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 Monotone Flows and Rapid
Convergence for Nonlinear Partial
Differential Equations
 SERIES IN MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND
APPLICATIONS

Series in Mathematical Analysis and Applications (SIMAA) is edited by Ravi P. Agarwal, Florida
Institute of Technology, USA and Donal O'Regan, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
The series is aimed at reporting on new developments in mathematical analysis and
applications of a high standard and of current interest. Each volume in the series is devoted to a
topic in analysis that has been applied, or is potentially applicable, to the solutions of scientific,
engineering and social problems.

Volume 1
Method of Variation of Parameters for Dynamic Systems
V. Lakshmikantham and S.G. Deo

Volume 2
Integral and Integrodifferential Equations: Theory, Methods and Applications
edited by Ravi P. Agarwal and Donal O'Regan

Volume 3
Theorems of Leray-Schauder Type and Applications
Donal O'Regan and Radu Precup

Volume 4
Set Valued Mappings with Applications in Nonlinear Analysis
edited by Ravi P. Agarwal and Donal O'Regan

Volume 5
Oscillation Theory for Second Order Dynamic Equations
Ravi P. Agarwal Said R. Grace and Donal O'Regan

Volume 6
Theory of Fuzzy Differential Equations and Inclusions
V. Lakshmikantham and R.N. Mohapatra

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Monotone Flows and Rapid Convergence for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
V. Lakshmikantham and S. Koksal

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 Monotone Flows and Rapid
Convergence for Nonlinear Partial
Differential Equations

V. Lakshmikantham
and
s. Koksal

Boca Raton London New York

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Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
A TA Y L O R & F R A N C I S B O O K
First published 2003 by Taylor & Francis

Published 2018 by CRC Press

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© 2003 by V. Lakshmikantham and S. Koksal

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Contents

P refac e ix

P a rt A 1

1 E llip tic E q u a tio n s 3

1.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 3
1.2 Monotone Iterates: A Preview ..................................................... 4
1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique..................................................... 9
1.4 Generalized Quasilinearization .................................................. 22
1.5 Weakly Coupled Mixed Monotone Systems ............................ 30
1.6 Elliptic Systems in Unbounded D o m ain s.................................. 34
1.7 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT) for Systems in Unbounded
D om ains.......................................................................................... 39
1.8 Notes and Com m ents.................................................................... 42

2 P a ra b o lic E q u a tio n s 45
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 45
2 .2 Comparison T h e o re m s................................................................. 46
2.3 Monotone Iterative Technique..................................................... 49
2.4 Generalized Quasilinearization .................................................. 55
2.5 Monotone Flows and Mixed Monotone S y ste m s...................... 62
2.6 Generalized Comparison Results (GCRs) for Weakly Coupled
S y s te m s .......................................................................................... 6 8
2.7 Stability and Vector Lyapunov Functions ............................... 72
2 .8 Notes and Comm ents.................................................................... 77

3 Im pulsive P a ra b o lic E q u atio n s 79

3.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 79
3 .2 Comparison Results for Impulsive Parabolic Systems (IPSs) . 79
3.3 Coupled Lower and Upper S o lu tio n s ........................................ 90
vi CONTENTS

3.4 Generalized Quasilinearization ............................................... 97

3.5 Population Dynamics with I m p u ls e s ..................................... 108
3.6 Notes and Com m ents................................................................. 112

4 H y p erb o lic E q u a tio n s 113

4.1 Introduction................................................................................. 113
4.2 Variation of Parameters (VP) and Comparison Results . . . . 113
4.3 Monotone Iterative Technique.................................................. 126
4.4 The Method of Generalized Quasilinearization...................... 131
4.5 Notes and Comments................................................................. 137

P a rt B 139

5 E llip tic E q u a tio n s 141

5.1 Introduction................................................................................. 141
5.2 Comparison R e s u lt.................................................................... 142
5.3 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT): Semilinear Problems . 146
5.4 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT): Quasilinear Problems . 154
5.5 Monotone Iterative Technique (MIT): Degenerate Problems . 164
5.6 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Semilinear Problems . . 174
5.7 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Quasilinear Problem . . 182
5.8 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Degenerate Problems . 189
5.9 Notes and Comments................................................................. 196

6 P a ra b o lic E q u a tio n s 199

6.1 Introduction................................................................................. 199
6 .2 Monotone Iterative Technique.................................................. 200
6.3 Generalized Quasilinearization ............................................... . 209
6.4 Nonlocal Problems: Existence and Comparison Results . . . . 224
6.5 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Nonlocal Problems . . . 236
6 .6 Quasilinear Problems: Existence and Comparison Results . . 246
6.7 Generalized Quasilinearization (GQ): Quasilinear Problems . 254
6 .8 Notes and Comments................................................................. . 268

7 H y p erb o lic E q u atio n s 269

7.1 Introduction................................................................................. 269
7.2 Notation and Comparison Results ........................................ 269
7.3 Monotone Iterative Technique.................................................. 275
7.4 Generalized Quasilinearization ............................................... 281
7.5 Notes and Comments .............................................................. . 292
CONTENTS vii

A p p e n d ix A 293
A.l Sobolev S p a c e s ........................................................... ................293
A .2 Elliptic Equations ..................................................... ................297
A.3 Parabolic E q u a tio n s .................................................. ................300
A.4 Impulsive Differential Equations ............................ ................305
A.5 Hyperbolic Equations .............................................. ................306

B ibliography 309

In d e x 317
Preface

An interesting and fruitful technique for proving existence results for non­
linear problems is the method of lower and upper solutions. This method
coupled with the monotone iterative technique manifests itself as an effective
and flexible mechanism that offers theoretical as well as constructive exis­
tence results in a closed set, generated by the lower and upper solutions. The
lower and upper solutions serve as rough bounds, which can be improved
by monotone iterative procedures. Moreover, the iteration schemes can also
be employed for the investigation of qualitative properties of solutions. The
ideas embedded in these techniques have proved to be of immense value and
have played a crucial role in unifying a wide variety of nonlinear problems.
Another fruitful idea of Chaplygin is to obtain approximate solutions of
nonlinear problems which are not only monotone but also converge rapidly
to the solution. Here strict lower and upper solutions and the assumption of
convexity are used for nonlinear initial value problems (IVPs). The method
of quasilinearization developed by Bellman and Kalaba, on the other hand,
uses the convexity assumption and provides a lower bounding monotone
sequence that converges to the assumed unique solution once the initial ap­
proximation is chosen in an adroit fashion. If we utilize the technique of
lower and upper solutions combined with the method of quasilinearization
and employ the idea of Newton and Fourier, it is possible to construct con­
currently lower and upper bounding monotone sequences whose elements
are the solutions of the corresponding linear problems. Of course, both
sequences converge rapidly to the solution. Furthermore, this unification
provides a framework to enlarge the class of nonlinear problems consider­
ably to which the method is applicable. For example, it is not necessary to
impose the usual convexity assumption on the nonlinear function involved,
since one can allow much weaker assumptions. In fact, several possibilities
can be investigated with this unified methodology and consequently this
technique is known as generalized quasilinearization. Moreover, these ideas
are extended, refined and generalized to various other types of nonlinear
X PREFACE

problems.
In this monograph, we extend the foregoing group of ideas to partial
differential equations and provide a unified approach for studying elliptic,
parabolic and hyperbolic equations. The monograph is divided, for con­
venience, into two parts: the first part describes the general methodology
systematically utilizing the classical approach and the second part exhibits
the development of the same basic ideas via variational techniques. In each
case, this methodology is applied to elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic equa­
tions so that one can understand and appreciate the intricacies involved in
the various extensions.
Some of the important features of the monograph are as follows: It is
the first monograph that

• attem pts to describe both the monotone iterative technique and gen­
eralized quasilinearization in one unified way,
• incorporates the fundamental ideas of monotone flows and rapid con­
vergence via variational techniques,

• exhibits the general methodology through the classical method and

the variational approach,

• introduces the combined methodology which is growing rapidly be­

cause of its applicability to various real world problems.

The unified approach that is employed in the book covers several known
and new results. We have only indicated, in the remarks, all the possible
special cases for some results and did not even mention in other situations
to avoid monotonous repetition.
We wish to express our immense thanks to Mrs. Donn Miller-Kermani
for her excellent and painstaking typing of the manuscript. We would like to
express our appreciation to Ms. Janie War die and the copy editor of Taylor
and Francis for all the help and cooperation in this project.
The second author would like to thank her parents, Nedret and Tekin,
her husband, Steve, and her son, Denis, for their endless support and faith
in her.

V. Lakshmikantham and S. Koksal

Part A
C hapter 1

Elliptic Equations

1.1 Introduction
This chapter introduces the theory of lower and upper solutions coupled with
the monotone iterative technique and the method of generalized quasilin­
earization for elliptic boundary value problems (BVPs), and therefore forms
the basis for the rest of the book, where the essential ideas are extended
to parabolic and hyperbolic initial boundary value problems (IBVPs), by
classical as well as variational approaches.
Section 1.2 begins by analyzing the different situations that occur when
the nonlinear term in semilinear elliptic BVPs is monotone increasing or
decreasing. This analysis leads to the consideration of lower and upper
solutions that are coupled in order to reach a common goal of obtaining
monotone sequences of the same type. We then discuss that if we desire the
constructed monotone sequences to converge rapidly in order to be more
useful, we need to profitably utilize the method of quasilinearization, which
not only offers monotone sequences but also assures rapid convergence. Of
course, we have to pay a price for this, namely, the nonlinear term needs
to be convex. After stating some typical known results in the two method­
ologies we shall provide a unified framework that facilitates a variety of
characterizations, extensions and generalizations. Section 1.3 is devoted to
proving general results relative to the monotone iterative technique under
various types of coupled lower and upper solutions so that existing results are
covered, and new ones are generated. Necessary comparison results which
are proved are also useful in the development of the method of generalized
quasilinearization in Section 1.4. Some of the possible special cases which
are included in the unified framework are indicated in each case. Section
4 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

1.5 considers the weakly coupled system of semilinear elliptic BVPs when
the nonlinear functions involved are of mixed monotone type. Instead of
dealing with mixed monotone systems directly, we shall first prove a re­
sult for monotone increasing systems and then derive the results for mixed
monotone systems as a simple consequence. This will be done by employing
the theory of reflection operators and expanding the given system suitably
to transform it into a monotone increasing system. Section 1.6 is dedicated
to the investigation of existence results in the sector generated by lower and
upper solutions for a weakly coupled system of BVPs in unbounded domains,
while Section 1.7 extends the monotone iterative technique for the systems
considered in Section 1.6.

1.2 M onotone Iterates: A P review

The well-known method of lower and upper solutions, coupled with the
monotone iterative technique, provides an effective and flexible mechanism
that offers theoretical as well as constructive existence results for nonlinear
problems in a closed set which is generated by the lower and upper solu­
tions. The lower and upper solutions serve as bounds for solutions which
are improved by a monotone iterative process. The ideas embedded in this
technique have proved to be of immense value and have played an important
role in unifying a variety of nonlinear problems.
Let Cl C R n be a bounded domain with boundary dCl. We consider
the following semilinear elliptic boundary value problem (BVP) in nondi­
vergence form

( 1.2 .1)

where we assume that a,ij,bi,c € C Q[fi, i?], c(x) > 0 in Q, <j>€ C 1,Q[n, i?],
x R] and the ellipticity condition

(1.2 .2)

holds in Cl with 6 > 0. Moreover, we let p,q G C l,a[df2, R+] with p{x) > 0 ,
7 be the unit outer normal on dCl, and

(1.2.3)
1.2 Monotone Iterates: A Preview 5

A vector 7 is said to be an outer normal at x E d f l if x — h'y E for

small h > 0. The outer normal derivative is then given by

We assume that an outer normal exists and the functions in question have
outer normal derivatives on dQ, We also assume that dQ belongs to C2,Q.
A well-known result in the monotone iterative technique is the following
theorem relative to the BVPs ( 1 .2 .1 ).

T h e o re m 1.2.1 Assume that

(1.2.4)

(A 2 ) F E C a [fi x /?, R] and for some M > 0, and F {x, u) + M u is nonde­

creasing in u for x E Cl.
Then there exist monotone sequences {an(x)}; {(3n(x)} E C2,Q[£), i?] such
that a n (x) —>p(x), (in {x) —>r(x) in C 2 [Q,R] and p,r are the minimal and
maximal solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ) respectively.

If F(x, u) satisfies a one-sided Lipschitz condition, namely,

(1.2.5)

where

then F(x, u) + M u is nondecreasing in u for x E 0 .

The functions ao,/3o satisfying (1.2.4) are known as lower and upper
solutions of (1.2.1). If, for any solution u of ( 1 .2 .1 ) existing in the sector
[ao,/?o] = [u E R : ctQ(x) < u < j3o(x),x E fi], we have p{x) < u(x) < r(x)
in fi, then (/?, r) are said to be minimal and maximal solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ) or
equivalently extremal solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ) relative to the sector [ao,/?o].
The special case when F(x, u) is nondecreasing in u is covered in The­
orem 1 .2.1 when M = 0. However, the other case, when F{x,u) is non­
increasing in u is not included in Theorem 1.2.1 and is of special interest.
Under somewhat special conditions, one can prove that when F ( x , u) is non­
increasing in u, a single iteration procedure yields an alternative sequence
6 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

which forms two monotone sequences bounding the solutions of (1.2.1). The
iteration scheme in the present case is simply either

(1.2.6)

or
(1.2.7)
In this case, the following result is valid.

T h e o re m 1.2.2 Suppose that F(x, u) is nonincreasing in u for x G and

F G Ca [Q x R,R}. Then

A\ the iterates ( a n(x)} satisfy the relation

provided ao < <22 on Q. Moreover, the alternating sequences {a^nO^)},

( a 2n-f-i(^)} converge in C 2 [Cl,R] to p,r, respectively; and

A 2 the iterates {f3n {x)} satisfy

if we suppose that /?2 < A) on Cl. Furthermore, the alternating se­

quences {/?2n+i(^)}; {/?2n(#)} converge in C 2 [Cl,R\ to r*,p*, respec­
tively.

Note that we did not assume condition (^4i) of Theorem 1.2.1. In fact,
one can show that lower and upper solutions exist satisfying (A\) in this
case. We state this fact as a lemma.

L em m a 1.2.1 Suppose that F (x,u) is monotone nonincreasing in u for

each x G Cl. Then there exist lower and upper solutions ao,/?o °f (1*2.1)
satisfying ao(x) < /3o{x) in Cl.

P ro o f Let where is the

solution of

Choose R q > 0 sufficiently large so that

1.2 Monotone Iterates: A Preview 7

Since F(x, u) is nonincreasing in u , we get

and similarly,

A natural question that arises is whether it is possible to obtain the

monotone sequences ( a n(x)}, {/?n(x)}, when F (x,u) is nonincreasing in u
without the additional assumptions on the iterates, namely ao < ot2 and
fa < (3o on Q. The answer is positive if we assume the existence of coupled
lower and upper solutions. In fact, one can prove the following result in this
direction.

T h e o re m 1.2.3 Assume that

with and

( 1.2 .8 )

is nonincreasing in for

Then the conclusion of Theorem 1.2.1 is valid.

The lower and upper solutions defined in (1.2.8) are known as coupled
lower and upper solutions of ( 1 .2 .1 ).
The monotone iterates resulting in the foregoing theorems that converge
m o n o to n ically in C 2 [Qj R] to so lu tio n s of (1.2.1) m ay n o t converge ra p id ly
enough. Hence the numerical procedures for approximating the solutions
which are close to the solution of the original problem may require a large
number of computations. If, on the other hand, the monotone iterates con­
structed converge rapidly enough, for example quadratically, it would be
more effective from all aspects. The approach that we describe next takes
care of this situation which is popularly known as the method of quasilin­
earization.
8 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

The main idea of the method of quasilinearization is to provide an explicit

analytic representation for the solutions of nonlinear differential equations,
which yields pointwise lower estimates for the solution whenever the non­
linear function involved is convex. The most important application of this
popular method has been to obtain a sequence of lower bounds which are
the solutions of linear differential equations that converge quadratically to
the unique solution of the given nonlinear problem. When we employ the
technique of lower and upper solutions coupled with the method of quasilin­
earization and utilize the idea of Newton and Fourier, it is possible to con­
struct concurrently lower and upper bounding monotone sequences, which
converge quadratically to the solution of the given problem. Moreover, this
unification provides a mechanism to enlarge the class of nonlinear problems
to which this method is applicable and therefore this unified technique is
called the method generalized quasilinearization.
A simple result using this approach may be stated as follows.

T h e o re m 1.2.4 Assume that

condition of Theorem holds;

exist and are continuous and

Then there exist monotone sequences {ctn (x)}, {(3n(x)} E C 2 a [Q,R] such
that a n —» p, Pn —>r in C 2 [Cl, i?]; p —r — u is the unique solution of ( 1 .2 . 1 )
satisfying ao(^) < u{x) < (3o(%) in ^ &nd the convergence is quadratic.

Here we construct the sequences of iterates as follows:

(1.2.9)
n — 0 ,1 ,2 ,__ We note the special choice of the iterates /3n.
A dual result when F ( x , u) is concave is also true, which we state below.

T h e o re m 1.2.5 Assume that

condition of Theorem holds.

exist and are continuous and

1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique 9

Then the conclusion of Theorem 1.2.4 is valid.

In this case, the iterates are constructed with a special choice for a n as
follows:

for
In the following sections, we shall describe the situation when F(x, u)
admits a splitting of a difference of two monotone functions or equivalently,

where f{ x ,u ) is monotone nondecreasing and g (x ,u ) is monotone nonin­

creasing in u for x E We shall also consider the case when f( x ,u ) is
convex and g(x,u) is concave in u for x £ Q. We shall see that this simple
setting unifies and covers several known results as well as providing some
interesting new results relative to the monotone iterative technique and gen­
eralized quasilinearization.

1.3 M onotone Iterative Technique

We shall devote this section to proving general results relative to the monotone
iterative technique which contain as special cases, several important results
of interest. Before we proceed further we need the following comparison
theorem and a corollary which are useful in our development of the results.

T h e o re m 1.3.1 Let a, (3 6 C 2 [fi, i?] be lower and upper solutions of (1.2.1);

namely, a, (3 satisfy

Suppose further that

(1.3.1)

and
10 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

P ro o f Set If in is not true, then there

exist an and such that

If ; then and hence, using the fact that

we get

which is a contradiction.
If then
It then follows that using

Since c(x) —k(x) > 0, we have a contradiction. Hence the claim is true
and the proof is complete.

C o ro llary 1.3.1 For any satisfying

(1.3.2)

where (1.3.3)

we have

Let us now consider the following elliptic boundary value problems in

nondivergence form

(1.3.4)

where
1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique 11

D efin itio n 1.3.1 Relative to the BVP the functions

are said to be

(1.3.5)

(b) coupled lower and upper solutions of type I if

(1.3.6)

(c) coupled lower and upper solutions of type II if

(1.3.7)

(d) coupled lower and upper solutions of type III if

(1.3.8)

Whenever a < /? in fi, we note that the lower and upper solutions defined
in (1.3.5) and (1.3.8) also satisfy (1.3.7) and hence it is enough to consider
the cases (1.3.6) and (1.3.7), which is precisely what we plan to do.
We are now in a position to prove the first main result.

T h e o re m 1.3.2 Assume that

(A \ ) ao,/?o £ C 2 [Q^R] are the coupled lower and upper solutions of type I
with ao(x) < Pq(x) in Q;

(A 2 ) f , g E C a [Q x i?, R]j f{ x ,u ) is nondecreasing in u and g(x, u) is non­

increasing in u for x E Q..
Then there exist monotone sequences {an(x)}; {(3n(x)} E C 2 ,Q:[fi, R] such
that a n(x) —> p(x), j3n(x) —►K x) C 2 [Q,R] and (p, r) are the coupled
minimal and maximal solutions of (1.3.4) respectively, that is, (p,r) satisfy
12 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

P ro o f Consider the following linear BVPs for each n - 1 ,2 ,...,

(1.3.9)

and

(1.3.10)

In order to conclude the existence of the unique solutions of the BVPs

(1.3.9) and (1.3.10) for each n > 1, we need to show that for any 77, £ E
(72 [f2,i?] with ao < rj < £ < /?o, hi(x) E R] and h,2 (x) E C a [f2,i?],
where

and

We note that if 77, E C 2 [Q, i?], then 6 VF2,a[f2,/2] in view of the

boundedness of Q and dQ E C 2 ,a[fi, i?]. The Embedding Theorem A.3.4
then shows that 77, £ E C 1,a[Q,i?]. Consequently, we have

Similarly, we get

where

As a result, we find that, because of the definition of /ii(x),

where

Hence, h i ( x ) E C a [fi, i?]. In a very similar way, we can show that h,2 ( x ) E
C a jT2,i?]. Consequently, there exist unique solutions a n,/?n E C'2 ,a[fi,i?] of
1.3 Monotone Iterative Technique 13

the BVPs (1.3.9) and (1.3.10) by Theorem A.3.1, provided that a/c, At €
[qo,A)] with ctk < Pk, successively, for k > 1 .
Therefore, our aim now is to show that

(1.3.11)

We first claim that a\ > ao in Cl. For this, let p = ao - oc\ so that
Bp < 0 on dfl and

Hence by Corollary 1 .3 .1 , p(x) < 0 in Cl, which implies ao < o l \ in Cl.

Similarly, we can show that (3\ < /?o in Cl. We next prove that a\ < (3\ in
Cl. Consider p = a\ — (3\ so that Bp = 0 on <9fi and

using the monotone nature of f,g . Thus we get by Corollary 1.3.1, p < 0 in
Cl which yields a i < (3\ in Cl. As a result, it follows that

Assume that for some k > 1 , a k -i < < (3k < Pk-i in Cl. Then we
show that afc < OLk+1 < flk+\ < Pk in Cl. To do this, let p ~ ak+i — oik so
that Bp = 0 on dQ and because of the monotone character of /, g we get

Corollary 1 .3.1 then implies ctk < a^+i in Cl. Similarly, we can show that
Pk+1 £ Pk in Cl. Now to prove a^+i < Pk+i in Cl, consider (3 = a^+i —(3k+\
and note that Bp = 0 on dQ. Moreover,

using the assumption and monotone nature of f,g . Thus we have by Corol­
lary 1 .3 . 1 , ctk+i < in and as a result, it follows that

Hence by induction, we see that (1.3.11) is valid for all k = 1 ,2, —

We recall that (3k G C 2 'a[Cl,R\ for k — 1 , 2 , — Since C 2 iOL[Cl,R] C
W 2 ,q[Cl, R\ for q > 1 , by Theorem A.2 .3, we have

(1.3.12)
14 Chapter 1. Elliptic Equations

where hk(x) = f( x , a fc- i) + g{x, Pk-i)-

The continuity of hk implies that {hk(x)} is uniformly bounded in C[fi, R].
Since C[Cl,R] is dense in L q[Cl,R\, {hk(x)} is also uniformly bounded in
L q[fi, jR]. This together with (1.3.12) shows th at {a^(x)} is uniformly bound­
ed in W 2 ’q[Cl, i?]. For q = E W 2,9^ , i?] and hence by the Embedding
Theorem A.3.4

for some constant C independent of the elements of W 2'q. Thus {otk{x)}

is uniformly bounded in C 1,a[fi,iZ]. This implies that {hk(x)} is uniformly
bounded in C a [Cl,R]. Consequently, by Schauder’s estimate given in A.2 .2 ,
we find that

which implies the uniform boundedness of {afc(x)} in C 2 ,a[fi, R]. As a result,

we have {afc(a;)} is relatively compact in C 2 [Cl, R] which yields the existence
of a subsequence {a^.} which converges in C 2 [Cl,R\. Let p* E C 2 [Cl,R\
be the limit of ^.{(a:)}. By the monotone nature of {afc(x)}, it con­
verges pointwise to p{x) in Cl. But the convergence of { a ^ (x)} in C 2 [Cl,R]
implies pointwise convergence and thus p*(x) = p(x) in Cl. This shows
that the entire sequence ( a n(x)} converges in C 2 [Cl,R\ to p(x), that is,
limfc_>oo afc(x) —p(x) in C 2 [0 , R] and ao < p < 0o in Cl.
Similar arguments show that lim ^oo /3k(x) = r(x) in C 2 [f2, R] and ao <
p < r < /3o in Cl. Thus the limits

and

exist uniformly in f2. We then see immediately that p and r are the solutions
of the semilinear BVPs
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 CHAPTER XXV.

FOUND.

Strange mystery of human sympathy! inexplicable, yet very real.

Irrational, yet very potent. The young mother has accepted an
invitation to a garden-party. She knows that she never looked better
than at present, with a shade of delicacy about her. She has got a
new bonnet that is particularly becoming, and which she desires to
wear in public. She has been secluded from society for several
months, and she longs to meet her friends again. She knows that
she is interesting, and believes herself to be more interesting than
she really is. So she goes. She is talking, laughing, a little flushed
with pleasure, when suddenly she becomes grave, the hand that
holds the plate of raspberries and cream trembles. All her pleasure is
gone. She knows that baby is crying. Her eye wanders in quest of
her husband, she runs to him, touches his arm, says—
“Do order the carriage; baby is crying.”
It is all fiddle-de-dee. Baby has the best of nurses, the snuggest,
daintiest little cot; has a fresh-opened tin of condensed Swiss milk.
Reason tells her that; but no! and nurse cannot do anything to
pacify the child, baby is crying, nurse is in despair.
In like manner now did Judith argue with herself, without being able
to convince her heart. Her reason spoke and said to her—
No sound of cries comes from the asylum. There is no light in any
window. Every inmate is asleep, Jamie among them. He does not
need you. He is travelling in dreamland. The Scantlebrays have been
kind to him. The lady is a good, motherly body; the gentleman’s
whole soul is devoted to finding amusement and entertainment for
the afflicted creatures under his care. He has played tricks before
Jamie, made shadow-pictures on the wall, told funny stories, made
jacks-in-the-box with his hands, and Jamie has laughed till he was
tired, and his heavy eyes closed with a laugh not fully laughed out
on his lips. The Scantlebrays are paid £70 for taking care of Jamie,
and £70 in Judith’s estimation was a very princely sum. The £70 per
annum Mr. Scantlebray would corruscate into his richest fun, and
Mrs. Scantlebray’s heart overflowed with warmest maternal
affection.
But it was in vain that Judith thus reasoned, her heart would not be
convinced. An indescribable unrest was in her, and would not be laid.
She knew by instinct that Jamie wanted her, was crying for her, was
stretching out his hands in the dark for her.
As she sat on the step not only did reason speak, but judgment also.
She could do nothing there. She had acted a foolish part in coming
all that way in the dark, and without a chance of effecting any
deliverance to Jamie now she had reached her destination. She had
committed an egregious error in going such a distance from home,
from anyone who might serve as protector to her in the event of
danger, and there were other dangers she might encounter than
having stones thrown at her by drunken men. If the watch were to
find her there, what explanation of her presence could she give?
Would they take her away and lock her up for the rest of the night?
They could not leave her there. Large, warm drops, like tears from
angels’ eyes, fell out of heaven upon her folded hands, and on her
bowed neck.
She began to feel chilled after having been heated by her walk, so
she rose, and found that she had become stiff. She must move
about, however sore and weary her feet might be.
She had explored the lane as far as was needful. She could not see
from it into the house, the garden, and playground. Was it possible
that there was a lane on the further side of the house which would
give her the desired opportunity?
Judith resolved to return by the way she had come, down the lane
into the main street, then to walk along the front of the house, and
explore the other side. As she was descending the lane she noticed,
about twenty paces from the door, on the further side, a dense mass
of Portugal laurel that hung over the opposite wall, casting a shadow
of inky blackness into the lane. This she considered might serve her
as shelter when the threatening storm broke and the rain poured
down. She walked through this shadow, and would have entered the
street, but that she perceived certain dark objects passing
noiselessly along it. By the flashes of lightning she could distinguish
men with laden asses, and one she saw turn to enter the lane where
she was. She drew back hastily into the blot cast by the bush that
swung its luxuriance over the wall, and drew as closely back to the
wall as was possible. Thus she could not be seen, for the reflection
of the lightning would not fall on her; every glare made the shadow
seem the deeper. Though concealed herself, and wholly invisible, she
was able to distinguish a man with an ass passing by, and then
halting at the door in the wall that surrounded Mr. Obadiah’s
tenement. There the man knocked, and uttered a peculiar whistle.
As there ensued no immediate answer he knocked and whistled
again, whereupon the door was opened; and a word or two was
passed.
“How many do you want, sir?”
“Four.”
“Any to help to carry the half-ankers!”
“No.”
“Well, no odds. I’ll carry one and you the t’other. We’ll make two
journeys, that’s all. I can’t leave Neddy for long, but I’ll go with you
to your house-door.”
Probably the person addressed nodded a reply in the darkness; he
made no audible answer.
“Which is it, Mr. Obadiah, rum or brandy?”
“Brandy.”
“Right you are, then. These are brandy. You won’t take three
brandies and one rum?”
“Yes.”
“All right, sir; lead the way. It’s deuced dark.”
Judith knew what this signified. Some of the householders of
Wadebridge were taking in their supplies of spirits from the
smugglers. Owing to the inconvenience of it being unlawful to deal
with these men for such goods, they had to receive their purchases
at night, and with much secrecy. There were watchmen at
Wadebridge, but on such nights they judiciously patrolled another
quarter of the town than that which received its supplies. The
watchmen were municipal officials, and were not connected with the
excise, had no particular regard for the inland revenue, anyhow,
owed no duties to the officers of the coast-guard. Their superior was
the mayor, and the mayor was fond of buying his spirits at the
cheapest market.
Both men disappeared. The door was left open behind them. The
opportunity Judith had desired had come. Dare she seize it? For a
moment she questioned her heart, then she resolutely stepped out
of the shadow of the Portugal laurel, brushed past the patient ass,
entered the grounds of Mr. Scantlebray’s establishment through the
open garden-door, and drew behind a syringa bush to consider what
further step she should take. In another moment both men were
back.
“You are sure you don’t mind one rum?”
“No.”
“Right you are, then; I’ll have it for you direct. The other kegs are at
t’other end of the lane. You come with me, and we’ll have ’em down
in a jiffy.”
Judith heard both men pass out of the door. She looked toward the
house. There was a light low down in a door opening into the
garden or yard where she was.
Not a moment was to be lost. As soon as the last kegs were brought
in the house-door would be locked, and though she had entered the
garden she would be unable to penetrate to the interior of the
asylum. Without hesitation, strong in her earnest purpose to help
Jamie to the utmost of her power, and grasping at every chance that
offered, she hastened, cautiously indeed, but swiftly, to the door
whence the light proceeded. The light was but a feeble one, and
cast but a fluttering ray upon the gravel. Judith was careful to walk
where it could not fall on her dress.
The whole garden front of the house was now before her. She was in
a sort of gravelled yard, with some bushes against the walls. The
main block of the house lay to her right, and the view of it was
intercepted by a wall. Clearly the garden space was divided, one
portion for the house, and another, that into which she had entered,
for the wing. That long wing rose before her with its windows all
dark above, and the lower or ground floor also dark. Only from the
door issued the light, and she saw that a guttering tallow candle was
set there on the floor.
Hastily she drew back. She heard feet on the gravel. The men were
returning, Mr. Obadiah Scantlebray and the smuggler, each laden
with a small cask of spirits.
“Right you are,” said the man, as he set his keg down in the
passage, “that’s yours, and I could drink your health, sir.”
“You wouldn’t—prefer?—” Mr. Scantlebray made contortions with his
hands between the candle and the wall, and threw a shadow on the
surface of plaster.
“No, thanks sir, I’d prefer a shilling.”
Mr. Scantlebray fumbled in his pockets, grunted “Humph! purse up-
stairs.” Felt again, “No,” groped inside the breast of his waistcoat,
“another time—not forget.”
The man muttered something not complimentary, and turned to go
through the yard.
“Must lock door,” said Mr. Obadiah, and went after him. Now was
Judith’s last chance. She took it at once; the moment the backs of
the two men were turned she darted into the passage and stood
back against the door out of the flare of the candle.
The passage was a sort of hall with slated floor, the walls plastered
and whitewashed at one time, but the wash and plaster had been
picked off to about five feet from the floor wherever not strongly
adhesive, giving a diseased and sore look to the wall. The slates of
the floor were dirty and broken.
Judith looked along the hall for a place to which she could retreat on
the return of the proprietor of the establishment. She had entered
that portion of the building tenanted by the unhappy patients. The
meanness of the passage, the picked walls, the situation on one side
of the comfortable residence showed her this. A door there was on
the right, ajar, that led into the private dwelling-house, but into that
Judith did not care to enter. One further down on the left probably
gave access to some apartment devoted to the “pupils,” as Mrs.
Scantlebray called the patients.
There was, however, another door that was open, and from it
descended a flight of brick steps to what Judith conjectured to be
the cellars. At the bottom a second candle, in a tin candlestick, was
guttering and flickering in the draught that blew in at the yard door,
and descended to this underground story. It was obvious to the girl
that Mr. Scantlebray was about to carry or roll his kegs just acquired
down the brick steps to his cellar. For that purpose he had set a
candle there. It would not therefore do for her, to attempt to avoid
him, to descend to this lower region. She must pass the door that
gave access to the cellars, a door usually locked, as she judged, for
a large iron key stood in the lock, and enter the room, the door of
which opened further down the passage.
She was drawing her skirts together, so as to slip past the candle on
the passage floor for this purpose, when her heart stood still as
though she had received a blow on it. She heard—proceeding from
somewhere beneath down those steps—a moan, then a feeble cry of
“Ju! Where are you? Ju! Ju! Ju!”
She all but did cry out herself. A gasp of pain and horror did escape
her, and then, without a thought of how she could conceal herself,
how avoid Scantlebray, she ran down the steps to the cellar.
On reaching the bottom she found that there were four doors, two
of which had square holes cut in them, but with iron bars before
these openings. The door of one of the others, one on the left, was
open, and she could see casks and bottles. It was a wine and spirit
cellar, and the smell of wine issued from it.
She stood panting, frightened, fearing what she might discover,
doubting whether she had heard her brother’s voice or whether she
was a prey to fancy. Then again she heard a cry and a moan. It
issued from the nearest cell on her right hand.
“Jamie! my Jamie!” she cried.
“Ju! Ju!”
The door was hasped, with a crook let into a staple so that it might,
if necessary, be padlocked. But now it was simply shut and a
wooden peg was thrust through the eye of the crook.
She caught up the candle, and with trembling hand endeavored to
unfasten the door, but so agitated was she, so blinded with horror,
that she could not do so till she had put down the candle again.
Then she forced the peg from its place and raised the crook. She
stooped and took up the candle once more, and then, with a short
breath and a contraction of the breast, threw open the door, stepped
in, and held up the light.
The candle flame irradiated what was but a cellar compartment
vaulted with brick, once whitewashed, now dirty with cobwebs and
accumulated dust and damp stains. It had a stone shelf on one side,
on which lay a broken plate and some scraps of food.
Against the further wall was a low truckle bed, with a mattress on it
and some rags of blanket. Huddled on this lay Jamie, his eyes
dilated with terror, and yet red with weeping. His clothes had been
removed, except his shirt. His long red-gold hair had lost all its gloss
and beauty, it was wet with sweat and knotted. The boy’s face was
ghastly in the flickering light.
Judith dropped the candle on the floor, and rushed with outstretched
arms, and a cry—piercing, but beaten back on her by the walls and
vault of the cell—and caught the frightened boy to her heart.
“Jamie! O my Jamie! my Jamie!”
She swayed herself, crying, in the bed, holding him to her, with no
thought, her whole being absorbed in a spasm of intensest, most
harrowing pain. The tallow candle was on the slate floor, fallen,
melting, spluttering, flaming.
And in the door, holding the brandy keg upon his shoulders, stood,
with open eyes and mouth, Mr. Obadiah Scantlebray.
 CHAPTER XXVI.

AN UNWILLING PRISONER.

Mr. Obadiah stood open-mouthed staring at the twins clasped in

each other’s arms, unable at first to understand what he saw. Then
a suspicion entered his dull brain, he uttered a growl, put down the
keg, his heavy brows contracted, he shut his mouth, drawing in his
lips so that they disappeared, and he clenched his hands.
“Wait—I’ll beat you!” he said.
The upset candle was on the floor, now half molten, with a pond of
tallow burning with a lambent blue flicker trembling on extinction,
then shooting up in a yellow flame.
In that uncertain, changeful, upward light the face of the man
looked threatening, remorseless, so that Judith, in a paroxysm of
fear for her brother and herself dropped, on her knee, and caught at
the tin candlestick as the only weapon of defence accessible. It was
hot and burnt her fingers, but she did not let go; and as she stood
up the dissolved candle fell from it among some straw that littered
the pavement. This at once kindled and blazed up into golden flame.
For a moment the cell was full of light. Mr. Obadiah at once saw the
danger. His casks of brandy were hard by—the fume of alcohol was
in the air—if the fire spread and caught his stores a volume of flame
would sweep up the cellar stair and set his house on fire. He hastily
sprang in, and danced about the cell stamping furiously at the
ignited wisps. Judith, who saw him rush forward, thought he was
about to strike her and Jamie, and raised the tin candlestick in self-
defence; but when she saw him engaged in trampling out the fire,
tearing at the bed to drag away the blankets with which to smother
the embers, she drew Jamie aside from his reach, sidled, with him
clinging to her, along the wall, and by a sudden spring reached the
passage, slammed the door, fastened the hasp, and had the gaoler
secured in his own gaol.
For a moment Mr. Scantlebray was unaware that he was a prisoner,
so busily engaged was he in trampling out the fire, but the moment
he did realize the fact he slung himself with all his force against the
door.
Judith looked round her. There was now no light in the cellar but the
feeble glimmer that descended the stair from the candle above. The
flame of that was now burning steadily, for the door opening into the
yard was shut, and the draught excluded.
In dragging Jamie along with her, Judith had drawn forth a scanty
blanket that was about his shoulders. She wrapped it round the boy.
“Let me out!” roared Scantlebray. “Don’t understand. Fun—rollicking
fun.”
Judith paid no attention to his bellow. She was concerned only to
escape with Jamie. She was well aware that her only chance was by
retaining Mr. Obadiah where he was.
“Let me out!” again shouted the prisoner; and he threw himself
furiously against the door. But though it jarred on its hinges and
made the hasp leap, he could not break it down. Nevertheless, so
big and strong was the man that it was by no means improbable
that his repeated efforts might start a staple or snap a hinge band,
and he and the door might come together crashing down into the
passage between the cells.
Judith drew Jamie up the steps, and on reaching the top shut the
cellar door. Below, Mr. Scantlebray roared, swore, shouted, and beat
against the door; but now his voice, and the sound of his blows
were muffled, and would almost certainly be inaudible in the
dwelling-house. No wonder that Judith had not heard the cries of
her brother. It had never occurred to her that the hapless victim of
the keeper of the asylum might be chastised, imprisoned, variously
maltreated in regions underground, whence no sounds of distress
might reach the street, and apprise the passers-by that all was not
laughter within. Standing in the passage or hall above, Judith said:
“Oh, Jamie! where are your clothes?”
The boy looked into her face with a vacant and distressed
expression. He could not answer, he did not even understand her
question, so stupefied was he by his terrors, and the treatment he
had undergone.
Judith took the candle from the floor and searched the hall. Nothing
was there save Mr. Scantlebray’s coat, which he had removed and
cast across one of the kegs when he prepared to convey them down
to his cellar. Should she take that? She shook her head at the
thought. She would not have it said that she had taken anything out
of the house, except only—as that was an extreme necessity, the
blanket wrapped about Jamie. She looked into the room that opened
beyond the cellar door. It was a great bare apartment, containing
only a table and some forms.
“Jamie!” she said, “we must get away from this place as we are.
There is no help for it. Do you not know where your clothes were
put?”
He shook his head. He clung to her with both arms, as though
afraid, if he held by but one that she would slip away and vanish, as
one drowning, clinging to the only support that sustained him from
sinking.
“Come, Jamie! It cannot be otherwise!” She set down the candle,
opened the door into the yard, and issued forth into the night along
with the boy. The clouds had broken, and poured down their deluge
of warm thunder rain. In the dark Judith was unable to find her
direction at once, she reached the boundary wall where was no door.
Jamie uttered a cry of pain.
“What is it, dear?”
“The stones cut my feet.”
She felt along the wall with one hand till she touched the jamb, then
pressed against the door itself. It was shut. She groped for the lock.
No key was in it. She could as little escape from that enclosure as
she could enter into it from without. The door was very solid, and
the lock big and secure. What was to be done? Judith considered for
a moment, standing in the pouring rain through which the lightning
flashed obscurely, illumining nothing. It seemed to her that there
was but one course open to her, to return and obtain the key from
Mr. Obadiah Scantlebray. But it would be no easy matter to induce
him to surrender it.
“Jamie! will you remain at the door? Here under the wall is some
shelter. I must go back.”
But the boy was frightened at the prospect of being deserted.
“Then—Jamie, will you come back with me to the house?”
No, he would not do that.
“I must go for the key, dearest,” she said, coaxingly. “I cannot open
the door, so that we can escape, unless I have the key. Will you do
something for Ju? Sit here, on the steps, where you are somewhat
screened from the rain, and sing to me something, one of our old
songs—A jolly hawk and his wings were gray? sing that, that I may
hear your voice and find my way back to you. Oh—and here, Jamie,
your feet are just the size of mine, and so you shall pull on my
shoes. Then you will be able to run alongside of me and not hurt
your soles.”
With a little persuasion she induced him to do as she asked. She
took off her own shoes and gave them to him, then went across the
yard to where was the house, she discovered the door by a little
streak of light below it and the well trampled and worn threshold
stone. She opened the door, took up the candle and again
descended the steps to the cellar floor. On reaching the bottom, she
held up the light and saw that the door was still sound; at the
square barred opening was the red face of Mr. Scantlebray.
“Let me out,” he roared.
“Give me the key of the garden door.”
“Will you let me out if I do?”
“No; but this I promise, as soon as I have escaped from your
premises I will knock and ring at your front door till I have roused
the house, and then you will be found and released. By that time we
shall have got well away.”
“I will not give you the key.”
“Then here you remain,” said Judith, and began to reascend the
steps. It had occurred to her, suddenly, that very possibly the key
she desired was in the pocket of the coat Mr. Scantlebray had cast
off before descending to the cellar. She would hold no further
communication with him till she had ascertained this. He yelled after
her “Let me out, and you shall have the key.” But she paid no
attention to his promise. On reaching the top of the stairs, she again
shut the door, and took up his coat. She searched the pockets. No
key was within.
She must go to him once more.
He began to shout as he saw the flicker of the candle approach.
“Here is the key, take it, and do as you said.” His hand, a great
coarse hand, was thrust through the opening in the door, and in it
was the key she required.
“Very well,” said she, “I will do as I undertook.”
She put her hand, the right hand, up to receive the key. In her left
was the candlestick. Suddenly he let go the key that clinked down on
the floor outside, and made a clutch at her hand and caught her by
the wrist. She grasped the bar in the little window, or he would have
drawn her hand in, dragged her by the arm up against the door, and
broken it. He now held her wrist and with his strong hand strove to
wrench her fingers from their clutch.
“Unhasp the door!” he howled at her.
She did not answer other than with a cry of pain, as he worked with
his hand at her wrist, and verily it seemed as though the fragile
bones must snap under his drag.
“Unhasp the door!” he roared again.
With his great fingers and thick nails he began to thrust at and
ploughed her knuckles; he had her by the wrist with one hand, and
he was striving to loosen her hold of the bar with the other.
“Unhasp the door!” he yelled a third time, “or I’ll break every bone in
your fingers!” and he brought his fist down on the side of the door
to show how he would pound them by a blow. If he did not do this
at once it was because he dreaded by too heavy a blow to strike the
bar and wound himself while crushing her hand.
She could not hold the iron stanchion for more than another instant
—and then he would drag her arm in, as a lion in its cage when it
had laid hold of the incautious visitor, tears him to itself through the
bars.
Then she brought the candle-flame up against his hand that grasped
her wrist, and it played round it. He uttered a scream of pain, and
let go for a moment. But that moment sufficed. She was free. The
key was on the floor. She stooped to pick it up; but her fingers were
as though paralyzed, she was forced to take it with the left hand and
leave the candle on the floor. Then, holding the key she ran up the
steps, ran out into the yard, and heard her brother wailing, “Ju! I
want you! Where are you, Ju?”
Guided by his cries she reached the door. The key she put into the
lock, and with a little effort turned it. The door opened, she and
Jamie were free.
The door shut behind them. They were in the dark lane, under a
pouring rain. But Judith thought nothing of the darkness, nothing of
the rain. She threw her arms round her brother, put her wet cheek
against his, and burst into tears.
“My Jamie! O my Jamie!”
But the deliverance of her brother was not complete; she must bring
him back to Polzeath. She could allow herself but a moment for the
relief of her heart, and then she caught him to her side, and pushed
on with him along the lane till they entered the street. Here she
stood for a moment in uncertainty. Was she bound to fulfil her
engagement to Mr. Obadiah? She had obtained the key, but he had
behaved to her with treachery. He had not intended the key to be
other than a bait to draw her within his clutch, that he might torture
her into opening the door of his cell. Nevertheless, she had the key,
and Judith was too honorable to take advantage of him.
With Jamie still clinging to her she went up the pair of steps to the
front door, rang the night-bell, and knocked long and loud. Then, all
at once her strength that had lasted gave way, and she sank on the
doorsteps, without indeed losing consciousness, but losing in an
instant all power of doing or thinking, of striving any more for Jamie
or for herself.
 CHAPTER XXVII.

A RESCUE.

A window overhead was thrown open, and a voice that Judith

recognized as that of Mrs. Obadiah Scantlebray, called: “Who is
there?—what is wanted?”
The girl could not answer. The power to speak was gone from her. It
was as though all her faculties, exerted to the full, had at once given
way. She could not rise from the steps on which she had sunk: the
will to make the effort was gone. Her head was fallen against the
jamb of the door and the knot of the kerchief was between her head
and the wood, and hurt her, but even the will to lift her hands and
shift the bandage one inch was not present.
The mill-wheel revolves briskly, throwing the foaming water out of its
buckets, with a lively rattle, then its movement slackens, it strains,
the buckets fill and even spill, but the wheel seems to be reduced to
statuariness. That stress point is but for a moment, then the weight
of the water overbalances the strain, and whirr! round plunges the
wheel, and the bright foaming water is whisked about, and the
buckets disgorge their contents.
It is the same with the wheel of human life. It has its periods of
rapid and glad revolutions, and also its moments of supreme
tension, when it is all but overstrung—when its movement is hardly
perceptible. The strain put on Judith’s faculties had been excessive,
and now those faculties failed her, failed her absolutely. The
prostration might not last long—it might last forever. It is so
sometimes when there has been overexertion; thought stops, will
ceases to act, sensation dies into numbness, the heart beats slow,
slower, then perhaps stops finally.
It was not quite come to that with Judith. She knew that she had
rushed into danger again, the very danger from which she had just
escaped, she knew it, but she was incapable of acting on the
knowledge.
“Who is below?” was again called from an upper window.
Judith, with open eyes, heard that the rain was still falling heavily,
heard the shoot of water from the roof plash down into the runnel of
the street, felt the heavy drops come down on her from the
architrave over the door, and she saw something in the roadway:
shadows stealing along the same as she had seen before, but
passing in a reversed direction. These were again men and beasts,
but their feet and hoofs were no longer inaudible, they trod in the
puddles and splashed and squelched the water and mud about, at
each step. The smugglers had delivered the supplies agreed on, at
the houses of those who dealt with them, and were now returning,
the asses no longer laden.
And Judith heard the door behind her unbarred and unchained and
unlocked. Then it was opened, and a ray of light was cast into the
street, turning falling rain-drops into drops of liquid gold, and
revealing, ghostly, a passing ass and its driver.
“Who is there? Is anyone there?”
Then the blaze of light was turned on Judith, and her eyes shut with
a spasm of pain.
In the doorway stood Mrs. Scantlebray half-garmented, that is to say
with a gown on, the folds of which fell in very straight lines from the
waist to her feet, and with a night-cap on her head, and her curls in
papers. She held a lamp in her hand, and this was now directed
upon the girl, lying, or half-sitting in the doorway, her bandaged
head leaning against the jamb, one hand in her lap, the fingers
open, the other falling at her side, hanging down the steps, the
fingers in the running current of the gutter, in which also was one
shoeless foot.
“Why—goodness! mercy on us!” exclaimed Mrs. Scantlebray,
inconsiderately thrusting the lamp close into the girl’s face. “It can
never be—yet—surely it is——”
“Judith!” exclaimed a deep voice, the sound of which sent a sudden
flutter through the girl’s nerves and pulses. “Judith!” and from out
the darkness and falling rain plunged a man in full mantle wrapped
about him and overhanging broad-brimmed hat. Without a word of
excuse he snatched the light from Mrs. Scantlebray and raised it
above Judith’s head.
“Merciful powers!” he cried, “what is the meaning of this! What has
happened? There is blood here—blood! Judith—speak. For heaven’s
sake, speak!”
The light fell on his face, his glittering eyes—and she slightly turned
her head and looked at him. She opened her mouth to speak, but
could form no words, but the appeal in those dim eyes went to his
heart, he thrust the lamp roughly back into Mrs. Scantlebray’s hand,
knelt on the steps, passed an arm under the girl, the other about
her waist, lifted and carried her without a word inside the house.
There was a leather-covered ottoman in the hall, and he laid her on
that, hastily throwing off his cloak, folding it, and placing it as a
pillow beneath her head.
Then, on one knee at her side, he drew a flask from his breast
pocket, and poured some drops of spirit down her throat. The
strength of the brandy made her catch her breath, and brought a
flash of red to her cheek. It had served its purpose, helped the
wheel of life to turn beyond the stress point at which it threatened
to stay wholly. She moved her head, and looked eagerly about her
for Jamie. He was not there. She drew a long breath, a sigh of relief.
“Are you better?” he asked, stooping over her, and she could read
the intensity of his anxiety in his face.
She tried to smile a reply, but the muscles of her lips were too stiff
for more than a flutter.
“Run!” ordered Captain Coppinger, standing up, “you woman, are
you a fool? Where is your husband? He is a doctor, fetch him. The
girl might die.”
“He—Captain—he is engaged, I believe, taking in his stores.”
“Fetch him! Leave the lamp here.”
Mrs. Scantlebray groped about for a candle, and having found one,
proceeded to light it.
“I’m really shocked to appear before you, Captain, in this state of
undress.”
“Fetch your husband!” said Coppinger, impatiently.
Then she withdrew.
The draught of spirits had acted on Judith and revived her. Her
breath came more evenly, her heart beat regularly, and the blood
began to circulate again. As her bodily powers returned, her mind
began to work once more, and again anxiously she looked about her.
“What is it you want?” asked Captain Cruel.
“Where is Jamie?”
He muttered a low oath. Always Jamie. She could think of no one
but that silly boy.
Then suddenly she recalled her position—in Scantlebray’s house, and
the wife was on the way to the cellars, would find him, release him—
and though she knew that Coppinger would not suffer Obadiah to
injure her, she feared, in her present weakness, a violent scene. She
sat up, dropped her feet on the floor, and stretched both her hands
to the smuggler.
“Oh, take me! take me from here.”
“No, Judith,” he answered. “You must have the doctor to see you—
after that——”
“No! no! take me before he comes. He will kill me.”
Coppinger laughed. He would like to see the man who would dare to
lay a finger on Judith while he stood by.
Now they heard a noise from the wings of the house at the side that
communicated with the dwelling by a door that Mrs. Scantlebray had
left ajar. There were exclamations, oaths, a loud, angry voice, and
the shrill tones of the woman mingled with the bass notes of her
husband. The color that had risen to the girl’s cheeks left them; she
put her hands on Coppinger’s breast and looking him entreatingly in
the eyes, said:
“I pray you! I pray you!”
He snatched her up in his arms, drew her close to him, went to the
door, cast it open with his foot, and bore her out into the rain. There
stood his mare, Black Bess, with a lad holding her.
“Judith, can you ride?”
He lifted her into the saddle.
“Boy,” said he, “lead on gently; I will stay her lest she fall.”
Then they moved away, and saw through the sheet of falling rain the
lighted door, and Scantlebray in it, in his shirt sleeves shaking his
fists, and his wife behind him, endeavoring to draw him back by the
buckle and strap of his waistcoat.
“Oh, where is Jamie? I wonder where Jamie is?” said Judith, looking
round her in the dark, but could see no sign of her brother.
There were straggling houses for half a mile—a little gap of garden
or paddock, then a cottage, then a cluster of trees, and an alehouse,
then hedges and no more houses. A cooler wind was blowing,
dispelling the close, warm atmosphere, and the rain fell less heavily.
There was a faint light among the clouds like a watering of satin. It
showed that the storm was passing away. The lightning flashes
were, moreover, at longer intervals, fainter, and the thunder rumbled
distantly. With the fresher air, some strength and life came back to
Judith. The wheel though on the turn was not yet revolving rapidly.
Coppinger walked by the horse, he had his arm up, holding Judith,
for he feared lest in her weakness she might fall, and indeed, by her
weight upon his hand, he was aware that her power to sustain
herself unassisted was not come. He looked up at her; he could
hardly fail to do so, standing, striding so close to her, her wet
garments brushing his face; but he could not see her, or saw her
indistinctly. He had thrust her little foot into the leather of his stirrup,
as the strap was too long for her to use, and he did not tarry to
shorten it.
Coppinger was much puzzled to learn how Judith had come at such
an hour to the door of Mrs. Obadiah Scantlebray, shoeless, and with
wounded head, but he asked no questions. He was aware that she
was not in a condition to answer them.
He held her up with his right hand in the saddle, and with his left he
held her foot in the leather. Were she to fall she might drag by the
foot, and he must be on his guard against that. Pacing in the
darkness, holding her, his heart beat, and his thoughts tossed and
boiled within him. This girl so feeble, so childish, he was coming
across incessantly, thrown in her way to help her, and he was bound
to her by ties invisible, impalpable, and yet of such strength that he
could not break through them and free himself.
He was a man of indomitable will, of iron strength, staying up this
girl, who had flickered out of unconsciousness and might slide back
into it again at any moment, and yet he felt, he knew that he was
powerless before her—that if she said to him, “Lie down that I may
trample on you,” he would throw himself in the foul road without a
word to be trodden under by these shoeless feet. There was but one
command she could lay on him that he would not perform, and that
was “Let me go by myself! Never come near me!” That he could not
obey. The rugged moon revolves about the earth. Could the moon
fly away into space were the terrestrial orb to bid it cease to be a
satellite? And if it did, whither would it go? Into far off space, into
outer darkness and deathly cold, to split and shiver into fragments in
the inconceivable frost in the abyss of blackness. And Judith threw a
sort of light and heat over this fierce, undisciplined man, that
trembled in his veins and bathed his heart, and was to him a spring
of beauty, a summer of light. Could he leave her? To leave her would
be to be lost to everything that had now begun to transform his
existence. The thought came over him now, as he walked along in
silence—that she might bid him let go, and he felt that he could not
obey. He must hold her, he must hold her not from him on the
saddle, not as merely staying her up, but to himself, to his heart, as
his own, his own forever.
Suddenly an exclamation from Judith: “Jamie! Jamie!”
Something was visible in the darkness, something whitish in the
hedge. In another moment it came bounding up.
“Ju! oh, Ju! I ran away!”
“You did well,” she said. “Now I am happy. You are saved.”
Coppinger looked impatiently round and saw by the feeble light that
the boy had come close to him, and that he was wrapped up in a
blanket.
“He has nothing on him,” said Judith. “Oh, poor Jamie!”
She had revived; she was almost herself again. She held herself
more firmly in the saddle and did not lean so heavily on Coppinger’s
hand.
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