1
= ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 66√3 …………………… (1)
𝐵𝐶 √3
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷
𝜃 = 60°
𝐴𝐸
tan 60° = 𝐸𝐷 = √3
𝑥
= √3
𝐵𝐶
𝑥 = √3 × 𝐵𝐶 = √3 × 66√3 = 66 × 3
𝑥 = 198𝑚
𝐶𝐷 = Apartment = 66𝑚 (i) The height of the lamp post = 𝑥 + 66
𝐴𝐵 = Lamp post = 198 + 66 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝒎
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 66 (ii) The difference between height of the lamp
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐸 post and the apartment = 264 − 66 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝒎
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷 (iii) The distance between the lamp post and the
𝜃 = 30° apartment = 𝐵𝐶 = 66√3 = 66 × 1.732
𝐶𝐷 1 𝐶𝐷
𝑡𝑎𝑛 30° = 𝐵𝐶 ⇒ = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝒎
√3
6. Three villagers 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪 can see each other using
telescope across a valley. The horizontal distance between
𝑨 and 𝑩 is 8 km and the horizontal distance between 𝑩 and
𝑪 is 12 km. The angle of depression of 𝑩 from 𝑨 is 20° and
the angle of elevation of 𝑪 from 𝑩 is 30°.
Calculate: (i) The vertical height between 𝑨 and 𝑩.
5M
(ii) The vertical height between 𝑩 and 𝑪. (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟎° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟎, √𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐵 𝑦=
12
×
√3
√3 √3
𝜃 = 20°
12√3
𝐴𝐷 =
tan 20° = 𝐵𝐷 = 0.3640 3

𝑥 = 4√3 = 4 × 1.732
= 0.3640
8
𝑦 = 6.928
𝑥 = 0.3640 × 8
Answers:
𝑥 = 2.9120
(i) The vertical height between 𝐴 and 𝐵
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐸, 𝜃 = 30°
𝑥 = 2.912 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 km
𝐸𝐶 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐸 = (ii) The vertical height between 𝐵 and 𝐶
√3
𝑦 1
= 𝑦 = 6.928 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑 km
12 √3

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140 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Unit Exercise 6
1. Prove that
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝑨−𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨−𝟏 Note for Unit Exercise – 6
(i) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝑨 [ 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨] + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝑨 [𝟏+𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝑨] = 𝟎 Q.No: 1(ii) – Similar to Exercise 6.1- 2(i) Question
2M
Q.No: 3,4 - Similar to Exercise 6.1 – 9th Question
sec 𝐴−1 sin 𝐴−1
LHS = cot 2 𝐴 [ 1+sin 𝐴 ] + sec 2 𝐴 [1+sec 𝐴] Q.No: 5,6 - Similar to Exercise 6.2 – 3rd Question
Q.No: 8 - Similar to Exercise 6.3 – 5th Question
cot2 𝐴[(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴−1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴+1)]+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴[(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴−1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴+1)]
= (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)(1+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴)

cot2 𝐴(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−1)+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 −1)

= (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)(1+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴)
[∵ (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ]
1
cot2 𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴−1) cot 2 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 1
= (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)(1+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

1+sec2 𝐴(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴−1)

= (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)(1+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴)
1−sec2 𝐴(1−sin2 𝐴) 1−sec2 𝐴.cos2 𝐴 1−1
= (1+sin 𝐴)(1+sec 𝐴)
= (1+sin 𝐴)(+ sec 𝐴) = (1+sin 𝐴)(1+sec 𝐴) = 0 = RHS

𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟐 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 5M
2. Prove that [𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽] = 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 (1+sin 𝜃)2 +cos2 𝜃−2(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝐿𝐻𝑆= [1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ] = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 +𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃+2(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏
1+2 sin 𝜃+sin2 𝜃+cos2 𝜃−2 cos 𝜃−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.cos 𝜃 Here,
= 1+2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+cos2 𝜃+2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎 = 1 + sin 𝜃 , 𝑏 = cos 𝜃
1+2 sin 𝜃+1−2 cos 𝜃−2 sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
= 1+2 sin 𝜃+1+2 cos 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
2+2 sin 𝜃−2 cos 𝜃−2 sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
= 2+2 sin 𝜃+2 cos 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃 .cos 𝜃 (Divide Numerator and Denominator by 2 )

1+sin 𝜃−cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃

= 1+sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃.cos 𝜃
(1+sin 𝜃)−cos 𝜃(1+sin 𝜃)
= (1+sin 𝜃)+cos 𝜃(1+sin 𝜃)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃[1−cos 𝜃]
= 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃[1+cos 𝜃]
1−cos 𝜃
= 1+cos 𝜃 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence proved.

Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
Eg. 6.24: An aeroplane sets off from 𝐺 on a bearing of 24° towards 𝐻, a point 250 𝑘𝑚 away. At H it changes
course and heads towards J deviates further by 55° and a distance of 180 𝑘𝑚 away.
(i) How far is 𝐻 to the North of 𝐺? (ii) How far is 𝐻 to the East of 𝐺?
(iii) How far is 𝐽 to the North of 𝐻? (iv) How far is 𝐽 to the East of 𝐻?
5M
[sin 24° = 0.4067 sin 11° = 0.1908 cos 24° = 0.9135 cos 11° = 0.9816 ]

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Special Guide - 6 – Trigonometry  141

7. A bird is flying from 𝑨 towards 𝑩 at an angle of 35°, a point 30 km away from 𝑨. At 𝑩 it changes
its course of flight and heads towards 𝑪 on a bearing of 𝟒𝟖𝟎 and distance 32 km away.
(i) How far is 𝑩 to the North of 𝑨? (ii) How far is 𝑩 to the West of 𝑨 ?
(iii) How far is 𝑪 to the North of 𝑩? (iv) How far is 𝑪 to the East of 𝑩 ?
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟓° = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟐, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟓° = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟔, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟏, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟏) 5M

(ii) Distance of B to the west of A = AF

In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐹𝐴
𝜃 = 55° (90 − 35° )
𝐴𝐹
cos 55° = 𝐴𝐵 = 0.5736
𝐴𝐹
= 0.5736
30
𝐴𝐹 = 0.5736 × 30 = 17.208
𝐴𝐹 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝒌𝒎 (approx.)
(iii) Distance of C to the North of B = GC
In right angle ∆𝐵𝐺𝐶
𝜃 = 42° (90° − 48° )
𝐺𝐶
sin 42° = 𝐵𝐶 = 0.6691
𝐺𝐶
= 0.6691
32

(i) Distance of 𝐵 to the North of 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐹 𝐺𝐶 = 0.6691 × 32

𝑮𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝒌𝒎 (approx.)
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐹𝐴
(iv) Distance of C to the East of B =EC
𝜃 = 550 (90 − 350 ) In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐶
𝐵𝐹 𝐸𝐶
sin 550 = = 0.8192 sin 48° =
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐹 ° 𝐸𝐶
= 0.8192 cos 42 = 32 = 0.7431
30
𝐵𝐹 = 30 × 0.8192 = 24.576 𝐸𝐶 = 32 × 0.7431
= 23.779
𝑩𝑭 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝒎 (appr ox.)
𝑬𝑪 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟖𝒌𝒎 (approx.)

9. A building and a statue are in opposite side of a street from each other 35 m apart. From a point on
the roof of building the angle of elevation of the top of statue is 24° and the angle of depression of
top of the statue is 𝟑𝟒° . Find the height of the statue. (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟒° = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟐, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟒° = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓) PTA-4
𝐴𝐵 = Building = 𝑦 In right angle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
𝐴𝐵
𝐶𝐸 = State = 𝑥 + 𝑦 tan 34° = 𝐵𝐶 = 0.6745 5M

𝑦
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 = 35𝑚 = 0.6745
35
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 𝑦 = 0.6745 × 35
𝐸𝐷 = 23.6075
tan 240 = 𝐴𝐷 = 0.4452
𝑥
Height of the statues
= 0.4452 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
35
𝑥 = 35 × 0.4452 = 15.582 + 23.608
= 39.190
𝑥 = 15.582
𝐶𝐸 = 39.19𝑚
Height of the statue = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟗𝒎

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142 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. Mensuration

Exercise 7.1
1. The radius and height of a cylinder in the ratio 5:7 and its curved surface area is 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐬𝐪. 𝐜𝐦
Find its radius and height. JUL-22
Radius 𝑟 5
Similar Problems
2M
=ℎ=7 Solve Your Self
Height 2. A solid iron cylinder had total
5ℎ
𝑟= ……………..(1) surface of 1848 sq.m. Its curved
7
surface area is five-sixth of its total
CSA of the cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 5500 surface. Find the radius and height of
22 5ℎ the iron cylinder. 5M
2× × × ℎ = 5500
7 7
Eg. 7.1: A cylindrical drum has a height of
20 𝑐𝑚 and base radius of 14 𝑐𝑚. Find its
curved surface area and the total surface
area. (JUL-22) 5M
Eg. 7.2: The curved surface area of a right
= 5×5×7×7 circular cylinder of height 14 𝑐𝑚 is
ℎ = 35cm 88 𝑐𝑚2 . Find the diameter of the
5(35) cylinder. 2M
Substitute h=35 in (1), 𝑟 = ⇒ 𝑟 = 25cm.
7
𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓 cm, 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓cm
3. The external radius and the length of a hollow 4. A right angled triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 where
wooden log are 16cm and 13cm respectively. If ∠𝑸 = 𝟗𝟎° is rotated about 𝑸𝑹 and 𝑷𝑸. If
its thickness is 4cm then find its T.S.A. 2M 𝑸𝑹 = 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎 and 𝑷𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎, compare
Given: the curved surface areas of the right circular
External Radius (R) cones so formed by the triangle. 2M
=16cm. According to Pythagoras theorem,
Internal Radius (r) 𝑃𝑄 = √202 − 162
= 16 − 4 =12cm
[∵width=4cm] = √400 − 256
Length (Height) = 13cm. = √144
TSA of hollow cylinder 𝑃𝑄 = 12cm.
= 2𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)(𝑅 − 𝑟 + ℎ) CSA of cone = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
22
= 2 × 7 × (16 + 12)(16 − 12 + 13) (1) CSA (Rotated about QR)
22 = 𝜋 × 12 × 20 = 240𝜋𝑐𝑚2 ………..(1)
= 2 × 7 × 28 × 17
(2) CSA (Rotated about PQ)
= 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐 sq.cm
= 𝜋 × 16 × 20 = 320𝜋𝑐𝑚2 …………(2)
Similar Problems (2) > (1) ⇒
Solve Your Self
Eg. 7.4: If one litre of paint covers 10 𝑚2 , how many litres of CSA (Rotated about PQ)
paint is required to paint the internal and external surface > CSA (Rotated about QR)
areas of a cylindrical tunnel whose thickness is 2 𝑚, CSA of the cone when rotated about
internal radius is 6 𝑚 and height is 25 𝑚. 2M
‘PQ’ is larger than ‘QR’.
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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  143

5. 4 persons live in a conical tent whose slant height is 19m. If each person require 𝟐𝟐𝒎𝟐 of the
floor area, then find the height of the tent. 2M Similar Problems
Required base area of cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 22 × 4 Solve Your Self
22
Eg. 7.5: The radius of a conical
× 𝑟 2 = 88 tent is 7 𝑚 and the height is
7
7 24 𝑚. Calculate the length of the
𝑟 2 = 88 × 22 = 28 canvas used to make the tent if
the width of the rectangular
𝑟 = √28 = √4 × 7 = 2√7 m. 5M
canvas is 4 𝑚? (PTA-3)
2 Eg. 7.6: If the total surface area of a
Height of the tent ℎ = √𝑙 2 − 𝑟 2 = √192 − (2√7)
cone of radius 7 𝑐𝑚 is 704 𝑐𝑚2 ,
then find its slant height. (JUL-22)
= √361 − 28 2M
= √333
𝒉 ≅ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟓m.
6. A girl wishes to prepare birthday caps in the form of right circular cones for her birthday party,
using a sheet of paper whose area is 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐 , how many caps can be made with radius 5cm
and height 12cm. 2M
𝑟 = 5 cm, ℎ = 12 cm
Slant Height 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
= √122 + 52 = √144 + 25
= √169 = 13 cm
Area of paper sheet
Number of caps = area of one cap (CSA of cone 𝜋𝑟𝑙)
5720×7
= 22×5×13
= 28
Number of caps can be made=28

7. The ratio of the radii of two right circular cones of same height is 1:3. Find the ratio of their
curved surface area when the height of each cone is 3 times the radius of the smaller cone.
Smaller cone: Large cone: PTA-2
𝑟1 → 𝑟 𝑟2 → 3𝑟 2M

ℎ1 → 3𝑟 ℎ2 → 3𝑟
𝑙1 = √(3𝑟)2 + 𝑟 2 = √10𝑟 2 = 𝑟√10 𝑙2 = √(3𝑟)2 + (3𝑟)2 = √18𝑟 2 = √9 × 2(𝑟) = 3𝑟√2
CSA of small cone : CSA of large cone
𝜋𝑟1 𝑙1 : 𝜋𝑟2 𝑙2
𝑟 × 𝑟√10 ∶ 3𝑟 × 3𝑟√2
√5 √2 ∶ 9√2
√5: 9
Ratio of the CSA is √5: 9
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144 Way to Success - 10th Maths

8. The radius of a sphere increases by 𝟐𝟓% . Find the percentage increase in its surface area. 2M

Surface area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2 Similar Problems

Solve Your Self 2M
Original = SA (when r =100 units)
Eg. 7.8: Find the diameter of a sphere whose surface area is 154 𝑚2 . (SEP-20)
= 4𝜋(100)2 Eg. 7.9: The radius of a spherical balloon increases from 12 𝑐𝑚 to 16 𝑐𝑚
as air being pumped into it. Find the ratio of the surface area of the
= 10000 × 4𝜋 Sq.units.
balloons in the two cases. (MAY-22) 5M
New = SA (when r =125 units)
i.e. increased by25% = 4𝜋(125)2 = 15625 × 4𝜋 sq.units.
new SA 15625×4𝜋
Percentage change = [Original SA − 1 ] × 100 = [10000×4𝜋 − 1] × 100 = 56.25%

9. The internal and external diameter of a hollow hemispherical vessel are 20cm and 28cm
respectively. Find the cost to paint the vessel all over at D 0.14 per 𝒄𝒎𝟐 2M

𝑟 = 10 cm, 𝑅 = 14 cm Where R- External radius, r- Internal radius

TSA of hemisphere = 𝜋(3𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 ) Similar Problems
22 2M
= (3(14)2 + 102 ) Solve Your Self
7 Eg. 7.10: If the base area of a hemispherical solid is
22 1386 sq. metres, then find its total surface area?
= × (588 + 100) Eg. 7.11: The internal and external radii of a hollow
7
22 hemispherical shell are 3 𝑚 and 5 𝑚 respectively.
= × 688 Find the T.S.A. and C.S.A. of the shell.
7
TSA =2162.16 𝑐𝑚2
Required cost =2162.16×0.14 = D302.72
10. The frustum shaped outer portion of the table lamp has to be painted
including the top part. Find the total cost of painting the lamp if the cost of
painting 1sq.cm is D 2 5M
Similar Problems
𝑟 = 6 cm, 𝑅 = 12 cm Solve Your Self
Required Area = CSA of Frustum Eg. 7.13: The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 5 𝑐𝑚
+ top part circle area and the radii of its ends are 4 𝑐𝑚 and 1 𝑐𝑚. Find its
curved surface area. 2M
= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 Eg. 7.14: An industrial metallic bucket is in the shape of
= 𝜋(12 + 6)10 + 𝜋(6)2 the frustum of a right circular cone whose top and
= 180𝜋 + 36𝜋 bottom diameters are 10 𝑚 and 4 𝑚 and whose height
𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟)2 is 4 𝑚. Find the curved and total surface area of the
= 216𝜋 = √82 + (12 − 6)2 bucket. 5M
22
= 216 × = √64 + 36 UE-7:The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 𝑚 and the
7
4752 = √100 perimeter of circular ends are 18 𝑚 and 16 𝑚. Find the cost
= of painting its curved surface area at C100 per sq. m. 5M
7 = 10cm
≅ 678.86 𝑐𝑚2
Required Cost = 678.86×2 =D1357.72
For Practice:
Eg. 7.3: A garden roller whose length is 3 𝑚 long and whose diameter is 2.8 𝑚 is rolled to level a garden. How much area
will it cover in 8 revolutions? (2M)
Eg. 7.7: From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 𝑐𝑚 and diameter 1.4 𝑐𝑚, a conical cavity of the same height and base is
hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining solid. (5M)
Eg. 7.12: A sphere, a cylinder and a cone are of the same radius, where as cone and cylinder are of same height. Find the
ratio of their curved surface areas. (2M)
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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  145

Creative Questions
1. If the base area of a hemispherical solid is 2. If the slant height of the frustum cone is
𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔 sq. metres, then find its 10cm and perimeters of its circular base are
(i) Curved surface area (ii) Total surface area 18cm and 28cm respectively. What is the
Given that, 2M curved surface area of the frustum? PTA-6
2 2
Base Area = 𝜋𝑟 = 1386𝑚 Slant height of the frustum 𝑙 = 10 𝑐𝑚 5M
(i) CSA of hemisphere = 2𝜋𝑟 2 14
Circular base (top) = 2𝜋𝑅 = 28 𝑐𝑚 𝑅 = 𝜋 cm
= 2 × 1386 Circular base (bottom) = 2𝜋𝑟 = 18 𝑐𝑚
= 2772 𝑚2 9
2
𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
(ii) TSA of hemisphere = 3𝜋𝑟 SEP-20
Curved surface area of the frustum = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙
= 3 × 1386
14 9
= 4158 𝑚2 = 𝜋 ( 𝜋 + 𝜋) × 10
23
=𝜋× × 10
𝜋
= 230 cm2

Exercise 7.2
1. A 𝟏𝟒 𝒎 deep well with inner diameter 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 is dug and the earth taken out is evenly spread all
around the well to form an embankment of width 𝟓 𝒎. Find the height of the embankment.
Volume of embankment = Volume of well 2M

Volume of hollow cylinder = Volume of cylinder

𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝜋 × (102 − 52 )ℎ = 𝜋 × 5 × 5 × 14
5×5×14
ℎ= 75 Similar Problems 2M
14 Solve Your Self
= Eg. 7.15: Find the volume of a cylinder whose height is 2 𝑚 and
3
whose base area is 250 𝑚2 (SEP-21)
= 4.666….. Eg. 7.17: Find the volume of the iron used to make a hollow cylinder
Height of the embankment = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎 of height 9 𝑐𝑚 and whose internal and external radii are
21 𝑐𝑚 and 28 𝑐𝑚 respectively.
2. A cylindrical glass with diameter 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎 has water to a height of 𝟗 𝒄𝒎. A small cylindrical metal
of radius 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 and height 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 is immersed it completely. Calculate the raise of the water in the
glass? SEP-20
2M
Volume of water raised in cylindrical glass
= Volume of cylindrical metal immersed
Similar Problems
𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Solve Your Self
2M

𝜋 × 10 × 10 × ℎ = 𝜋 × 5 × 5 × 4 Eg. 7.16: The volume of a

cylindrical water tank is
5×5×4 1.078 × 106 litres. If the
ℎ= 10×10 diameter of the tank is
=1 7 𝑚, find its height.

The raise of the water in the glass = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎

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3. If the circumference of a conical wooden 4. A conical container is fully filled with petrol.
piece is 𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝒄𝒎 then find its volume when The radius is 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 and the height is 𝟏𝟓 𝒎. If
its height is 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒄𝒎. 2M JUL-22 the container can release the petrol through
Base circumference of the cone (2𝜋𝑟) = 484 its bottom at the rate of 𝟐𝟓 cu. meter per
22
2 × 7 × 𝑟 = 484 minute, in how many minutes the container
will be emptied. Round off your answer to the
nearest minute. 2M
1
volume of conical container ( πr2 h)
𝑟 = 77 cm Minutes = volume of petrol released per3minute
1
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 1 22
× ×10×10×15
3 7
1 22 =
=3× × 77 × 77 × 105 25
7
1×22×10×10×15
= 652190 𝑐𝑚3 =
3×7×25
𝟑
Volume of the conical wooden piece = 𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒄𝒎 =
440
7
Similar Problems 2M
Solve Your Self = 62.8
Eg. 7.19: The volume of a solid right circular cone is 11088 𝑐𝑚3 . If
its height is 24 𝑐𝑚 then find the radius of the cone.(PTA-1)
≅ 𝟔𝟑
5
UE-9: The volume of a cone is 1005 cu. cm. The area of its
7
The container will be emptied in 63 minutes (approx.)
1
base is 201 sq. cm. Find the slant height of the cone
7

5. A right angled triangle whose sides are 𝟔 𝒄𝒎, 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 and 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 is revolved about the sides
containing the right angle in two ways. Find the difference in volumes of the two solids so formed.
1
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 2M
1
Volume of cone (revolved about 6 𝑐𝑚) = 3 × 𝜋 × 8 × 8 × 6 (𝑟 = 8, ℎ = 6)
= 128𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 ……….. (1)
1
Volume of cone (revolved about 8 𝑐𝑚) = 3 × 𝜋 × 6 × 6 × 8 (𝑟 = 6, ℎ = 8)
= 96 𝜋 ……….. (2)
Difference in volumes (1) – (2) = 128𝜋 − 96𝜋
22
= 32𝜋 = 32 × 7
704
= 7
≅ 100.571
Difference in the volumes of two solids = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟑
6. The volumes of two cones of same base radius are 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 and 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 . Find the ratio
of heights. 2M PTA-4, MAY-22
1
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Similar Problems 2M
Volume of cone 1 : Volume of cone 2 = 3600 ∶ 5040 Solve Your Self
1 1 7. If the ratio of radii of two spheres is 4 ∶ 7, find
𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ1 ∶ 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ2 = 180 ∶ 252 the ratio of their volumes
3 3
ℎ1 ∶ ℎ2 = 45 ∶ 63 Eg. 7.20: The ratio of the volumes of two cones is
ℎ1 ∶ ℎ2 = 5 ∶ 7 2: 3. Find the ratio of their radii if the height of
second cone is double the height of the first.
Ratio of the height 𝟓 ∶ 𝟕

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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  147

8. A solid sphere and a solid hemisphere have 9. The outer and the inner surface areas of a
equal total surface area. Prove that the ratio of spherical copper shell are 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐 and
their volume is 𝟑√𝟑 ∶ 𝟒. 2M
PTA-6 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐 respectively. Find the volume
TSA of sphere = TSA of hemisphere of the material required to make the shell.
𝑟 2 3 𝑟 √3 5M
4𝜋𝑟12 = 3𝜋𝑟22 ⇒ 𝑟12 = 4 ⇒ 𝑟1 = 2 Surface area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
2
4
𝜋𝑟 3
2
Outer surface Area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑅 2 = 576𝜋
volume of sphere 3 1 576𝜋
= 2 3 Similar Problems ⇒ 𝑅 2 = 4𝜋 ⇒ 𝑅 = 12 𝑐𝑚
volume of hemisphere 𝜋𝑟 2 5M
3 Solve Your Self
𝑟1 3 Eg. 7.21: The volume of Inner surface Area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 324𝜋
= 2 (𝑟 ) a solid hemisphere is 324𝜋
3
2
29106 𝑐𝑚3 . Another
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 4𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = 9 𝑐𝑚
√3
= 2( 2 ) hemisphere whose 4
Volume of hollow sphere = 3 𝜋(𝑅 3 − 𝑟 3 )
volume is two-third
2×3√3 4 22
= of the above is carved = × × (123 − 93 )
8 out. Find the radius of 3 7
3√3 4 22
= the new hemisphere. =3× × (1728 − 729)
4 7
∴ Ratio of the volume 𝟑√𝟑 ∶ 𝟒 4 22
=3× × 999
7
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 29304
Eg. 7.22: Calculate the weight of a hollow brass sphere if the = = 4186.285
7
inner diameter is 14 𝑐𝑚 and thickness is 1 𝑚𝑚, and whose
Volume of the material required ≅ 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 𝐜𝐦𝟑
density is 17.3 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . (MDL)
10. A container open at the top is in the form of a frustum of a cone of height 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎 with radii of
its lower and upper ends are 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 and 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎 respectively. Find the cost of milk which can
completely fill a container at the rate of C 𝟒𝟎 per litre.
1 MAY-22
Volume of frustum = 3 𝜋ℎ(𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟) Volume of frustum = 10.4594 litres
5M
1 22 Required cost = 10.4594 × 40
= 3 × 7 × 16(202 + 82 + (20 × 8))
= C 418.376 ∴ 1000 𝑐𝑚3 = 1𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
1 22
= 3 × 7 × 16 × 624
Cost of the milk which can completely fill the
73216
= 7 container ≅ C 𝟒𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟖
= 10459.4 𝑐𝑚3
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
Eg. 7.23: If the radii of the circular ends of a frustum which is 45 𝑐𝑚 high
2M
are 28 𝑐𝑚 and 7 𝑐𝑚, find the volume of the frustum. (PTA-5, SEP-21)
Eg. 7.18: For the cylinders 𝐴 and 𝐵 (i) find out the cylinder whose volume is greater.
(ii) verify whether the cylinder with greater volume has greater total surface area.
(iii) find the ratios of the volumes of the cylinders 𝐴 and 𝐵. 5M

Creative Questions
1. The heights of two right circular cones are in the ratio 𝟏: 𝟐 and the perimeters of their bases are
in the ratio 𝟑: 𝟒. Find the ratio of their volumes. SEP-21
Let ℎ1 and ℎ2 be the heights and 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 be the radii of the two cones respectively. 5M
ℎ1 1
Ratio of their heights = ℎ1 : ℎ2 = 1: 2 ⇒ ℎ = 2
2
𝑟 3
Ratio of perimeters ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟1 : 2𝜋𝑟2 = 3: 4 ⇒ 𝑟1 = 4
2
1 1
Volume of first cone : Volume of Second cone = 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 : 3 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ2
3
𝑟2ℎ 𝑟1 2 ℎ1 3 2 1 9 1 9
= 𝑟12 ℎ 1 = (𝑟 ) (ℎ ) = (4) (2) = 16 × 2 = 32
2 2 2 2

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2. Find the volume of the iron used to make a hollow cylinder of height 9 cm and whose internal
and external radii are 3 cm and 5 cm respectively. SEP-20
Let 𝑟, 𝑅 and ℎ be the internal radius, external radius and height of the hollow cylinder respectively.
Given 𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚, 𝑅 = 5 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 9 𝑐𝑚 5M
2 2 )ℎ
Volume of hollow cylinder = 𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 cu. units
22 2 2
= 7 (5 − 3 ) × 9
22
= (25 − 9) × 9
7
22
= × 16 × 9 = 452.57 𝑐𝑚2
7
3. A well of diameter 3m is dug 14m deep. The earth, taken out of it has been spread evenly all
around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4m to form an embankment. Find the height of
the embankment. PTA-5
Well Embankment
Volume of embankment = Volume of well 3
𝐷 = 3m 𝑟 = = 1.5m 5M
2
Volume of hollow cylinder = Volume of cylinder 3 3 11
𝑟 = = 1.5m 𝑅 = + 4 = = 5.5m
2 2 2
𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ℎ = 14 m
𝜋 × (5.52 − 1.52 )ℎ = 𝜋 × 1.5 × 1.5 × 14
(5.5 + 1.5)(5.5 − 1.5)ℎ = 1.5 × 1.5 × 14
7 × 4 × ℎ = 31.50
28 × ℎ = 31.50
31.50
ℎ= = 1.125
28
∴ Height of the embankment = 1.125 𝑚

Exercise 7.3
1. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter is
𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎 and the height of the vessel is 𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒎. Find the capacity of the vessel.
5M
Capacity of the vessel (V) = Volume of cylinder + Volume of hemisphere
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 3 𝜋𝑟 3 Similar Problems 5M
Solve Your Self
2𝑟 Eg. 7.24: A toy is in shape of a cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟 2 [ℎ + ] surmounted by a hemisphere. The height
3
of the toy is 25 𝑐𝑚. Find the total surface
22 2(7) area of the toy if its common diameter is
= × 7 × 7 [6 + ] 12 𝑐𝑚. (SEP-21)
7 3
Eg. 7.26: Arul has to make arrangements for the
32 accommodation of 150 persons for his family
= 22 × 7 × 3 function. For this purpose, he plans to build a
tent which is in the shape of cylinder
4928
V= = 1642.66…… surmounted by a cone. Each person occupies
3
4 sq.m of the space on ground and 40 cu.
Capacity of the vessel≅ 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟑 meter of air to breathe. What should be the
height of the conical part of the tent if the
height of cylindrical part is 8 𝑚?

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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  149

2. Nathan, an engineering student was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with two cones
attached at its two ends. The diameter of the model is 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 and its length is 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎. If each cone
has a height of 𝟐 𝒄𝒎, find the volume of the model that Nathan made.
MAY-22
Volume of the model = Volume of cylinder + Volume of cone × 2
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ1 + 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ2 × 2 5M

2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 [ℎ1 + 3 ℎ2 ]
22 3 3 2
= × 2 × 2 × [8 + 3 (2)]
7
22 3 3 28
= ×2×2×
7 3
Volume of the model = 𝟔𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟑

3. From a solid cylinder whose height is 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 and the diameter 𝟏. 𝟒 𝐜𝐦, a cone of the same height
and same diameter is carved out. Find the volume of the remaining solid to the nearest 𝐜𝐦𝟑 .
Volume of remaining solid = Volume of cylinder – Volume of cone 5M

1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ − 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2
= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2 22 7 7 24
=3× × 10 × 10 × 10
7
2464
= 1000 diameter = 1.4cm
7
radius r= 0.7 = cm
3 10
= 2.464 𝑐𝑚 24
height h = 10 cm

Volume of the remaining solid = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟑

4. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 and radius 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 standing on a
hemisphere of radius 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it
touches the bottom. Find the volume of the water displaced out of the cylinder, if the radius of
the cylinder is 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 and height is 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎. 5M

Volume of water displaced = Volume of solid placed

(Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere)
1 2
= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 3 𝜋𝑟 3
1
= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 2𝑟)
1 22
=3× × 6 × 6 × (12 + 2(6))
7
44×6
= × 24
7
6336
= 7

Volume of the water displaced = 𝟗𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟑

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5. A capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemisphere stuck to each of its ends. If the length
of the entire capsule is 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 and the diameter of the capsule is 𝟑 𝒎𝒎, how much medicine it
can hold? 5M

Volume of capsule = Volume of cylinder +( 2 ×Volume of hemisphere)

2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + (2 × 3 𝜋𝑟 3 )
ℎ = 12 − 3
2 4𝑟 =9
= 𝜋𝑟 (ℎ + ) 3
3
𝑟=2
22 3 3 4 3
= × 2 × 2 × [9 + 3 (2)]
7
22 3 3
= × 2 × 2 × 11 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
7
Eg. 7.25: A jewel box is in the shape of a cuboid
2178 1089 of dimensions 30 𝑐𝑚 × 15 𝑐𝑚 × 10 𝑐𝑚
= =
28 14 surmounted by a half part of a cylinder as
1089 shown in the figure. Find the volume of the
Volume of capsule = ≅ 77.785 box. 5M
14
A capsule can hold 𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟑 medicine.
6. As shown in figure a cubical block of side 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 is surmounted by
a hemisphere. Find the surface area of the solid. 5M

Surface Area of the solid

= TSA of cube – Area of base of hemisphere + CSA of hemisphere
= 6𝑎2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2
= 6𝑎2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑎2
= 6𝑎2 + 𝜋 ( 4 ) Similar Problems
Solve Your Self
2 𝜋 Eg. 7.28: A hemispherical section is cut
= 𝑎 (6 + 4 )
out from one face of a cubical block
𝑎2 such that the diameter 𝑙 of the
= (24 + 𝜋) hemisphere is equal to side length of
4
the cube. Determine the surface area
𝑎2 22 of the remaining solid.
= (24 + ) 5M
4 7
𝑎2 190
= ( )
4 7
95𝑎2 95(7)2 95×49
= = = = 332.5 cm2
14 14 14

Surface Area of the solid = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟐 .

7. A right circular cylinder just enclose a sphere of radius 𝒓 units. Calculate

(i) the surface area of the sphere (ii) the curved surface area of the cylinder
(iii) the ratio of the areas obtained in (i) and (ii). 5M
2
(i) Surface Area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 sq.units
(ii) CSA of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟(2𝑟) = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 sq.units
4𝜋𝑟 2 1
(iii) Ratio of (i) and (ii) = 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 1 = 𝟏: 𝟏

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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  151

Exercise 7.4
1. An aluminum sphere of radius 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 is melted to make a cylinder of radius 𝟖 𝒄𝒎. Find the
height of the cylinder. 5M

Radius of sphere R = 12 𝑐𝑚
Radius of cylinder r = 8 𝑐𝑚
4
Volume of cylinder (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) = Volume of sphere (3 𝜋𝑟 3 )
4
𝜋 × 8 × 8 × ℎ = 3 × 𝜋 × 12 × 12 × 12
4×𝜋×12×12×12
ℎ= Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
3×𝜋×8×8 Eg. 7.29: A metallic sphere of radius 16 𝑐𝑚 is melted
ℎ = 36 𝑐𝑚 and recast into small spheres each of radius 2 𝑐𝑚.
Height of the cylinder = 𝟑𝟔 𝒄𝒎 How many small spheres can be obtained? 2M

2. Water is flowing at the rate of 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒎 per hour through a pipe of diameter 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎 into a
rectangular tank which is 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 long and 𝟒𝟒 𝒎 wide. Find the time in which the level of water
in the tanks will rise by 𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝒎. 5M
Given
Rectangular Tank: Cylindrical pipe:
𝑙 = 50 𝑚 diameter = 14 𝑐𝑚
7
𝑏 = 44𝑚 ∴ Radius = 7 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚
21 100
ℎ = 21 𝑐𝑚 = 100 𝑚 speed = 15𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 15 × 1000 𝑚/ℎ
Volume of Rectangular Tank (lbh)
Required time = water discharged from pipe per hour (πr2 ×speed) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
UE-2:A hemi-spherical tank of radius
50×44×21×7×100×100 1.75 𝑚 is full of water. It is
= 100×22×7×7×15×1000 connected with a pipe which
empties the tank at the rate of 7
= 2 hours litre per second. How much time
will it take to empty the tank
Time required to rise water level by 21 𝑐𝑚 = 𝟐 hours completely? 5M

3. A conical flask is full of water. The flask has base radius 𝒓 units and height 𝒉 units, the water poured
into a cylindrical flask of base radius 𝒙𝒓 units. Find the height of water in the cylindrical flask. 5M
Conical flask Cylindrical flask
Radius → 𝑟 Radius → 𝑥𝑟 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
Height → ℎ Height → 𝐻 Eg. 7.30: A cone of height 24 𝑐𝑚 is made up of
modeling clay. A child reshapes it in the form
Volume of cylindrical flask (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) of a cylinder of same radius as cone. Find the
1 height of the cylinder. (PTA-3) 2M
= Volume of conical flask (3 𝜋 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ) Eg. 7.31: A right circular cylindrical container
1 of base radius 6 𝑐𝑚 and height 15 𝑐𝑚 is
𝜋 × 𝑥𝑟 × 𝑥𝑟 × 𝐻 = 3 𝜋 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ full of ice cream. The ice cream is to be
1×𝜋×𝑟 2 ×ℎ filled in cones of height 9 𝑐𝑚 and base
𝐻 = 3×𝑥 2 ×𝑟 2 ×𝜋 radius 3 𝑐𝑚, having a hemispherical cap.
Find the number of cones needed to empty
ℎ
𝐻 = 3𝑥 2 the container. (PTA-5,6) 5M
𝒉
Height of water in the cylindrical flask = units
𝟑𝒙𝟐

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4. A solid right circular cone of diameter 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎 and height 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 is melted to form a hollow sphere.
If the external diameter of the sphere is 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎, find the internal diameter. 5M
Given
Cone: Hollow sphere:
diameter = 14 𝑐𝑚 External diameter = 10 𝑐𝑚
∴ Radius (𝑟1 ) = 7 𝑐𝑚 ∴ Radius 𝑅 = 5 𝑐𝑚
Height (ℎ) = 8 𝑐𝑚 Let, Internal Radius = 𝑟
Volume of the hollow sphere = Volume of cone
4 1
𝜋(𝑅 3 − 𝑟 3 ) = 3 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ
3
4 1
× 𝜋 × (53 − 𝑟 3 ) = 3 × 𝜋 × 7 × 7 × 8
3
125 − 𝑟 3 = 98
−𝑟 3 = 98 − 125
−𝑟 3 = −27
∴ 𝑟 3 = 27
𝑟 3 = 33
𝑟 = 3 𝑐𝑚 = Internal Radius
Internal diameter of the sphere = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎
5. Seenu’s house has an overhead tank in the shape of a cylinder. This is filled by pumping water
from a sump (underground tank) which is in the shape of a cuboid. The sump has dimensions
𝟐 𝒎 × 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎 × 𝟏𝒎. The overhead tank has its radius of 𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎 and height 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒄𝒎. Find the
volume of the water left in the sump after the overhead tank has been completely filled with
water from the sump which has been full, initially. 5M
Given
Cuboidal sump Cylindrical tank
60
𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 2𝑚 × 1.5𝑚 × 1𝑚 Radius = 60 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚 100
105
Height = 105 𝑐𝑚 = 100 𝑚
Volume of cuboidal Volume of cylinderical
Volume of water left in the sump = ( )−( )
sump (𝑙𝑏ℎ) overhead tank (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)
22 60 60 105
= [2 × 1.5 × 1] − [ × × × ]
7 100 100 100
11×6×6×3
=3− 1000

= 3 − 1.188
= 1.812
Volume of water left in the sump
= 1.812 𝑚3 (∵ 1𝑚3 = 1000000 𝑐𝑚3 )
= 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 (or) 1812 litre
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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  153

6. The internal and external diameter of a hollow hemispherical shell are 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 and 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
respectively. If it is melted and recast into a solid cylinder of diameter 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎, then find the height
of the cylinder. 5M
Given
Hollow hemisphere Cylinder
Internal diameter = 6 𝑐𝑚 Diameter = 14 𝑐𝑚
∴ Radius (𝑟) = 3 𝑐𝑚 ∴ Radius (𝑟) = 7𝑐𝑚
External diameter = 10 𝑐𝑚 Let Height → ℎ.
∴ Radius (𝑅) = 5 𝑐𝑚
2
Volume of cylinder (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) = Volume of hollow hemisphere [3 𝜋(𝑅 3 − 𝑟 3 )]
2
𝜋 × 7 × 7 × ℎ = 3 × 𝜋 × [53 − 33 ]
2
𝜋 × 7 × 7 × ℎ = 3 × 𝜋 × [125 − 27]
2
𝜋 × 7 × 7 × ℎ = 3 × 𝜋 × 98
2×𝜋×98 4
ℎ = 3×𝜋×7×7 = 3
ℎ = 1.33 𝑐𝑚.
Height of the cylinder = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒎
7. A solid sphere of radius 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 is melted into a hollow cylinder of uniform thickness. If the
external radius of the base of the cylinder is 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 and its height is 𝟑𝟐 𝒄𝒎, then find the thickness
of the cylinder. 5M

Given
Sphere Cylinder (Hollow)
Radius = 6 𝑐𝑚 External Radius (𝑅) = 5 𝑐𝑚
Internal Radius (𝑟) → 𝑟
Height (ℎ) = 32 𝑐𝑚
Volume of hollow cylinder = Volume of sphere
4
𝜋ℎ(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
4
𝜋 × 32 × (52 − 𝑟 2 ) = 3 × 𝜋 × 6 × 6 × 6
4×𝜋×6×6×6
25 − 𝑟 2 = =9
3×𝜋×32
−𝑟 2 = 9 − 25 = −16
𝑟 = 4𝑐𝑚
Width = 𝑅 − 𝑟
= 5 − 4 = 1 𝑐𝑚
Thickness of the cylinder = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎
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154 Way to Success - 10th Maths

8. A hemispherical bowl is filled to the brim with juice. The juice is poured into a cylindrical vessel
whose radius is 𝟓𝟎% more than its height. If the diameter is same for both the bowl and the
cylinder then find the percentage of juice that can be transferred from the bowl into the
cylindrical vessel. 5M

Given
Radius of hemisphere = 𝑟
Radius of cylinder = 𝑟
Also, Radius (𝑟) = 50% more than height (ℎ)
50 1 3ℎ
𝑟 = ℎ + 100 ℎ ⇒ 𝑟 = ℎ + 2 ℎ ⇒ 𝑟 = 2
2𝑟
∴ ℎ= 3
2
Volume of hemispherical bowl = 𝜋𝑟 3 ………….. (1)
3
Volume of cylindrical vessel = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2𝑟 2
= 𝜋 × 𝑟2 × = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 ………… (2)
3
(1) = (2) ⇒ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Juice that can be transferred from bowl into the cylinderical vessel.

Creative Questions

1. Find the number of spherical lead shots, each of diameter 𝟔𝒄𝒎 that can be made from a solid
cuboids of lead having dimensions 𝟐𝟒𝒄𝒎 × 𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒎 × 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 PTA-2
Volume of cuboids 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
= 4
Volume of sphere 𝜋𝑟 3 5M
3
24×22×12
=4 22
× ×3×3×3
3 7

=8×7
= 56
2. A cylindrical bucket, 𝟑𝟐𝒄𝒎 high and with radius of base 𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒎, is filled with sand completely.
This bucket is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of the
conical heap is 𝟐𝟒𝒄𝒎, find the radius and slant height of the heap. MDL, PTA-4
Cylindrical bucket : Conical heap : 5M
Radius 𝑟 = 18 cm Height ℎ1 =24cm
Height ℎ = 32cm
Volume of the conical heap
= Volume of the sand in the cylindrical bucket.
1
3
𝜋𝑟1 ℎ1 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2

1
3
× 𝜋 × 𝑟1 2 × 24 = 𝜋 × 18 × 18 × 32
18×18×32×3
𝑟1 2 = 24
𝑟1 = √18 × 18 × 4 = 18 × 2 = 36
Radius 𝑟1 = 36cm
Slant height 𝑙1 = √𝑟1 2 + ℎ1 2 = √362 + 242 = 12√32 + 22
𝑙1 = 12√9 + 4 = 12√13 cm

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Special Guide - 7 – Mensuration  155

Unit Exercise - 7

Note for Unit Exercise – 7

Q.No: 2 – Similar to Exercise 7.4 -2nd Question
Q.No: 7 – Similar to Exercise 7.1 – 10th Question
Q.No: 9 – Similar to Exercise 7.2 – 3rd Question

1. The barrel of a fountain-pen cylindrical in shape, is 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 long and 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 in diameter. A full

barrel of ink in the pen will be used for writing 𝟑𝟑𝟎 words on an average. How many words can
be written using a bottle of ink containing one fifth of a litre? 5M
Volume of cylindrical pen = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 330
= 11 × 200
22 5 5 8
= × × ×7 330×200×8
7 2×10 2×10
=
11 11
3
= 𝑐𝑚 [used for 330 words]
8 = 48000
1
Number of words by 5𝑡ℎ litre Number of words can be written using one fifth of a
litre Ink = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 words
(ie., 200 𝑚𝑙 = 200 𝑐𝑚3)

3. Find the maximum volume of a cone that can be carved out of a solid hemisphere of radius 𝒓 units.
1
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 2M
1
= 3 𝜋 × 𝑟2 × 𝑟
𝟏
Maximum volume of cone = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 cu.units
𝟑

4. An oil funnel of tin sheet consists of a cylindrical portion 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 long attached to a frustum of a
cone. If the total height is 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎, the diameter of the cylindrical portion be 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 and the
diameter of the top of the funnel be 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎, then find the area of the tin sheet required to make
the funnel. 5M

𝑙 = √122 + (9 − 4)2 [∵ 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟)2 ]

= √144 + 25 = √169 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
𝑙 = 13 𝑐𝑚 Eg. 7.27: A funnel consists of a frustum of a
cone attached to a cylindrical portion
Area of tin sheet = CSA of frustum + CSA of cylinder
12 𝑐𝑚 long attached at the bottom. If the
= 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ total height be 20 𝑐𝑚, diameter of the
= 𝜋 [(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 2𝑟ℎ] cylindrical portion be 12 𝑐𝑚 and the
diameter of the top of the funnel be
22
= [(9 + 4)13 + 2(4)(10)] 24 𝑐𝑚. Find the outer surface area of the
7
22
funnel. (PTA-1) 5M
= [169 + 80]
7
22 5478
= × 249 =
7 7
≅ 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐
Area of tin sheet to make the funnel ≏ 782.57 𝑐𝑚2

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5. Find the number of coins, 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 in diameter and 𝟐 𝒎𝒎 thick, to be melted to form a right
circular cylinder of height 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 and diameter 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎. 2M PTA-1
volume of cylinder (πr2 h)
Number of coins = Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
volume of a coin (πr2 h)
𝜋×45×45×10×10×2×10×2×10 Eg. 7.29: A metallic sphere of radius 16 𝑐𝑚 is melted
= and recast into small spheres each of radius 2 𝑐𝑚.
2×10×2×10×𝜋×15×15×2
How many small spheres can be obtained? 5M
Number of coins to be melted = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 coins
6. A hollow metallic cylinder whose external 8. A hemi-spherical hollow bowl has
𝟒𝟑𝟔𝝅
radius is 𝟒. 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 and internal radius is 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 material of volume 𝟑 cubic cm. Its
and whole length is 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 is melted and recast external diameter is 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎. Find its
into a solid cylinder of 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 long. Find the thickness. 2M
diameter of solid cylinder. 2M Volume of hollow hemisphere
2 436𝜋
Volume of solid cylinder 𝜋(𝑅 3 − 𝑟 3 ) = 3
3
= Volume of hollow cylinder 2 436𝜋
× 𝜋 × (73 − 𝑟 3 ) = 3
3
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ 436𝜋×3
343 − 𝑟 3 = 3×2×𝜋
2 2 2
𝜋 × 𝑟 × 12 = 𝜋[(4.3) − (1.1) ] × 4
−𝑟 3 = 218 − 343
𝜋×17.28×4
𝑟 2 = 𝜋×12 = 5.76 −𝑟 3 = −125 = 53
Radius of the cylinder 𝑟 = 2.4 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 5 𝑐𝑚
⇒ Thickness = 𝑅 − 𝑟 = 7 − 5 = 2 𝑐𝑚
Diameter of the solid cylinder = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
Thickness of the bowl = 𝟐 𝒄𝒎

10. A metallic sheet in the form of a sector of a circle of radius 𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝒎 has central angle of 𝟐𝟏𝟔° . The
sector is made into a cone by bringing the bounding radii together. Find the volume of the cone
formed. PTA-2
2𝜋𝑅
Arc length 𝐿 = 360 × 216
5M
2𝜋×21×3
𝐿= 5
Circum of base of the cone = Arc length
2𝜋×21×3 63
i.e, 2𝜋𝑟 = =
5 5
𝑟 = 12.6 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = √𝑙 2 − 𝑟 2
= √212 − 12.62 = √441 − 158.76 = √282.24
ℎ = 16.8 𝑐𝑚
1
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
1 22
=3× × 12.6 × 12.6 × 16.8
7
= 2794.176 𝑐𝑚3
Volume of the cone formed = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟑

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  157

8. Statistics and Probability

Exercise 8.1
1. Find the range and coefficient of range of the 5. Find the variance and standard deviation
following data. of the wages of 9 workers given below:
2M
(i) 𝟔𝟑, 𝟖𝟗, 𝟗𝟖, 𝟏𝟐𝟓, 𝟕𝟗, 𝟏𝟎𝟖, 𝟏𝟏𝟕, 𝟔𝟖 E310, E290, E320, E280, E300, E290,
Arrange in Ascending order: SEP-20 E320, E310, E280. 5M

63,68,79,89,98,108,117,125 Given: E310,E290,E320, E280, E300,

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐿 − 𝑆 = 125 − 63 = 62 E290, E320, E310, E280.
310+290+320+280+300+290+320+310+280
𝐿−𝑆 125−63 62 𝑋̅ =
Coefficient of Range = 𝐿+𝑆 = 125+63 = 188 9
2700
̅
𝑋= = 300
= 0.3297 9
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝑥𝑖 𝑑 = (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑋̅) 𝑑2
(𝑋𝑖 − 300)
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
1. Find the range and coefficient of range of the following 280 −20 400
data (ii) 43.5,13.6,18.9,38.4,61.4,29.8 280 −20 400
Eg. 8.1: Find the range and coefficient of range of the following data:
25, 67, 48, 53, 18, 39, 44.
290 −10 100
UE-7: If the range and coefficient of range of the data are 290 −10 100
20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.2 respectively, then find the largest and smallest 300 0 0
values of the data.
310 10 100
2. If the range and the smallest value of a set of 310 10 100
data are 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖 and 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 respectively, then find 320 20 400
the largest value. 2M
320 20 400
𝑅 = 36.8, 𝑆 = 13.4, 𝐿 =?
Σ𝑑 = 0 Σ𝑑2 = 2000
𝑅 =𝐿−𝑆 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
𝑅+𝑆 =𝐿 Eg. 8.3: The range of a set of data is 13.67 2000
and the largest value is 70.08. Find
𝜎=√
𝐿 = 36.8 + 13.4 9
the smallest value. (PTA-4) 2M
𝑳 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐 = √222.2
= 14.91
3. Calculate the range of the following data. 2
Income 𝟒𝟎𝟎-𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎-𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎-𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟓𝟎-𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎-𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝜎 = 222.22
Number 𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟏 𝟔 ∴ Variance =222.22
of
workers
Standard deviation = √222.2
Given: 2M
= 14.91
Income No.of workers
400-450 8
450-500 12 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
500-550 30 Eg. 8.2: Find the range of the following distribution. (PTA-5)
550-600 21 Age
16 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 22 22 - 24 24 - 26 26 – 28
(in years)
600-650 6
Number of
𝐿 = 650, 𝑆 = 400, 𝑅 =? 0 4 6 8 2 2
students
𝑅 =𝐿−𝑆
= 650 − 400 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎
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158 Way to Success - 10th Maths

= √11.9 The standard deviation will not change

= 3.44 when we subtract some fixed constant to
From 1 to 12’o clock 𝜎 = 3.44 all the values.
Again 1 to 12’o clock 𝜎 = 3.44
New 𝝈 = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝜎 = 3.44 × 2 = 6.88
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
∴ The standard deviation of the number of Eg. 8.8: Find the standard deviation of the following data
strikes the bell make a day. 7, 4, 8, 10, 11. Add 3 to all the values then find the
standard deviation for the new values. 2M
𝝈 = 𝟔. 𝟗

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  159

9. If the standard deviation of a data is 𝟑. 𝟔 and each value of the data is divided by 𝟑, then find the
new variance and new standard deviation. 2M
𝜎 = 3.6, ÷ 𝑏𝑦 3
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
New variance & new 𝜎 =? Eg. 8.9: Find the standard deviation of the
3.6 data 2, 3, 5, 7, 8. Multiply each data
New 𝜎 = 3 = 1.2, by 4. Find the standard deviation of
variance 𝜎 2 = (1.2)2 the new values. 2M

= 1.44
∴ new variance = 1.44
New 𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟐

10.The rainfall recorded in various places of five districts in a week are given below. Find its
standard deviation.
Rainfall (in mm) 𝟒𝟓 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟓 𝟕𝟎
Number of places 𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟒 𝟗 𝟓 𝟒
5M

𝑥 𝑓𝑖 𝑑 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴 𝑑𝑖2 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2
= 𝑥𝑖 − 60
45 5 −15 225 −75 1125
50 13 −10 100 −130 1300
55 4 −5 25 −20 100
60 9 0 0 0 0
65 5 5 25 25 125
70 4 10 100 40 400
𝑁 = 40 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = −160 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2 = 3050

Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2

𝜎=√ −( ) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
𝑁 𝑁
Eg. 8.11: 48 students were asked to write the total number of hours per
week they spent on watching television. With this information find the
3050 −160 2
=√ −( ) standard deviation of hours spent for watching television.
40 40
𝑥 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
= √76.25 − (−4)2 𝑓 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
Eg. 8.12: The marks scored by the students in a slip test are given below.
= √76.25 − 16 Find the standard deviation of their marks. (PTA-1)
𝑥 4 6 8 10 12
= √60.25 𝑓 7 3 5 9 5
= 7.76
𝝈 ≅ 𝟕. 𝟕𝟔

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160 Way to Success - 10th Maths

13. The time taken by 50 students to complete a 100 meter race are given below. Find its standard deviation.
Time taken (sec) 𝟖. 𝟓 -𝟗. 𝟓 𝟗. 𝟓 -𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 -𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 -𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 -𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 PTA-5
Number of students 𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟗
5M
𝐴 = 11, 𝑐 = 1
Time taken (sec) Mid value 𝑥𝑖 No.of students 𝑓𝑖 𝑑 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝐴 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2
8.5 - 9.5 9 6 −2 4 −12 24
9.5 - 10.5 10 8 −1 1 −8 8
10.5 - 11.5 11 17 0 0 0 0
11.5 - 12.5 12 10 1 1 10 10
12.5 - 13.5 13 9 2 4 18 36
𝑁 = 50 Σ𝑑𝑖 = 0 2
Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = −8 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = 78
Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2
𝜎 =𝑐×√ −( ) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
𝑁 𝑁
11. In a study about viral fever, the number of people affected in a town were noted as
78 −8 2 Age in years 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 -30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
= 1 × √50 − ( 50 ) Number of 3 5 16 18 12 7 4
people affected
= √1.56 − (−0.16)2 Find its standard deviation.
12. The measurements of the diameters (in cms) of the plates prepared in a factory are
= √1.56 − 0.0256 given below. Find its standard deviation.
Diameter (cm) 21 - 24 25 - 28 29 - 32 33 - 36 37 - 40 41- 44
= √1.5344 Number of plates 15 18 20 16 8 7
Eg. 8.13: Marks of the students in a particular subject of a class are given below. Find
= 1.238 its standard deviation.
𝝈 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Number of students 8 12 17 14 9 7 4
UE-2: The diameter of circles (in mm) drawn in a design are given below.
Diameters 33-36 37-40 41-44 45-48 49-52
Number of circles 15 17 21 22 25
Calculate the standard deviation.

14. For a group of 100 candidates the mean and standard deviation of their marks were found to be
60 and 15 respectively. Later on it was found that the scores 45 and 72 were wrongly entered as
40 and 27. Find the correct mean and standard deviation. 5M
𝑛 = 100, ̅𝑋 = 60, 𝜎 = 15 Σ𝑥 2
225 + 3600 = 100 ⇒
Σ𝑥 2
3825 = 100
Σ𝑥 Σ𝑥
𝑋̅ = 𝑛 ⇒ 60 = 100 Σ𝑥 2 = 382500
Σ𝑥 = 60 × 100 = 6000 Incorrect Σ𝑥 2 = 382500
Wrong observation value = 40 + 27 = 67 Correct value of Σ𝑥 2
Correct observation value = 45 + 72 = 117 = 382500 − 402 − 272 + 452 + 722
Correct total = 6000 − 67 + 117 = 6050 = 382500 − 1600 − 729 + 2025 + 5184
6050
̅
Correct mean 𝑋 = 100 = 60.5 Correct Σ𝑥 2 = 387380
387380
Σ𝑥 2 Σ𝑥 2 Correct 𝜎 = √ − (60.5)2
𝜎=√ −(𝑛) 100
𝑛
Σ𝑥 2 = √3873.8 − 3660.25
Incorrect value 𝜎 = 15 = √100 − (60)2
= √213.55
Σ𝑥 2
152 = 100 − 3600 𝝈 ≅ 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟏
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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  161

The mean and variance of 7 observations 𝑋 = 8 , ̅ Using (1) & (2)

𝜎 2 = 16 196 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 2(100)
Five of these are 2,4,10,12, &14 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 200 − 196
Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be the remaining two (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 4
observations, then mean = 8 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = ±2
2+4+10+12+14+𝑋+𝑌 If 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2, then 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14 &
=8
7
𝑥−𝑦 = 2⇒𝑥 = 2+𝑦
42 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 56
2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 14
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 56 − 42
2 + 2𝑦 = 14
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14 …………(1)
2𝑦 = 14 − 2
Variance = 16 , 12
Σ𝑥 2 Σ𝑥 2 Σ𝑥 2 𝑦= 2 =6
2
𝜎 = 𝑛 − ( 𝑛 ) = 𝑛 − (𝑋) = 16 ̅ 2
Sub 𝑦 = 6 in 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
1 2
(2 + 42 + 102 + 122 + 142 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (Mean)2 𝑥 = 2+6
7
= 16 𝑥=8
4+16+100+144+196+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∴ 𝑥 = 8, 𝑦 = 6
− (8)2 = 16
7 If 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2, then 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14
460+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
− 64 = 16 𝑥 = −2 + 𝑦 ⇒ −2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 14
7
460+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −2 + 2𝑦 = 14
= 16 + 64 2𝑦 = 14 + 2
7
460+𝑥 2 +𝑦2 16
= 80 𝑦= 2 =8
7
460 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 80 × 7 Sub 𝑦 = 8 in 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2
2 2 𝑥 = −2 + 8
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 560 − 460
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100 …………(2) 𝑥=6
2 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 2 2 ∴ The remaining 𝟐 observations are 𝟔 & 𝟖

Creative Questions
1. The scores of a cricketer in 7 matches are 70, ∑ 𝑑2 ∑𝑑 2 2525 −1 2
80, 60, 50, 40, 90, 95. Find the Standard 𝜎=√ −( ) =√ −(7)
𝑛 𝑛 7
Deviation. SEP-20
= √(360.71) − 0.0204
𝑑
𝑥 𝑑2 5M = 18.99 ≅ 19
40 −30 900 ∴ 𝜎 ≅ 19
50 −20 400 2. The standard deviation of 20 observations
60 −10 100 is √𝟔. Is each observation is multiplied by
70 0 0 3, find the standard deviation and
80 10 100 variance of the resulting observations
90 20 400 Standard deviation= √6 PTA-1
95 25 625 SD of new data= 3× √6= 3√6 2M
∑ 𝑑 = −1 ∑ 𝑑 2 = 2525 Variance of new data = (3√6)2
= 9 × 6 = 54
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162 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 8.2
1. The standard deviation and mean of a data 8. The mean and standard deviation of
are 𝟔. 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 respectively. Find the marks obtained by 40 students of a class
coefficient of variation. 2M in three subjects Mathematics, Science
̅
𝜎 = 6.5, 𝑋 = 12.5, 𝐶. 𝑉 =? and Social Science are given below.
𝜎
Coefficient of variation = 𝑋̅ × 100% Subject Mean SD
6.5
= 12.5 × 100% Mathematics 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟐

= 0.52 × 100% Science 𝟔𝟓 𝟏𝟒

𝑪. 𝑽 = 𝟓𝟐% Social science 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) Which of the three subjects shows more
Eg. 8.15: The mean of a data is 25.6 and its coefficient of 2M consistent and which shows less
variation is 18.75. Find the standard deviation.(PTA-3) consistent in marks? 5M
2. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of a data
are 1.2 and 25.6 respectively. Find the value of mean. 2M Mathematics Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
3. If the mean and coefficient of variation of a data are 15 and 48 7. The total marks scored by two
respectively, then find the value of standard deviation. 2M 𝑛 = 40 , 𝑋̅ = 56 students Sathya and Vidhya in
5 subjects are 460 and 480 with
5. Find the coefficient of variation of 𝜎 = 12 standard deviation 4.6 and 2.4
𝟐𝟒, 𝟐𝟔, 𝟑𝟑, 𝟑𝟕, 𝟐𝟗, 𝟑𝟏. 5M
𝜎
𝐶. 𝑉 = 𝑋̅ × 100% respectively. Who is more
24,26,33,37,29,31, C.V=? consistent in performance? 5M
24+26+33+37+29+31 180 12
̅
𝑋= = 6 = 30 = 56 × 100% Eg. 8.16: The following table
6
gives the values of mean and
𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2 1200 variance of heights and
=
𝑑 = 𝑥 − 30 56 weights of the 10th standard
24 −6 36 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 % students of a school.
26 −4 16 Height Weight
Science
33 3 9 Mean 155 𝑐𝑚 46.50 kg
37 7 49 𝑋̅ = 65, 𝜎 = 14 Variance 72.25 𝑐𝑚 2
28.09 kg
29 −1 1 14 Which is more varying than
𝐶. 𝑉 = 65 × 100% the other?(PTA-5)
31 −1 1 5M
2 1400
Σ𝑑 = 112 = 65
Σ𝑑2 112 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟑 %
𝜎=√ =√ = √18.66 = 4.3197
𝑛 6
𝜎 4.321 Social
𝐶. 𝑉 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑋̅
432.1
30
𝑋̅ = 60, 𝜎 = 10
= = 14.399 10
30 𝐶. 𝑉 = 60 × 100
𝑪. 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒%
1000
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) = 60
4. If 𝑛 = 5, 𝑥̅ = 6, Σ𝑥 2 = 765, then calculate the coefficient
of variation. 2M = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 %
6. The time taken (in minutes) to complete a homework by The subject Social shows highest variation in
8 students in a day are given by 38,40,47,44,46,43,49,53.
5M
marks. The subject Science shows lowest
Find the coefficient of variation.
variation in marks.

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  163

Creative Questions
1. The temperature of two cities 𝑨 and 𝑩 in a winter season are given below. PTA-2
Temperature of city A (in degree Celsius) 18 20 22 24 26

Temperature of city B (in degree Celsius) 11 14 15 17 18

5M
Find which city is more consistent in temperature changes?
City A City B
18+20+22+24+26 110
̅
𝑋= = = 22 ̅ = 11+14+15+17+18 = 15
𝑋
5 5 5
𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2
18 −4 16 11 −4 16
20 −2 4 14 −1 1
22 0 0
15 0 0
24 2 4
17 2 4
26 4 16
Σ𝑑 2 = 40 18 3 9
Σ𝑑 2 = 30
Σ𝑑2 40
𝜎=√ = √ 5 = √8 Σ𝑑2 30
𝑛
𝜎=√ = √ 5 = √6
≃ 2.8 𝑛
𝜎 ≃ 2.4
𝐶. 𝑉 = 𝑋̅ × 100%
2.4
2.8 = 15 × 100%
= × 100%
22 240.0
280 = 15
= 22 = 12.7
= 16
𝐶. 𝑉 = 12.7%
𝐶. 𝑉 = 16%
City A is more consistent in temperature changes.
2. Find the co-efficient of variation of the data 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟓. PTA-3
∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑛
18+20+15+12+25 90 5M
𝑥̅ = = 5 = 18
5
𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2
18 0 0
20 2 4
15 −3 9
12 −6 36
25 7 49
∑ 𝑑 2 = 98
∑ 𝑑2 98
𝜎=√ = √ 5 = √19.6
𝑛

= 4.427
𝜎 4.427 442.7
C.V = 𝑥̅ × 100% = × 100 = = 24.59
18 18

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164 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Exercise 8.3
2. Write the sample space for selecting two balls 3. If 𝑨 is an event of a random experiment
at a time from a bag containing 6 balls such that 𝑷(𝑨): 𝑷(𝑨̅ ) = 𝟏𝟕: 𝟏𝟓 and
numbered 1 to 6 (using tree diagram). 𝒏(𝑺) = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 then find (i) 𝑷(𝑨 ̅ ) (ii) 𝒏(𝑨)
2M PTA-4
PTA-3
When we select two balls from a bag 𝑃(𝐴): 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 17: 15,
containing 6 balls numbered 1,2,3.4,5,6. 𝑛(𝑆) = 640 5M
Tree diagram:
(i) 𝑃(𝐴̅) =?
𝑃(𝐴) 17
= 15
𝑃(𝐴̅)

𝑃(𝐴) 17
= 15
1−𝑃(𝐴)

15𝑃(𝐴) = 17(1 − 𝑃(𝐴))

15𝑃(𝐴) = 17 − 17𝑃(𝐴)

15𝑃(𝐴) + 17𝑃(𝐴) = 17

32𝑃(𝐴) = 17
17
𝑃(𝐴) = 32 ;

𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1
17
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 32

32−17
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 32
Hence the sample space can be written as,
𝟏𝟓
𝑆 = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6) 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 𝟑𝟐
(2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)
(3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6)
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6) (ii) 𝑛(𝐴)
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5)} 𝑛(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆)
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
1. Write the sample space for tossing three coins 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝑛(𝐴)
using tree diagram. 2M
Eg. 8.17: Express the sample space for rolling two 17
𝑛(𝐴) = 32 × 640
dice using tree diagram. 2M

𝑛(𝐴) = 340

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  165

5. At a fete, cards bearing numbers 1 to 1000, one number on one card are put in a box. Each player
selects one card at random and that card is not replaced. If the selected card has a perfect square
number greater than 500, the player wins a prize. What is the probability that (i) the first player
wins a prize (ii) the second player wins a prize, if the first has won? 5M
At a fete, cards bearing numbers from 1 𝑡𝑜 1000
(i.e) 𝑛(𝑆) = 1000
(i) Let 𝐴 be the selected card has a perfect square number
greater than 500.
𝐴 = {529, 576, 625,676,729,784,841,900,961} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
𝑛(𝐴) = 9 Eg. 8.25: A game of chance consists of spinning
∴ The probability that the first player wins a prize an arrow which is equally likely to come to
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟗 rest pointing to one of the numbers 1, 2,
𝑃(𝐴) = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 3, … . 12. What is the probability that it will
𝑛(𝑆)
(ii) Let 𝐵 be the second player wins a prize, point to (i) 7 (ii) a prime number
(iii) a composite number? 5M
𝑛(𝐵) = 8, 𝑛(𝑆) = 999
∴ The probability of the second player wins a prize
𝑛(𝐵) 𝟖
𝑃(𝐵) = = 𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝑛(𝑆)

7. Two unbiased dice are rolled once. Find the probability of getting SEP-20, JUL-22
(i) a doublet (equal numbers on both dice) (ii) the product as a prime number
5M
(iii) the sum as a prime number (iv) the sum as 1
Two unbiased dice are rolled once. (iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of getting the sum
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6) as a prime number.
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) {(1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6) 𝐶 = (2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6) (4,3), (5,2), (5,6), (6,1), (6,5)}
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)
𝑛(𝐶) = 15
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
𝑛(𝑆) = 36 𝑛(𝐶) 15
∴ 𝑃(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 36 = 𝟏𝟐
𝟓
(i) Let the 𝐴 be event of getting a doublet.
𝐴 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)} (iv) Let 𝐷 be the event of getting the sum as 1.
𝑛(𝐴) = 6,
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛(𝐴)
= =
6 𝟏 𝐷={ }
𝑛(𝑆) 36 𝟔
(ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of getting the product 𝑛(𝐷) = 0
as a prime number. 𝑛(𝐷) 0
𝐵 = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (3,1), (5,1)} ∴ 𝑃(𝐷) = = 36 = 0
𝑛(𝑆)
𝑛(𝐵) = 6
𝑛(𝐵) 6 𝟏 ∴ 𝑃(𝐷) = 𝟎
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = = 36 = 𝟔
𝑛(𝑆)

166 Way to Success - 10th Maths

8. Three fair coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting 5M
(i) all heads (ii) atleast one tail PTA-5 (iii) atmost one head PTA-5 (iv) atmost two tails
Three fair coins are tossed together. iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of getting atmost one head.
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻} 𝐶 = {𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛(𝑆) = 8. 𝑛(𝐶) = 4
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of getting all heads. 𝑛(𝐶)
𝑃(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝟖
𝟒

𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻}; 𝑛(𝐴) = 1 1
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏 ∴ 𝑃(𝐶) = 2
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝟖
iv) Let 𝐷 be the event of getting atmost 2 tails.
ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of getting atleast one tail. 𝐷 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻} 𝑛 (D)=7
𝑛(𝐵) = 7 𝑛(𝐷)
𝑃(𝐷) = 𝑛(𝑆) ⇒ ∴ 𝑃(𝐷) = 𝟖
𝟕
𝑛(𝐵) 𝟕
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 𝟖

Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  167

10. In a box there are 20 non-defective and some defective bulbs. If the probability that a bulb selected at
𝟑
random from the box found to be defective is 𝟖 then, find the number of defective bulbs. 2M

In a box, 𝑛(non defective bulbs) = 20

𝑛(defective) = 𝑥 5𝑥 + 100 = 160
3
𝑃(𝐷) = 8 ; 𝑛(𝐷) =? 5𝑥 = 160 − 100
5𝑥 = 60
𝑃(𝐷̅ ) = 1 − 3 ⇒ 8−3 = 5 60
8
20
8 8 𝑥 = 5
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠) = 𝑥+20 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟐
20 5
= ∴ The number of defective bulbs = 12
𝑥+20 8

11. The king and queen of diamonds, queen and jack of hearts, jack and king of spades are removed
from a deck of 52 playing cards and then well shuffled. Now one card is drawn at random from
the remaining cards. Determine the probability that the card is (i) a clavor (ii) a queen of red
card (iii) a king of black card. 5M
𝑛(𝑆) = 52 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
Removed cards Eg. 8.21: From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards,
𝐾 & 𝑄 of diamonds = 2 one card is drawn at random. Find the
probability of getting (i) red card (ii) heart
𝑄 & 𝐽 of hearts = 2
card (iii) red king (iv) face card
𝐽 & 𝐾 of spades = 2
(v) number card. 2M
∴ Total 6 cards removed from deck of 52 cards. UE-12: The King, Queen and Jack of the suit
∴ 52 − 6 = 46 spade are removed from a deck of 52 cards.
𝑛(𝑆) = 46 One card is selected from the remaining
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of a card clavor cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a
𝑛(𝐴) = 13 diamond (ii) a queen (iii) a spade(iv) a heart
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏𝟑 card bearing the number 5. 5M
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝟒𝟔
ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of a card of a queen of red card.
𝑛(𝐵) = 0, 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝟎
iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of a king of black card 𝑛(𝐶) = 1
𝟏
∴ 𝑃(𝐶) = 𝟒𝟔
12. Some boys are playing a game, in which the stone thrown by them landing in a circular region
(given in the figure) is considered as win and landing other than the circular region is considered
as loss. What is the probability to win the game? 5M
Area of the rectangle (𝑙 × 𝑏)
= 4 × 3 = 12 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
𝑛(𝑆) = 12 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
Let 𝐴 be the event of success in the game.
𝑛(𝐴) = circular region
𝑖𝑒 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ 𝑟 = 1 feet
⇒ 𝜋 × 12 = 𝜋
∴The probability of success in the game
𝑛(𝐴) 𝜋
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆)
= 12
3.14 3.14×100 314 𝟏𝟓𝟕
= = = 1200 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
12 12×100

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168 Way to Success - 10th Maths

13. Two customers Priya and Amuthan are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Monday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any one day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on.
(i) the same day (ii) different days (iii) consecutive days? 5M

𝑆 = {(mon, mon), (mon, tues), (mon, wed), (mon, thurs), (mon, fri), (mon, sat)
(tues, tues), (tues, mon), (tues, wed), (tues, thurs), (tues, frid), (tues, sat)
(wed, wed), (wed, mon), (wed, tues), (wed, thurs), (wed, fri), (wed, sat)
(thurs, thurs), (thurs, mon), (thurs, tues), (thurs, wed), (thurs, fri), (thurs, sat)
(fri, fri), (fri, mon), (fri, tues), (fri, wed), (fri, thurs), (fri, sat)
(sat, sat), (sat, mon), (sat, tues), (sat, wed), (sat, thurs), (sat, fri)}
𝑛(𝑆) = 36
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of both will visit the shop on the same day.
𝐴 = {(mon, mon), (tues, tues), (wed, wed), (thurs, thurs), (frid, fri), (sat, sat)}
𝑛(𝐴) = 6 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M
𝑛(𝐴) 6 𝟏 Eg. 8.22: What is the probability that a leap year
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36 𝟔 selected at random will contain 53 Saturdays.

ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of both will visit the shop on different days.
𝐵 = {different days except same days ie (mon, tues), (mon, wed) … … (sat, fri)}
𝑛(𝐵) = 30
30 𝟓
𝑃(𝐵) = 36 = 𝟔
𝐴̅ means considered as different days.

iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of both will visit the shop on consecutive days.
𝐶 = {(Mon, Tue), (Tue, wed), (wed, thurs), (thurs, fri), (fri, sat)}
𝑛(𝐶) = 5
𝑛(𝐶) 𝟓
∴ 𝑃(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝟑𝟔

Creative Questions
1. Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Write down all the possible
outcomes. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the
dice is (i) 8 (ii) 13 (iii) less than or equal to 12 MDL
Total out comes = 6 × 6 =36 𝑛(𝐵) = 0
𝑛(𝑆) = 36 𝑛(𝐵) 0 5M
𝑃(𝐵) = = =0
𝑛(𝑆) 36
(i) sum of two dice 8
Let 𝐴 be the event getting sum 8 of two dice (iii) less than or equal to 12
𝐴 = {(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)} Let 𝐶 be the event getting sum of two
dice is less than or equal to 12
𝑛(𝐴) = 5
𝑛(𝐴) 5
𝐶 = {(1,1) … (6,6)}
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 36 𝑛(𝐶) = 36
𝑛(𝐶) 36
(ii) sum of two dice 13 𝑃(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 36 = 1
Let 𝐵 be the event getting sum 13 of two dice
𝐵 ={}

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  169

Exercise 8.4
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
1. If 𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟑 , 𝑷(𝑩) = 𝟓 , 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟑 then find 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩). PTA-1
2 2 1
𝑃(𝐴) = 3 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 5 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 3 5M

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.09 then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
1 2 2
= 3 + 5 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
3
2 2 1 1 2 5+6 𝟏𝟏
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3 + 5 − 3 = 3 + 5 = = 𝟏𝟓
15

3. If 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 are two mutually exclusive events of a random experiment and 𝑷(𝒏𝒐𝒕𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓,
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓, then find 𝑷(𝑩). PTA-2
̅
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐴) = 0.45 = 𝑃(𝐴), 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.65 5M

𝑃(𝐵) =? Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)

2. 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two events such that, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.42, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.48, and
𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴̅) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.16. find (i) 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐴) (ii) 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐵) (iii) 𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) 5M
= 1 − 0.45 4. The probability that at least one of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 occur is 0.6. If 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 occur
simultaneously with probability 0.2, then find 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅). 5M
= 0.55 5. The probability of happening of an event 𝐴 is 0.5 and that of 𝐵 is 0.3. If
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive events, then find the probability that
neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵 happen. 5M
0.65 = 0.55 + 𝑃(𝐵) 1 1
Eg. 8.29: If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two events such that 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = and
4 2
0.65 − 0.55 = 𝑃(𝐵) 1
𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) = , find (i) 𝑃(𝐴 o𝑟 𝐵) (ii) 𝑃(not 𝐴 and not 𝐵). 5M
0.10 = 𝑃(𝐵) 8

∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝟎. 𝟏
6. Two dice are rolled once. Find the probability of getting an even number on the first die or a total
of face sum 8. 5M
Two dice are rolled, ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of total face sum 8.
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6) 𝐵 = {(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)}
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)
𝑛(𝐵) = 5
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6) 𝑛(𝐵) 5
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6) ∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = = 36
𝑛(𝑆)
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(2,6), (4,4), (6,2)} , 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 3
𝑛(𝑆) = 36 ∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 36
∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
i) Let 𝐴 be the even number on the first die, 18 5 3 23−3 20 𝟓
= 36 + 36 − 36 = = 36 = 𝟗
{(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) 36
𝐴 = (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)} Eg. 8.28: Two dice are rolled together. Find the probability of
getting a doublet or sum of faces as 4.
𝑛(𝐴) = 18 UE-8: If two dice are rolled, then find the probability of
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏𝟖 getting the product of face value 6 or the difference of
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = = 𝟑𝟔 face values 5.
𝑛(𝑆)

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170 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. From a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, a card is drawn at random. Find the probability of it being
either a red king or a black queen. 5M
From a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards,
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
𝑛(𝑆) = 52 Eg. 8.27: What is the probability of drawing either a king or a
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of a red king queen in a single draw from a well shuffled pack of 52
cards? 2M
𝑛(𝐴) = 2 Eg. 8.30: A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the
𝑛(𝐴) 2 probability of getting a king or a heart or a red card. 5M
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = = 52
𝑛(𝑆)

ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of a black queen

𝑛(𝐵) = 2
𝑛(𝐵) 2
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = = 52
𝑛(𝑆)

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) [∵ 𝐴, 𝐵 are mutually exclusive ]

2 2
= 52 + 52
4
= 52
𝟏
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝟏𝟑

8. A box contains cards numbered 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗, … . 𝟑𝟓, 𝟑𝟕. A card is drawn at random from the box.
Find the probability that the drawn card have either multiples of 𝟕 or a prime number. 5M
A box contains card numbered
{3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37}
∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 18
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of multiples of 7
𝐴 = {7,21,35}
𝑛(𝐴) = 3
𝟑
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝟏𝟖
ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of prime number.
𝐵 = {3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37}
𝑛(𝐵) = 11
𝑛(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑛(𝑆)
11
= 18
𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 1
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {7}, 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = 18
𝑛(𝑆)

∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

3 11 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 18 + 18 − 18
13
= 18

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  171

𝟑
10. The probability that a person will get an electrification contract is 𝟓 and the probability that he
𝟓 𝟓
will not get plumbing contract is 𝟖. The probability of getting atleast one contract is 𝟕. What is the
probability that he will get both?
3 3 5M
The probability of get an electrification contract is 5 , 𝑃(𝐴) = 5
5 5
The probability that he will not get plumbing contract is 8 , 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 8
5
The probability of getting atleast one contract is 7.
5
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 7 ; 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =?
Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) Eg. 8.31: In a class of 50 students, 28 opted for NCC, 30 opted
𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) for NSS and 18 opted both NCC and NSS. One of the students
5 8−5 3 is selected at random. Find the probability that
=1− = = (i) The student opted for NCC but not NSS.
8 8 8
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) (ii) The sutdent opted for NSS but not NCC.
5 3 3 (iii) The student opted for exactly one of them.(PTA-1,4, MAY-22)
= 5 + 8 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
7 Eg. 8.32: 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two candidates seeking admission to IIT. The
3 3 5 probability that A getting selected is 0.5 and the probability that
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 5 + 8 − 7
both 𝐴 and 𝐵 getting selected is 0.3. Prove that the probability
(56×3)+(35×3)−(40×5) of 𝐵 being selected is atmost 0.8. (PTA-6)
= 280
UE-11: The probability that a student will pass the final
168+105−200
= examination in both English and Tamil is 0.5 and the
280
probability of passing neither is 0.1. If the probability of
273−200
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = passing the English examination is 0.75, what is the
280
probability of passing the Tamil examination?
𝟕𝟑
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =
𝟐𝟖𝟎

11. In a town of 8000 people, 1300 are over 50 years and 3000 are females. It is known that 30% of
the females are over 50 years. What is the probability that a chosen individual from the town is
either a female or over 50 years? 5M
𝑛(𝑆) = 8000 ∴ The required probability is
Let 𝐴 be the event of choosing female 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑛(𝐴)
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 30 13 9
𝑛(𝑆) = 80 + 80 − 80
3000 30
= 8000 = 80 30+13−9
= 80
Let 𝐵 be the event of randomly chosen
individual over 50 years old. 43−9
= 80
𝑛(𝐵) = 1300
34
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) =
𝑛(𝐵) 1300 13
= 8000 = 80 = 80
𝑛(𝑆)

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(An individual is 𝟏𝟕

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝟒𝟎
female over 50 years old)
30
30%𝑜𝑓 3000 ×3000 900 𝟗
= = 1008000 = 8000 = 𝟖𝟎
8000

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172 Way to Success - 10th Maths

12. A coin is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting exactly two heads or atleast one tail or
consecutive two heads. 5M PTA-2, 6
A coin is tossed thrice,
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛(𝑆) = 8
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of getting exactly two heads.
𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
𝑛(𝐴) = 3
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟑
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = =𝟖
𝑛(𝑆)

ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of the getting atleast one tail.

𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛(𝐵) = 7
𝑛(𝐵) 𝟕
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = =𝟖
𝑛(𝑆)

iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of getting consecutive two heads.

𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
𝑛(𝐶) = 3
𝑛(𝐶) 𝟑
∴ 𝑃(𝐶) = =𝟖
𝑛(𝑆) Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻} 9. Three unbiased coins are tossed once. Find the
probability of getting atmost 2 tails or atleast 2
𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵) 3 heads. 5M
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =8
𝑛(𝑆)

𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}, 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 2

𝑛(𝐵∩𝐶) 2
∴ 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = =8
𝑛(𝑆)

𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}, 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 2

𝑛(𝐴∩𝐶) 2
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = =8
𝑛(𝑆)

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 2,
𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶) 2
𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = =8
𝑛(𝑆)

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

3 7 3 3 2 2 2
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 8 + 8 + 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 + 8
3 7 2
=8+8−8
3 7 2
=8+8−8
10−2 8
= =8=𝟏
8

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  173

14. In a class of 𝟑𝟓, students are numbered from 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝟑𝟓. The ratio of boys to girls is 𝟒: 𝟑. The roll numbers
of students begin with boys and end with girls. Find the probability that a student selected is either a
boy with prime roll number or a girl with composite roll number or an even number.
Given: In a class 35 students 𝑛(𝐶) = 17 5M
𝑛(𝑆) = 35 𝑛(𝐶) 17
𝑃(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 35
The ratio of boys to girls 4: 3
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { }, 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
4𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 35
7𝑥 = 35 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
35 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {22,24,26,28,30,32,34}
𝑥= 7 =5 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 7
∴ Boys 4𝑥 ⇒ 4(5) = 20; 𝑛(𝐵∩𝐶)
∴ 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 35
7
𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠 3𝑥 = 3(5) = 15
Number of Boys = 20, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {2}, 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 1
𝑛(𝐴∩𝐶) 1
Number of Girls = 15 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 35
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of a student selected is 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = { }, 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 0,
either a boy with prime roll number; 𝑛(𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶) 0
𝐴 = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19}, 𝑛(𝐴) = 8 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 35 = 0
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟖 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶)
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝟑𝟓
−𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of a girl with composite −𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
roll number, 8 12 17 7 1
= 35 + 35 + 35 − 0 − 35 − 35 + 0
𝐵 = {21,22,24,25,26,27,28,30,32,33,34,35}
𝟏𝟐 8+12+17−7−1
𝑛(𝐵) = 12, ∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝟑𝟓 = 35
iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of an even roll number, 8−8+29
= 35
𝐶 = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,
𝟐𝟗
22,24,26,28,30,32,34} 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝟑𝟓

174 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Unit Exercise - 8
1. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 𝟔𝟐. 𝟖 and the sum of all frequencies is 𝟓𝟎.
Compute the missing frequencies 𝒇𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒇𝟐 . 5M
Class interval 𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎
Frequency 𝟓 𝒇𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝟐 𝟕 𝟖
𝑋̅ = 62.8, Σ𝑓 = 50, 𝐴 = 50, ℎ = 20
𝐶. 𝐼 Frequency 𝑓𝑖 Midvalue 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑥−𝐴 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖
ℎ
(𝑥𝑖 )
0 − 20 5 10 −2 −10
20 − 40 𝑓1 30 −1 −𝑓1
40 − 60 10 50 0 0
60 − 80 𝑓2 70 1 𝑓2
80 − 100 7 90 2 14
100 − 120 8 110 3 24
𝑁 = Σ𝑓𝑖 = 30 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 28 − 𝑓𝑖 + 𝑓2
𝑁 = Σ𝑓𝑖 = 50 −𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 32 − 28
30 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 50 𝑓2 − 𝑓1 = 4 ------ (2)
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 50 − 30 Solving (1) & (2)
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 20 ------(1) 𝑓2 + 𝑓1 = 20
Mean = 62.8 𝑓2 − 𝑓1 = 4
1 24
𝐴 + 𝑐 { Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 } = 62.8 2𝑓2 = 24 ⇒ 𝑓2 = 2 = 12
𝑁
28−𝑓1 +𝑓2 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐
50 + 20 { } = 62.8 (here 𝑐 = 20)
50 Sub: 𝑓2 = 12 in (1)
2
50 + 5 [28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ] = 62.8 − 50 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 20
2 𝑓1 + 12 = 20
[28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ] = 62.8 − 50
5 𝑓1 = 20 − 12;
28 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 32.0 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟖
3. The frequency distribution is given below.
𝒙 𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟑𝒌 𝟒𝒌 𝟓𝒌 𝟔𝒌
𝒇 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
In the table, 𝒌 is a positive integer, has a variance of 𝟏𝟔𝟎. Determine the value of 𝒌. 5M
The frequency distribution: Variance = 160 , 𝜎 2 = 160
𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2
𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 Σ𝑓 𝑥 2 Σ𝑓 𝑥 2
𝑘 2 2𝑘 2𝑘 2 𝜎 2 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑖 − ( 𝑁𝑖 𝑖 )
2𝑘 1 2k 4𝑘 2 92𝑘 2 22𝑘 2
160 = − ( )
3𝑘 1 3𝑘 9𝑘 2 7
92𝑘 2
7
484𝑘 2
4𝑘 1 4𝑘 16𝑘 2 160 = 7 − 49
5𝑘 1 5𝑘 25𝑘 2 160 =
644𝑘 2 −484𝑘 2
6𝑘 1 6𝑘 36𝑘 2 49
160𝑘 2
2
Σ𝑓𝑖 = 7 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 22𝑘 Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 92𝑘 2 160 = 49
𝑁 = 7, Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 22𝑘, Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 = 92𝑘 2 𝑘 2 = 49 ⇒ 𝑘 = √49 = 𝟕

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Special Guide - 8 - Statistics and Probability  175

4. The standard deviation of some temperature data in degree Celsius (℃) is 𝟓. If the data were converted
into degree Fahrenheit (℉) then what is the variance? 2M
9
𝜎 = 5°𝑐 , variance = 25, 𝐹 = 5 𝑐 + 32 Variance of (𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 variance of 𝑋
9
Variance of 𝐹 = 5 𝑐 + 32
9 2 81
= (5) × 25 = 25 × 25 ⇒ Variance of 𝐹 = 𝟖𝟏

5. If for a distribution, 𝚺(𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝟑, 𝚺(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑, and total number of observations is 𝟏𝟖, find
the mean and standard deviation. 5M
2
Σ(𝑥 − 5) = 3, 2
Σ(𝑥 − 5) = 43 Σ𝑥 − 930 + 450 = 43
𝑁 = 18 Σ𝑥 2 − 480 = 43
Σ(𝑥 − 5) = 3 Σ𝑥 2 = 43 + 480
Σ𝑥 − Σ5 = 3 Σ𝑥 2 = 523
Σ𝑥 − (18 × 5) = 3 Σ𝑥 2 Σ𝑥 2
𝜎=√ −(𝑛)
Σ𝑥 − 90 = 3 𝑛

Σ𝑥 = 3 + 90 523 93 2 523 93×93

Σ𝑥 = 93 = √ 18 − (18) = √ 18 − 18×18
Σ𝑥 93
𝑋̅ = = = 5.166666 523×18−(93×93) 1
𝑛 18
=√ = 18 √9414 − 8649
𝑋̅ = 5.17 18×18
Σ(𝑥 − 5)2 = 43 1
= 18 √765 =
27.66
Σ(𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25) = 43 18

Σ𝑥 2 − Σ10𝑥 + Σ25 = 43 𝜎 ≃ 1.53

Σ𝑥 2 − (10 × 93) + (25 × 18) = 43

6. Prices of peanut packets in various places of two cities are given below. In which city, prices were
more stable?
5M
Prices in city 𝑨 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟔
Prices in city 𝑩 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟓
Prices in city 𝐴 Prices in city B
20+22+19+23+16 100 10+20+18+12+15 75
̅
𝑋= = 5 = 20 𝑋̅ = = 5 = 15
5 5
𝑋̅ = 20 𝑋̅ = 15
2
𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑2
𝑥 − 20 𝑥 − 15
20 0 0 10 −5 25
22 2 4 20 5 25
19 −1 1 18 3 9
23 3 9 12 −3 9
16 −4 16 15 0 0
2 2
Σd = 30 Σ𝑑 = 68
Σ𝑑2 30 Σ𝑑2 68
𝜎=√ 𝑛
= √ 5 = √6 = 2.44 𝜎=√ = √ 5 = √13.6 = 3.68
𝑛
𝜎 ≃ 2.44 𝜎 ≃ 3.68
City A ⇒ 𝜎 ≃ 2.44 , City B ⇒ 𝜎 ≃ 3.68 ∴ City A is more stable.
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176 Way to Success - 10th Maths

9. In a two children family, find the probability that there is at least one girl in a family. 2M
𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝐵}
𝐵 → 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠, 𝐺 → 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠
𝑛(𝑆) = 4
Let 𝐴 be the event of at least one girl
𝐴 = {𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝐵}
𝑛(𝐴) = 3
𝑛(𝐴) 3
𝑃(𝐴) = =4
𝑛(𝑆)
3
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 4

Note for Unit Exercise – 8

Q.No: 2 – Similar to Exercise 8.1- 13th Question
Q.No: 7 - Similar to Exercise 8.1 – 1st Question
Q.No: 8 - Similar to Exercise 8.4 – 6th Question
Q.No: 10 - Similar to Exercise 8.3 – 9th Question
Q.No: 11 - Similar to Exercise 8.4 – 10th Question
Q.No: 12 - Similar to Exercise 8.3 – 11th Question

State and prove Addition Theorem of Probability 5M

Statement:
(i) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two events then, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(ii) If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are any three events then,
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
Proof:
(i) Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two events of a random experiment with sample
space 𝑆. From the Venn diagram, we have the events only 𝐴, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
and only 𝐵 are mutually exclusive and their union is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
Therefore, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃[(only 𝐴) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ 𝑃(only 𝐵)]
= 𝑃(only 𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + 𝑃(only 𝐵)
= [𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)] + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + [𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)]
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(ii) Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are any three events of a random experiment with sample space 𝑆.
Let 𝐷 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐷)
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐷) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐷)
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) − 𝑃[𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)]
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃[(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)]
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃[(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)]
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐴) + 𝑃[𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶]

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Kallakurichi-Sri Kirubha Stationary, Kanchipuram: VBC Books Kanniyakumari: New India Book House (Nagarkoil)
Karur: Karur book centre & Dharana Traders, Krishna Traders, Krishnagiri: Sri Ramana Book House,
Madurai: Mano, Jayam, Vetri, Meenakshi (Pudumandapam), Nagapattinam: Vinayaga papers, Mayiladuthurai-Balaji,
Seerkazhi-Semmalar, Vedharanyam-Nandhini books, Namakkal: Saravana Books (Bus stand), Rasipuram-Sakthi,
Babu Books, Tiruchengode-Chola Books, Nilgiris: Kothagiri-Bharani traders, Perambalur: Chandra Stores, Garuda
Books, Pudukottai: Sivanadian & Co, Aranthangi-Balu Enterprises, Ramanathapuram: Aruna Note Books,
Ramanathaswamy books, Salem: AKC, Vignesh, Saraswathi, S.V.S, Pattu, Palaniappa, Attur-Saraswathi,
Sivaganga: New Ayyanar Books (thondi road), Tenkasi: Maheswari Books, Thanjavur: LKR, Murugan,
Pattukottai-Arasu, Arasi, Kumbakonam-Balaji, Markandeya Books, Theni: Maya books, Thoothukudi: Eagle Books,
Sri Durga Stores, Tiruchirappalli: Rasi, Sumathi, Chathiram-Murugan Books, P.R.Sons, Kumaran, Teppakulam-
Viswas, Market-Raghavendra, Subhiksha Books, Gayathri books, Manapparai-Jothies, Tirunelveli: Eagle Books, Sri
Shyamala Books, Tiruppur: Chola book house, Thiruvallur: Gumidipoondi-Jaya books, Tiruvannamalai: APM
Stores, Saraswathi Book Stall, Thiruvarur: Enbajothy Vilas, Manonmani Books, Mannargudi-Balaji, Bharathi Books,
Thiruthuraipoondi-Jolly, Nannilam-Mullai, Thirupattur: Sri Sai Book Shop, S.K.V. Books, Vellore: Vellore Books
Villuppuram: Sabarinathan Books, Book Park, Virudhunagar: Sethu Books, Pondicherry: Balaji Books
For updated version of this list Visit us: www.waytosuccess.org Mail us: [email protected]
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Maths Guide

Uploaded by

Maths Guide

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Magical Hexagon for trigonometric identities

Product Identities: *=  

Product Identities: *= 1

√Number of bottom fingers

------ For orders ------ -----For subject-related clarifications-----

Way To Success – Special Guide  3

1. Relations and Functions

2. Numbers and Sequences

Complementary angle : tan 𝜃 0 1 √3 Undefined

𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 𝜋𝑙(𝑅 + 𝑟)

9 Cuboid 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏) 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ) 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ

Way To Success – Special Guide  5

Σ𝑥𝑖2 Σ𝑥𝑖 2 (i) Mean Method Σ𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2

II. Definitions and Theorems

Way To Success – Special Guide  7

Way To Success – Special Guide  9

Addition theorem on Probability:

10 Way to Success - 10th Maths

PART – I – 1 Mark Questions

Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  11

2. Numbers and Sequences

12 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  13

14 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  15

4. In a given figure 𝑆𝑇 ∥ 𝑄𝑅, 𝑃𝑆 = 2 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑆𝑄 = 3 𝑐𝑚. Then

15. In figure if 𝑃𝑅 is tangent to the circle at 𝑃 and 𝑂 is the centre SEP-20

16 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  17

18 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Special Guide – 1 Mark Questions  19

8. Statistics and Probability

20 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Steps of construction: 3. Draw a circle with 𝑂 as centre, 𝑂𝐴 or 𝑂𝐵 as radius.

Steps of construction: Steps of construction: = √75

Let Marked Price be D 1000 (𝟒, 𝟔)

𝑥 = 6500 ⇒ (6500, 3250) 𝑦 1 𝑥 1

Similar Problems Solution 𝑥 = {4, 5} Real and unequal roots.

Solution: 𝑥 = {2,0}, Real and equal roots

Similar Problems Similar Problems

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  31

1. Relations and Functions

1. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩, 𝑨 × 𝑨 and 𝑩 × 𝑨 PTA-1 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

32 Way to Success - 10th Maths

(iii) 𝑅3 = {(2, −1), (7,7), (1,3)}

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  33

(c) a set in roster form

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)

34 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. Let 𝑿 = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖} . Determine whether the relation ℝ = {(𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙))|𝒙 ∈ 𝑿, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏} is a

Given 𝑋 = {3,4,6,8} Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 − 5(−1) + 6 = 1 + 5 + 6 = 𝟏𝟐 6. A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  35

Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

7. An open box is to be made from a square piece of material, 24 cm on a side,

9. A plane is flying at a speed of 500 km per hour. Express the distance 𝑑

Eg.1.10. Using vertical line test, determine which of the

Similar Problems (Solve Your Self)

36 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Given, 𝐴 = {2,4,6,10,12}, 𝐵 = {0,1,2,4,5,9}

(i) set of ordered pairs, (iii) An arrow diagram (iv) Graph

The function 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 Arrow diagram:

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  37

Now = {1,2,3,4} , 𝐵 = {1,2,3, … } Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 2M

𝑓(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1 𝑓(0) = 3 − 4(0)2 = 3

Thus two distinct elements 1 and −1 in 𝐴

38 Way to Success - 10th Maths

6𝑥 + 1; −5 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 ; Where 𝑥 = −5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1

Similar Problems (Solve Your Self) 5M

Special Guide - 1 - Relations and Functions  39

(iv) When 𝑡(𝐶) = 212 5 9 5

40 Way to Success - 10th Maths

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 1) Hence 𝑎2 − 3 = 1

5. Let 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 ⊆ 𝑵 and a function 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈: 𝑩 → 𝑪 be defined by

𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ⊆ 𝑁

𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 , Range of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = {𝑦/𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁}