COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTAL
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Computer is an Electronic Device. It
is use to calculate and manipulate
data. If we give any instruction to
the computer it gives us
output(Result).

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FULL FORM OF COMPUTER

C - Commonly
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Particularly
U - Used For
T - Technical
E - Educational 3

R - Research
 FATHER OF COMPUTER
 Charles Babbage, British Mathematics
professor regarded as the Father of
Computers.
 He was born in England in 1792 as the
son of a rich banker.
 He began to design a "difference engine"
in 1821
 It was very complicated machine for doing
calculations automatically.
 He began design of another machine "the
analytical machine", which could carry out
many different types of calculations
 His machine was too ahead of the time of
development.
 Lack of better technology Babbage could
not complete their work and passed away
in 1871 before he had completed his work.
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 GENERATION OF COMPUTER
 First Generation - 1940-1956:
Vacuum Tubes

 Second Generation - 1956-1963:

Transistors

 Third Generation - 1964-1971:

Integrated Circuits

 Fourth Generation - 1971-Present:

Microprocessors

 Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond:

Artificial Intelligence 5
 MICROPROCESSOR
A November 15, 1971 advertisement device executes game instructions
in "Electronic News" introduced by way of the microprocessor. While
Intel's 4004 first Microprocessor. playing chess, the microprocessor
holds data about your last action and
The "brain" of the computer, executes software instructions for the
microprocessors drive technology. "computer's" next move.

They are used in each type of

computer from supercomputers to
microcomputers.
In addition, many electronic devices
have central processing units (CPU)
embedded.
The CPU performs computer
processing
tasks by executing software
instructions relative to the data it
contains. 6

For example, a cell phone or mobile

 LATEST PROCESSOR FROM INTEL
 There is only two processor manufacturers are there.
Intel and AMD.
 Intel, the world leader in silicon innovation, develops
technologies
From Intel we have several processors such as
 Pentium,
 Pentium 2,
 Pentium3,
 Celeron,
 Pentium4,
 Dual core,
 core2duo,
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 quad core,
 i7 and more...
 PROCESSOR FROM AMD
 From AMD we have processors such as Phenom,
Athlon, and more....

 AMD is the world's second-largest supplier of x86

based processors.
 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER

Personal
Computer

Super
Computer Server
Categories
of
Computer

Mainframe Mini
Computer Computer
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Personal Computers
Personal computers are desktop
computers designed for an
individual's use. They run
programs designed to help
individuals accomplish their work
more productively.
Servers
Servers are not designed
to be used directly. They make
programs and data available for
people hooked up to a computer
network, a collection of
computers connected together so 10
that they can exchange data.
 Minicomputers
Minicomputers are multi-user systems
that can handle the computing needs of
a smaller corporation or
organization. Many people use them
simultaneously by means of remote
terminals or personal computers.

 Mainframe Computers
Mainframes are huge, multi-user
systems designed to handle gigantic
processing jobs in large corporations or
government agencies.

 Supercomputers
Supercomputers are ultra fast
computers designed to process huge
amounts of scientific data then display
the underlying patterns that have been
discovered. 11
 Computer

Hardware Software

Input Output Storage Application System

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 INPUT DEVICES
Any machine that feeds data into a computer. That’s called
input devices. Key board, Mouse, track ball, mice , light
pen

Key board Mouse

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Microphone
Light pen Track ball
 Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware
equipment used to communicate the results of data
processing
Monitor, Speaker, Printer , Projector, Disc etc.

Disc
Printer

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Projector
Monitor Speaker
 TYPE OF MONITOR
CRT Cathode Ray
Tube

LCD Liquid Crystal

Display

TFT Thin Film

Transistor

LED Light Emitting

Diode 15
 Cathode Ray Tube
Best picture quality,

Give off more radiation

it's still negligible

More affordable than LCD Monitor

CRT monitor price in India is above Rs. 4000/-

Liquid Crystal Display

Smaller size/ Lighter weight
Less eyestrain
Lower power consumption
Less heat generation
Better image contrast
Energy Saver 16
LCD’s more expensive than CRT
 Thin Film Transistor
Save lots of desk space
Less risk of eye strain
Colors are more varied
Visual sharpness
They are just like lcd’s.

Light Emitting Diode

Lowest power consumption
Thin form factor
Light weight
Sharp text rendering
Good color fidelity 17

Lowest radiation
 Printer
Printers produce a hard copy, The information is printed on paper and can be used when
the device is off. It is also called a printout .

Printer

Non -
Impact
impact

Dot
Inkjet laser
matrix 18
 Dot matrix Printer
Uses metal pins to strike an inked ribbon to make
dots on a piece of paper.
 Can see the dots that make up the letters or
images.
Lowest print quality of all of the printers, very low
in cost per page to use.
Rarely used today because of the poor print
quality, but still used in business to print multi-part
forms.

Inkjet Printer
Use drops of magnetic ink to produce dots on a page to
produce text or images.
The print quality is almost the same as a laser printer's.
Problems with the ink and it is very expensive and water
soluble that will run if the paper gets wet
Highest cost per page of all the printers
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For producing color documents, it has the highest quality
at a reasonable price.
 Laser Printer

How the laser printer produces an image

A Toner (very tiny particles of plastic) stick to
the drum where the dots where made
 laser or LEDs make dots on a light sensitive
drum
Paper is pressed against the drum and the
toner is placed on the paper
The paper is heated and the toner melts into
the paper
Produces the highest quality printout
For black and white printouts, very low cost per
page
Printout is permanent
Color laser printers are still fairly expensive.
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 Type of mouse
Mechanical mouse
A hard rubber ball that rolls as the mouse is
moved. Sensors inside the mouse body detect
the movement and translate it into information
that the computer interprets.

Optical mouse
Uses an LED sensor to detect tabletop
movement and then sends off that information to
the computer for merry munching.

Cordless mouse
A cordless mouse frees you from cord problems.
It connects to your computer with a radio (rather
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than an infrared) signal. We can also say that
wireless mouse
 Keyboard
The different types of keyboards The PS/2 and USB are the two
available, The Keyboard are, wired connections that connect the
QWERTY and AZERTY, DVORAK.
keyboards. The PS/2 keyboards
The QWERTY keyboards are most are very commonly used and they
commonly used nowadays and have are called so because they use the
the six alphabets (Q,W,E,R,T,Y) in the PS/2 connection. They are one of
first row . the cheapest keyboards that are
The AZERTY keyboards are used in available in the market.
the French countries. The USB keyboards use a USB
(Universal Serial Bus) to connect
to the CPU. The PS/2 and USB
keyboards are usually plug and
play.

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 COMPUTER BINARY LANGUAGE
 Computer understands only binary language. It accepts data
in 0,1.
 A binary code is a way of representing text or computer
processor instructions by the use of the binary number
system's two-binary digits 0 and 1.

1 Character 1 BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILOBYTE (KB)

1024 KILOBYTES 1 MEGABYTE (MB)

1024 MEGABYTES 1 GIGABYTE (GB)

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1024 GIGABYTES 1 TERABYTE (TB)
 Storage devices
Storage Devices are the data storage devices that
are used in the computers to store the data. DVD, CD,
Pen drive, Floppy.

DVD Floppy

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Pen Drive
CD Hard Disk
 Hard Disk Drive(HDD)

Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956 as data storage for

an IBM

The hard disk drive is largest, data storage device in a computer.

The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored
in the hard disk drive.

The hard drive is referred to as the "C drive" due to the fact that
Microsoft Windows designates the "C" drive.
For example, some computers have multiple drive letters (i.e. C, D, E)
representing areas across one or more hard drives.

Compact Disk(CD)

CD Stands for Compact Disk. It is Firstly Developed by Phillips

and Sony company.
The Storage capacity of CD is 700MB.
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 DIGITAL VERSALTILE DISK(DVD)
•A DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented
and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in
1995.
• DVD originally stood for Digital Versatile Disk, or Digital
Video Disk. The acronym was dropped after DVD proved to
have more uses than just storing video content.

PEN DRIVE(PD)
The pen drive is a portable USB flash memory device
It can be used to quickly transfer audio, video, and data
files from the hard drive of one computer to another.
With a construction that is small enough to fit into a
pocket

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE(FDD)

A floppy disk is a disk storage medium composed of a
disk of thin and flexible 26
It is invented by IBM . Capacity of FDD is 1.44 MB
 TYPES OF MEMORY

Memory

Primary Secondary

RAM ROM Hard disk CD DVD Pen Drive

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 Random Access Memory
RAM can be compared to a person's short-term memory .
The data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer
is running.
When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data.
When you turn your computer on again, your operating
system and other files are once again loaded into RAM
It's much smaller than your hard disk.
That is also called volatile memory.

Read Only Memory

One major type of memory that is used in PCs is
called read-only memory,
ROM is a type of memory that normally can only be read,
as opposed to RAM which can be both read and written.
There are two main reasons that read-only memory is
used for certain functions within the PC 28
That is also called non- volatile memory.
 BOOTING
In computing, booting is a process that starts operating systems when the
user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the initial set of
operations that the computer performs when power is switched on.

WARM BOOTING

One method of resetting a computer system that is already powered on

commonly used to recover from errors that cannot be recovered,
when a computer locks. A warm boot can be accomplished by pressing
the CTRL - ALT - DEL keys

COOL BOOTING

Alternatively referred to as a hard boot a cold boot is a term used to

describe the process of turning on the computer after it has been
powered off.
For example, when you first turn your computer on after being off for
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the night that is referred to as cold booting the computer.
 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMATIC
INPUT & OUTPUT
LOGICAL UNIT

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MEMORY
 INTRODUCTION TO BILL GATES/MICROSOFT
 William (Bill) H. Gates is chairman of
Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide
leader in software, services and solutions.
 He was Born on Oct. 28, 1955.
 In his junior year, Gates left Harvard
University to devote his energies to
Microsoft
 Microsoft company, he had begun in 1975
with his childhood friend Paul Allen
 Paul Allen is the first programmer of
Microsoft Corporation.
 In 1999, Gates wrote "Business @ the
Speed of Thought", a book that shows
how computer technology can solve
business problems
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 IBM / MICROSOFT
 IBM has been present in India since 1992.
 IBM, acronym for International Business Machines, is a
multinational computer technology and consulting corporation.

 Microsoft Corporation is American public multinational corporation

headquartered in Redmond, Washington
 In 1980, IBM first approached Bill Gates of Microsoft, to discuss the state
of home computers and what Microsoft products could do for IBM.

 IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about programming

languages for its upcoming PC line after failed negotiations with another
company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line
of PCs.
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 SOFTWARE
 Software is the general term for information that's
recorded onto some kind of medium.

 For example, when you go to the video store and

rent or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really
getting is the software that's stored on that tape or
disk. Your VCR or DVD player are hardware
devices that are capable of reading the software
from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV
screen.

 Software is also called programs. 33

Types of Software

Software

System Application
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 Microsoft Corporation
WindowsOS
Bill gates 1975
application

Apple computer Inc.

Steve Jobs 1976 OS/application

RedHat Inc.
Bob YomarcEwing 1993 OS-Linux 35
 USER INTERFACE
There are two kinds of User Interfaces

Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Presents information to the use in the form of pull-down menus and
icons. It has pull-down menus the user clicks on to display the menu
Icons
Examples:
Windows 98, Windows 2000, Mac OS

Command user Interface (CUI)

Presents information to the user in the form of text., Have to type in
commands or select commands from a menu displayed as text on
the screen. It is hard to use or learn, because the user must
memorize and type in commands.

Examples:
MS-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) 36
Pro Dos (Professional Disk Operating System)
System Software Or Operating system
System Software

•Used by the computer to accomplish a task. It controls the

internal function of the computer It controls other devices
connected to the CPU

•It directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the
hardware and software work together. MS DOS and Microsoft
Windows are examples of system software or operating system
software.

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 OPERATING SYSTEM
The operating system is usually located on a disk. It Can be on either the hard disk
drive, a floppy disk, or CD-ROM disk

An operating system works with application software.

Does basic tasks, like printing a document or saving a file
The operating system starts (launches) the application software so that it can be used

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 INTRODUCTION

 MicrosoftWindows Is An Operating System

Introduced By Microsoft Corporation, United
state of America.

WINDOWS
Windows is the area on the screen
having the border on all four sides, to perform
a specific task.
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 GRAPHICAL OPERATING SYSTEM
MICROSOFT WINDOWS OS

DESKTOP

ICON

START 40
BUTTON QUICK
TASK BAR TIME INDICATOR
LAUNCH
 ICONS
A SMALL GRAPHICAL PICTURE ON THE SCREEN IS
CALLED ICON.

TYPE OF ICON

Folder Icon

Program icon

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File Icon
 COMMAND BASE OS
MICROSOFT DISK OPERATION SYSTEM

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 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software programs work with the operating
system software to help you use your computer to do
specific types of work such as word processing to type a
letter.

Application Software
Some common kinds of application software

•Word Processor software

•Database software
•Spreadsheet software
•Games
• Web Page Browsers 43
 EXECUTABLE(EXE) FILE
 A file in a format that the computer can directly execute.
Unlike source files, executable files cannot be read by humans. To
transform a source file into an executable file, you need to pass it through
a compiler or assembler.

Some examples of exe files…….

 Winword for Microsoft word
 Mspaint for paint software
 Powerpnt for PowerPoint

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 EXTENSION
A FILENAME EXTENSION IS A SUFFIX (SEPARATED FROM THE BASE
FILE NAME BY A DOT) TO THE NAME OF A COMPUTER FILE APPLIED
TO INDICATE THE ENCODING (FILE FORMAT) OF ITS CONTENTS OR
USAGE.

Extension Files
.TXT Text file
.RTF Rich Text file
.BMP Bitmap Picture
.JPG Joint Photography Experts Group
.DOC Document Text File 2002, 2003
.DOCX Document Text file 2007
.XLSX Excel workbook 2007
.XLW Workbooks in workspace mode
.MDB Data base(MS Access)
.ZIP Compressed file
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.RAR Compressed file
.PSD Photoshop file
 WHAT IS A VIRUS?

 A computer virus attaches itself to a program or file enabling it to spread from one
computer to another, leaving infections as it travels.

 Like a human virus, a computer virus can range in severity: some may cause only
mildly annoying effects while others can damage your hardware, software or files.

 Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which means the virus may exist
on your computer but it actually cannot infect your computer unless you run or open
the malicious program.

 It is important to note that a virus cannot be spread without a human action, (such as
running an infected program) to keep it going. Because a virus is spread by human
action people will unknowingly continue the spread of a computer virus by sharing
infecting files or sending emails with viruses as attachments in the email.

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 CPU PARTS
Motherboard - The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. It is also known as
the main board or system board.

CPU - The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines the processing power of the computer.

Memory - Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily stores applications, documents, and
stem operating information.

Bus - A bus is an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to move from one place to another.

Expansion Slots - Expansions slots appear on the motherboard. They are sockets into which
adapters are connected.

Ports and Connectors - A port is a connector located on the motherboard or on a separate adapter.

Bays - A bay is a space inside the computer case where a hard drive, floppy drive or CD-ROM drive
sits

Power Supply - A power supply changes normal household electricity into electricity that a
computer can use.
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Sound Components - A sound card lets a computer play and record high quality sound.