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Chapter 6 Draught System

The document discusses the draught system in boilers, explaining the stack effect and the two main types of draught: natural and mechanized. It details the mechanized draught system, which includes forced, induced, and balanced draught systems, highlighting their components and functions. Additionally, it covers the importance of fans and air heaters in improving boiler efficiency and preventing issues like cold end corrosion.

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14 views

Chapter 6 Draught System

The document discusses the draught system in boilers, explaining the stack effect and the two main types of draught: natural and mechanized. It details the mechanized draught system, which includes forced, induced, and balanced draught systems, highlighting their components and functions. Additionally, it covers the importance of fans and air heaters in improving boiler efficiency and preventing issues like cold end corrosion.

Uploaded by

sureshpv36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

CHAPTER 6
DRAUGHT SYSTEM

6.1 STACK EFFECT


Hot air or gas having lower density than the cold air exhibits the natural tendency of
moving upwards. Due to this tendency when the hot gas or hot air flow in a vertical
duct the pressure drop for a downward flow increases and it decreases for upward flow,
compared to what the pressure drop would normally be under the same conditions in a
horizontal duct. This effect is known as stack effect.

6.2 DRAUGHT TYPES


1. Natural draught
2. Mechanized draught

1. NATURAL DRAUGHT
When the required flow of air and flue gas through a boiler can be obtained by the stack
alone the system is called natural draught system. When the gas within the stack is hot,
its specific weight will be less than that of the cool air outside the stack. In natural
draught, the draught loss is compensated by the stack effect produced by the stack
alone.

Fig. Natural Draught System

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BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

Though even today smaller boilers may use natural draught, for larger boilers equipped
with super heaters, economisers and air heaters where the total draught loss is
necessarily large, it is not practical or economical to obtain the draught by a stack alone
as the height of the stack required in such cases will be impractical to construct.

2. MECHANISED DRAUGHT
A. Forced draught system
B. Induced draught system
C. Balanced draught system

A. FORCED DRAUGHT SYSTEM


In this system a fan called draught fan is installed at the inlet of the boiler. This fan
forces the atmosphere air through the boiler furnace and pushes out the hot gases from
the furnace through super heaters, re heaters, economisers, air heaters etc, to the stack.
In this system the boiler is under a positive pressure.

Fig. Forced Draught System

B. INDUCED DRUAGHT SYSTEM


Here a fan called induced draught fan is provided at the outlet of the boiler that is just
before the chimney. This fan sucks the hot gases from the furnace through the super
heaters, re heaters, economisers, air heaters etc. and discharges the gases into the

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BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

chimney. This results in a furnace pressure lower than atmosphere and affects the flow
of air outside to the furnace. In induced draught system the entire boiler is at a pressure
below atmosphere.

Fig. Induced Draught System

C. BALANCED DRAUGHT SYSTEM


Both forced draught and induced draught when exclusively adopted in boilers have
their own demerits. With the forced draught the possibility of hot gases coming out of
the boiler persists and due to heavy air ingress in induced draught system, it is difficult
to maintain the optimum air flow for combustion. The balanced draught system
overcomes these difficulties. In this system, both forced draught fan and induced
draught fan are used.
The forced draught fan is utilised to draw the controlled quantity of air from
atmosphere and force the same into the furnace. The induced draught fan sucks the
products of combustion from the furnace and discharges into the chimney. The point
where the draught is zero is known as the balancing point. This balancing point is
normally maintained at the tip of the burner where the air enters the furnace.

ET – ’08 46
BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

Fig. Balanced Draught System

6.3 COMPONENTS OF BOILER DRAUGHT SYSTEM


A) Fans B) Air heaters
C) Ducts and flues D) Stack /chimney

Fig. Schematic Diagram of Draught System

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BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

A) FANS
They supply primary air for the pulverization and transport of coal to the furnace. They
also supply the tertiary air and the secondary air to the wind boxes for complete
combustion.

FAN SELECTION
Application Type
1. Forced draught a) axial reaction with blade pitch control
b) Axial impulse with inlet guide vanes
2. Induced draught a) radial with variable speed control
b) Axial impulse with inlet guide vanes
3. Primary a) radial with inlet guide vanes
b) Axial reaction with blade pitch control

B) AIR HEATERS
Air heater is an important Boiler auxiliary, which primarily preheats the combustion air
for rapid and efficient combustion in the furnace. The air heater recovers the waste heat
from the outgoing flue gas of a Boiler and transfers the same to the combustion air. In a
utility Boiler the flue gas leaves the economiser at a temperature of around 380 oC. As
every 55oC drop in flue gas temperature improves the Boiler efficiency by about 2.5%,
having an air heater in the downstream of economiser the Boiler efficiency is
considerably improved.

Air Heater Types


There are two main types of air heaters in use;
(i) The static recuperative type and
(ii) The rotary regenerative type

Cold End Corrosion in Air Heaters


The flue gas from the boiler contains Sulphur-di-oxide (SO2), Water vapour (H2O) and
Oxygen (O2). These vapours of flue gas below certain temperature mixes and
condenses together as Sulphuric Acid (H2SO2). The temperature below which this
condensation takes place is known as Acid dew point. When the acid condensation

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BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

takes place, the acid settles on the surfaces and causes corrosion. This type of corrosion
is known as cold end corrosion.
To minimise or prevent the cold end corrosion at light up following special provisions
are to be made:
(i) F.D. fan Recirculation

Fig. FD Fan Recirculation System

(ii) Air heater by pass

Fig. Air Heater Bypass System

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BOILER AND AUXILIARIES DRAUGHT SYSTEM

(iii) Steam Coil Air Pre-Heater (SCAPH)

Advantages of Air Pre Heater:


 The Boiler efficiency is increased
 More stable combustion in furnace
 The combustion is intensified with the use of hot air
 Lower grades of coals can be burnt efficiently with hot air
 The use of hot air improves the heat transfer rate and so less heat transfer area will
be required
 The combustion is made complete with negligible amount of carbon in ash
 The coal can be dried effectively for easy pulverisation and combustion.

ET – ’08 50

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