Basic Computer Organization and Design 1

Processor Register
 A processor has many registers to hold instructions, addresses, data, etc
 The processor has a register, the Program Counter (PC) that holds the
memory address of the next instruction to be executed
Since the memory in the Basic Computer only has 4096 locations,
the PC only needs 12 bits
 In a direct or indirect addressing, the processor needs to keep track of
what locations in memory it is addressing: The Address Register (AR) is
used for this
The AR is a 12 bit register in the Basic Computer
 When an operand is found, using either direct or indirect addressing, it
is placed in the Data Register (DR). The processor then uses this value as
data for its operation
 The Basic Computer has a single general purpose register – the
Accumulator (AC)

CSE 211
Basic Computer Organisation and Design 2

Processor Register
 The significance of a general purpose register is that it can be referred to in
instructions
e.g. load AC with the contents of a specific memory location; store the contents of AC
into a specified memory location
 Often a processor will need a scratch register to store intermediate results
or other temporary data; in the Basic Computer this is the Temporary
Register (TR)
 The Basic Computer uses a very simple model of input/output (I/O)
operations
Input devices are considered to send 8 bits of character data to the processor
The processor can send 8 bits of character data to output devices
 The Input Register (INPR) holds an 8 bit character gotten from an input
device
 The Output Register (OUTR) holds an 8 bit character to be send to an
output device

CSE 211
Basic Computer Organization and Design 3

Processor Register
Registers in the Basic Computer
11 0
PC
Memory
11 0
4096 x 16
AR
15 0
IR CPU
15 0 15 0
TR DR
7 0 7 0 15 0
OUTR INPR AC

List of BC Registers
DR 16 Data Register Holds memory operand
AR 12 Address Register Holds address for memory
AC 16 Accumulator Processor register
IR 16 Instruction Register Holds instruction code
PC 12 Program Counter Holds address of instruction
TR 16 Temporary Register Holds temporary data
INPR 8 Input Register Holds input character
OUTR 8 Output Register Holds output character
CSE 211
 In basic computer, which of the following
register is called as a General Purpose Register ?
a) PC
b) IR
c) TR
d) AC
Basic Computer Organization and Design 5

Common Bus System

 Basic computer : 8 register, a memory unit and a control unit

 The registers in the Basic Computer are connected using a bus

 This gives a savings in circuitry over complete connections between

registers

 Output of 7 register and memory connected to input of bus

 Specific output that is selected for bus lines will be determined by

selection variables S2, S1, S0

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Basic Computer Organization and Design 6

Common Bus System

S2
S1 Bus
S0
Memory unit 7
4096 x 16
Address
Write Read
AR 1

LD INR CLR
PC 2

LD INR CLR
DR 3

LD INR CLR
E
ALU AC 4

LD INR CLR

INPR

IR 5
LD
TR 6
LD INR CLR
OUTR
Clock
LD

CSE 211
Basic Computer Organization and Design

Common Bus System

 Three control lines, S2, S1, and S0 control which register the bus
selects as its input
S2 S1 S0 Register
0 0 0 x
0 0 1 AR
0 1 0 PC
0 1 1 DR
1 0 0 AC
1 0 1 IR
1 1 0 TR
1 1 1 Memory

 Either one of the registers will have its load signal activated, or the
memory will have its write signal activated
Will determine where the data from the bus gets loaded
 Memory places its 16 bit output on bus when read input is
activated and S2S1S0=111

CSE 211
Basic Computer Organization and Design

Common Bus System

 4 register DR, AC, IR, TR is 16 bit. The 12-bit registers, AR and PC,
have 0’s loaded onto the bus in the high order 4 bit positions

 When the 8-bit register OUTR is loaded from the bus, the data
comes from the low order 8 bits on the bus

 INPR – connected to provide information to bus

- receives character from input device and transfer to AC
 OUTR – can only receive information from bus
- receives a character from AC and delivers to Output device

 Three types of input to AC :

 from AC : complement AC, Shift AC
 from DR : arithmetic and logic microoperation
 from INPR
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Basic Computer Organization and Design

Common Bus System

 Bus lines connected to inputs of 6 registers and memory

 Input/output data connected to common bus but memory address

connected to AR

CSE 211
• What is the size of memory in basic
computer?
a) 4096 x 12
b) 4096 x 12
c) 4095 x 16
d) 4096 x 16
 CSE211
Computer Organization and Design
Computer Instructions
Timing and Control
Instruction Cycles
Memory Reference Instructions
Input Output and Interrupts
Complete Computer Description

11
Basic Computer Organization and Design 12

Overview

Instruction Codes

 Computer Registers

 Computer Instructions

 Timing and Control

 Instruction Cycle

 Memory Reference Instructions

 Input-Output and Interrupt

 Complete Computer Description

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Basic Computer Organization and Design 13

Basic Computer Instructions

Basic Computer Instruction Format

1. Memory-Reference Instructions (OP-code = 000 ~ 110)

15 14 12 11 0
I Opcode Address

2. Register-Reference Instructions (OP-code = 111, I = 0)

15 12 11 0
0 1 1 1 Register operation

3. Input-Output Instructions (OP-code =111, I = 1)

15 12 11 0
1 1 1 1 I/O operation

CSE 211
• In basic computer, which of the following flip
flops is used to hold the addressing mode
information?
a) E
b) I
c) A
d) T