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Beginning C Through Game Programming 4th Edition
Michael Dawson Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Michael Dawson
ISBN(s): 9781305109919, 1305109910
Edition: 4
File Details: PDF, 8.88 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
 BEGINNING C++ THROUGH GAME
PROGRAMMING, FOURTH EDITION

MICHAEL DAWSON

Cengage Learning PTR

2
Beginning C++ Through Game Programming, Fourth Edition
Michael Dawson

Publisher and General Manager, Cengage Learning PTR: Stacy L. Hiquet

Associate Director of Marketing: Sarah Panella

Manager of Editorial Services: Heather Talbot

Senior Marketing Manager: Mark Hughes

Senior Product Manager: Emi Smith

Project Editor: Dan Foster, Scribe Tribe

Technical Reviewer: Joshua Smith

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© 2015 Cengage Learning PTR.

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright

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For product information and technology assistance, contact us at

Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.

3
 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all
requests online at cengage.com/permissions.

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All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

All images © Cengage Learning unless otherwise noted.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939190

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14

4
 To my sweet, tough cookie—for all of the help, support,
understanding (and distractions) you offered.

And to Ariella Saraswati Dawson, a girl who’s even more

impressive than her name. I look forward to rediscovering
the world with you, Monkey.

5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Every book you’ve ever read perpetuates a big fat lie. And I’m here to out the
publishing industry’s dirty little secret: Books are not “by” only one person.
Yes, you see only one name on many book covers (including this one), but it
takes a team of dedicated people to pull off the final product. Authors could
not do it alone; I certainly could not have done it alone. So I want to thank all
those who helped make this new edition a reality.

Thanks to Dan Foster, who pulled double duty as both Project Editor and
Copy Editor. Dan was able to help improve a book that had already seen
multiple editors.
Thanks to Joshua Smith, my Technical Reviewer, who made sure my
programs worked as advertised.
Thanks to Kelly Talbot, my Proofreader, whose work makes this book look
good—literally.
I also want to thank Emi Smith, my Senior Acquisitions Editor, for all of her
encouragement.
Finally, I want to thank all of the game programmers who created the games I
played while growing up. They inspired me to work on small games of my
own and to eventually work in the game industry. I hope I can inspire a few
readers to do the same.

6
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Michael Dawson is a game programming author and instructor who teaches

students the art and science of writing their own games. Mike has developed
and taught game programming courses for UCLA Extension, The Digital
Media Academy, and The Los Angeles Film School. In addition, his books
have been required reading in colleges and universities around the country.

Mike got his start in the game industry as a producer and designer, but he also
“starred” in an adventure game in which the player controls the main
character, named Mike Dawson. In the game, the player directs the digitized
images of Dawson, who must stop an extraterrestrial invasion before an
implanted alien embryo is born from his head.
In real life, Mike is the author of Beginning C++ Through Game
Programming, Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner, C++
Projects: Programming with Text-Based Games, and Guide to Programming
with Python. He earned his bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from the
University of Southern California. Visit his website at
www.programgames.com to learn more or to get support for any of his books.

7
CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter 1 Types, Variables, and Standard I/O: Lost Fortune

Introducing C++
Using C++ for Games
Creating an Executable File
Dealing with Errors
Understanding the ISO Standard
Writing Your First C++ Program
Introducing the Game Over Program
Commenting Code
Using Whitespace
Including Other Files
Defining the main( ) Function
Displaying Text through the Standard Output
Terminating Statements
Returning a Value from main( )
Working with the std Namespace
Introducing the Game Over 2.0 Program
Employing a using Directive
Introducing the Game Over 3.0 Program
Employing using Declarations
Understanding When to Employ using
Using Arithmetic Operators
Introducing the Expensive Calculator Program
Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying
Understanding Integer and Floating Point Division
Using the Modulus Operator
Understanding Order of Operations
Declaring and Initializing Variables
Introducing the Game Stats Program
Understanding Fundamental Types
Understanding Type Modifiers

8
 Declaring Variables
Naming Variables
Assigning Values to Variables
Initializing Variables
Displaying Variable Values
Getting User Input
Defining New Names for Types
Understanding Which Types to Use
Performing Arithmetic Operations with Variables
Introducing the Game Stats 2.0 Program
Altering the Value of a Variable
Using Combined Assignment Operators
Using Increment and Decrement Operators
Dealing with Integer Wrap Around
Working with Constants
Introducing the Game Stats 3.0 Program
Using Constants
Using Enumerations
Introducing Lost Fortune
Setting Up the Program
Getting Information from the Player
Telling the Story
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 2 Truth, Branching, and the Game Loop: Guess My Number

Understanding Truth
Using the if Statement
Introducing the Score Rater Program
Testing true and false
Interpreting a Value as true or false
Using Relational Operators
Nesting if Statements
Using the else Clause
Introducing the Score Rater 2.0 Program

9
 Creating Two Ways to Branch
Using a Sequence of if Statements with else Clauses
Introducing the Score Rater 3.0 Program
Creating a Sequence of if Statements with else Clauses
Using the switch Statement
Introducing the Menu Chooser Program
Creating Multiple Ways to Branch
Using while Loops
Introducing the Play Again Program
Looping with a while Loop
Using do Loops
Introducing the Play Again 2.0 Program
Looping with a do Loop
Using break and continue Statements
Introducing the Finicky Counter Program
Creating a while (true) Loop
Using the break Statement to Exit a Loop
Using the continue Statement to Jump Back to the Top of a
Loop
Understanding When to Use break and continue
Using Logical Operators
Introducing the Designers Network Program
Using the Logical AND Operator
Using the Logical OR Operator
Using the Logical NOT Operator
Understanding Order of Operations
Generating Random Numbers
Introducing the Die Roller Program
Calling the rand( ) Function
Seeding the Random Number Generator
Calculating a Number within a Range
Understanding the Game Loop
Introducing Guess My Number
Applying the Game Loop
Setting Up the Game
Creating the Game Loop
Wrapping Up the Game

10
 Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 3 for Loops, Strings, and Arrays: Word Jumble

Using for Loops
Introducing the Counter Program
Counting with for Loops
Using Empty Statements in for Loops
Nesting for Loops
Understanding Objects
Using string Objects
Introducing the String Tester Program
Creating string Objects
Concatenating string Objects
Using the size( ) Member Function
Indexing a string Object
Iterating through string Objects
Using the find( ) Member Function
Using the erase( ) Member Function
Using the empty( ) Member Function
Using Arrays
Introducing the Hero’s Inventory Program
Creating Arrays
Indexing Arrays
Accessing Member Functions of an Array Element
Being Aware of Array Bounds
Understanding C-Style Strings
Using Multidimensional Arrays
Introducing the Tic-Tac-Toe Board Program
Creating Multidimensional Arrays
Indexing Multidimensional Arrays
Introducing Word Jumble
Setting Up the Program
Picking a Word to Jumble
Jumbling the Word

11
 Welcoming the Player
Entering the Game Loop
Saying Goodbye
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 4 The Standard Template Library: Hangman

Introducing the Standard Template Library
Using Vectors
Introducing the Hero’s Inventory 2.0 Program
Preparing to Use Vectors
Declaring a Vector
Using the push_back( ) Member Function
Using the size( ) Member Function
Indexing Vectors
Calling Member Functions of an Element
Using the pop_back( ) Member Function
Using the clear( ) Member Function
Using the empty( ) Member Function
Using Iterators
Introducing the Hero’s Inventory 3.0 Program
Declaring Iterators
Looping through a Vector
Changing the Value of a Vector Element
Accessing Member Functions of a Vector Element
Using the insert( ) Vector Member Function
Using the erase( ) Vector Member Function
Using Algorithms
Introducing the High Scores Program
Preparing to Use Algorithms
Using the find( ) Algorithm
Using the random_shuffle( ) Algorithm
Using the sort( ) Algorithm
Understanding Vector Performance
Examining Vector Growth

12
 Examining Element Insertion and Deletion
Examining Other STL Containers
Planning Your Programs
Using Pseudocode
Using Stepwise Refinement
Introducing Hangman
Planning the Game
Setting Up the Program
Initializing Variables and Constants
Entering the Main Loop
Getting the Player’s Guess
Ending the Game
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 5 Functions: Mad Lib

Creating Functions
Introducing the Instructions Program
Declaring Functions
Defining Functions
Calling Functions
Understanding Abstraction
Using Parameters and Return Values
Introducing the Yes or No Program
Returning a Value
Accepting Values into Parameters
Understanding Encapsulation
Understanding Software Reuse
Working with Scopes
Introducing the Scoping Program
Working with Separate Scopes
Working with Nested Scopes
Using Global Variables
Introducing the Global Reach Program
Declaring Global Variables

13
 Accessing Global Variables
Hiding Global Variables
Altering Global Variables
Minimizing the Use of Global Variables
Using Global Constants
Using Default Arguments
Introducing the Give Me a Number Program
Specifying Default Arguments
Assigning Default Arguments to Parameters
Overriding Default Arguments
Overloading Functions
Introducing the Triple Program
Creating Overloaded Functions
Calling Overloaded Functions
Inlining Functions
Introducing the Taking Damage Program
Specifying Functions for Inlining
Calling Inlined Functions
Introducing the Mad Lib Game
Setting Up the Program
The main( ) Function
The askText( ) Function
The askNumber( ) Function
The tellStory( ) Function
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 6 References: Tic-Tac-Toe

Using References
Introducing the Referencing Program
Creating References
Accessing Referenced Values
Altering Referenced Values
Passing References to Alter Arguments
Introducing the Swap Program

14
 Passing by Value
Passing by Reference
Passing References for Efficiency
Introducing the Inventory Displayer Program
Understanding the Pitfalls of Reference Passing
Declaring Parameters as Constant References
Passing a Constant Reference
Deciding How to Pass Arguments
Returning References
Introducing the Inventory Referencer Program
Returning a Reference
Displaying the Value of a Returned Reference
Assigning a Returned Reference to a Reference
Assigning a Returned Reference to a Variable
Altering an Object through a Returned Reference
Introducing the Tic-Tac-Toe Game
Planning the Game
Setting Up the Program
The main( ) Function
The instructions( ) Function
The askYesNo( ) Function
The askNumber( ) Function
The humanPiece( ) Function
The opponent( ) Function
The displayBoard( ) Function
The winner( ) Function
The isLegal( ) Function
The humanMove( ) Function
The computerMove( ) Function
The announceWinner( ) Function
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 7 Pointers: Tic-Tac-Toe 2.0

Understanding Pointer Basics

15
 Introducing the Pointing Program
Declaring Pointers
Initializing Pointers
Assigning Addresses to Pointers
Dereferencing Pointers
Reassigning Pointers
Using Pointers to Objects
Understanding Pointers and Constants
Using a Constant Pointer
Using a Pointer to a Constant
Using a Constant Pointer to a Constant
Summarizing Constants and Pointers
Passing Pointers
Introducing the Swap Pointer Version Program
Passing by Value
Passing a Constant Pointer
Returning Pointers
Introducing the Inventory Pointer Program
Returning a Pointer
Using a Returned Pointer to Display a Value
Assigning a Returned Pointer to a Pointer
Assigning to a Variable the Value Pointed to by a Returned
Pointer
Altering an Object through a Returned Pointer
Understanding the Relationship between Pointers and Arrays
Introducing the Array Passer Program
Using an Array Name as a Constant Pointer
Passing and Returning Arrays
Introducing the Tic-Tac-Toe 2.0 Game
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 8 Classes: Critter Caretaker

Defining New Types
Introducing the Simple Critter Program

16
 Defining a Class
Defining Member Functions
Instantiating Objects
Accessing Data Members
Calling Member Functions
Using Constructors
Introducing the Constructor Critter Program
Declaring and Defining a Constructor
Calling a Constructor Automatically
Setting Member Access Levels
Introducing the Private Critter Program
Specifying Public and Private Access Levels
Defining Accessor Member Functions
Defining Constant Member Functions
Using Static Data Members and Member Functions
Introducing the Static Critter Program
Declaring and Initializing Static Data Members
Accessing Static Data Members
Declaring and Defining Static Member Functions
Calling Static Member Functions
Introducing the Critter Caretaker Game
Planning the Game
Planning the Pseudocode
The Critter Class
The main( ) Function
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 9 Advanced Classes and Dynamic Memory: Game Lobby

Using Aggregation
Introducing the Critter Farm Program
Using Object Data Members
Using Container Data Members
Using Friend Functions and Operator Overloading
Introducing the Friend Critter Program

17
 Creating Friend Functions
Overloading Operators
Dynamically Allocating Memory
Introducing the Heap Program
Using the new Operator
Using the delete Operator
Avoiding Memory Leaks
Working with Data Members and the Heap
Introducing the Heap Data Member Program
Declaring Data Members that Point to Values on the Heap
Declaring and Defining Destructors
Declaring and Defining Copy Constructors
Overloading the Assignment Operator
Introducing the Game Lobby Program
The Player Class
The Lobby Class
The Lobby::AddPlayer( ) Member Function
The Lobby::RemovePlayer( ) Member Function
The Lobby::Clear( ) Member Function
The operator<<( ) Member Function
The main( ) Function
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises

Chapter 10 Inheritance and Polymorphism: Blackjack

Introducing Inheritance
Introducing the Simple Boss Program
Deriving from a Base Class
Instantiating Objects from a Derived Class
Using Inherited Members
Controlling Access under Inheritance
Introducing the Simple Boss 2.0 Program
Using Access Modifiers with Class Members
Using Access Modifiers when Deriving Classes
Calling and Overriding Base Class Member Functions

18
 Introducing the Overriding Boss Program
Calling Base Class Constructors
Declaring Virtual Base Class Member Functions
Overriding Virtual Base Class Member Functions
Calling Base Class Member Functions
Using Overloaded Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors
in Derived Classes
Introducing Polymorphism
Introducing the Polymorphic Bad Guy Program
Using Base Class Pointers to Derived Class Objects
Defining Virtual Destructors
Using Abstract Classes
Introducing the Abstract Creature Program
Declaring Pure Virtual Functions
Deriving a Class from an Abstract Class
Introducing the Blackjack Game
Designing the Classes
Planning the Game Logic
The Card Class
The Hand Class
The GenericPlayer Class
The Player Class
The House Class
The Deck Class
The Game Class
The main( ) Function
Overloading the operator<<( ) Function
Summary
Questions and Answers
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Appendix A Creating Your First C++ Program

Appendix B Operator Precedence

Appendix C Keywords

Appendix D ASCII Chart

19
Appendix E Escape Sequences

Index

20
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 Made prisoner in the retreat from Russia, he demanded boldly his
liberty, not as a favor, but as a right; he invoked the sacredness of his
ministry and in particular the cares which he had lavished alike on the
Russians and on the French. An imperial ukase immediately rendered him
his liberty. The Emperor Alexander called him into his presence and
expressed to him his sentiments of high esteem and regard. He received
soon after from Sweden the order of the Polar Star.

Desgenettes’ death occurred in 1837. He made no contributions to

medical literature; and his enemies brought against him the charge
that, when he delivered a lecture, he spoiled it by telling too many
anecdotes about the different wars in which he took part.

Jean-Dominique Larrey was born in 1776 at Baudéan, a French

village at the foot of the Pyrenees. At the age of thirteen years,
shortly after the death of his father, he quitted his native village and
came under the care of his uncle, Alexis Larrey, who was Surgeon-
Major and Professor at the Hospital of Grave, near Toulouse. Under
the wise and kindly guidance of the latter he pursued his studies so
earnestly and with such intelligence that he was able, on attaining
his twentieth year, to pass successfully the examinations required for
an appointment to the position of Assistant Surgeon in the French
Navy.
The sloop-of-war “La Vigilante,” the vessel in which he gained his
first experience in the naval service, met with disaster and Larrey
was nearly shipwrecked. As soon as possible after this thrilling
experience he went to Paris and took service in the great Hospital of
Hôtel-Dieu, under the orders of the famous surgeon Desault. This
was at the beginning of the severe winter of 1789, an eventful time
in the history of France. The Revolution was now in full swing, and
Larrey not only was an eye-witness of the troubles which
characterized its early stages, but he also had the opportunity, under
the orders of Desault, to render professional service to the first
victims of those tragic days. Three years afterward, while serving in
the Army of the Rhine, under the command of Marshal Luckner, he
was able to put to good use all the admirable surgical training which
he had received under Desault at the Hôtel-Dieu.
When Larrey was about twenty-one years old and while he was
attached to that part of the French Army which was then stationed
in the vicinity of Milan and Venice, he interested himself actively in
the establishment of an army ambulance service. Already three or
four years earlier he had become sensible of the inconveniences of
the French ambulances which were then in use. In the first place,
these vehicles were of such a type as to be ill-suited to the work
which they were intended to perform; they were too heavy to be
driven with reasonable speed to and from the battlefield, and they
were also so rigidly constructed that at every irregularity in the
ground over which the wheels passed the wounded soldier
experienced a painful jolt. Then, in the second place, aside from the
faulty construction of these vehicles, the regulations governing their
management were so badly planned as to leave the wounded lying
unaided on the battlefield sometimes for several hours together. It
was customary, for example, to station the ambulances at a spot
about three miles distant from the troops who were shortly to
engage in combat, and they were not despatched to the battlefield
until after the fighting had ended. In this way hours often elapsed
before the wounded could receive any aid whatever from the
surgeon.
In working out a solution of this complex problem Larrey’s very
practical mind quickly reached certain conclusions: first, that it was
most important to remove the wounded from the battlefield to a
place of safety much earlier than had hitherto been the custom; and,
second, that the type of ambulance then universally employed was
altogether too heavy and too rigid to serve well the purposes for
which it was needed. He realized fully that this last part of the
problem was the more important part, and that, if he could invent a
less ponderous and at the same time more elastic vehicle for use as
the field ambulance, he would by this very act be placed in a
position where he could effect in a large measure a solution of the
second half of the problem.
 BARON LARREY

Larrey promptly set about the work of providing a new type of

field ambulance and in a short time was successful in obtaining a
most useful vehicle for the purpose. It is described by his biographer
in the following words:—
This invention of Larrey’s was a kind of carriage hung on springs,
uniting great strength and solidity with lightness. Such indeed was its
lightness that it was able to follow all the movements of the advance
guard with as much speed as flying artillery. These ambulances volantes,
as they were called, were first used by the French in a defile of the Rhine
near Koenigstein. Here the ambulances invented by the talented and
benevolent French surgeon bore the wounded rapidly away from the
neighborhood of the enemy instead of leaving them either to die or to
sustain a protracted agony on the field of battle.

In this work of inventing a field ambulance of a greatly improved

pattern Larrey revealed an exceptionally fine trait of character, viz., a
strong desire to utilize his talents and the opportunities afforded by
his official position for the benefit of his fellow men, both the
wounded of the French army and those of the enemy forces. He
revealed the same trait in many other ways—as, for instance, when
he took infinite pains, after a battle, to provide proper shelter, food
and care for the wounded in the town or village nearest to the site
of the conflict, and that too in a part of the country which belonged
to the enemy. He revealed it again in the fighting which took place in
Eastern Prussia and in the course of the numerous retreats which
Napoleon’s army was forced to make in the Russian campaign.
Among the incidents which occurred during that long and
disastrous retreat of the remnants of Napoleon’s army from Moscow
there was one which reveals in a very clear light the high sense of
duty that characterized Larrey’s actions as Surgeon-in-Chief of the
French Army and the complete faith which the individual soldiers
composing that army—or at least the better disposed among them—
placed in his disinterested and loyal service in their behalf. The
incident to which I have reference occurred while the disorganized
French troops were crossing the Beresina River and is thus described
by Larrey’s biographer:—
The Russian general arrived at the head of 50,000 men and began the
fire among the division of General Partonneaux, the soldiers of which
 division immediately wished to cross the Bridge all at once. The
conveyances collided with one another, and some of the unfortunate men
were crushed, while others, losing all spirit, threw themselves into the
stream.... There was throughout a frightful mixture of imprecations, of
clashings, and of strugglings, whence arose indescribable disorder and a
breaking of the overloaded bridge. The Russian Army approached, and
with its formidable artillery tore the ranks of the French mob of
soldiers.... In this immense disaster what had become of the
distinguished Surgeon-in-Chief of the Grand Army? After having crossed
over the Beresina with the Imperial Guard, he discovered that requisites
for the sick and wounded of his countrymen had been left on the
opposite bank. With equal humanity and heroism, he recrossed the river,
and hardly had he done so when he was surrounded by a wildly excited
crowd. He was almost suffocated in the midst of it.... No sooner was he
recognized than he was carried back with great rapidity in the arms of
the soldiers across the river. On all parts was heard the cry, in nearly
these words, “Let us save him who saved us!” The soldiers almost forgot
their own safety in their desire to preserve an officer whose tender
kindness they had so often experienced.

I believe that I have now shown with sufficient fulness of detail

what were the prominent characteristics of Larrey as a man and as
an executive army medical officer. It still remains for me to furnish
some evidence of the excellent judgment which he displayed in his
work as a practical surgeon.
In one of the French hospitals, during the war, Larrey’s attention
was called to a Russian soldier who had been shot in the forehead
by an iron ball weighing 217 grammes. This projectile had pierced
the frontal bone above and a little to the outside of the right
eyebrow, and had penetrated into the interior of the skull. Despite
the bulk of this iron ball, the opening which was perceptible in the
bone did not exceed six or eight millimeters in diameter, and, by
introducing a small probe, one might feel the ball. The smallness of
the opening in the bone, says Larrey, may be explained by the
elasticity of the osseous fibres, some of which the ball would have to
push aside in order completely to penetrate the outer table of the
frontal bone, and which consequently would yield instead of
fracturing. In the present case the bony angles at the edge of the
circular opening were cut away by the surgeon and the opening
itself was made large enough to permit the removal of the ball by
means of an elevator and pincers. A great quantity of coagulated
blood and some small fragments of bone were then evacuated. The
brain itself presented at this spot a depression of about seven
millimeters in depth. In a short period of time the wound healed,
and apparently complete recovery followed.
In order to judge correctly of the credit which rightfully belongs to
Larrey for his successful treatment of this case of gunshot wound of
the skull and underlying brain, one must remember that in the early
part of the nineteenth century it was considered a very bold surgical
act to operate upon the injured brain, and particularly so in the
almost complete absence of adequate surgical equipment.
As an instance of Larrey’s quickness in meeting an emergency I
will narrate here very briefly an experience which he had at
Smolensk, Russia. When the French troops entered that city, after a
severe battle, they found that the inhabitants had already fled,
owing in part to the fact that many of their dwellings had been
destroyed by fire. Larrey, as soon as was practicable, converted
fifteen of the largest buildings which had not been devastated by the
flames, into hospitals for the wounded. Unfortunately, all supplies or
stores of any kind had either been destroyed by the enemy or
removed by them in their orderly and premeditated retreat. For the
large number of wounded there was a deficiency of linen and
splints; but Larrey discovered a store of archives in one of the
buildings which had escaped the fire, and he promptly substituted
sheets of paper for linen and utilized the thick parchment covers for
splints. He toiled with little intermission night and day, and the
French surgeons generally, in imitation of their chief, were
indefatigable in their attention to the wounded, who were about
10,000 in number.
Las Cases, in his “Memorial of St. Helena,” published after he had
returned to Europe, reports Napoleon as having uttered the
following words on October 23, 1816: “What a man, what a brave
and worthy man is Larrey! What care was given by him to the army
in Egypt and everywhere! I have conceived for him the highest
esteem. If the army were to raise a column to the memory of any
one, it should be to the memory of Larrey. He has left in my mind
the idea of a truly honest man.” In his will Napoleon wrote: “I
bequeath to the Surgeon-in-Chief of the French Army, Larrey,
100,000 francs. He is the most virtuous man I have ever known.”
The reader will pardon me, I am sure, if I furnish here additional
proof of Larrey’s sound judgment in questions of a purely surgical
nature. He insisted, for example, on the importance of promptly
resorting to amputation in cases where the gunshot wound had
caused a complicated fracture of the bone or had inflicted serious
destruction of the soft parts; and he particularly recommended this
course of action in the case of individuals who were cachectic or
below par. He expressed himself in favor of the circular incision in
preference to that which was intended to furnish flaps. (From
“Mémoire sur les Amputations, etc.,” Paris, 1797.)
In another place Larrey mentions, somewhat in detail, the reasons
why primary amputations are to be given the preference in military
surgery. They are the following:—
(1) The inconvenience which attends the transportation of the
wounded from the field of battle to the military hospitals on badly
constructed carriages; the jarring of these wagons produces such
disorder in the wounds and in all the nerves, that the greater part of the
wounded perish on the way, especially if it be long, and the heat or cold
of the weather be extreme.
(2) The danger of remaining long in the hospitals. This risk is much
diminished by amputation; it converts a gunshot wound into one which is
capable of being speedily healed, and obviates the causes that produce
the hospital fever and gangrene.
(3) In case the wounded are of necessity abandoned on the field of
battle: In this event it is important that amputation should have been
performed, because—when it is completed—they [the wounded] may
remain several days without being dressed, and the subsequent
dressings are more easily accomplished. Moreover, it often happens that
these unfortunate persons do not find surgeons sufficiently skilful to
 operate, as we have seen among some nations whose military hospitals
were not organized like ours. (From Vol. 2 of Larrey’s “Memoirs of Military
Surgery.”)

(In judging the quality of the advice given here the reader should
not overlook the fact that it was pronounced in the early part of the
nineteenth century.)
Larrey’s death occurred on July 24, 1842. A few years previous to
this date he had received the title of Baron.
 BOOK XIII
A FEW OF THE IMPORTANT HOSPITALS AND THE
PRINCIPAL ORGANIZATIONS IN PARIS FOR
TEACHING MEDICINE AND MIDWIFERY
 CHAPTER XXV

HOSPITAL OF “LA MATERNITÉ,” THE GREAT FRENCH

MIDWIFERY SCHOOL

John Cross, the author of an excellent memoir entitled “Sketches

of the Medical Schools of Paris,” has written such a full and
satisfactory account of la Maternité and its admirable teaching
machinery that I shall not hesitate to use it freely as my guide in
preparing this and the following chapters. I am the more ready to
adopt this course because, first, I have had no personal experience
whatever with this department of medical science, and, second,
because Dr. Cross’ account is not compiled from the writings of other
physicians, but is based upon his own personal observations and
upon information which he derived at first hand from Monsieur
Chaussier, the Physician-in-Chief of the hospital. Here is what he
writes (1815) upon this important subject:—
The midwifery department of l’Hôpital de la Maternité is converted to
an admirable purpose by being made a school for the educating of
Sages-Femmes (midwives); and I was not a little surprised at my first
entering this hospital with Monsieur Chaussier, the Physician-in-Chief, to
find the wards crowded with female students. This midwifery-school was
founded about twelve years ago (about 1803), since which time young
women have come annually from all parts of France to study there. Some
pursue their education at their own expense; but most of them are
chosen by the Prefets of the different Départements of France or by the
governors of country hospitals, by whom all expenses are paid. For six-
hundred francs these women are lodged, boarded and educated, during
one year. They reside in the hospital, and cannot go out of its precincts
 without permission. After a twelve-months residence and an examination,
they receive their diplomas from l’École de Médecine—or the Faculté de
Médecine—to practice as midwives.... They follow the Physician and
Surgeon in their daily visits, and each pupil makes a clinical report in
writing of the patients under her care. The accuracy and minuteness of
some of these reports, presented to Monsieur Chaussier during his visit,
could not have been greater if they had been made by an experienced
practitioner....
During the first five years of the existence of this École
d’Accouchement, nearly five-hundred well-educated women were sent to
practice midwifery in different parts of France.... In June, 1814, the
month in which the new students are admitted, and those who have
finished their education are dismissed, one-hundred and thirty, who had
followed the lectures and practice of midwifery at la Maternité during the
preceding year, were examined, and received certificates of their being
qualified to practice as accoucheuses.... Monsieur Baudelocque was, to
the time of his death, a zealous promoter of this school of midwifery, and
a copy of his catechism sur les Accouchements is given to each pupil as
soon as she is admitted. This school is an institution which, from the
novelty and excellence of the plan, the manner in which it is carried on,
and the benefits that must spring from it to society, does honor to the
country which has founded and supported it.... Les Élèves Sages-Femmes
who reside for twelve months at l’Hôpital de la Maternité, and about
whose instruction so much pains are taken and so much attention
bestowed by the medical men attached to it, are, there can be little
doubt, quite as good practitioners at the completion of their education,
as the male students in midwifery in any country.

What is here written by Dr. Cross refers to the condition of la

Maternité as he found it in 1815,—that is, after the institution had
been in successful operation for nearly if not quite twenty years. To
go back to the time when it was first organized I should state that,
upon the breaking up and disorganization of the Faculté de
Médecine and the École de Chirurgie, there was erected, upon the
ruins of these, l’École de Santé, in which Baudelocque was given the
place of Professor of Obstetrics; and at the same time he was
appointed “Surgeon-in-Chief and Accoucheur” of the recently
established Maternité. From the very first both the general public
and the great majority of physicians reposed almost absolute
confidence in Baudelocque, and consequently it is not strange that
he was the guiding spirit in the development of this important
hospital and training school.
Sprengel, the author of one of the earliest and best histories of
medicine, gives unlimited praise to Baudelocque for the clearness,
practical character and conciseness of his writings on the subject of
midwifery. His treatise on obstetrics, he adds, is decidedly superior
to that of the English surgeon, Thomas Denman, whose writings,
which cover the same field, were published at about the same period
of time.
As to the details of the management of la Maternité, the mortality
experienced, the number of infants born, etc.... I must refer the
reader to Dr. Cross’ memoir, in which he gives, in addition, an
account of the somewhat similar work done at the famous Dublin
Lying-in Hospital. There remain, however, a number of interesting
details concerning the life and career of Baudelocque which cannot
well be omitted from this sketch, and I will therefore proceed at
once to supply them here.
Professional jealousy, which seems to have existed in those days
in a particularly virulent form, left Baudelocque very little peace of
mind and undermined his health to a serious degree. One of the
most striking experiences of this nature is the following:—
A certain Dr. Sacombe set out to increase his reputation—or,
rather, to gain notoriety for himself—by attacking violently all those
physicians who sanctioned the operation of Caesarian section as
permissible in certain cases; and, inasmuch as Baudelocque was the
most distinguished one among these physicians, he directed his
most violent efforts against him. There having recently occurred, in
the latter’s practice, a case of tedious labor in which it had been
found necessary to remove the head of the foetus by amputation,
Dr. Sacombe intimated that Baudelocque in this instance had been
guilty of what apparently amounted to a double murder. Both public
opinion and the courts were very prompt in judging this to be an
infamous calumny on the part of the accuser. Although Baudelocque
was completely exonerated from the charge, he nevertheless
suffered keenly from the brutality of this attack upon his character.
In fact, it was believed that the cerebral affection from which he
died on May 2, 1810, was brought on by the worry which was
associated with Dr. Sacombe’s attack. Shortly before his death the
news reached him that he had been chosen to take charge of the
Accouchement of the Empress, Marie Louise, but even this
vindication failed to be of any benefit at that late hour.
The two most important treatises published by Baudelocque are
the following: “Principes de l’Art par Réponses, en Faveur des Élèves
Sages-Femmes,” Paris, 1775. This work was written entirely for the
guidance of midwives, the Government purchasing 6000 copies.
“l’Art des Accouchements,” Paris, 1781, 2 vols. Later editions were
published in 1789, 1796, 1807, 1815 and 1822. Baudelocque also
published a number of memoirs and reports of cases.
The success of la Maternité as the great French Lying-in Hospital
and Training School for Midwives was probably as much due to the
wise and painstaking management of the widow Lachapelle as to the
skill and great experience of Baudelocque. It is therefore only fitting
that I should give here a brief biographic sketch of this admirable
woman.

Veuve Lachapelle, whose maiden name was Marie-Louise Dugès,

was born at Paris on January 1, 1769. Her mother, Marie Jonet, was
at first a sworn midwife (“Sage-Femme Jurée”) at the Chatelet
Hospital, but later (1775) she was promoted to the position of
Midwife-in-Chief of Hôtel-Dieu, the largest hospital in Paris. Madame
Jonet made her home in Hôtel-Dieu, and she performed the duties
of her very responsible office with such zeal, such conspicuous
ability, and such faithfulness that the Government awarded her,
when she retired after a long service, a liberal pension. The
daughter Marie, who had been brought up with great care under the
constant supervision of her mother, and who had lived from day to
day as it were in the midst of pregnant women and women actually
undergoing confinement, absorbed unconsciously a great deal of
information, both theoretical and practical, concerning the art of
midwifery. Although she married, in 1792, Monsieur Lachapelle, the
Resident Surgeon of the Hôpital Saint-Louis, she continued her
residence at Hôtel-Dieu, with her mother, to whom she was strongly
attached; and after the death of her husband, which occurred not
long after they had been married, this attachment rather increased.
Madame Lachapelle, who from this time onward was known as
Veuve Lachapelle, showed such a keen interest in her work and
performed all her hospital duties with such skill and such excellent
judgment that in 1795 the Government appointed her the Associate
Chief Midwife of Hôtel-Dieu.
At a somewhat later date, during the administration of Minister
Chaptal, the Maternité Hospital was organized, and Madame
Lachapelle was made the Resident Directress of the new institution.
Baudelocque was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief and Professor of
Obstetrics, and Madame Lachapelle was given the position, under
him, of Instructress in Midwifery. François Chaussier, Baudelocque’s
successor and one of the most distinguished French physicians of
that period, declared that Madame Lachapelle was a most successful
teacher of the art of midwifery, and added that her usefulness in this
field extended far beyond the period of her active connection with
the Maternité Hospital; for she had made a regular practice, during
her residence in that institution, of keeping an immense number of
carefully prepared records of the cases which came under her
observation, and these, which form the basis of the volumes
published after her death, by her nephew, constitute—as Chaussier
believes—a most useful work of reference, second in value only to
the great work of Baudelocque.
Veuve Lachapelle’s death occurred on October 4, 1821. The work
referred to in the preceding paragraph bears the following title:
“Pratique des Accouchemens, ou Mémoires et Observations Choisies
sur les Points les plus Importans de l’Art,” publiées par Antoine
Dugès, neveu de l’auteur, Paris, 1821–1825, 3 vols.
 CHAPTER XXVI

FURTHER DETAILS CONCERNING THE PARIS

FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE AND CONCERNING SOME
OF THE LARGER HOSPITALS OF PARIS

The present chapter is intended to supply, in as condensed a form

as possible, some of the facts relating to the growth of the Paris
School of Medicine, and also information concerning one or two of
the larger hospitals of Paris. As such details are not likely to possess
interest for more than a comparatively small number of my readers I
unhesitatingly advise all others to skip this chapter.
“The Medical Schools[26] of the Rue de la Bûcherie,” says Chereau,
“are still in existence to-day (1866), although somewhat altered in
appearance. They stand at the angle formed by the Rue de la
Bûcherie and the Rue de l’Hôtel Colbert. These buildings, however,
masquerade under singular forms. Since the day when our fathers in
medicine abandoned the Temple of Aesculapius (1775) it has been
put to a great variety of uses, such as a public lavoir, a tap room, a
cabaret where thieves meet, rooms equipped each with a number of
beds, and a lupanar, where the fee charged was twenty sous a
sitting; the room in which Riolan taught anatomy converted into a
low-down billiard saloon; the ground over which Femel walked,
soaked with all sorts of nasty fluids; the office in which sat the
employés of the school—those vigilant guardians of the rights and
dignity of the Faculty—plastered with police ordinances; the chapel,
in which the doctors were wont piously to attend mass, now
occupied as a miserable lodging-house; etc.”

Eighteenth-century plan showing the relations of the Paris École de

Médecine to Hôtel-Dieu, the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame and the River
Seine.

(Reduced copy of the cut printed in Franklin’s “La Vie Privée

d’Autrefois,” 1892.)

In 1808 the Faculté de Médecine was given the splendid quarters

of the Collège de l’Académie de Chirurgie, where it is still to-day
located. Clinical instruction was carried on at Hôtel-Dieu, La Charité
and certain other hospitals. The school itself is no longer called
“l’École de Médecine,” but “la Faculté de Médecine,” and the old
building, suitably modified, has been preserved—not as a part of the
present school, but as a sort of clubroom or social hall for the use of
all the university students. (See accompanying illustrations facing
page 260.)

Écoles de Santé.—When the statement was made before the

Convention that the Army of the Republic had lost about 600 medical
officers, and that the troops in the eastern Pyrenees were almost
entirely without physicians and surgeons, a law was passed
(December 4, 1794) authorizing the organization at Paris,
Montpellier and Strassburg, of three medical institutes or secondary
medical schools (designated as “Écoles de Santé”). They were
originally intended to be simply temporary organizations where
“officiers de santé” might be trained for service in the hospitals,—
more particularly the military and naval hospitals. Each of the
Départements of France was entitled to send one pupil to be
educated at one of these military medical schools, at the expense of
the nation, for a period of three years. In accordance with this
scheme Paris received 300 pupils, Montpellier 150, and Strassburg
100. Owing to the lack of places or schools where young men might,
at their own expense, be trained as physicians, it soon became
necessary to permit men of this class to attend these schools. And
so in 1796 the Medical School at Paris was reorganized and provision
made for the following twelve professorships:—
Anatomy and Physiology.
Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy.
Medical Physics and Hygiene.
Surgical Pathology.
Pathology of Internal Diseases.
Medical Natural History.
Operative Surgery.
Surgical Clinic.
Clinic of Internal Diseases.
Clinic for Final Stage of Students’ Training.
Obstetrics.
History of Medicine and Medico-Legal Science.
 In 1798 a chair for pathological anatomy was added, and there
were also organized several special clinics—one, for example, for
sexual diseases; and among the names of the professors who taught
at this period are to be found those of Sabatier, Chopart, Pinel,
Corvisart, Baudelocque, Lassus, and P. A. O. Mahon. The last-named
lectured on the history of medicine. No fees were charged for
tuition. Under this new régime the Paris Medical School rapidly rose
in favor, until in 1799 the attendance had reached the extraordinary
total of 1500. In addition to the regular students who expected to
receive a medical diploma if they passed a satisfactory examination
at the end of the course, there was a large attendance of quacks, at
all three of these schools (Paris, Montpellier and Strassburg). Neither
a diploma nor any special permit, however, was required of those
who wished to engage in the practice of medicine. This state of
affairs soon led to frightful abuses, and the Convention accordingly
passed a new law (March 10, 1803), which stated that, for the
future, only those who had passed a satisfactory examination in the
fundamental branches (anatomy, physiology, pathology, materia
medica, pharmacy, chemistry, hygiene, obstetrics, surgery and
internal medicine) would be permitted to engage in practice. The
duration of this course of training was four years, and the candidate
was further required to furnish satisfactory evidence that he had
completed the regular Lyceum course of studies (equivalent to the
undergraduate course at one of our American Colleges) before he
entered upon the medical course.
1. The side of the Paris Faculté de Médecine which fronts on the
Rue de l’École de Médecine.

(From “La Vie Universitaire.”)

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